Дисертації з теми "Compost Asia"

Black Notes on Asia: Composite Figurations of Asia in the African American Transcultural Imagination, 1923-2013 sheds new light on the hitherto neglected engagements of African American writers and thinkers with various literary, cultural, and artistic traditions of Asia. Starting with a reevaluation of Lewis G. Alexander's transcultural remaking of haiku in 1923, this dissertation interrogates and revises the familiar interracial (read as "black-white") terms of the African American struggle for freedom and equality. While critics have long taken for granted these terms as the sine qua non of the African American literary imagination and practice, this dissertation demonstrates how authors like Alexander defied not only the implicit dichotomy of black-and-white but also the critical bias that represents African American literature as a nationally segregated tradition distinctly cut off from cultural sources beyond the border of the United States and made legible only within its narrowly racialized and racializing contexts.
African and African American Studies

Black Notes on Asia: Composite Figurations of Asia in the African American Transcultural Imagination, 1923-2013 sheds new light on the hitherto neglected engagements of African American writers and thinkers with various literary, cultural, and artistic traditions of Asia. Starting with a reevaluation of Lewis G. Alexander's transcultural remaking of haiku in 1923, this dissertation interrogates and revises the familiar interracial (read as "black-white") terms of the African American struggle for freedom and equality. While critics have long taken for granted these terms as the sine qua non of the African American literary imagination and practice, this dissertation demonstrates how authors like Alexander defied not only the implicit dichotomy of black-and-white but also the critical bias that represents African American literature as a nationally segregated tradition distinctly cut off from cultural sources beyond the border of the United States and made legible only within its narrowly racialized and racializing contexts. More specifically, Black Notes on Asia argues that the ruling conceptions of the so-called "Harlem Renaissance in black and white" and the reductive understanding of the Black Arts Movement as an uncomplicated, propagandistic expression of black nationalism, fail to pay due attention to their underlying multiracial/multicultural/transnational aesthetics and perspectives. In order to understand the full complexity and heterogeneity of the African American imagination from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, it is necessary to account for cultural ebbs and flows, echoes and reverberations, beyond the United States, Europe and Africa, to include Asia. Rediscovering the hitherto overlooked traces and reflections of Asia within the African American imagination, this dissertation argues that Asia has provided numerous African American authors and intellectuals, canonized as well as forgotten, with additional or alternative cultural resources that liberated them from, or at least helped them destabilize, what they considered as the constraining racial and nationalist discourse of the United States.

LINHARES, José Henrique. Avaliação da eficácia terapêutica do xarope composto por justicia pectoralis, plectranthus amboinicus e mentha arvensis na asma. 2012. 86 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Cirurgia) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Medicina, 2012.
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The pharmacological research, numerous chemical and agronomic plants received a strong boost in 2008 when the Federal Government approved the National Program for Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines, published in a ministerial decree signed by the Ministry of Health Plans in popular use (with bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory, laxative, parasiticide, anti-hypertensive, anti-ulcerogenic, ...) have received increased attention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of syrup Justicia pectoralis, Plectranthus amboinicus and Mentha arvensis (Chamba) in patients with asthma, to evaluate the effectiveness of the syrup in the quality of life and pulmonary function tests in patients with asthma, bronchodilator therapy and expand the therapeutic options to SUS users with access to herbal safety, efficacy and quality. In this context, the study proposes the use of syrup composed of Justicia pectoralis, Plectranthus amboinicus and Mentha arvensis, plants of the National Medicinal Plant Interest rates (RENISUS) through prospective clinical trial of the double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized parallel. The conducting a clinical trial using this herbal in patients with asthma resulted in an attempt to achieve other therapeutic option to be used in combination with the medication to minimize the symptoms and improve the quality of life of patients. The therapeutic use of Chamba syrup, used in 35 patients with mild asthma, as a complementary therapy, although not presenting changes in parameters of pulmonary function tests, showed an improvement in quality of life through the results of the questionnaire Quality of Life Standardized Asthma Activities - AQLQ (S), without causing toxicity or adverse effects. It can be concluded that to analyze the quality of life AQLQ (S) of the patients and placebo groups Chamba during 28 days of the trial it was found that in both groups, the scores of the symptoms observed in the field D7 (P <0,01), D14 (P <0,001) and D28 (P <0,001) were significantly higher than that observed before treatment (D0).
A pesquisa farmacológica, química e agronômica de inúmeras plantas recebeu um forte estímulo em 2008 quando o Governo Federal aprovou o Programa Nacional de Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterápicos, publicado em uma portaria interministerial assinada pelo Ministério da Saúde. Plantas de uso popular (com ação broncodilatadora, antinflamatória, laxante, parasiticida, anti-hipertensiva, anti-ulcerogênica,...) passaram a receber maior atenção. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia terapêutica do Xarope de Justicia Pectoralis, Plectranthus Amboinicus e Mentha Arvensis (Chambá) em portadores de asma, avaliar a eficácia do Xarope na qualidade de vida e nas provas de função pulmonar nos pacientes portadores de asma, em terapia broncodilatadora e ampliar as opções terapêuticas aos usuários do SUS, com acesso ao fitoterápico com segurança, eficácia e qualidade. Neste contexto, o estudo propõe a utilização de xarope composto por Justicia Pectoralis, Plectranthus Amboinicus e Mentha Arvensis, plantas da Relação Nacional de Plantas Medicinais de Interesse ao SUS (RENISUS), através de ensaio clínico prospectivo do tipo duplo-cego, controlado por placebo, randomizado e paralelo. A realização do ensaio clínico utilizando este fitoterápico em pacientes com diagnóstico de asma resultou em tentativa de conseguir outra opção terapêutica para ser utilizada em associação com a medicação, para minimizar os sintomas e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O uso terapêutico do xarope de Chambá, utilizado em 35 pacientes com asma leve, como terapia complementar, embora não tenha apresentado modificações nos parâmetros de provas de função pulmonar, apresentou uma melhora na qualidade de vida, através dos resultados do questionário de Qualidade de Vida em Asma com Atividades Padronizadas – AQLQ(S), sem causar toxicidade ou efeitos adversos. Pode-se concluir que ao analisar a qualidade de vida AQLQ(S) dos pacientes dos grupos Placebo e Chambá, durante os 28 dias de ensaio clínico verificou-se que, em ambos os grupos, os escores do domínio sintomas verificados nos D7 (P < 0,01), D14 (P < 0,001) e D28 (P < 0,001) foram significantemente maiores que o observado no pré-tratamento (D0).

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior
A pesquisa farmacolÃgica, quÃmica e agronÃmica de inÃmeras plantas recebeu um forte estÃmulo em 2008 quando o Governo Federal aprovou o Programa Nacional de Plantas Medicinais e FitoterÃpicos, publicado em uma portaria interministerial assinada pelo MinistÃrio da SaÃde. Plantas de uso popular (com aÃÃo broncodilatadora, antinflamatÃria, laxante, parasiticida, anti-hipertensiva, anti-ulcerogÃnica,...) passaram a receber maior atenÃÃo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficÃcia terapÃutica do Xarope de Justicia Pectoralis, Plectranthus Amboinicus e Mentha Arvensis (ChambÃ) em portadores de asma, avaliar a eficÃcia do Xarope na qualidade de vida e nas provas de funÃÃo pulmonar nos pacientes portadores de asma, em terapia broncodilatadora e ampliar as opÃÃes terapÃuticas aos usuÃrios do SUS, com acesso ao fitoterÃpico com seguranÃa, eficÃcia e qualidade. Neste contexto, o estudo propÃe a utilizaÃÃo de xarope composto por Justicia Pectoralis, Plectranthus Amboinicus e Mentha Arvensis, plantas da RelaÃÃo Nacional de Plantas Medicinais de Interesse ao SUS (RENISUS), atravÃs de ensaio clÃnico prospectivo do tipo duplo-cego, controlado por placebo, randomizado e paralelo. A realizaÃÃo do ensaio clÃnico utilizando este fitoterÃpico em pacientes com diagnÃstico de asma resultou em tentativa de conseguir outra opÃÃo terapÃutica para ser utilizada em associaÃÃo com a medicaÃÃo, para minimizar os sintomas e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O uso terapÃutico do xarope de ChambÃ, utilizado em 35 pacientes com asma leve, como terapia complementar, embora nÃo tenha apresentado modificaÃÃes nos parÃmetros de provas de funÃÃo pulmonar, apresentou uma melhora na qualidade de vida, atravÃs dos resultados do questionÃrio de Qualidade de Vida em Asma com Atividades Padronizadas â AQLQ(S), sem causar toxicidade ou efeitos adversos. Pode-se concluir que ao analisar a qualidade de vida AQLQ(S) dos pacientes dos grupos Placebo e ChambÃ, durante os 28 dias de ensaio clÃnico verificou-se que, em ambos os grupos, os escores do domÃnio sintomas verificados nos D7 (P < 0,01), D14 (P < 0,001) e D28 (P < 0,001) foram significantemente maiores que o observado no prÃ-tratamento (D0).
The pharmacological research, numerous chemical and agronomic plants received a strong boost in 2008 when the Federal Government approved the National Program for Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines, published in a ministerial decree signed by the Ministry of Health Plans in popular use (with bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory, laxative, parasiticide, anti-hypertensive, anti-ulcerogenic, ...) have received increased attention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of syrup Justicia pectoralis, Plectranthus amboinicus and Mentha arvensis (Chamba) in patients with asthma, to evaluate the effectiveness of the syrup in the quality of life and pulmonary function tests in patients with asthma, bronchodilator therapy and expand the therapeutic options to SUS users with access to herbal safety, efficacy and quality. In this context, the study proposes the use of syrup composed of Justicia pectoralis, Plectranthus amboinicus and Mentha arvensis, plants of the National Medicinal Plant Interest rates (RENISUS) through prospective clinical trial of the double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized parallel. The conducting a clinical trial using this herbal in patients with asthma resulted in an attempt to achieve other therapeutic option to be used in combination with the medication to minimize the symptoms and improve the quality of life of patients. The therapeutic use of Chamba syrup, used in 35 patients with mild asthma, as a complementary therapy, although not presenting changes in parameters of pulmonary function tests, showed an improvement in quality of life through the results of the questionnaire Quality of Life Standardized Asthma Activities - AQLQ (S), without causing toxicity or adverse effects. It can be concluded that to analyze the quality of life AQLQ (S) of the patients and placebo groups Chamba during 28 days of the trial it was found that in both groups, the scores of the symptoms observed in the field D7 (P <0,01), D14 (P <0,001) and D28 (P <0,001) were significantly higher than that observed before treatment (D0).

L'analyse de la performance et la verification du timing de systemes electroniques, composes a partir de circuits vlsi en technologie mos, et utilisant des latches level-sensitive, est de nos jours une tache essentielle mais aussi particulierement difficile. Notre travail a consiste a concevoir et a realiser une methode de verification de timing en partant d'un modele de graphe cyclique, calcule par des logiciels de la chaine de cao de bull. Nous avons utilise un algorithme de relaxation, sachant que le couplage des caracteristiques temporelles entre les nuds d'un circuit est local. En se basant sur des fonctions de transfert sur un latch level-sensitive et sur un reseau de chemins combinatoires, nous sommes parvenus a traiter correctement les transparences sur les latches et a verifier des circuits a +300000 tranisitions en 50 mn de temps cpu. Par ailleurs, nous avons concu et realise un editeur d'aide au diagnostic des erreurs de timing, qui a permis de comprendre les origines des erreurs detectees et de montrer les modifications de schema a effectuer pour optimiser la performance des systemes realises

Les photodétecteurs rapides sont des composants optoélectroniques qui permettent de générer et de détecter des ondes de fréquences sub-THz et THz. Cette thèse présente la conception, la fabrication et la caractérisation de photodétecteurs rapides à semiconducteurs III-V. L’objectif est de proposer des systèmes fonctionnant à la longueur d’onde de 1550 nm, et donc compatibles avec les technologies des télécommunications. Nous étudions en détail des photoconducteurs en AsGa-BT pour le sous-échantillonnage, des photodétecteurs de type MSM-InAlAs/InGaAs pour le sous-échantillonnage et le photomélange et des photodiodes UTC en InGaAs/InP pour le photomélange
Fast photodetectors are optoelectronic devices wich allow to generate and to detect electromagnetic waves at sub-THz and THz frequencies. This thesis presents the design, the fabrication and the characterization of fast photodetectors made using III-V semiconductors. The objective is to develop systems working at a wavelength of 1550nm, compatibleswith the telecommunication technologies. We will study in detail LT-GaAs photoconductors for sub-sampling, InAlAs/InGaAs-MSM photodetectors for sub-sampling and photomixing and InGaAs/InP UTC-photodiodes for photomixing

Face à l'intensification des flux et échanges liés à la mondialisation, et un besoin croissant d'un développement durable encadré, les Nations Unies ont mis au point il y a quinze ans une initiative collective : le Pacte mondial. Cette Déclaration en quatre volets regroupant les enjeux environnementaux, le respect des droits de l'Homme, les normes internationales de travail et la lutte contre la corruption, est alors analysée pour en mesurer l'efficacité et l'impact sur le développement. Il s'agit d'en comprendre les mécanismes et d'identifier les outils déployés dans l'application de cette norme de soft law appartenant au corpus législatif international
The United Nations are confronted by the intensification of the streams and exchanges linked with the globalization, as the same time as a fundamental necessity of sustainable development. That is why they developed, fifteen years ago, an international initiative: the UN Global Compact. The Declaration contains four sections on environmental protection, Human rights, International Labour standards and anti-corruption norms. This research analyses the efficacy and the impact of the Declaration on the development, in order to understand mechanisms and to identify the deployed tools in the application of this soft law norm, as member of international legal corpus

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
Nitric oxide is a potent bronchodilator and compounds capable of increasing its supply have demonstrated clinical interest in the treatment of obstructive airways diseases. This study evaluated and compared the mechanisms of relaxation of two nitric oxide donors, ruthenium complex [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO+]3+ (TERPY) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in healthy isolated trachea, Sham group, or experimental model of asthma induced by ovalbumin in rats, OVA group. The isolated trachea was sectioned into rings and contracted with carbachol in an organ chamber for studying relaxation. The relaxing effect of TERPY and SNP was evaluated at increasing concentrations from 10 nM to 100 μM. Thus, we verified the contribution of the different types of K+ channels, the importance of sGC/cGMP pathway, the inhibition of PDEs (for IBMX, amrinone, rolipram and dypiridamole), the influence of the extra and intracellular Ca2+ sources (for cyclopiazonic acid) and the influence of the store and voltage operated calcium channels. Besides inhibition of COX (diclofenac), antagonism of leukotriene receptor (montelukast) and superoxide anion scavenger (TIRON). Analyses were performed under light microscopy for evidence of inflammatory infiltration and bronchoditation by TERPY in slices bronchioles of asthmatic animals. The results verified that sensitization with ovalbumin led to intense inflammatory process and hyperresponsives to carbachol in compared Sham group. TERPY and SNP led to the relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle preparations in a dependent-concentration mode in both groups. However, the maximum effect induced by TERPY was higher than the effect of SNP in Sham and OVA groups. The relaxation mechanism of TERPY in boht groups showed differences. In Sham group, TERPY relaxation by the activation of Kv, Kir, KCa and KATP channels, cGMP-independent mechanisms and by reduction of calcium influx by blocking the store and voltage operated calcium channels. In OVA group, TERPY acts through activation K+ channels, NO/GCs/GMP way and blocking the store and voltage operated calcium channels. The relaxing effect induced by SNP in OVA group was dependent of NO/GCs/GMP pathway, Kv, KCa and BKCa channels and blocking the store and voltage operated calcium channels. However, the activation of the enzyme sGC seems to be reduced in inflamed smooth muscle, as well as the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump. Diclofenac, montelukast and TIRON improved relaxation of the TERPY and SNP in OVA group. The TERPY is able to reverse the contraction of carbachol in asthmatic bronchioles. In conclusion, TERPY and SNP have their mechanisms of relaxation modified by the inflammatory process. However, this modification was not able to alter the pharmacological parameters potency and efficacy to TERPY. Since SNP has less efficacy effect in asthmatic tracheas. This may result from the lower participation of the enzyme sGC and reticular calcium pump, making TERPY a promising drug to reverse the narrowing of the airways.
O óxido nítrico é um potente broncodilatador e compostos capazes de aumentar a sua oferta têm demonstrado interesse clínico no tratamento das doenças obstrutivas das vias aéreas. Estee trabalho avaliou comparativamente os mecanismos de relaxamento de dois doadores de óxido nítrico, o complexo de rutênio [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO+]3+ (TERPY) e o nitroprussiato de sódio (SNP) em traqueias isoladas de ratos saudáveis, grupo Sham, e com asma experimental induzida por ovalbumina, grupo OVA. As traqueias isoladas foram cortadas em anéis, montadas em banho para órgãos isolados e contraída com carbacol para estudo do relaxamento. O efeito relaxante do TERPY e do SNP foi avaliado em concentrações crescentes e cumulativas (10 nM a 100 μM). Foi verificada a participação dos diferentes tipos de canais de K+, a participação da via GCs/GMPc, inibição das PDEs (pelo IBMX, amrinona, rolipram e dipiridamol), a participação dos estoques internos de Ca2+ (pelo ácido ciclopiazônico), assim como a participação do influxo deste íon pelos canais de cálcio controlados por estoque e por voltagem, além da inibição da COX (pelo diclofenaco), do antagonismo dos receptores de leucotrienos (pelo montelucaste) e do sequestro dos íons superóxidos (pelo TIRON). Foram realizadas análises em microscopia de luz para comprovação da presença de infiltrado inflamatório e da broncodilatação exercida pelo TERPY em cortes de bronquíolos de animais asmáticos. Como resultados, verificou-se que a sensibilização com ovalbumina levou a um intenso processo inflamatório com migração celular e hiperreatividade ao carbacol. Evidenciou-se que o TERPY e o SNP relaxaram o músculo liso traqueal de forma concentração-dependente em ambos os grupos. Entretanto, o efeito máximo induzido pelo TERPY foi maior do que o do SNP tanto no grupo Sham quanto no OVA. O mecanismo de relaxamento do TERPY mostrou-se diferente entre os grupos. No grupo Sham, o TERPY exerce relaxamento por ativação dos canais Kv, Kir, KCa e KATP independentemente de GMPc e por redução do influxo de cálcio através do bloqueio dos canais de cálcio operados por voltagem e por estoque. No grupo OVA, o TERPY exerce seu efeito através da por ativação dos canais K+, via NO/GCs/GMP e redução do influxo de cálcio por bloqueio dos canais de cálcio operados por voltagem e operados por estoque. O efeito relaxante do SNP no grupo OVA ocorre através da ativação da via NO/GCs/GMPc, dos canais Kv, KCa e SKCa e por redução do influxo de cálcio pelos canais de cálcio operados por voltagem e operados por estoque. Entretanto, a ativação da enzima GCs parece estar reduzida em músculo liso inflamado, assim como o papel da bomba de cálcio do retículo sarcoplasmático. O diclofenaco, o montelucaste e o TIRON melhoraram o perfil de relaxamento tanto do TERPY quanto do SNP no grupo OVA. O TERPY é capaz de reverter a contração do carbacol em bronquíolos asmáticos. Em conclusão, tanto o SNP quanto o TERPY têm seus mecanismos de relaxamento modificados pelo processo inflamatório. Entretanto, esta modificação não foi capaz de alterar os parâmetros farmacológicos de potência e eficácia do TERPY. Já o SNP, tem menor eficácia em traqueias de ratos do grupo OVA e isso pode decorrer da menor participação da enzima GCs e da bomba de cálcio reticular, fazendo do TERPY uma droga promissora para reversão do estreitamento das vias aéreas.

Une source majeure d'incertitude dans l'estimation de l'impact climatique des aérosols est directement liée à notre connaissance des émissions gazeuses et particulaires. Ceci est particulièrement vrai en Asie, où une forte empreinte régionale est observée, avec différents types d'émissions, dépendant de la grande hétérogénéité de végétations et climats (émissions de feux de biomasse) et de l'évolution rapide de la population, de l'urbanisation et de l'industrialisation (émissions de fuels fossiles et de biofuels).
Mon travail de thèse a eu pour but, tout d'abord, de développer un inventaire d'émissions de gaz et particules issues des feux de biomasse pour les campagnes ACE-Asia (Aerosol Characterization Experiment) et TRACE-P (Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific), de mars à mai 2001. Pour ce faire, j'ai mis en œuvre une méthodologie la plus adaptée à mon étude, qui repose sur la cartographie des surfaces brûlées (projet GBA2000 (Global Burnt Area 2000) [Tansey et al., 2003]).
Les résultats de cette étude, ABBI (Asian Biomass Burning Inventory) [Michel et al., 2005] ont été comparés avec un autre inventaire d'émissions de feux de végétation (ACESS : ACE-Asia and TRACE-P Modelling and Emission Support System) [Streets et al., 2003], construit, non pas à partir des surfaces brûlées, mais à partir des pixels de feux actifs. Cette comparaison illustre les limitations de l'utilisation des pixels de feux dans l'établissement des cartes d'inventaires d'émissions par les feux de biomasse, tout en soulignant l'importance et la pertinence de la méthode retenue dans mon étude. Une comparaison avec les données de l'année 2000, obtenues selon la même procédure, souligne toute l'importance des variations interannuelles.
L'inventaire ABBI a été introduit dans le modèle méso-échelle MésoNH-C couplé au module aérosol ORISAM (ORganic and Inorganic Spectral Aerosol Module) [Bessagnet, 2000]. Une attention particulière a porté sur l'étude du transport des émissions de feux de végétation à travers le continent asiatique. Des comparaisons entre les données simulées et les mesures in-situ et aéroportées ont montré des résultats satisfaisants dans certains cas, mais ont également fait encore apparaître certaines limitations. Des tests de sensibilités ont été effectués pour comprendre l'origine de ces différences, avec tout d'abord une deuxième simulation avec MésoNH-C-ORISAM effectuée avec l'inventaire ACESS pour étudier l'impact des émissions de feux. Le module ORISAM dans sa version 0D a été ensuite utilisé pour mettre en évidence de manière détaillée les paramètres contrôlant la formation de l'aérosol secondaire au sein du modèle.
Au total, tout en faisant ressortir l'importance majeure des inventaires d'émissions gazeuses et particulaires à l'échelle continentale, ce travail va au delà de ce thème, en montrant notamment l'apport du modèle d'aérosol ORISAM à l'analyse et la compréhension des processus de chimie hétérogène dans les épisodes de pollution affectant l'Asie.

Depuis 20 ans l'étude des endonucléases naturelles ou synthétiques fait l'objet d'une attention particulière dans le cadre de la recherche d'anticancéreux ou d'antiviraux. La bléomycine appartient à cette classe de molécules dont l'efficacité pour couper l'ADN par hydroxylation a inspiré et suscité le développement de nombreux agents de coupure de l'ADN dont les métalloporphyrines de manganèse. Ainsi, la meso-tetrakis(4-N-méthylpyridiniumyl)porphyrine de manganèse (MnIII-TMPyP) associée à du monopersulfate de potassium (KHSO5), un donneur d'atome d'oxygène, constitue un agent de coupure de l'ADN très efficace. L'espèce réactive de haut degré d'oxydation, créée dans le petit sillon d'un ADN double brin, est responsable de l'arrachement d'un atome d'hydrogène du carbone C5' des bases adjacentes au site de fixation de la porphyrine et provoque des coupures simple brin suivant un décalage, dans le sens 3', de trois paires de bases. Ce mécanisme de dégradation de l'ADN double brin qui impliquerait un composé à haut degré d'oxydation est comparable à celui décrit pour la bléomycine mais en diffère par la cible initiale. En l'absence de structure expérimentale, c'est en utilisant les méthodes théoriques de modélisation moléculaire que nous avons entrepris de comprendre la spécificité d'interaction de la métalloporphyrine de manganèse pour un hydrogène du carbone C5'. Les propriétés statiques et dynamiques des complexes formés par le composé oxyl-MnIV-TMPyP et le dodécamère d(5'-TCGTCAAACCGC)-d(5'-GCGGTTTGACGA) et différentes séquences mutées ont été obtenues par mécanique et dynamique moléculaire. L'utilisation de ces méthodes ne peut être envisagée que pour des complexes moléculaires complètement décrits tant par la structure que par les charges portées par les atomes. Aussi, la structure optimisée, la détermination des paramètres du champ de force et des charges partielles atomiques de la métalloporphyrine à l'état excité ont été, au préalable, calculées par la méthode DFT. Ce travail nous a permis de décrire la structure, la géométrie et les composantes énergétiques des complexes formés par oxyl-MnIV-TMPyP et différentes séquences d'ADN double brin et de proposer une cible d'attaque en accord avec les résultats expérimentaux.

Etude de l'origine du comportement de la matiere organique dans l'estuaire du huang he et en mer de bohai. Trois environnements sont envisages: le fleuve, la zone de turbidite maximum, la zone marine. Des analyses d'hydrocarbures non aromatiques, d'acides gras, de lactones et d'organochlores sont menees sur les fractions dissoutes et particulaires et le sediment. Les empreintes terrigenes, anthropiques et biologiques sont discutees. L'utilisation de methodes statistiques appliquees aux acides gras permet de comprendre et confirmer l'origine de ces composes. Une evolution de la qualite de l'environnement a ete effectuee. On presente un etat de reference de quelques contaminants organiques dans l'estuaire du huang he

L'utilisation de dispositifs travaillant dans la bande de frequences 1-5 ghz et pouvant delivrer une puissance de quelques dizaines de watts suscite un interet grandissant. C'est dans ce domaine que le transistor bipolaire a heterojonction gaas/gaalas presente des potentialites non negligeables. En effet, la mobilite electronique dans le gaas est bien superieure a celle du silicium et favorise donc les performances frequencielles. De plus, la possibilite de realiser des heterojonctions sur ce materiau confere au tbh un ensemble de proprietes avantageuses. La liberte dans le choix des dopages des differentes zones conduit a rejeter hors du domaine normal d'utilisation les mecanismes parasites qui limitaient la dynamique de sortie des transistors silicium. Ces considerations nous ont amene a concevoir et realiser des transistors bipolaires a heterojonction gaas/gaalas hyperfrequence de puissance. Dans ce memoire, apres un rappel theorique des mecanismes physiques qui regissent le comportement du tbh et la recherche des criteres d'optimisation pour la montee en puissance et en frequence, nous avons entrepris, a partir de la modelisation electrique, l'etude fine de l'influence des divers parametres technologiques et, plus particulierement, des elements parasites. Cette etude a mis en evidence les limitations induites par l'inductance et la resistance d'emetteur et a ainsi motive la recherche de solutions technologiques pour minimiser l'influence de ces elements. Le processus complet de realisation, dont la mise en place constitue une part importante de notre travail, est decrit dans le second chapitre ou l'accent a ete mis sur certaines etapes particulierement critiques. Les resultats de la caracterisation electrique des dispositifs que nous avons realises ont confirme le bien fonde des etudes theoriques et sont reportes dans le troisieme chapitre. Nous avons pu mettre en evidence l'absence de phenomenes parasites a fort niveau de courant (j#c>10000 a/cm#2) et des frequences de transition superieures a 10 ghz ont ete obtenues sur des composants de grande dimension (100100 m#2)

Andrographis paniculata est une échinacée d’origine asiatique utilisée depuis plus de deux milles ans en médecine traditionnelle asiatique. Ses activités anti-bactériennes, anti-virales et hépatoprotectrices, entre autre, en ont fait un sujet d’étude important depuis les trente dernières années. Cette plante est principalement constituée de diterpènes de série ent-labdanes, dont le composé majoritaire est l’andrographolide, une lactone diterpénique, qui a montré des propriétés anti-inflammatoires sur la voie NFB. C’est dans le but de comprendre et d’améliorer les activités anti-inflammatoires des composés issus de la plante que nous avons envisagé l’étude de la famille des andrographolides. Une étude qualitative d’extraits issus de compléments alimentaires a permis d’obtenir trois composés naturels, qui ont été pharmacomodulés chimiquement. De plus, une méthode quantitative de quatre extraits bruts a permis de déterminer la concentration des trois composés naturels isolés dans chaque mélange. Les composés isolés, ceux modifés par hémisynthèse, ainsi que les mélanges de composition déterminée ont fait l’objet de tests d’activité anti-inflammatoire. Afin de modifier la structure de l’andrographolide sur des positions non accessibles par hémisynthèse, la synthèse totale et énantiosélective du produit naturel a été envisagée. Deux voies de synthèses ont été envisagées pour la préparation de ce composé : une voie biomimétique et une voie utilisant la cétone de Wieland-Miescher. Cette dernière voie est divisée en trois parties (cyclisation énantiosélective, fonctionnalisation du cycle A, fonctionnalisation du cycle B). Ainsi, nous avons pu mettre au point des méthodologies permettant de fonctionnaliser chaque cycle et d’accéder à la synthèse d’analogues de l’andrographolide
Andrographis paniculata is an Asian Echinacea. This plant is widely used in traditionnal remedies and folkloric medicines for thousands years and is reported to possess a wide spectrum of biological activities. A large number of diterpenoid ent-labdanes have been isolated from this plant, where the major compound is andrographolide, a diterpenoid lactone, that exhibits interesting anti-inflammatory activities on the NFB way. In order to understand and improve the anti-inflammatory activity of these compounds, we implemented a program aimed at their study. Qualitative analysis of crude extracts from dietary supplements allowed to obtain three major natural compounds, which were in a second time chemically modified. These products, as well as the crude extracts, where the composition was determined by a quantitative method, were used for the study of anti-inflammatory activity. Our aim was also to modify andrographolide on some positions not accessible by hemisynthesis. So total and enantioselective synthesis of andrographolide was investigated. Two ways were studied: biomimetic pathway, and modification of a bicyclic precursor that already possessed the ent-labdane configuration (Wieland-Miescher ketone). Methodology using Wieland-Miescher ketone was divided in three parts (enantioselective cyclisation, cycle A functionalisation, cycle B functionalisation). By this way, the bicyclic core was successfully functionnalised and analogues of andrographolide were prepared

碩士
國立中央大學
大氣物理研究所
81
@ 本文選取1980∼1990年間發生在臺灣附近海域，在24小時內氣壓下降 值大於16 hPa的12個個案做合成分析。採用ECMWF資料，以500 hPa的相對 渦度極大值位置為中心，切取40*40 經度/緯度 (41*41網格點)的移動性 合成方盒，每個個案的權重相等，將個別資料取平均，以所得的平均值做 為合成氣旋的基本資料。時間間隔為12小時，分析在最大氣壓下降前後36 小時內合成氣旋的水平、垂直結構，並探討中、高層大尺度環流對低層氣 旋系統發展的影響。分析結果顯示，在氣旋爆發前後36小時中，500 hPa 均有明顯的相對渦度極大值存在。在氣旋發展初期，主要由低層的不穩定 所主導，且500 hPa的高度槽位於地面氣旋的西方，系統向西傾斜，斜壓 性顯著。至爆發後期，500 hPa的高度槽逐漸趕上地面氣旋，此時中層的 大尺度環境已和地面氣旋結合。由水平風場、垂直運動場及相對渦度場的 水平分佈情形得知，合成氣旋的發展高度在500 hPa以下，300 hPa的強渦 度場乃高層噴流所引起，而非氣旋本身的垂直環流所致，此合成氣旋為一 淺系統。由渦度方程及等壓座標之位渦分析得知，在氣旋發展的初期及爆 發期的前12小時，垂直渦度平流有相當大的貢獻；在爆發期的後12小時， 水平渦度平流的貢獻則顯著增強。在氣旋發展初期，於地面氣旋上游有高 層的高位渦往低層注入。此外，由水汽輻合分析發現，在500-700 hPa間 的上升運動區為水汽輻合區，下降運動區為水汽輻散區，顯示合成氣旋的 上升運動與潛熱釋放有明顯關連。本文的分析結果說明：在東亞地區爆發 性氣旋的主要發展機制為斜壓不穩定。且除了低層的斜壓作用外，潛熱釋 放亦扮演重要角色。

The diploma thesis is focused on creation of the composite indicators and their interpretation in the region of Southeast Asia. The indicators are chosen from three crucial fields of development, namely economic, social, and environmental field. The thesis also deals with regional disparities. Three countries were chosen representing the former area of Indochina, and Thailand as their closest neighbour. The theoretical part provides a basic overview of the key definitions and characteristics related to the issues. In the analytical part five composite indicators from each field of development are computed to evaluate the situation in the chosen countries. Correlation, cluster analysis, and regional disparities evaluation are contained in the analytical part as well. Finally, the data are assessed and recommendations are proposed.

Background Coral reefs are the most productive and biologically diverse marine ecosystems, and they provide ecosystem services to an estimated half billion people through fisheries, tourism, and coastal protection. To protect these values, significant investments have been made to stem reef decline, resulting in successes on a case by case basis. Overall however, the accelerating scope and scale of the threats facing coral reefs have overwhelmed existing governance regimes, creating a widespread call to improve the effectiveness of coral reef governance. My research addresses the problem of how to better learn from on‐going experiences in coral reef governance to reverse the current degradation of reef ecosystems. Improving effectiveness is simultaneously a process of strengthening individual initiatives and learning from experiences across a range of sites to develop a body of theory that can be used to diagnose and improve diverse governance arrangements. To date, the process of learning from past experiences has been fragmented, largely because the complexity of the governance enterprise confounds a straight‐forward understanding of how lessons learned from one initiative might appropriately be applied elsewhere. All programs facilitating coral reef governance vary in their specific goals, the management strategies they implement, their organizational characteristics, and the socio‐ecological contexts in which they operate. Given this complexity, what approach can be used to move beyond context‐specific, case‐by‐case successes to achieve effective governance on scales that can turn the tide on coral reef decline? Overview My doctoral research aims to address this problem by adapting a framework from organizational theory. I develop a conceptual typology—“or Map and Compass”— that contextualizes the experiences of individual coral reef governance programs toward better planning, cross‐site learning, and theory development (Thesis Part 2). The typology complements existing approaches for evaluating the effectiveness of coral reef governance by providing an innovative strategy for generalization. I then apply the Map and Compass in Southeast Asia to develop a field taxonomy that describes approaches to coral reef governance being implemented in that region (Thesis Part 3). This field application serves to validate the Map and Compass. It also provides insights into the key assumptions underpinning dominant approaches to coral reef governance in Southeast Asia, which suggests ways they might be further strengthened. The Unified Effectiveness Framework: A Map of Effectiveness in Coral Reef Governance Part 2 of my thesis develops a conceptual typology of effective coral reef governance. Effectiveness is not a discrete concept, but a multidimensional construct. The conceptual map provides an overarching, visual framework that explicitly describes effectiveness, and offers a common denominator for appropriately comparing coral reef governance programs to strengthen theory and practice. Because it is a comprehensive description of effectiveness, the conceptual map is called the Unified Effectiveness Framework (UEF). The UEF was developed by replicating an approach from organizational theory. As an input to this analysis, I conducted a detailed review of 12 evaluation systems related to coral reef governance, and identified a comprehensive list of the concepts included under the umbrella construct of effectiveness. I then used an on‐line survey to elicit opinions from 80 experts in coral reef governance about the similarities between 17 concepts that spanned the breadth of the effectiveness construct. Analyzing these data with multidimensional scaling produced a picture of the experts’ shared mental model of effectiveness. My analysis found a high degree of consensus among the experts around the resulting conceptualization, which organized effectiveness along two axes: the balance between social versus ecological goals, and the balance between governance processes versus governance outcomes. Using the literature, I demonstrate that the four quadrants which emerge from these axes are highly aligned with the major theoretical paradigms relevant to coral reef governance: Integrated Coastal Management, Community‐Based Management, Ecosystem‐Based Management, and Adaptive Management. My review describes the inherent tensions and complementarities between these four governance paradigms, and develops a set of hypotheses that become the basis for further validation of the UEF through field testing in Southeast Asia. A Field Taxonomy of Approaches to Coral Reef Governance in Southeast Asia Part 3 of my thesis applies the Unified Effectiveness Framework to develop a theory-based taxonomy of the approaches currently being implemented by coral reef governance programs in Southeast Asia. The taxonomy identifies patterns in the goals, strategies, organizational characteristics, and socio‐ecological context of 61 programs facilitating coral reef governance in the region. Using a stratified sampling design, I collected data from coral reef governance programs in the Southeast Asian countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand through 200 surveys administered by local field assistants. The mixed methods survey collected detailed information on the investments each program made in 65 different management strategies, and the respondents’ perceptions of the programs’ organizational characteristics, accomplishments, and socio‐ecological context. Following an approach from organizational theory, one section of the survey, called the UEF Compass, collected information that allowed me to draw a profile of each program on the Unified Effectiveness Framework. I tested the reliability and validity of the UEF Compass with a confirmatory factor analysis, and the results validated the measurement properties of the Compass. I hierarchically clustered the 61 coral reef governance programs using data collected with the UEF Compass, and identified five distinct approaches to coral reef governance. Using analysis of variance, discriminant analysis, and qualitative research methods, I describe each of these approaches in terms of its theory‐of‐action, management strategies, programmatic and contextual characteristics, and reported strengths and weaknesses. The five approaches are traditional park management, community‐based management, collaborative management, adaptive management, and a “balanced” approach that focuses on volunteer restoration and livelihood enhancements. Conclusions: Reconciling Theory with Practice I conclude the thesis by comparing the hypotheses represented by the Unified Effectiveness Framework with the results of the Field Taxonomy for Southeast Asia to assess the validity and usefulness of my proposed “Map and Compass.” I determine that the UEF exhibits the essential characteristic of a good typology, which is the ability to simplify multidimensional complexity in meaningful ways. I also identify three discontinuities between theory and practice that warrant further research. Overall, I find that there is support for the Unified Effectiveness Framework as a valid and useful typology for interpreting and contextualizing practical field experience.

A study is presented of three works for flute and piano by prominent Australian composer Anne Boyd (b. 1946). The works are Goldfish Through Summer Rain; Red Sun, Chill Wind; and Bali Moods No. 1. An examination is made of the influences of two types of Asian music on these three works. The influence of Japanese music is found in Goldfish Through Summer Rain and Red Sun, Chill Wind. The influence of Balinese music is found in Bali Moods No. 1.