Дисертації з теми "Comportements de déplacement"
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Lu, Hai Yun. "Extension de la méthode des discontinuités de déplacement aux comportements mécaniques non linéaires." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-409.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMirabel, François. "Energie, transports et externalités : comportements et politiques optimales de localisation et de déplacement dans l'espace urbain." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON10040.
Повний текст джерелаThe main object of this thesis is to bring to light the fondamental features of individual's rational behaviours in order to specify the equilibrium configuration of locations and movements in urban area. In such a case, the object is to compare this equilibrium configurations with socially optimal structures and to identify the externalities which explain the differences between the two types of configurations. In a normative approach, the final object is to precise the public policies that the government has to set in order to modify (or to influence) the location's and movement's homogeneous behaviours of individuals and finally, to restore the urban social optimum. From this point of view, the theoretical analysis of this thesis (which are conducted in spatial and temporal dynamic frameworks) are lead in the neoclassical paradigm of the "welfare economics". . . Our work is divided into two parts based on the distinction between location's questions and movement's questions
Boussier, Jean-Marie. "Modélisation de comportements dans les systèmes dynamiques : Application à l'organisation et à la régulation de stationnement et de déplacement dans les Systèmes de Trafic Urbain." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00411272.
Повний текст джерелаDelaeter, Camille. "Impact des lixiviats de bioplastiques et plastiques conventionnels sur les organismes benthiques intertidaux : une approche comportementale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR065.
Повний текст джерелаBehaviors play a pivotal role in organisms' survival, enabling organisms to cope with their ever-changing environment. Nowadays, adaptive behavioral responses to environmental changes face unprecedented challenges due to the rapid and detrimental effects of the Anthropocene era. Noticeably, plastic pollution stands out as one of the most pressing concerns in marine habitats. Beyond causing conspicuous physical damages, plastics may leach a cocktail of harmful chemicals impairing marine organisms at various levels. Despite its role in connecting individuals to ecosystem functioning and evolutionary processes, organism behavior remains scarcely studied in the plastic leachate literature. This PhD thesis aims at to address the gaps in existing literature concerning the organisms and polymers considered. After an extensive review of the plastic leachate literature, this work focuses on investigating the impact of plastic leachates from both bio and conventional polymers on the anxiety-related behaviors of the crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus, the motion behaviors of the foraminifera Haynesina germanica and the cirral activity of the barnacle Austrominius modestus. The results reveal significant modifications in behaviors, highlighting species, polymer and dose dependencies, posing a threat to the delicate ecosystem balance. Noticeably, the biopolymer leachate results in similar or even more behavioral alterations than leachates from conventional polymers, raising significant concerns about the environmental safety of plastic alternatives
Moussaïd, Mehdi. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation des déplacements collectifs de piétons." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1118/.
Повний текст джерелаIn a wide variety of social and biological systems, many collective behaviours result from self-organized processes based on local interactions among individuals. Understanding these mechanisms comes down to establishing a link between two distinct levels of observation: the macroscopic patterns displayed at the group level, and the microscopic behaviour of individuals. This work investigates the mechanisms underlying self-organized behaviours in human crowds, such as shoppers in a commercial walkway, supporters leaving a stadium, or pilgrims in Mecca. Using empirical observations in urban environment, controlled laboratory experiments and mathematical modelling, we have studied the behaviour of pedestrians, the nature of their interactions, and the collective patterns of motion. We first conducted laboratory experiments involving interacting pedestrians. From these observations, we extracted a quantitative measurement of the interaction rules. We found the existence of a bias in pedestrian behaviour that is amplified in a collective context and shapes the lane formation phenomenon. Second, we analyzed empirical data collected in natural conditions to study the features of social interactions among people who are walking in groups. We investigated the role of these interactions in group-walking configurations, and we estimated its impact on the traffic efficiency. Finally, we elaborated a new modelling framework for pedestrian behaviour, based on simple behavioural heuristics. Our results suggest applied solutions to evaluate the traffic efficiency in urban environment and open research perspectives for the study of other collective behaviours in social systems
Buhler, Thomas. "Eléments pour la prise en compte de l'habitude dans les pratiques de déplacements urbains : Le cas des résistances aux injonctions au changement de mode de déplacement sur l'agglomération lyonnaise." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743702.
Повний текст джерелаBuhler, Thomas. "Eléments pour la prise en compte de l’habitude dans les pratiques de déplacements urbains : Le cas des résistances aux injonctions au changement de mode de déplacement sur l’agglomération lyonnaise." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0087/document.
Повний текст джерелаSince the 80’s the majority of French cities developed transport policies aiming at reducing car use. This involves the development of specific urban transport policies following various formulas (such as modal-shift, intermodal or multimodal policies) and various constraint levels on car use (incentive or restrictive policies). Several communicational and informational plans emerged since the 2000’s and support these policies in order to enable a change in urban transport practices. Local authorities’ injunctions to modal change take two principal shapes that are rather implicit or explicit. Implicit injunctions to modal change indicate a first hypothesis on the car-user developed by local authorities in charge of transportation planning and policies. This first hypothesis assumes a car-user in search of the “optimal” mode, and stipulates as a consequence a modification of urban environments in favor of “alternative modes” to make him change. Regarding explicit injunctions, a second hypothesis is assumed on the car-user, who is defined as an actor following an axiological rationality. As a consequence, communication campaigns on values and virtues of “alternative modes” are stipulated to achieve consent to change in the case of daily-life transport. In Lyon as elsewhere, these policies failed to meet with the expected success. The support to these plans and policies is not massive so that we observe strong resistances to injunctions to change. These resistances are not surprising in the case of low density spaces and are in line with the literature. However the resistances to modal change observed for the case of Lyon take place as well in central areas, accurately connected to public transportation services with high population density. We conclude that hypotheses of instrumental and axiological rationalities are limited in explaining the “reasons” of car use. Mainstream research literature on urban transport doesn’t go further than these two hypotheses. To contribute to this reflection we assume the hypothesis that habit - as a concept – can be mobilized to go beyond fruitless dualisms such as “individual vs. structure” or “choice vs. determinism” and enable the development of a rather phenomenological interpretation of transport behaviours. In order to identify the shapes and roles of habit in urban transport behaviours, we developed a two-step original method including the collection of comments recorded by car-drivers and a questionnaire. The latter enabled us to distinguish two sub-groups as regards to the strength of their automobile habit. As a major result we will show that automobile habit follows three dimensions, namely mental, temporal and spatial, and enable an explanation of user’s resistance to injunctions to modal change. In line with these results we will conclude with a critical reconsideration of transport policies based on injunctions to change, and with new operational and theoretical perspectives
Toulet, Sylvain. "Déplacements collectifs auto-organisés : décision individuelle et transfert d'information." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30172/document.
Повний текст джерелаCollective movements often involve very spectacular displays that fascinate nature lovers and researchers. How do such amazing patterns appear and how group cohesion can be maintained ? If many studies were carried out to decipher the rules underlying cohesion for groups in movement, there is a lack of works adressing the transitions involved in collective movements : departures and stops. This thesis adresses the behavioural mechanisms involved in the collective decision-making processes oc- curing in such transitions in Merino sheep (Ovis aries) groups. We propose some new kinds of spatial hypotheses that can account for the way interactions between individuals are locally modulated in large groups where individuals cannot have an access to the global information of all individuals. We developed a novel spatiotemporal model of sheep collective motion that reproduces the experimental observations and allows to explore the outcomes of collective decisions in various conditions. The experimental and theoretical results increase the understanding of the individual mechanisms that produce collective decisions allowing to maintain group cohesion
Pillot, Marie-Hélène. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation des déplacements collectifs chez le mouton Mérinos (Ovis aries)." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1366/.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis presents a comprehensive set of results, obtained through an innovative experimental methodology, that have important and extensive implications for the fields of integrative biology and complex systems. The main objective of the thesis is to study the inter-individual interactions involved during the initiation and coordination of movement in gregarious vertebrates, and in particular in the sheep Merinos d'Arles (Ovis aries). Key questions are, when an individual initiates a movement, what information is taken into account by conspecifics, how is this information spread across the group, and what mechanisms underlie the collective decision processes? To answer these questions, we created an experimental paradigm to trigger, in a standardized way, the movement of trained individuals that were then placed in a group of naïve conspecifics. Using two types of stimuli, a sound (public) and a vibration (private), we could evaluate the individual response of followers, and the effect of the behavioural state on this response. An additional set of experiments also provided recordings of spontaneous initiations of movement. Our results suggest that every individual in a group can initiate a collective movement. Our quantitative analysis then showed that, in Mérinos sheep, the individual decision to follow depends on a double mimetic effect; individuals take into account both the number of already departed individuals and the number of individuals which have not yet departed. A comparison between three experimental situations reveals that the decision rule is unique and that the behavioural state of potential followers only slightly affects the collective dynamics. Our approach, a combination of experimentation and modelling, provides original results that contribute to the understanding of individual and collective decision-making processes, and of the mechanisms involved during collective movement. The experimental paradigm that was proposed here, and the mathematical tools that were used, open interesting perspectives for new experimental studies and for the generalization of the behavioural rules exposed in this thesis
Dussutour, Audrey. "Organisation spatio-temporelle des déplacements collectifs chez les fourmis." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30242.
Повний текст джерелаBenselama, Adel Mustafa. "Modélisation numérique du comportement d'une particule sous champ électrique dans les microsystèmes : de la déformation au déplacement." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10180.
Повний текст джерелаA new numerical tool to predict the motion and deformation of particles subjected to an electric field in biological Microsystems has been developed. In a middle term, this tool will be used to optimize Lab-on-a-chip devices in the earliest design stages. Particles are handled in Microsystems by dielectrophoresis, which is associated to the motion induced by the polarization of dielectric materials when subjected to a nonuniform electric field. The numerical tool uses to follow the deformation of moving interfaces is the Boundary Element Method (BEM). Flows are supposed to be potential. This tool permits us to find Taylor results in droplets shapes and instability development in both DC and AC uniform electric field. The tool also fits well, when displacement is involved, as non uniform electric field is applied, with simplified analytical models. At this point, we do think that our numerical tool can be extended to deal with more general electrohydrodynamic problems
Sueur, Cédric. "Étude comparative de l’influence des relations sociales sur l’organisation des déplacements collectifs chez deux espèces de macaques (Macaca tonkeana, M. Mulatta)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/SUEUR_Cedric_2008.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаLiving in groups involves group cohesion and synchronization. In this context, animals with different needs have to decide collectively about the time and the direction to move. In Primates, studies mainly focused on intentional behaviours such as recruitment, while in large groups they showed the existence of auto-organised processes. Few studies however have been carried out to prove the existence of these self-organised processes in highly structured groups as primates’ ones. In the same way, studies showed how social relationships of group members constrained behaviours like aggressive, conciliatory or grooming ones but we don’t know how these social relationships influenced the kind of consensus in a species. In order to test these hypotheses, I studied two macaque species with contrasted social style, the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) having a strict hierarchy and a high nepotism and the Tonkean macaque (M. Tonkeana) known to be tolerant. Results of this thesis showed the existence of both auto-organised processes and more complex ones in these stable small groups with individuals demonstrating relatively complex cognitive abilities. Results also proved the influence of the social style of a species, in term of dominance and kinship, on the consensus. Tonkean macaques displayed an equally shared consensus and group members are organised according to affiliation during a collective movement. Conversely, rhesus macaques displayed a partially shared consensus in favour of high-ranking individuals and the organisation of individuals was biased in favour of kinship
Nguyen, Anh Dung. "Etude du comportement mécanique et du pliage d’un anneau de tenségrité à base pentagonale." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20209.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim is to study the mechanical behaviour and the deployment of a pentagon-based tensegrity ring. This selfstanding, light-weight and deployable structure can be adapted to solve problems in various domains of civil engineering. This study is carried out in two approaches: theoretical modelling and experimental testing. The modelling consists of analysing mechanical response and of simulating deployment. The experiment is to study the behaviour of a real prototype in order to check the consistency of the theoretical model. Moreover, we have also developed a static method taking into account cable flexural rigidity to evaluate the tensional force in cables
Canet, Frédéric. "Barrière et puits de potentiel pour une paroi de domaines dans des systèmes à comportement type "déplacement d'échange"." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN10117.
Повний текст джерелаTatin, Maxime. "Comportement thermique des barrages en béton : amélioration des modèles d'analyses physico-statistiques des mesures de déplacements." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI059/document.
Повний текст джерелаConcrete dam displacements are influenced by various factors such as hydrostatic load, thermaleffects, and irreversible effects. In order to interpret measurements, to split apart all the differentinfluences and to identify a potential pathological behaviour, physico-statistical modelssuch as multi-linear regression are commonly employed in dam engineering. Nevertheless, thethermal component estimation is an important source of uncertainty for these models. Thus, theobjectives of this thesis are to highlight the mechanism that generate thermal displacement, toclarify model hypothesis, to determine the main sources of uncertainty from environnemental influencesso as to propose improvements of statistical modelling. Two original physico-statisticalmodels have been develloped to account for water temperature which has been identified as amain source of uncertainty. Firstly, only the mean value has been introduced. Then, in parallelto in-situ measurements, realistic temperature profils are accounted for over the dam’s height.These models have been tested both on a virtual environnement (finite element model) and ona real study case. The results show a significant reduction of the residual dispersion and anincrease of the predictive capacity of the models
Belkadi, Salima. "Mesure des déplacements et déformations en trois dimensions par stéréoscopie : applications au comportement de mousses synthétiques." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2256.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this work is the study of the behaviour in compression of the synthetic foam of polyurethane (PU), polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), we have used the stereoscopic principle associated with two optical methods; the techniques of correlation and the technique of tracking-marks. They permit the 3D reconstruction of specimen surface at the interested points then the determination of 3D displacements and deformations during solicitation. The stereoscopic dispositif requires a calibration to determine its intrinsic parameters (lens, pixel size, distortion coef) and extrinsic parameters (orientation and position of CCD cameras). We have studied two configuration of stereoscopic system; parallel case and classic case (crossed optical axes). For the compression tests, we have used the technique of tracking-marks, which is simple to realise. This permitted us to identify the behaviour law of HILL used for the simulation of compression with finite elements code ABAQUS - IMPLICITE
Épouhé, Céline. "Contribution à l'élucidation structurale : simulation de comportements de sous-structures partiellement définies issues de la RMN-2D." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077077.
Повний текст джерелаMeissonnier, Joël. "Les provinciliens : étude stratégique d'un comportement de déplacements quotidiens et alternants en train, entre capitale et province." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA054015.
Повний текст джерелаHammadou, Hakim. "Modélisation du choix modal voyageurs sur les déplacements longue distance : la valeur du temps." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50374-2001-35.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаJacobs, Armand Thomas. "Impact des pressions sociales et écologiques sur les processus décisionnels lors des déplacements collectifs chez deux espèces de primates (Eulemur fulvus et Macaca fuscata)." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6071.
Повний текст джерелаLiving successfully as a group depends on the ability of its members to compromise between their individual needs and motivations and those of other group members. Individuals with potentially different needs can thus synchronise their activity with that of other group members and move collectively, hence preserving the group. The study of collective movement is one of the most efficient ways to tackle the question of decision-making processes in animal societies. Research in this domain has enabled us to identify differences between certain individuals or classes of individuals playing a more important role in decision-taking situations. Since this discovery, two conflicting theories have been proposed to explain the possible reasons behind this dominant role in certain individuals. The first theory explains these differences by ecological differences, whereas the second suggests that they are the result of social pressure. In order to test these two hypotheses, I studied two primate species. Firstly, the brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) was tested in a controlled environment. This species has a social system that is very different to other lemuriformes studied to date. Secondly, the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) was studied in the wild. This species has an intolerant social style. The results obtained from this thesis pinpoint the substantial impact that social factors have on decision-making processes in the brown lemur and the Japanese macaque, even in the wild. This thesis enables a further step towards a generalisation of the hypothesis that there is indeed a social influence on decision-making
Mauget, Bertrand. "Simulation en grands déplacements du comportement mécanique du bois : application au séchage dissymétrique et au séchage sous charge." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL145N.
Повний текст джерелаNguyen, Anh Dung. "Etude du comportement mécanique et du pliage d'un anneau de tenségrité à base pentagonale." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00858717.
Повний текст джерелаPorton-Deterne, Isabelle. "Etude de la réactivité fœtale à des déplacements passifs au cours d'épisodes de sommeil calme en fin de gestation." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05H020.
Повний текст джерелаSchmitt, Julien. "Parcours, déplacement et actions face au rayon : Mieux comprendre le comportement physique du consommateur en magasin pour mieux comprendre ses achats." Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2009. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00516252.
Повний текст джерелаAlthough shopping behavior becomes more and more important within marketing academic literature, most of research on this topic does not actually observe shopping behavior. Most of the time, it is measured with questionnaires that capture self-reported behavior, which is potentially very different from actual behavior. However, consumer purchases, most of the time decided in store, directly depend on physical shopping behavior (shopping path, alleys that consumer visits or avoids, products he passes by, actions he performs in front of shelves, products he grabs, investigates, tries and eventually abandons or chooses). This dissertation’s main idea is to study in-store physical shopping behavior. This thesis is divided into two studies. The first study aims at better understanding what physical shopping behavior is: get an intelligible picture of this behavior by determining what its main dimensions are as well as its relationships with purchases. The second study aims at using the information contained in physical shopping behavior in order to improve a probabilistic model of purchase analysis: market basket analysis. Both these studies allow investigating a different angle of the main topic. Together, they bring original insights about in-store shopping behavior. To reach our research objectives, we have developed a new data collection tool allowing to unobtrusively observe consumers, and capture and time-stamp each of their precise actions during the entire shopping trip
Lopez, Ugo. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation des déplacements collectifs chez deux espèces de poissons, Khulia mugil et hemigrammus rhodostomus." Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30362.
Повний текст джерелаPlanckaert, Ophelie. "Évaluation des coûts de déplacement de la martre d'Amérique dans une sapinière boréale aménagée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26377/26377.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn contrast to the ideal free distribution (Fretwell and Lucas 1969) framework, animals have to face numerous constraints when moving through landscapes. However, these constraints have rarely been integrated, let alone quantified, into habitat selection studies. Spatially-explicit models are increasingly used to make predictions about distribution of animal populations, but they are based on subjective estimations of movement parameters such as resistance to movement and perceptual range. Finally, most ecologists studying movements collect data by radio-telemetry, but this is an expensive method to which alternatives exist. The objectives of this study were to (1) develop an inexpensive approach to analyze movements from spatial distribution data, and (2) estimate value of two parameters (movement resistance and perceptual range) integrated in simulation models of American martens (Martes americana). Every winter from 2004 to 2008, marten tracks were located by snow-tracking. For each year, I designed 150 movement resistance scenarios differing by three spatial resolutions (5 m, 25 m, and 100 m), 10 resistance factors in open areas (range 4-1000), and five scenarios differing by edge effect and relative movement cost in young stands (age 11-30 y). With a Geographical Information System (GIS), ‘least-cost’ paths were generated across the study area, according to each cost scenario. Nearest-neighbor distances between points where simulated paths met transects and real marten tracks were used to assess simulation performance. In 78 % of cases (45 % significant), resistance scenarios performed better than corresponding null models (equal resistance in all habitats), suggesting that mosaic structure of our study area did limit movements of American martens. Adding intermediate movement values for young forests increased simulation performance to 93 % (53 % significant), suggesting that movement resistance in young stands was higher than in mature forest. All simulations with a pixel size of 100 m performed significantly better than null models, suggesting that marten perceptual range was at least 100 m. However, model performance was similar among hypothetical movement costs in the open (within scenarios), preventing a reliable estimate of relative movement cost in the open. Studying movements with snow-tracking data appears promising, and may yield useful results in highly fragmented landscapes.
Pillot, Marie-Hélène. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation des déplacements collectifs chez le mouton Mérinos, Ovis aries." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210022.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis presents a comprehensive set of results, obtained through an innovative experimental methodology, that have important and extensive implications for the fields of integrative biology and complex systems. The main objective of the thesis is to study the inter-individual interactions involved during the initiation and coordination of movement in gregarious vertebrates, and in particular in the sheep Merinos d’Arles (Ovis aries). Key questions are, when an individual initiates a movement, what information is taken into account by conspecifics, how is this information spread across the group, and what mechanisms underlie the collective decision processes? To answer these questions, we created an experimental paradigm to trigger, in a standardized way, the movement of trained individuals that were then placed in a group of naïve conspecifics. Using two types of stimuli, a sound (public) and a vibration (private), we could evaluate the individual response of followers, and the effect of the behavioural state on this response. An additional set of experiments also provided recordings of spontaneous initiations of movement.
Our results suggest that every individual in a group can initiate a collective movement. Our quantitative analysis then showed that, in Mérinos sheep, the individual decision to follow depends on a double mimetic effect; individuals take into account both the number of already departed individuals and the number of individuals which have not yet departed. A comparison between three experimental situations reveals that the decision rule is unique and that the behavioural state of potential followers only slightly affects the collective dynamics.
Our approach, a combination of experimentation and modelling, provides original results that contribute to the understanding of individual and collective decision-making processes, and of the mechanisms involved during collective movement. The experimental paradigm that was proposed here, and the mathematical tools that were used, open interesting perspectives for new experimental studies and for the generalization of the behavioural rules exposed in this thesis.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Illy, Marie-Claire. "Etude du comportement paramagnétique des actinides en solution avec des ligands polyaminocarboxylates cycliques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS140/document.
Повний текст джерела“Study of actinide’s paramagnetic behavior in solution with cyclic polyaminocarboxylate ligands”The actinide cation’s (5f elements) paramagnetic behavior may be studied by liquid NMR spectroscopy. Two complementary lines of research have been pursued: molar magnetic susceptibility and chemical shift.Firstly, magnetic susceptibility is easy to determine by the Evans’ method when there is no interaction between actinide cations and ligands. This method, with samples in solution at room temperature, has been compared to SQUID measurements using solid samples at very low temperatures for the [NpO2(DPC)2Li2] complex. Both methods produce molar magnetic susceptibilities with the same order of magnitude even if this compound is not the best one to the comparison.The Evans’ method has been used to complete experimental data from literature. The molar magnetic susceptibility measurement in a non-complexing medium for the PuVO2+ (5f3) cation has been measured in the laboratory. Molar magnetic susceptibility calculations were carried out using the SO-CASPT2 method for (+IV), (+V) and (+VI) actinide cations (AnIV= UIV, NpIV, PuIV and AnV/VI: NpV/VI, PuV/VI) in a non-complexing medium, then in chloride and nitrate complexing media. They have been compared with experimental values. The molar magnetic susceptibilities of actinide cations have been shown to be sensitive to the nature and geometry of their first coordination sphere. It has been revealed that the fundamental state of NpVI (5f1) cation is affected by changing the symmetry of the complex. From calculated electronic states, first absorption spectra calculations of these complexes have been carried out. A good matching between major calculated and experimental absorbances has been obtained. A red-shift was applied to the calculated absorption spectra to fit better with the experimental ones. This shift may be related to a nephelauxetic effect.Secondly, the use of Bleaney’s Theory has allowed the study of chemical shifts. And precisely, this work has been focused on the contact contribution for C4 symmetry AnIV complexed with DOTA ligand (AnIV= ThIV, UIV, NpIV, PuIV). This contact contribution is observable via NMR of oxygen-17 (17O) because oxygen atoms are directly linked to the paramagnetic cation. Therefore, the DOTA ligand was enriched in 17O before the actinide complex synthesis in a DMSO/CHCl3 organic phase. These complexes have been characterized by UV-Visible-NIR spectrophotometry and 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy. But, some synthesis difficulties have been encountered to the diamagnetic ThIV-D17OTA (5f0) complex. This diamagnetic component is required to extract pure paramagnetic contact contribution. In that case, other ways of synthesis have been investigated.Keywords: Actinides, NMR, Paramagnetism, Magnetic susceptibility, Chemical shift, DOTA ligand.2018 – Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives – Laboratoire d’interactions Ligand-Actinide – France
Chateau, Olivier. "Activité et typologie des déplacements de poissons coralliens dans un habitat fragmenté : Application aux réserves marines de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Nouvelle Calédonie, 2008. http://portail-documentaire.univ-nc.nc/files/public/bu/theses_unc/TheseOlivierChateau2008.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSueur, Cédric. "Etude comparative de l'influence des relations sociales sur l'organisation des déplacements collectifs chez deux espèces de macaques, Macaca tonkeana, M. mulatta." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210386.
Повний текст джерелаDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Ettifouri, Mohammed. "Etude des déplacements chez les coccinelles aphidiphages (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) dans une perspective de leur utilisation en lutte biologique : analyse de la variabilité interindividuelle et influence de facteurs biotiques." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30034.
Повний текст джерелаRioux, Jacky. "Les déplacements liés à la consommation de résidents de la périphérie de Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28743/28743.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBriard, Léa. "Etude des processus décisionnels lors des déplacements collectifs chez le cheval domestique (Equus ferus caballus)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/219974.
Повний текст джерелаDoctorat en Sciences
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Lecheval, Valentin. "Experimental analysis and modelling of the behavioural interactions underlying the coordination of collective motion and the propagation of information in fish schools." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30361/document.
Повний текст джерелаFish schools are systems in which thousands of individuals can move in a synchronised manner in a changing environment, with endogenous perturbations (e.g. when a congener leaves the group) or exogenous (e.g. the attack of a predator). The coordination of fish schools, decentralised, is not completely understood yet. If the mechanisms underlying social interactions discussed in previous studies qualitatively match the social patterns observed in nature, the quantification of these interactions and the quantitative match between individual measurements and collective patterns are still sparse in recent works and are the main focus of this thesis. This work combines closely experimental and modelling methods in order to investigate the links between the individual behaviours and the patterns observed at the collective scale. We have characterised and quantified the interactions and mechanisms at the origin of, first, the coordination of individuals in fish schools and, second, the propagation of information, when the group is under endogenous or exogenous perturbations. This thesis focuses on one freshwater fish species, the rummy-nose tetra (Hemigrammus rhodostomus), and is the result of a diversity of experimental methods, statistical analyses and modelling, at the interface of ethology, statistical physics and computational sciences
Halbert, Stéphanie. "Étude du comportement dynamique de systèmes catalytiques greffés sur silice." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01005016.
Повний текст джерелаSbai, Chaker. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation des processus de morphogenèse de structures complexes chez les insectes sociaux." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1719/.
Повний текст джерелаNests and the related construction behaviors can be found throughout the animal kingdom. Nests should protect the animal, its descendants and its food from environmental conditions and predators. The most spectacular nests can be found in social animals where they result from collective activities. In the first chapter we ask whether an environmental variable (roughness of the surface) influences the structures built by the black garden ant Lasius niger, in particular pillar formation. The spatiotemporal dynamics of this activity had been observed in the laboratory with a surface scanner. We did not find any significant effect of surface roughness on the studied variables (construction speed, inter-pillar distances). In the second chapter we focus on the movement of Lasius niger during exploration. We built a model with a perception angle and another model with diffusion of the pheromone traces. A sensitivity analysis showed that trail appearance speed is strongly influenced by pheromone deposition or evaporation rates, less strongly by the perception angle and that seems to be independent of pheromone diffusion. Finally, our research focused on the thigmotactic behavior in the ant Lasius Niger and the resulting ant densities in an experimental setup with borders. We at first confirmed that Lasius Niger ants do not lay pheromone trails during the exploration phase. In order to understand their spatial distribution during exploration , we analyzed their thigmotactic behavior and identified the behavioral rules underlying movement and stopping. We built a hierarchy of individual based models to test if the identified behavioral rules can explain the ants' spatial distribution. We find a good qualitative coherence, but a new model selection method shows that all our models differ quantitatively from the observations
Astudillo, de la Vega Esteban. "Etude expérimentale du comportement mécanique d'un béton fibré à ultra hautes performances (BFUHP) en traction biaxiale." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DENS0009.
Повний текст джерелаMoradian, Zabihallah. "Application de la méthode d'émission acoustique pour la surveillance du comportement au cisaillement des joints actifs." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1961.
Повний текст джерелаJiang, Li. "Mechanisms and roles of information processing in collective motion." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30125.
Повний текст джерелаCollective motion is one of the most striking phenomena in nature. It has been observed in a lot of animal species, such as bacteria, ants, fish, flocks of birds and crowds of human. These collective animal behaviors not only show us spectacular scenes, but also attract us to explore the underlying mechanisms in order to understand the laws and evolution of biological groups and even help us design smarter self-organizing robots. We study different collective motion systems including single species systems such as fish school and human crowd; and multi-species group chase and escape system. Among which, we focus on the mechanisms and roles of information processing on macro patterns. Moreover, regarding to the fact that it's very difficult to extract trajectory data from low quality experiment videos, we propose a fast and robust tracking tool. Details are as follows: 1. We study the mechanisms of information processing in the movements of Hemigrammus rhodostomus in a ring-shaped tank. For the first time, we define a special behavior of fish school: U-turn event. By introducing time delay between fish interaction, we find that a focal fish usually corresponds to only 1 or 2 fish which is not necessarily the nearest one. Moreover, we find the turning information during a group U-turn event propagates like domino. In addition, we use transfer entropy to quantify dynamic information flows in space and time across the U-turn events. 2. We study the role of perturbation information in human crowd system by introducing obstacles as perturbation information into a panic escaping flow. We find a useful and simple way to increase the panic flow in order to save more lives under dangerous situation. We apply genetic algorithms to optimize the layout of pillars in the simulations and then test the results with real human experiments. Results show that putting two pillars along the two sides of the exit can maximize the escape velocity. In the end, a tangential momentum theory is proposed to explain the role of the perturbation information. 3. We study the role of information processing mechanisms in multi-species collective motion by introducing different strateg?ies for the prey in a group chase model. We propose three aggregation strategies: moving to mass center of all preys, moving to the nearest prey and minimising the total distance to all preys. Results show that aggregation increase the group survival time greatly, even allowing immortal prey. There is a phase transition of t (average survival time) against M (number of predator). 4. We developed a new tracking tool to improve the current image recognizing and video tracking algorithms so as to extract trajectories from low quality videos. Our tool integrates mean-value filter, background substraction, artificial neural network, K-means clustering and a well defined cost function. It can track low quality videos which can be hardly tracked by other tools. And it can track different animals such as fish, drosophila, ants and so on. The overall tracking performance is better than idTracker and Ctrax
Challet, Mélanie. "Influence de la température et des courants d'air sur la morphogénèse des cimetières chez la fourmi Messor sancta." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30077.
Повний текст джерелаIn this work, we studied environmental effects on corpses aggregation in the ants Messor sancta. We characterized this phenomenon at both scales : individual and collective one. Results sew that ants have a lower dispersion on corpses piles. Ants sew a thigmotactic behavior around the piles. Our study also sew that pick up and drop behaviors are modulated by temperature. At the collective scale, we have shown that temperature and air flow modified collective aggregation dynamics. This modulation is the results of a complex coupling between individual sensitivity to local corpses density and individual sensitivity to climatic environment
Simo, Kanmeugne Patrick. "Simulation crédible des déplacements de piétons en temps réel : modèle microscopique à influence macroscopique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066477.
Повний текст джерелаCoquillay, Sophie. "Prise en compte de la non linéarité du comportement des sols soumis à de petites déformations pour le calcul des ouvrages géotechniques." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001846.
Повний текст джерелаNdiaye, Ibrahima. "Planification urbaine, localisation résidentielle et comportements de mobilité à Dakar, Sénégal." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1181.
Повний текст джерелаThe study of mobility behavior has not been well investigated in Sub-Saharan cities. These cities are characterized by rapid urban growth resulting in sprawl space, very high population densities and a crisis in transport sector which is dominated by craft operators. These dynamics, which are at the origin of spatial imbalances mean that access to urban amenities becomes very difficult for the poorest categories of the population. In Dakar, segregationist territorial management options taken in the past by colonial authorities, the ineffectiveness of traditional instruments of urban planning as well as disregulation of land market and real estate, have created a dynamic socio-spatial differentiation. This research project, by using multivariate analysis methods (Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) is based on original household travel surveys. Our objective is to analyze the dynamics of socio-spatial segregation in Dakar and illuminate the links between residential location and household mobility behavior in a changeable urban context
Badea, Costescu Anca. "Contributions à l'analyse numérique des problèmes liés au comportement des fluides dans les imprimantes à jet d'encre." Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STET4004.
Повний текст джерелаBaltenneck, Nicolas. "Se mouvoir sans voir : incidences de l'environnement urbain sur la perception, la représentation mentale et le stress lors du déplacement de la personne aveugle." Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00593859.
Повний текст джерелаKim, Kil-Won. "L'organisation subsociale d'Amaurobius ferox : modèle pour l'étude des phénomènes sociaux chez les araignées." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10154.
Повний текст джерелаTillous, Marion. "Le voyageur au sein des espaces de mobilité : un individu face à une machine ou un être socialisé en interaction avec un territoire ? Les déterminants de l'aisance au cours du déplacement urbain." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00403677.
Повний текст джерелаBuard, Élodie. "Dynamiques des interactions espèces - espace : mise en relation des pratiques de déplacement des populations d'herbivores et de l'évolution de l'occupation du sol dans le parc de Hwange (Zimbabwe)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010606/document.
Повний текст джерелаNational parks aim at protecting natural resources, including fauna and flora. However, some of these resources are depleting, particularly due to animal populations that converge regularly in certain places. In that context, the objective of this thesis is to propose an approach to identify interactions between movement practices of herbivore populations and land cover. We apply this approach to elephants, zebras and buffaloes of the Hwange National Park (Zimbabwe). The proposed approach combines notions from ecology, geography and geomatics. First, we identify places where spatial practices of populations are recurrent. These places are called places of convergence composed of high-density paths and stops. Diverse data sources are analyzed: animal counts and GPS tracks. The last is used to construct trajectories of animals based on concepts from Time Geography. This construction enables us to estimate the potential pressure applied by animals on land cover. Second, places where land cover has changed are extracted from remote sensing data. Last, we study the links between places of converge of populations and places of land cover changes. The results point out that data sources are complementary. They underline different types of links between animal populations and land cover, according to the species considered, the time periods and the studied areas
Hedan, Stéphen. "Mesures par voie optique de champs cinématiques pour l'étude du comportement de plaques élastiques fissurées et chargées en mode I : formulation des déplacements 2D par confrontation numérique-expérience en statique, analyse des effets 3D en dynamique." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Hedan-Stephen/2008-Hedan-Stephen-These.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis work concerns the study of the experimental displacement fields in the elastic cracked plates, loaded in mode I. The experimental displacement extraction is realised from a method of extraction from in the single picture. The first part of this memory, concerns the study of the displacements fields in the vicinity of the crack tip for stationary cracks. The grids method is used to determine the in-plan displacement fields on the free surface. At the same time as experimental tries, a finite element model is making to validate numerical conditions in the borders and displacement empirical formulations. These formulations characterize in plan displacements and gradients displacements necessary for the J-integral calculation. The second part of this memory concerns the study of the 3D and transient effects by confrontation of the theoretical formulation and the experimental data of the out-of-plane displacement for a propagating crack. The determination of the absolute out-of-plane displacements by Michelson interferometer is not directly, the purpose of a photomultiplier and the subtraction of an initial relief is necessary. The detachment zone according to the crack propagation velocity (V) us incites to develop an empirical formulation of out-of-plane displacements with minimised from the experimental results
Fluhr, Julie. "Stratégies de prospection alimentaire chez le Vautour fauve (Gyps fulvus) et mesures de conservation." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT148.
Повний текст джерелаIn the current context of global change, organism are exposed to new selective pressures in their environments modified by human activities, and we observe the emergence of evolutionary traps. Moving can be interpreted as a consequence of these global changes, but also as the opportunity for an individual, a population or a species to adapt, at different spatio-temporal scales, by modifying their feeding sites, home range or distribution area. During my PhD, I was interested in studying the foraging of Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) belonging to the functional guild of obligate scavengers, which are the most threatened birds worldwide. Conservation plans have been carried out to limit their decline, proposing management practices such as supplementary feeding (SF) that may constitute an ecological trap (attractive but suboptimal sites) for vultures. Analysing of fine-scale daily movements and home ranges of individuals equipped with GPS devices, I found significant differences of foraging strategies and space use patterns in vultures from two French regions with low vs high SF (Pyrenees vs Causses). Using recent methods to quantify behavioral routines, I demonstrated that vultures visited SF stations in the Causses with low level of routine, both spatially and temporally. In spite of the distinct large-scale movement patterns between the individuals in the Causses and the Pyrenees, as well as different time-budgets (birds spending more time in flight in the Causses), energy expenditure estimated at the population level are quite similar. Beyond the level of resource predictability - inherent to SF - I highlighted other factors likely to influence individuals’ behavioral decision-making: the individual’s motivational state related to its breeding status, and local aerological conditions. At the interface between behavioral ecology and conservation biology, my work should contribute to a better understanding of the space use patterns in an obligate scavenger and the processes involved at different spatio-temporal scales. Conservationist will be able to use my results and management recommendations to maintain the natural behavior of vultures and, finally, populations’ viability