Статті в журналах: "Compliant gear"

1

Sensinger, Jonathon W., Lawrence E. Burkart, Gill A. Pratt, and Richard F. ff Weir. "Effect of compliance location in series elastic actuators." Robotica 31, no. 8 (June 7, 2013): 1313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574713000532.

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SUMMARYSeries elastic actuators have beneficial properties for some robot applications. Several recent implementations contain alternative placements of the compliant element to improve instrumentation design. We use a class 1 versus class 2 lever model and energy-port methods to demonstrate in this paper that these alternative placements should still be classified as series elastic actuators. We also note that the compliance of proximal series elastic actuators is reflected by an augmented gear ratio dependent on the nominal gear ratio, which is significant for small gear ratios and approaches unity for large gear ratios. This reflected compliance is shown to differ depending on the sign of the gear ratio. We demonstrate that although the reflected compliance is only marginally influenced by the magnitude of the gear ratio, there are several notable differences, particularly for small gear ratios.

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2

Suzuki, Daisuke, Shigeru Horiuchi, Jin Hwan Choi, and Han Sik Ryu. "Dynamic Analysis of Contacting Spur Gear Pair for Fast System Simulation." Solid State Phenomena 110 (March 2006): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.110.151.

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The prime source of vibration and noise in a gear system is originated from transmission error between the meshing gears. In this paper, the dynamic modeling method and response of a spur gear pair for the efficient system simulation are investigated by using a detailed contact analysis at each time step. Input values such as time-varying mesh stiffness and static transmission error excitation are not required in this investigation because mesh forces are obtained by contact analysis directly. The efficient contact search kinematics and algorithms in the context of the compliant contact model are developed to detect the interactions between teeth surfaces. In this investigation the compliant force model based on the Herzian law is employed using Coulomb friction force model, and dynamic transmission error (DTE) and mesh frequency values of contacting gear system are also illustrated.

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3

Vinayak, H., and R. Singh. "MULTI-BODY DYNAMICS AND MODAL ANALYSIS OF COMPLIANT GEAR BODIES." Journal of Sound and Vibration 210, no. 2 (February 1998): 171–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1997.1298.

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4

Ryali, Lokaditya, and David Talbot. "A dynamic gear load distribution model for epicyclic gear sets with a structurally compliant planet carrier." Mechanism and Machine Theory 181 (March 2023): 105225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2022.105225.

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5

Wang, Yawen, Junyi Yang, Xuan Li, Guohua Sun, and Teik Lim. "Interaction of Gear-Shaft Dynamics Considering Gyroscopic Effect of Compliant Driveline System." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 8, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-2182.

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6

Macy, Gretchen B., Jooyeon Hwang, Ritchie Taylor, Vijay Golla, Charles Cann, and Brittney Gates. "Examining Behaviors Related to Retirement, Cleaning, and Storage of Turnout Gear Among Rural Firefighters." Workplace Health & Safety 68, no. 3 (November 18, 2019): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079919882951.

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Background: Although the increased occupational exposures among career firefighters are well documented, there are gaps in research related to exposures among volunteer firefighters. This study was completed in a state where the majority of firefighters are volunteers. We aimed to examine if differences existed in career versus volunteer firefighters’ behaviors related to the retirement, cleaning, and storage of turnout gear which may increase occupational exposures. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to a convenience sample of 300 firefighters during a training event for both volunteer and career firefighters from one fire district in Kentucky. We measured factors that may affect behaviors related to retirement, cleaning, and storage of turnout gear, such as age of turnout gear at retirement, frequency of cleaning, and location of storage. Results: Two hundred and seventy-five firefighters out of 300 invited participants completed the survey, for a response rate of 92%. The majority of the participants were compliant with National Fire Protection Association Standards with most reporting cleaning their gear as needed, storing gear at the fire station, and retiring gear within 10 years of the manufactured date. Most of the participants (88%) were concerned about job-related exposures and felt susceptible to diseases like cancer and respiratory illness. The structural issues of cost and accessibility were identified as the primary barriers to the proper retirement and cleaning of turnout gear, especially among volunteer firefighters. Conclusions/Application to Practice: Most participants retired, cleaned, and stored turnout as recommended. The majority of participants were concerned with job-related exposures. The structural issues of cost and accessibility were identified as the primary barriers to the proper retirement and cleaning of turnout gear, especially among volunteer firefighters. By identifying differences, tailored trainings could be aimed at volunteer firefighters to help reduce their exposures.

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7

Du, Tao, Ning Chu, Linlin Cao, Tiancheng Miao, and Dazhuan Wu. "Study on Acoustic Performance of a Water Muffler for Gear Pump." March 24, No 1 (March 2019): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20855/ijav.2019.24.11143.

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A water muffler is used for the noise control of a hydraulic pipeline with an external gear pump. An experimental system is established to investigate the acoustic performance of the water muffler, in which the gear pump is utilized as the sound source and power supply. Comparisons between the experimental results of the reference tube, rubber tube, and water mufflers with different inner structures have been made. Numerical simulations on the rubber tube and different water mufflers with various inner structures have been conducted. Simulation results have been compared with the experimental results. These comparison results show that the rubber tube with a compliant wall substantially contributes to the reduction of the noise generated by the gear pump, especially at the high frequency band and relatively low rotate speed of the gear pump. The water muffler results in the enhancement of the noise reduction effect on the rubber tube. With the speed of the gear pump increasing from 1172 r/min to 2344 r/min, the effect of the noise reduction becomes much weaker, since the flow-induced noise gets more intensified. For the rubber tube, in particular, the sound pressure level gets close to that of the reference tube at the speed of 2344 r/min. Moreover, it has been proven by another important experimental result that the length of the inner structure can play a critical role to the flow noise generation.

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8

Ferilli, Stefano. "GEAR: A General Inference Engine for Automated MultiStrategy Reasoning." Electronics 12, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020256.

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The pervasive use of AI today caused an urgent need for human-compliant AI approaches and solutions that can explain their behavior and decisions in human-understandable terms, especially in critical domains, so as to enforce trustworthiness and support accountability. The symbolic/logic approach to AI supports this need because it aims at reproducing human reasoning mechanisms. While much research has been carried out on single inference strategies, an overall approach to combine them is still missing. This paper claims the need for a new overall approach that merges all the single strategies, named MultiStrategy Reasoning. Based on an analysis of research on automated inference in AI, it selects a suitable setting for this approach, reviews the most promising approaches proposed for single inference strategies, and proposes a possible combination of deduction, abduction, abstraction, induction, argumentation, uncertainty and analogy. It also introduces the GEAR (General Engine for Automated Reasoning) inference engine, that has been developed to implement this vision.

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9

Laborde, Charlotte, Erta Cenko, Mamoun Mardini, Sanjay Ranka, Parisa Rashidi, and Todd Manini. "Older Adults' Satisfaction and Compliance of Smartwatches Providing Ecological Momentary." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2898.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate satisfaction, usability and compliance using the Real-Time, Online Assessment and Mobility Monitor (ROAMM) application designed for smartwatches. Twenty-eight older adults with knee osteoarthritis (66-88 years old) wore a Samsung Gear S3 smartwatch with ROAMM. While wearing the watch for 13.16 (±2.94) days, participants gave ecological momentary assessments (EMA) of pain intensity, mood and fatigue at random times in the morning, afternoon and evening. EMA compliance rate was 82.5%. Satisfaction ratings were high with 73% reporting being satisfied with the function, 78% reported being satisfied with the comfort and 73% reported as likely to use ROAMM on a daily basis for a one-year research study. Participants reported to reduce watch size and weight, style and increase battery life. Older adults were compliant to ecological assessment of their symptoms and reported positive usability and satisfaction of wearing a smartwatch and ROAMM app.

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10

Yu, Pengfei, Zihao Wang, and KC Wong. "Exploring aerial perching and grasping with dual symmetric manipulators and compliant end-effectors." International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles 11 (January 2019): 175682931987741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756829319877416.

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Inspired by talon of a predator bird, this paper presents a quadrotor with two 2- Degree of Freedoms (DOFs) compliant manipulators which could mimic bird perching and grasping. The symmetric configuration of the manipulators causes minimum shift in center of gravity and a minimum disturbance to the angular momentum of the platform during grasping and perching maneuvers. Thus, the dynamics of the manipulator is independent to that of the platform. Moreover, a compliant end-effector is introduced to decouple the dynamics of the unmanned aerial vehicles from the force interaction with the environment or target objects. Therefore, aerial manipulation problem is significantly simplified due to the minimum amount of disturbance among components. In addition, the manipulators could function as the landing gear, which allows larger work envelope, weight saving and less landing impact. It also has the potential to achieve a bird-like “perch and watch” to increase the endurance of unmanned aerial vehicles in missions that involve extended endurance.

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11

Chalhoub, Nabil G., and Xiaoying Zhang. "Modeling and Control of Backlash in the Drive Mechanism of a Radially Rotating Compliant Beam." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 118, no. 1 (March 1, 1996): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2801137.

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The exclusion of the dynamic characteristics of indirect drives, from the controller design, has often led to a degraded performance in precision servomechanisms. In this study, the adverse effects of backlash, in the drive mechanism of a radially rotating flexible beam, are examined. The topological variations of the structure are handled by latent constraint equations which can be rendered active through the monitoring of the contact torque as well as kinematic indicators. A “backlash controller” is introduced to replace the original controller of the beam only during the period of gear disengagement. The experimental and numerical results provide a qualitative validation of the backlash model. The relationships with which the backlash in gearing would interact with both the servo-loop controller and the structural flexibility of the system are investigated. In addition, the digital simulations have proven that the “backlash controller” provides a viable approach in reducing the adverse effects of backlash on the overall system response.

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12

Driels, M., and Lt Yavuz Turkegenci. "Selective Backdriveability and Its Application to a Robotic Finger Design." Journal of Mechanical Design 116, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919374.

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The work reported covers the design of a prototype finger unit which will be part of a dexterous robotic hand design. Unlike conventional designs for contemporary hands which use tendons to actuate individual finger joints, this design uses small electric motors located in the finger units themselves. Because of high gear ratios in the final drive, the finger is able to sustain a grasp with power removed. An implementation of compliant joint control is discussed, and it is shown that this results in an actuation system which not only has variable stiffness control, but one in which the systems inability to be backdriven may be eliminated for those tasks where it is advantageous to do so.

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13

Dimitriou, Konstantinos, and Nikolaos Fokas. "Calculation of Spur Gear Dynamic Transmission Error in Consideration of the Progressive Engagement of Compliant Profile-modified Teeth." MATEC Web of Conferences 28 (2015): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20152802004.

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14

Rahman, S. M. Mizanoor. "A Novel Variable Impedance Compact Compliant Series Elastic Actuator: Analysis of Design, Dynamics, Materials and Manufacturing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 245 (December 2012): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.245.99.

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This paper presents the analysis of electro-mechanical design, selection of materials and manufacturing techniques for physical construction, dynamics, control etc. of a novel variable impedance compact compliant series elastic actuator (SEA) for human-friendly robotics applications. The electro-mechanical design consists of a servomotor, a ball screw, a torsional spring connecting the servomotor and the ball screw via a pair of spur gear, and a set of translational springs connecting the ball screw nut to the output link. The translational springs have low stiffness and these are used to handle low force operations that reduce non-linear friction, output impedance, impact etc. The torsional spring is in the high speed range, has high effective stiffness and it enhances the system bandwidth for large force operations when the translational springs are fully compressed. Suitable materials and appropriate manufacturing techniques for the construction of the actuator are discussed. Kinematics and working principle of the actuator are analyzed. The actuator model is simulated on the physical implementation for dynamics and control for different conditions. Simulation results prove satisfactory performances of the design. Then, advantages of the design over its existing counterparts are discussed, and its potential applications and future extensions are mentioned.

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15

Wu, Linping, Shangjun Ma, Qi Wan, and Geng Liu. "Dynamic Model of Planetary Roller Screw Mechanism with Considering Torsional Degree of Freedom." MATEC Web of Conferences 306 (2020): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030601003.

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To predict accurately the dynamics performance of planetary roller screw mechanism, it is necessary to establish its streamline and engineering-compliant dynamic model, which is the basis of mechanical design and precision control of the system. In this paper, the relative displacement between roller and ring gear along the line of action is deduced and the relationship between nature frequencies and the number of rollers is discussed. Considering the torsional stiffness of all components and the thread mesh stiffness based on the Hertzian contact theory, the purely torsional model for planetary roller screw mechanism is presented to reveal the natural frequencies and vibration mode characteristics of the system. The results show that the natural properties of undamped system in planetary roller screw mechanism are mainly reflected by two typical vibration modes: rotational mode and roller mode.

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16

Yang, Tian Fu, and Shao Ze Yan. "Dynamic Simulation of Planetary Gearbox." Key Engineering Materials 584 (September 2013): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.584.220.

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Planetary gears are the most popular transmission machinery in large reduction ratio circumstances, which is because of the advantages of compactness, co-axial and high power efficiency. Accurate dynamic model is crucial when planetary gears are used in precise positioning and controlling systems. A dynamic model considering gear backlash and bearing compliance is established in this work. A typical planetary gearbox is simulated with the model. The results prove the validity of the model and demonstrate that gear backlash and bearing compliance have significant influence on planetary gear transmission.

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17

Steward, J. H. "The Compliance of Solid, Wide-Faced Spur Gears." Journal of Mechanical Design 112, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912651.

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In this paper, the requirements for an accurate 3D model of the tooth contact-line load distribution in real spur gears are summarized. The theoretical results (obtained by F.E.M.) for the point load compliance of wide-faced spur gear teeth are set out. These values compare well with experimental data obtained from tests on a large spur gear (18 mm module, 18 teeth).

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18

Arafa, M. H., and M. M. Megahed. "Evaluation of spur gear mesh compliance using the finite element method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 213, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 569–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406991522509.

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This paper presents a finite element (FE) modelling technique to evaluate the mesh compliance of spur gears. Contact between the engaging teeth is simulated through the use of gap elements. Analysis is performed on several gear combinations and the variation in tooth compliance along the contact location is presented in a non-dimensional form. Results are compared with earlier predictions based on analytical, numerical and experimental methods. Load sharing among the mating gear teeth is discussed, and the overall gear mesh stiffness together with its cyclic variation along the path of contact is evaluated.

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19

Sainsot and, P., P. Velex, and O. Duverger. "Contribution of Gear Body to Tooth Deflections—A New Bidimensional Analytical Formula." Journal of Mechanical Design 126, no. 4 (July 1, 2004): 748–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1758252.

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The magnitude and variation of tooth pair compliance affects tooth loading and gear dynamics significantly. This paper presents an improved fillet/foundation compliance analysis based on the theory of Muskhelishvili applied to circular elastic rings. Assuming linear and constant stress variations at root circle, the above theory makes it possible to derive an analytical formula for gear body-induced tooth deflections which can be directly integrated into gear computer codes. The corresponding results are in very good agreement with those from finite element models and the formula is proved to be superior to Weber’s widely used equation, especially for large gears.

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20

Xiao, Zou, Shi, and Kang. "Analysis of the Surface/Interface Damage Evolution Behavior of a Coating–Substrate System under Heavy-Load Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication." Coatings 9, no. 10 (October 3, 2019): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9100642.

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Keeping a coating–substrate system undamaged during heavy-load elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) conditions is challenging. To overcome this problem, an EHL model with a coated gear pair was built. Firstly, based on the full-system finite element method, the effect of the coating elastic modulus on the oil film pressure was obtained. Secondly, the failure mode was predicted after the stress analysis. Finally, the surface/interface damage evolution behavior of the coating–substrate system was analyzed visually by embedding cohesive zone elements. In the numerical calculation, stiffer coatings tended to increase the film pressure and secondary pressure spike, compared with more compliant coatings. As the coating stiffness decreased, the maximum equivalent stress in the system reduced, and its location tended to develop close to or at the substrate. The coating cracking and interfacial delamination were individually caused by the shear stress in the coating and shear stress on the interface, and both of them initiated in the region of the secondary pressure peak. The interfacial delamination increased the crack failure probability of coating and vice versa. Therefore, through analyzing the EHL model, the exact damage growth location and its evolution in the coated solids can be determined, and the failure mechanism can be comprehensively revealed.

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21

Kishor, B., and S. K. Gupta. "On Dynamic Gear Tooth Loading Due to Coupled Torsional-Lateral Vibrations in a Geared Rotor-Hydrodynamic Bearing System." Journal of Tribology 111, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261941.

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This paper is an attempt to provide an estimation of dynamic gear tooth loading due to coupled torsional-lateral vibrations in a geared rotor-hydrodynamic bearing system. The effects of mass unbalance and geometrical eccentricity of the pinion and the combined effects of manufacturing errors and profile modifications of gear teeth have been considered. Gear mesh compliance and damping at gear teeth are also included in the analysis. Journal lateral motions in the oil film spaces of hydrodynamic bearings are shown to be associated with variations in the angular velocity ratio of meshing gears and with dynamic loading of gear teeth. The journal center is observed to trace trajectories of limited amplitudes under stable operating conditions.

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22

Yang, D. C. H., and Z. S. Sun. "A Rotary Model for Spur Gear Dynamics." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 107, no. 4 (December 1, 1985): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3260759.

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We develop a dynamic model for a spur gear system with backlash. This model is circular and is geometrically different from the rectilinear gear model of Azar and Crossley. By taking advantage of involute tooth profile, we are able to take material compliance and energy dissipation into account. Furthermore, the complicated phenomenon of contact tooth pairs alternation between one and two during meshing is also included in the model. This model is believed to be closer to reality than the existing model and hopefully is useful in studying gears in high-speed and intermittent motions.

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23

Plekhanov, F. I., and E. F. Vychuzhanina. "A Study of the Stress-Strain State of the Planetary Carrier Cheek." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 8 (713) (August 2019): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2019-8-3-9.

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Planetary gears are commonly used in drive technology due to their high load capacity and good weight and size parameters. Among planetary gears, multi-satellite structures with a minimum number of excessive links are most widely used. They have a close to uniform distribution of the load in the engaged gears, which has a positive effect on the strength and bearing capacity of the drive. Such designs include planetary gears, the satellites of which are mounted on spherical bearings, and one of the main links (most often the sun gear) is self-aligning. This provides a theoretically uniform distribution of the load in the engaged gears when the mechanism has three satellites. However, high-loaded drives often use designs with a large number of satellites where the load is distributed unevenly due to gear manufacturing errors. The deformability of individual transmission elements has a significant positive effect on the distribution of the load in the gears, thus compensating for the manufacturing errors. In view of this, the authors propose a multi-satellite planetary gear with a carrier made with grooves in the cheeks, which reduces their rigidity and provides, with a rational choice of the parameters of the mechanism, an increase in the mechanism’s bearing capacity. When determining the carrier cheek’s compliance, two schemes of loading in the coupling zone with the axis of the satellite (uniform and nonuniform) are considered. The solution is obtained using Mohr’s integrals. A numerical analysis of the stressed-strain state of the carrier cheek performed using the finite element method in the SolidWorks environment showed that the results of the analysis were close to the theoretical ones. They corresponded to a uniform load distribution in the coupling zone of the satellite axis and the carrier cheek. The obtained dependences can be used in the design of a mechanical drive to determine the coefficients of the uneven load distribution over the planetary gear satellites and over the individual crowns of the satellite.

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24

Půst, Ladislav, Luděk Pešek, and Alena Radolfová. "Dynamics of Simple Gearing Model with Flexible Planetary Pins." Applied Mechanics and Materials 821 (January 2016): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.821.274.

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The influence of flexible pins of planet gears on the dynamic properties of planetary gearing box is investigated by means of a general analysis with some alternative values of parameters. For discovering of basic dynamic behaviour of planetary gear system the simplest planetary gear set with neglected compliance of teeth contacts, fixed axes of central sun wheel and fixed planetary carrier, etc is used One mode of free vibration with eigenfrequency Ω proportional to and zero frequency mode Ω→0 corresponding to the rotation with constant angular velocity were analysed. Forced vibrations, analysed by means of response curves, were oriented on ascertaining of influence of driving aggregate characteristic on frequency spectrum of the whole set.

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25

Heredia-Delgadillo, César A., Guillermo Rodríguez-Domínguez, Raúl Pérez-González, Nicolás Castañeda-Lomas, Sergio G. Castillo-Vargasmachuca, and E. Alberto Aragón-Noriega. "Analysis of crab size structure and the fishing effort applied to a crab fishery in northwest Mexico." Crustaceana 91, no. 2 (2018): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003769.

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The fishing effort of a Sinaloa crab fishery in the Gulf of California in 2014 was analysed based on fishermen’s interviews, official catches and permits, and information from a sample of fishing logbooks from five fishery cooperatives operating in four coastal lagoons that contained the daily catch from individual fishing trips. Unauthorized gear, a double-ring net (DR), was used most frequently (>70% of the fishers) for crab fishing, although authorized single-ring nets and Chesapeake traps (CT) were also used with low frequency. The estimated fishing effort was 641 boats/day in the four coastal lagoons, which was 34% more than authorized, and 818 boats/day were employed in all of Sinaloa. A total of 57 479 fishing gears were estimated for the study area, which was 49.9% greater than the maximum authorized number, and 80 822 nominal fishing gears were estimated for the entire Sinaloa crab fishery, 14.15% more than the total gear limit (70 800). The size of the mesh used in the gear was smaller than the authorized limit of 76 mm, and >50% of the catches included crabs of unlawful size. It is argued that the effort must be regulated in terms of the number of vessels, per unit time, and not the number of gears. The information from this study demonstrates a failure to monitor compliance with current regulations and thus means that other strategies for the sustainable management of the fishery, such as co-management, should be tested.

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Kigozi, Julia, Emmanuel Baidhe, Ivan Muzira Mukisa, Charles Muyanja, Leatitiah Namubiru, and Brenda Katarikawe. "An Audit into the Nature of Operations of Agro-processing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda." Journal of Food Industry 5, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jfi.v5i1.19372.

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The agro-processing Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs) form an integral part of the manufacturing sector in Uganda. To effectively facilitate product certification among MSMEs, there is a need to fully understand the nature of their operations so that appropriate interventions can be put in place. This study assessed the status quo of operations at selected MSMEs in Uganda. A semi-structured paper-based questionnaire was administered to the owners, managers, or supervisors of the 40 selected agro-processing MSMEs enrolled under the project "Empowerment of the Agro-Processing Industry to meet the Quantity and Quality Standards for the Local and Export Market", a programme enhancing the practical skills of students at Makerere University dubbed the "EAPI Project." The seven-section questionnaire consisted of both quantitative and qualitative questions focusing on (i) product optimization, (ii) raw material verification and storage, (iii) good manufacturing practices, (iv) measuring and testing equipment, (v) product assessment, presentation, and storage, (vi) waste and pest management, and (vii) infrastructure and energy utilization. The results indicate that only 23.7% of agro-processing MSMEs clearly understood the standards. Packaging was the most optimized parameter (74.4%), followed by texture and sensory properties (59% and 51.1%, respectively). About 74% of the agro-processing MSMEs were compliant in declaring the raw materials on the product label. Results indicated that maintenance of valid medical certificates, routine inspection of personnel, and provision of protective gear ranked low, with a score of 1 out of 10. Inadequate documentation was a cross-cutting issue for all operations, yet it was a driver for GMPs. There is a need to strengthen the understanding and practice of Food processing standards from the Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS), in the agro-processing MSMEs through continuous human and institutional-capacity development programs.

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27

Saryazdi, M. G., and M. Durali. "The effect of three-dimensional crack growth on the force distribution and meshing stiffness of a spur gear: Ideal and misaligned contacts." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 7 (April 2, 2009): 1633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1217.

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This article presents a routine for prediction of the crack growth path in gears. Crack simulation helps in determining failure modes and crack detecting by vibration monitoring. To simulate crack propagation an effective method is developed by which the meshing force is calculated based on the compliance of meshing teeth in every stage of crack growth. In this method the compliance matrix of the tooth is calculated using three-dimensional boundary element analysis without the need for simultaneously modelling two meshing gears. The force distribution on the contact area is then calculated using Hertz theory and compliance matrices of meshing teeth. The method is used in prediction of the crack propagation path, meshing force, and meshing stiffness for two cases of ideal and misaligned meshing of a spur gear set. The crack propagation path is very different in the two cases of meshing and affects force distribution on a contact zone. Meshing stiffness reduces as crack propagates but the amount of reduction depends on the position of the contact line and crack propagation path.

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Chen, Pu Woei, Shu Han Chang, and Chan Ming Chen. "Impact Loading Analysis of Light Sport Aircraft Landing Gear." Applied Mechanics and Materials 518 (February 2014): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.518.252.

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This paper examined the critical loading condition of a light sport aircrafts main landing gear during the impact loading condition. The new category airplane was established by the FAA in 2004. The light sport aircraft has great market demand for personnel entertainment purpose and regional transportation. The main object of this research was to establish a static and dynamic loading simulation model for the aluminum alloy landing gear of a light sport aircraft. This work also examined the critical loading parameters of the main landing gear, including the maximum take-off weight and maximum stall speed. The analysis was performed using ANSYS and LS-DYNA to establish the finite element model after simplifying the geometric characteristics and verifying the results by energy conservation, hourglass energy, and sliding energy. The study tested aluminum plates with a thickness from 15~25 mm. The results showed all the samples could sustain the required loading condition, except for the thickness of 15mm that failed under impact loading. The simulation model provides a cost-saving process compared to a real crashworthiness drop test to test the main landing gears compliance with regulations.

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Volvenko, I. V. "Adaptive zone, Petersen-type communities, geographical range and ecological niche. Report 1. Defnitions and relations of the concepts." Izvestiya TINRO 195 (December 27, 2018): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2018-195-3-27.

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Defnition of the term adaptive zone (AZ) is amended. The Petersen-type communities (PC) are not communities in every sense of the word. They are just the areas within which the same species prevail in their abundance. An accounting gear used for identifcation of PC must be suited for catching of the most abundant species. All dominant species must be represented in the lists, regardless of whether they are seasonal or permanent components of population. Only one factor (either number of individuals or biomass) has to be used for species abundance comparison. For recognition and naming of several PC, the same number of the dominant and subdominant species should be used. Under the abovementioned conditions, if this number is equal to 1 — this method selects nothing more than AZ, which are the elementary PC. The fundamental ecological niche (EN) of a species includes its realized AZ — the real space actually coincides with its geographical range (GR). The GR is situated inside the EN, and the realized AZ is a part of GR. The GR (and sometimes EN) of different species can be partially or fully overlapped, but their AZ cannot be overlapped. Each AZ is compliant with a certain species, but not each species is compliant with AZ. AZ are available to the most dominant species and the size of AZ may serve as one of simple measures of the species capability for survival or success in their struggle for existence, and corresponds to portion of total ecological capacity of the environment used by the species. The interiors of the species GR may contain from zero to several AZ, both of this and other species. The interiors of the species AZ also contain parts of GR of other species having similar requirements to the environment (prey, predators, parasites, competitors, symbionts, and other biotic habitat factors). Potential AZ may be located both inside and outside the real GR of a species, but only within its fundamental GR. The potential AZ can be realized by changing the environmental conditions or passing through existing barriers of distribution. Transformation of potential AZ into a realized one can cause an ecological catastrophe if it breaks the existing balance and leads to signifcant redistribution of the shares of total ecological capacity available for species. But even signifcant changes in the ratios of GR and AZ of species will not cause catastrophic consequences in conditions of abundant vital resources, if ecological capacity of the environment is not flled and packing density of EN is low. Changes in the environment, as well as ontogenetic, migratory, succession and evolutionary processes cause changes in ratio of abundance between different species, including mass ones, that leads to variability of their AZ. Number, sizes, shapes, location of the AZ change progressively, both on the actual and geological time scales, and cyclically in accordance with circadian, seasonal and perennial rhythms. Therefore AZ, as well as GR, EN and communities, should be studied in dynamics and in connection with changes in the environment. Defnitions of the main terms are presented in a Supplement.

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30

Zhang, Zheng-Xiang, Zhang-Hua Fong, Yu-Huo Li, and Hong-Sheng Fang. "A study of the contact stress analysis of cylindrical gears using the hybrid finite element method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 1 (April 17, 2012): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212444383.

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In this study, the hybrid finite element method combined with the tooth contact analysis was applied to solve the static contact stress problem of meshing a cylindrical gear set. The hybrid finite element method has two special features. First, the dimension of the stiffness matrix was reduced to a small condensed compliance matrix with degrees of freedom in the possible contact region. The contact force was iteratively solved based on the condensed compliance matrix by the normal gap distance at the contact point. Second, the contact force at the meshing positions was solved using the same condensed compliance matrix with a different normal gap distance calculated by the tooth contact analysis. Using the examples in this study, the contact stress of the meshing gears was calculated and compared to the data obtained by ANSYS in order to validate the proposed hybrid finite element method. The hybrid finite element method with tooth contact analysis proposed in this study can be used to determine the amount of tooth surface modification.

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31

Guo, Han, Jianwu Zhang, and Haisheng Yu. "Dynamic modelling and parametric optimization of a full hybrid transmission." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 233, no. 1 (July 17, 2018): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464419318784271.

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In this paper, vibro-impact-induced gear whine radiated by full hybrid transmission equipped with a compound type power-split planetary gear train is investigated. For accurate simulations of the planetary gear set vibrations, an integrated dynamic model of the transmission is established using professional software MASTA, on which compliance effects of gear pairs, bearings, shafts, housing and planetary carrier are counted for. Numerical analyses are carried out for dynamic responses of the hybrid transmission. Bench tests are also conducted for the present model validation. Computational effort is made to recognize parametrically resonate patterns that cause gear whine in experiment. An optimal tooth modification design is presented for the real planetary gear set. It is shown by test results using the optimized planetary gear sets that gear whine responses of the gearboxes are considerably improved.

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32

Liu, De-Shin, Chuen-Ren Wang, Ting-Nung Shiau, Kuo-Hsuan Huang, and Wei-Chun Hsu. "Bifurcation Analysis of Gear Pair with Continuous and Intermittent Mesh Stiffness Using Enhanced Compliance Method." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 30, no. 10 (August 2020): 2050156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127420501564.

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The nonlinear dynamics of a multigear pair with the time-varying gear mesh stiffness are investigated using an enhanced compliance-based methodology. In the proposed approach, Lagrangian theory and Runge–Kutta method are used to derive the equation of motion of the multigear pair and solve its dynamic response for various values of the gear mesh frequency, respectively. The simulation results obtained for the dynamic behavior of the multigear pair are compared with those obtained by using continuous (cosine, sine and offset sine function) and intermittent representations of the time-varying gear mesh stiffness. It is shown that periodic, quasi-periodic, aperiodic and chaos motions are induced at different values of the gear mesh frequency. In addition, the bifurcation diagram reveals the occurrence of both nonimpact motion and single-sided impact motion, and Lyapunov exponent can easily diagnose the chaos phenomenon of system.

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33

Lealin, Stanislav. "Design optimization of the satellite in precessional transmission." MATEC Web of Conferences 178 (2018): 05008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817805008.

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One of the important tasks in the design of gears and gearboxes based on them is to increase the load capacity, durability and noise reduction with moderate requirements for manufacturing precision by providing elastic compliance of the teeth with simple satellite manufacturing technology. In the paper is firstly presented a base satellite in a precessional transmission. The design is rigid and non-technological. There was simulated the workload and the results are presented as a linear deformation. Simulation was based on the special module for the calculation and analysis of complex structures using the integrated module Stress Analysis (program Autodesk Inventor Professional 2012). It uses the finite element method calculation, based on the ANSYS program. Then is shown an optimized satellite structure. This option provides an increased durability and noise reduction due to local and general tooth compliance. The main drawback of this satellite is the high laboriousness of making cut-outs in the satellite. In this satellite, by increasing the diameter of the radial channel, it is possible to reduce the wall thickness and thereby increase the compliance. The simulation results of a new satellite design are presented. Compliance increased roughly by 4 times compared to the base version. When the gear is in mesh with the satellite, due to the increased elastic compliance of the teeth, a multi-pairing mesh is achieved, which reduces the contact loads and noise, increases the service life of the transmission.

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34

Kurushin, Mikhail, and Valeriy Balyakin. "Mathematical Modeling of the Dynamics of a Two-Mass Gear System with Consideration of Shaft Compliances." Applied Mechanics and Materials 770 (June 2015): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.770.343.

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Outlined in this study is an analytical solution of the problem of dynamic excitation of two-mass elastic system by parametric change in the stiffness of teeth during the meshing process with consideration of the compliance of shafts. It is shown that the main source of excitation in a gear system is the central pinion gear. Introduction of an optimal level of multi-pitch in the gear wheel lowers vibrations to minimum.

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35

Spitas, C., and V. Spitas. "Coupled multi-DOF dynamic contact analysis model for the simulation of intermittent gear tooth contacts, impacts and rattling considering backlash and variable torque." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 230, no. 7-8 (July 23, 2015): 1022–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215596696.

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Variable torque conditions in geared powertrain applications are known to lead to tooth contact loss, contact reversal, tooth impacts, rattling vibration and noise. Displacements/ deflections dominate the low-torque high-vibration responses and, besides backlash, the real-time dynamic lateral deflections of the gear bodies and the occurrence of simultaneous double-sided tooth contact influence the instantaneous mesh excitation strongly. The faster deterministic and stochastic analytical models do not consider this coupling, whereas the numerical models that do so implicitly by simulating the contact of discretised tooth surfaces/ volumes are significantly limited by the accuracy and computational overhead of their discrete meshes. To provide a both fast and accurate solution of the contact problem, especially in displacement-dominated operating conditions, this work analyses the dynamic contact of gears starting from basic principles and derives an accurate analytical model for the coupling between the compliance, contact geometry, the backlash, and the torsional and lateral displacements and deflections in the general three-dimensional multi-DOF system. This serves as a foundation for a series of dynamical simulations of a single-stage spur gear transmission under different variable-torque excitations to predict tooth contact loss and contact reversal and the basic interactions that lead to impacts and rattling vibration. This approach can be used to predict critical torque fluctuation levels, beyond which these phenomena emerge.

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36

Ratzel, Rudolf. "Geiger, Healthcare Compliance." GesundheitsRecht 21, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.9785/gesr-2022-210922.

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37

Choy, F. K., Y. F. Ruan, R. K. Tu, J. J. Zakrajsek, and D. P. Townsend. "Modal Analysis of Multistage Gear Systems Coupled With Gearbox Vibrations." Journal of Mechanical Design 114, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 486–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2926577.

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This paper presents an analytical procedure to simulate vibrations in gear transmission systems. This procedure couples the dynamics of the rotor-bearing gear system with the vibration in the gearbox structure. The modal synthesis method is used in solving the overall dynamics of the system, and a variable time-stepping integration scheme is used in evaluating the global transient vibration of the system. Locally each gear stage is modelled as a multimass rotor-bearing system using a discrete model. The modal characteristics are calculated using the matrix-transfer technique. The gearbox structure is represented by a finite element model, and modal parameters are solved by using NASTRAN. The rotor-gear stages are coupled through nonlinear compliance in the gear mesh while the gearbox structure is coupled through the bearing supports of the rotor system. Transient and steady state vibrations of the coupled system are examined in both time and frequency domains. A typical three-geared system is used as an example for demonstration of the developed procedure.

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38

Ren, Yafeng, Shan Chang, Geng Liu, Liyan Wu, and Teik C. Lim. "Impedance Synthesis Based Vibration Analysis of Geared Transmission System." Shock and Vibration 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4846532.

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The severity of gear noise response depends on the sensitivity of geared rotor system dynamics to the transmission error. As gearbox design trending towards lighter weight and lower noise, the influence of housing compliance on system dynamic characteristics cannot be ignored. In this study, a gear-shaft-bearing-housing coupled impedance model is proposed to account for the effect of housing compliance on the vibration of geared transmission system. This proposed dynamic model offers convenient modeling, efficient computing, and ability to combine computed parameters with experimental ones. The numerical simulations on system dynamic characteristics are performed for both a rigid housing configuration and a flexible one. Natural frequencies, dynamic mesh forces, and dynamic bearing reaction loads are computed, and the housing compliance contribution on system dynamic characteristics is analyzed. Results show that increasing housing compliance will decrease the system natural frequencies and will affect the dynamic bearing reaction loads significantly but have very little influence on the dynamic mesh force. Also, the analysis shows that bearing stiffness has significant influence on the degree of housing contribution on system dynamic characteristics.

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39

Napata, Ruby, Liberty Especto, and Genna Serofia. "Descriptive Study of the Fisheries Registration and Licensing System in Selected Municipalities of Panay Island, Philippines." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2014_2/07.

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his study was conducted to describe the effectiveness of the system of registration and licensing of municipal fishers, fishing vessels, and fishing gears in three coastal municipalities of Panay Island and to identify problems and gaps of its implementation. The study sites include Brgy. Culasi, Roxas City, Capiz; Brgy. Polopina, Concepcion, Iloilo and Brgy. Pinamuk-an, New Washington, Aklan. Primary data were gathered through an interview schedule and key informant interview (KII) and further validated through focus group discussions (FGD). Data collection was done during the period September to December 2008 with 1,171 total number of respondents.With no uniform proceedure, process of registration and licensing system of the three study sites varies. Compliance rate for fisherfolk registration, fishing gear and fishing boat licensing is highest in Concepcion compared to New Washington and Roxas City. The case of the municipality of Concepcion has also demonstrated that “one-stop-shop” strategy of bringing the registration team to the people can increase fishers’ compliance. Some policy recommendations for the LGUs to improve its fisheries registration and licensing system include the following: determine the carrying capacity of the resource as basis for limiting entry, standardize the registration and licensing procedure, establish a fair basis for license fees, and provide funds for the establishment and maintenance of a databank of fishers and the status of their registration and licensing.

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40

Zhao, Xiaohong, Xianguo Yan, Zhi Chen, Linbo Li, and Ruibin Ren. "Dynamic and Static Multiobjective Topology Optimization for Gears of Directional Drill Transmission System." Advances in Civil Engineering 2023 (January 10, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2977092.

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Aiming at the multiobjective topology optimization design of the structure, this paper proposes a method to establish the comprehensive objective function based on the normalized subobjective of the compromise programming method and to determine the weight coefficient of the subobjective of the comprehensive objective function by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). By using statistical analysis and modal analysis, the static and dynamic characteristics of the gear can be obtained. The single objective topology optimization is used to reduce the compliance of the gear and elevate the low-order natural frequency, and the frequency weighting method is used to suppress the oscillation phenomenon in the frequency-single-objective optimization. AHP was used to determine the weight coefficient of each subtarget. The compromise programming method is used for multiobjective topology optimization, and the gear design is improved according to the optimization results. By analyzing the improved gear structure, the weight of the optimized gear is reduced by 25.3%. The overall stiffness performance and strength performance are enhanced, and the natural frequencies of each order are improved to different degrees.

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41

Nababan, Benardo, Eko Sri Wiyono, and Mustaruddin. "PERSEPSI DAN KEPATUHAN NELAYAN TANJUNGBALAI ASAHAN SUMATERA UTARA DALAM MENDUKUNG PERIKANAN TANGKAP YANG BERKELANJUTAN (Fishermen’s Perception and Compliance to Support Sustainable Capture Fisheries in Tanjungbalai Asahan, North Sumatra)." Marine Fisheries : Journal of Marine Fisheries Technology and Management 8, no. 2 (February 2, 2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jmf.8.2.163-174.

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ABSTRACTThe government’s programs on the sustainability of fisheries management had not been fully supported by fishermen. We had conducted a research in Tanjungbalai Asahan, North Sumatra to understand the fishermen’s perception on the criteria’s of environmental friendly fishing gears, perception about the exsistence of fisheries resources, and the compliance to the rule. The results showed that the fishermen who use selective gears (such as: traps and dregdes) had better understanding on the criteria’s of environmentally friendly fishing gears than the fishermen who use unselective gears (such as: trawls and pushnets). The fishermen who use gillnets scored the exsistence of fisheries resources lower than others. The fishermen who use trawls and pushnets had the lowest compliance, while traps had the highest. There was a correlation between fisherman’s perception (about the criteria’s of environmentally friendly fishing gear and about the sustainable fisheries) and the compliance to the rule.Keywords: Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, Compliance, Perception, Sustainable, Tanjungbalai AsahanABSTRAKProgram pemerintah dalam pengelolaan perikanan yang berkelanjutan belum sepenuhnya mendapat respon yang baik dari nelayan. Nelayan banyak yang tidak mematuhi aturan yang berlaku, seperti; penggunaan alat tangkap yang dilarang, tidak memiliki dokumen perizinan, dan tidak melaporkan hasil tangkapan. Penelitian telah dilakukan di Tanjungbalai Asahan, Sumatera Utara yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui persepsi nelayan terhadap kriteria alat penangkap ikan yang ramah lingkungan menurut Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF), persepsi terhadap keberadaan sumberdaya perikanan, dan kepatuhan terhadap aturan yang berlaku. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nelayan yang menggunakan alat tangkap yang lebih selektif (seperti: bubu dan penggaruk) menilai kriteria alat penangkap ikan yang ramah lingkungan lebih baik daripada nelayan yang menggunakan alat tangkap yang kurang selektif (seperti: pukat tarik dan pukat dorong). Nelayan yang menggunakan jaring insang menilai keberadaan sumberdaya perikanan dengan skor yang lebih rendah daripada nelayan lainnya. Nelayan pukat tarik dan pukat dorong memiliki kepatuhan yang paling rendah, sedangkan nelayan bubu memiliki kepatuhan yang paling tinggi. Terdapat korelasi antara persepsi nelayan (persepsi terhadap kriteria alat tangkap ramah lingkungan dan persepsi terhadap keberadaan sumberdaya perikanan) dengan kepatuhan terhadap aturan.Kata kunci: Tata Laksana Perikanan Bertanggungjawab, Kepatuhan, Persepsi, Berkelanjutan, Tanjungbalai Asahan

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42

Adamski, Wojciech, Krzysztof Brzozowski, Jacek Nowakowski, Tomasz Praszkiewicz, and Tomasz Knefel. "Excess Fuel Consumption Due to Selection of a Lower Than Optimal Gear—Case Study Based on Data Obtained in Real Traffic Conditions." Energies 14, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 7979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14237979.

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Appropriate driving technique, in compliance with eco-driving principles, remains an effective method to reduce fuel consumption. The selection of the correct gear is one of the pertinent factors when driving a car with a manual gearbox. In this study we have analyzed fuel overconsumption based on data recorded in real traffic conditions for vehicles driven by experienced drivers, using a black-box model. It was found that the total share of trip time with a lower than optimal gear selected amounted to from c.a. 3% for motorway driving up to 28% on rural roads. The mean fuel consumption reduction factor (following selection of the next gear up) amounted to from c.a. 2% up to 20%, depending on the selected gear and type of driving. Unfortunately, the potential for reduction of fuel consumption is not evenly distributed over the entire operating area of the engine. Thus, the cumulative reduction of fuel consumption, due to selection of the optimal gear, amounted to from c.a. 0.2% for motorway driving up to 3–6%, for urban and rural driving. It was shown that due to the selection of the appropriate gear, there still exists a real possibility of reduction of fuel consumption, even in the case of experienced drivers.

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43

Kang, Ma Ru, and Ahmet Kahraman. "Measurement of vibratory motions of gears supported by compliant shafts." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 29 (May 2012): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2011.11.007.

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Blyth, Robert E., Michel J. Kaiser, Gareth Edwards-Jones, and Paul J. B. Hart. "Voluntary management in an inshore fishery has conservation benefits." Environmental Conservation 29, no. 4 (December 2002): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000358.

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The management of fisheries in European Union (EU) waters has generally been regulated through government institutions and agreed quota allocations. This top-down management approach may have contributed to the continued decline of targeted fish stocks by forcing fishers to compete for limited resources without engendering a sense of resource stewardship. In attempting to reverse this decline, scientists and managers should examine management systems that do not solely depend on top-down approaches, and the Inshore Potting Agreement (IPA) is an example. The IPA is a voluntary fishery management system designed and operated by inshore fishers of south Devon, England. The IPA was conceived to reduce conflict between static-gear (pot and net) and towed-gear (trawl and dredge) fishers, and is regarded as a successful fisheries management regime by fishers and managers because it has effectively allowed fishers from both sectors to operate profitably on traditional fishing grounds. Another study determined that the IPA has incidentally protected benthic habitat complexity. Fishers from the static-gear and towed-gear sectors were interviewed to determine the evolution and function of the IPA, and to establish the factors that ensure the high level of regulatory compliance amongst fishers from both sectors. Towed-gear fishers gave significantly different responses to the same questions asked of static-gear fishers, and were generally less satisfied with the existence of the IPA. Multivariate analyses of the interview data suggested that fishers who thought the IPA was a good system also thought the system provided pot protection, but had experienced inter-sector conflict. Fishers who thought the IPA provided no personal benefit also thought that static-gear fishers should be more restricted, and that towed-gear corridors or more seasonal-use areas should be established within the existing IPA area. However, fishers from both sectors agreed that the IPA has maintained traditional practices of the local fishing industry, and that the system has conserved target finfish and scallop species. A number of factors were identified as critical to the success of the IPA. These included the voluntary nature of the agreement, the limited number of organizations representing fishers and very high level of membership of those organizations, and the simplicity of the system. Regulatory compliance is enhanced through the ability of fishers' organizations to respond rapidly to inter-sector conflict issues.

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45

YOKOYAMA, Yoshiaki, and Yoshitomo SUZUKI. "Stiffness Analysis of Precision Machinery Elements. Compliance Analyses of Gear-set." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 64, no. 11 (1998): 1585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.64.1585.

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46

KUBO, Aizoh. "Load Carrying Calculation of Gears and Compliance." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 76, no. 761 (2010): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.76.1.

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47

BLOOMFIELD, H. J., C. J. SWEETING, A. C. MILL, S. M. STEAD, and N. V. C. POLUNIN. "No-trawl area impacts: perceptions, compliance and fish abundances." Environmental Conservation 39, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892912000112.

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SUMMARYMPAs are being established worldwide at an increasing rate, however empirical evidence for benefits to mobile species of small areas closed to fishing in temperate regions are little known. Using two North Sea prohibited trawling areas (PTAs) established > 80 years ago, social (fishers’ perceptions), management (fishing effort and compliance) and ecological (fish abundance and size) data were combined to assess the PTAs against their primary societal (conflict resolution) and secondary ecological (stock protection) objectives. Fishers perceived that the PTAs resolved conflicts between static and mobile gear sectors, despite evidence of non-compliance. However, few fishers perceived that they personally benefited from the PTAs. Fish abundance and size data from baited traps (BT) and video (BV) provided no evidence of PTA effects, but trawling effort was a significant predictor of BT fish abundance data and improved the model of BV fish abundance data. The absence of PTA effects on fish is attributable to non-compliance, the high mobility of the fish involved and their continued exploitation within the PTAs using static gear. This points to the need for greater understanding of the behaviour of fishers in relation to closures. The study also highlights the challenges of quantifying possible fishery benefits of small temperate closed areas and questions whether widely advocated fishery benefits may have enhanced initial support, but failure to deliver them may erode faith in such closures as a fisheries management tool.

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48

Kölbel, Ralf. "Compliance und institutionelle Korruption im Pharmavertrieb." GesundheitsRecht 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9785/gesr-2018-0107.

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49

Rohn, D. A., and S. H. Loewenthal. "An Analysis of Traction Drive Torsional Stiffness." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 107, no. 4 (December 1, 1985): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3260765.

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An analysis of the tangential compliance of elastic bodies in concentrated contact is applied to traction drive elements to determine their torsional stiffness. Both static loading and rotating conditions are considered. The effects of several design variables are shown. The theoretical torsional stiffness of a fixed ratio multiroller traction drive is computed and compared to experimental values. The analysis shows that the torsional compliance of the traction contacts themselves is a relatively small portion of the overall drive system compliance. Comparison is also made to theoretical gear mesh stiffness.

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50

Hua, Xia, and Eric Gandee. "Vibration and dynamics analysis of electric vehicle drivetrains." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 40, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 1241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461348420979204.

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The importance of the vibration and dynamics of electric vehicle drivetrains has increased because of noise and durability concerns. In this study, the important dynamic responses of drivetrains, including the dynamic mesh force acting at the gear teeth, dynamic loads acting at the bearings, and torsional fluctuation of the tire or load under major vibration excitations, such as motor torque fluctuation excitation and spiral bevel gear mesh excitation, were investigated. The results demonstrate that at a lower motor speed, dynamic responses such as the dynamic mesh force, dynamic bearing loads, and dynamic torsional displacement of the tire or load under motor torque fluctuation are dominant. At a higher motor speed, however, the dynamic responses under the gear mesh excitation are dominant. In addition, increasing the pinion-motor torsional compliance is an effective approach for suppressing the dynamic responses of drivetrains under motor torque fluctuation.

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