Статті в журналах: "Complex parallel hybrid vehicle"

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Vu, Trieu Minh, Reza Moezzi, Jindrich Cyrus, Jaroslav Hlava, and Michal Petru. "Automatic Clutch Engagement Control for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 7256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217256.

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Automatic clutch engagement control is essential for all kinds of vehicle power transmissions. The controllers for vehicle power transmissions may include model-based or model-free approaches and must provide high transmission efficiency, fast engagement and low jerk. Most vehicle automatic transmissions are using torque converters with transmission efficiencies up to 96%. This paper presents the use of fuzzy logic control for a dry clutch in parallel hybrid electric vehicles. This controller can minimize the loss of power transmission since it can offer a higher transmission efficiency, up to 99%, with faster engagement, lower jerk and, thus, higher driving comfortability with lower cost. Fuzzy logic control is one of the model-free schemes. It can be combined with AI algorithms, neuro networks and virtual reality technologies in future development. Fuzzy logic control can avoid the complex modelling while maintaining the system’s high stability amid uncertainties and imprecise information. Experiments show that fuzzy logic can reduce the clutch slip and vibration. The new system provides 2% faster engagement speed than the torque converter and eliminates 70% of noise and vibration less than the manual transmission clutch.

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Maddumage, W. U., K. Y. Abeyasighe, M. S. M. Perera, R. A. Attalage, and P. Kelly. "Comparing Fuel Consumption and Emission Levels of Hybrid Powertrain Configurations and a Conventional Powertrain in Varied Drive Cycles and Degree of Hybridization." Science & Technique 19, no. 1 (February 5, 2020): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2020-19-1-20-33.

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Hybrid electric powertrains in automotive applications aim to improve emissions and fuel economy with respect to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Variety of design scenarios need to be addressed in designing a hybrid electric vehicle to achieve desired design objectives such as fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions. The work in this paper presents an analysis of the design objectives for an automobile powertrain with respect to different design scenarios, i. e. target drive cycle and degree of hybridization. Toward these ends, four powertrain configuration models (i. e. internal combustion engine, series, parallel and complex hybrid powertrain configurations) of a small vehicle (motorized three wheeler) are developed using Model Advisor software and simulated with varied drive cycles and degrees of hybridization. Firstly, the impact of vehicle power control strategy and operational characteristics of the different powertrain configurations are investigated with respect to exhaust gas emissions and fuel consumption. Secondly, the drive cycles are scaled according to kinetic intensity and the relationship between fuel consumption and drive cycles is assessed. Thirdly, three fuel consumption models are developed so that fuel consumption values for a real-world drive cycle may be predicted in regard to each powertrain configuration. The results show that when compared with a conventional powertrain fuel consumption is lower in hybrid vehicles. This work led to the surprisingly result showing higher CO emission levels with hybrid vehicles. Furthermore, fuel consumption of all four powertrains showed a strong correlation with kinetic intensity values of selected drive cycles. It was found that with varied drive cycles the average fuel advantage for each was: series 23 %, parallel 21 %, and complex hybrids 33 %, compared to an IC engine powertrain. The study reveals that performance of hybrid configurations vary significantly with drive cycle and degree of hybridization. The paper also suggests future areas of study.

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Roberge, Vincent, and Mohammed Tarbouchi. "Parallel Hybrid 2-Opt Flower Pollination Algorithm for Real-Time UAV Trajectory Planning on GPU." ITM Web of Conferences 48 (2022): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20224803007.

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Abstract. The development of autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is a priority to many civilian and military organizations. An essential aspect of UAV autonomy is the ability for automatic trajectory planning. In this paper, we use a parallel Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) to deal with the problem's complexity and compute feasible and quasi-optimal trajectories for fixed-wing UAVs in complex 3D environments, taking into account the vehicle's flight properties. The global optimization algorithm is improved with the addition of 2-opt local search providing a significant improvement. The proposed trajectory planner in implemented and parallelized on a multicore processor (CPU) using OpenMP and a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) using CUDA resulting in a 9.6x and a 68.5x speedup respectively compared to the sequential implementation on CPU. Index Terms—Flower Pollination Algorithm, Graphics Processing Unit, Parallel Programming, Trajectory Planning, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.

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Finesso, Roberto, Ezio Spessa, and Mattia Venditti. "Layout design and energetic analysis of a complex diesel parallel hybrid electric vehicle." Applied Energy 134 (December 2014): 573–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.007.

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Toman, Rastislav, and Mikuláš Adámek. "Complex Evaluation of Heavy-Duty Truck Hybridization and Electrification Options." Strojnícky časopis - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 72, no. 3 (November 1, 2022): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2022-0044.

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Abstract Parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrain topologies are easily applicable on an existing conventional powertrain, and are frequently used in passenger vehicles, with a goal to reduce the overall fleet CO2 emissions, either with mild, full, or plug-in capability. However, for the heavy-duty trucks, the powertrain electrification progresses more slowly. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to evaluate three different hybridization options, together with two electrification options, in comparison with conventional powertrain combined with 5.9 L 6-cylinder diesel internal combustion engine in a heavy-duty 7.5-ton application. All vehicle variants are evaluated in eight vehicle driving cycles replicating different heavy-duty use-cases at different cargo levels, also considering the economical aspect of these different electrification options, calculating the payback periods for each powertrain option. The energy management control strategy, that determines the power split between the ICE and electric motor for HEV variants is an optimal one, based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle. All models are programmed in-house in Python 3.9.0.

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Zheng, Wei, Qian Fan Zhang, and Shu Mei Cui. "Research on the Dynamic Performance and Parameter Design of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 108-111 (May 2010): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.108-111.613.

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According to the Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) demands on powertrain systems, the dynamic models of PHEV are built in this paper. Base on the analysis of dynamical characteristics of both internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric machine (EM), the dynamic ability and fuel economy performance of PHEV is presented. The paper focuses on the parametric design of powertrain on vehicle performance, which provided the theoretical foundation for PHEV design. The paper also puts forward the control strategy of PHEV during the operating modes switching, which aims to solve the problem of the power distribution between the ICE and electric motor, which can effectively resolve process control problems of the complex PHEV system. By employing the dynamic model and performing MATLAB simulation, the results of simulation are given, which demonstrate that the PHEV improve performance well.

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Stevens, Gary, Juliana Early, Geoff Cunningham, Martin Murtagh, Roy Douglas, and Robert Best. "Multi-fidelity validation algorithm for next generation hybrid-electric vehicle system design." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 13 (January 25, 2019): 3438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018825015.

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With the evolution of increasingly complex hybrid-electric vehicle powertrains, the process of creating validated system models has become progressively more difficult to achieve. Increasing levels of confidence in how instantaneous vehicle energy states are captured is needed to take full advantage of the fuel consumption and emissions reduction potential of the vehicle to move towards more sustainable transportation systems. While many strategies for model validation exist, the majority rely on ascertaining comparisons with global system characteristics, for instance, total fuel consumption over a fixed driving event. However, these methods do not necessarily account for the rapidly fluctuating energy states which need to be understood to optimise the vehicle’s energy management strategy. The current work proposes a new validation approach which captures these instantaneous characteristics taking advantage of the high signal sampling rates available from modern data acquisition equipment rather than relying on drive cycle average or cumulative global behaviours. The method proposed provides a holistic view of the behaviours demonstrated by the vehicle model and identifies regions of poor system validation targeting areas for further model refinement. The algorithm is demonstrated on a new post-transmission, parallel mild-hybrid-electric bus. The model was developed in the MATLAB Simulink modelling environment. The validation algorithm is tested against vehicle dynamometer and test track data. With an increasing volume of mild and full hybrid vehicle configurations emerging, validation strategies such as the one proposed here are increasingly important for the design of energy management strategies to deliver the full potential benefits of the vehicle. The algorithm is proposed in a step by step method which can be automated to limit required user input.

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Volodarets, M., I. Gritsuk, I. Taran, V. Volkov, M. Bulgakov, and M. Izteleuova. "Features of modernization of a truck with a hybrid power transmission." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2023-1/080.

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Purpose. Substantiation of peculiarities of modernization of a heavy-duty vehicle with a hybrid power transmission by using the formed set of analytical and technological solutions for power transmission under operating conditions. Methodology. For the developed functional model of a hybrid vehicle operation, the parameters of the functional model and its links are presented, the relationships between the elements are described, and the boundary conditions are formed. A combined series-parallel hybrid drive scheme has been used, as it has a higher efficiency compared to parallel and series ones. When operating in idle mode and low loads, the diesel generator set replenishes the energy reserve in the energy storage device and the vehicle is operated. To recharge the energy storage devices, it is possible to use the traction electric motor as a generator, and during operation it is used in the energy recovery mode during vehicle braking. An optimization mathematical model has been developed to determine the parameters of the power plant and energy storage device, taking into account operating conditions. A procedure has been developed along with, on its basis, a subroutine algorithm for calculating the required energy intensity of the energy storage device and the power of the vehicle’s power plant. An assessment of the modernization effectiveness of mining dump trucks by hybrid power transmission was made. Findings. A functional model of a hybrid vehicle operation under appropriate operating conditions has been developed, and the main parameters limitations of the state have been given. The corresponding procedures and algorithm for calculating the parameters of the energy storage device and the power unit were compiled and then were used in the corresponding computer calculation program. In the study on fuel efficiency, three BelAZ-7547 dump trucks were considered. The values of the kinetic energy configuration were determined with an increase in speed (acceleration) and with a decrease in speed (deceleration). An assessment of the upgrading effectiveness was made for mining trucks with hybrid power transmission. The payback period of the corresponding measures was 1.42 years. Originality. To determine the power storage and power unit parameters, a functional model of a hybrid vehicle operation and an optimization mathematical model for determining the parameters of the power plant and energy storage, taking into account operating conditions, have been developed. The substantiation of a complex of analytical and technological solutions for the power transmission of a hybrid mining dump truck under operating conditions has been carried out. Practical value. The results obtained are useful in the implementation of the modernization of heavy mining dump trucks with hybrid power transmission in the operating conditions.

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Zhong, Biqing, Bin Deng, and Han Zhao. "Simulation Model and Method for Active Torsional Vibration Control of an HEV." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010034.

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Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) might cause new noise vibration and harshness (NVH) problems, due to their complex powertrain systems. Therefore, in this paper, a new longitudinal dynamic simulation model of a series-parallel hybrid electric bus with an active torsional vibration control module is proposed. First, the schematic diagrams of the simulation model architecture and the active control strategy are given, and the dynamic models of the main components are introduced. Second, taking advantage of the characteristics of hybrid systems, a method of determining the key dynamic parameters by a bench test is proposed. Finally, in a typical bus-driving cycle for Chinese urban conditions, time domain and frequency domain processing methods are used to analyze vehicle body jerk, fluctuation of rotational speed, and torsional angle of the key components. The results show that the active control method can greatly improve the system’s torsional vibration performance when switching modes and at resonance.

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Taghavipour, Amir, and Ali Alipour. "HIL Evaluation of a Novel Real-time Energy Management System for an HEV with a Continuously Variable Transmission." Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 67, no. 4 (April 26, 2021): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2020.7017.

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One of the most important challenges facing automotive engineers is reducing vehicle fuel consumption and improving the drivability index. Modern hybrid electric powertrains play an important role in reducing fuel consumption. Continuously variable transmission (CVT) is an automatic transmission that can change the gear ratio seamlessly using a belt and pulleys. CVT performs with infinite gear ratios. Controlling and determining the optimal gear ratio, especially in a complex hybrid powertrain, is a major challenge. Therefore, a multi-parametric model predictive controller with real-time implementation capability is proposed that can handle the energy management task concurrently with gear shifting strategy in a parallel pre-transmission hybrid electric vehicle. The proposed controller hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) validation procedure on the high-fidelity Autonomie model shows significant improvement in fuel economy while maintaining drivability in three different driving schedules. HIL evaluation guarantees the real-time capability and the proposed controller readiness to be implemented to real-world control hardware.

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Wang, Yaqian, and Xiaohong Jiao. "Dual Heuristic Dynamic Programming Based Energy Management Control for Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 3235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093235.

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This paper investigates an adaptive dynamic programming (ADP)-based energy management control strategy for a series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). This strategy can further minimize the equivalent fuel consumption while satisfying the battery level constraints and vehicle power demand. Dual heuristic dynamic programming (DHP) is one of the basic structures of ADP, combining reinforcement learning, dynamic programming (DP) optimization principle, and neural network approximation function, which has higher accuracy with a slightly more complex structure. In this regard, the DHP energy management strategy (EMS) is designed by the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) as an Action network and two Critic networks approximating the control policy and the gradient of value function concerning the state variable. By comparing with the existing results such as HDP-based and rule-based control strategies, the equivalent consumption minimum strategy (ECMS), and reinforcement learning (RL)-based strategy, simulation results verify the robustness of fuel economy and the adaptability of the power-split optimization of the proposed EMS to different driving conditions.

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Boukhnifer, Moussa, Nadir Ouddah, Toufik Azib, and Ahmed Chaibet. "Intelligent energy management for hybrid fuel cell/battery system." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 35, no. 5 (September 5, 2016): 1850–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-08-2015-0309.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose two energy management strategies (EMS) for hybrid electric vehicle, the power system is an hybrid architecture (fuel cell (FC)/battery) with two-converters parallel configuration. Design/methodology/approach First, the authors present the EMS uses a power frequency splitting to allow a natural frequency decomposition of the power loads and second the EMS uses the optimal control theory, based on the Pontryagin’s minimum principle. Findings Thanks to the optimal approach, the control objectives will be easily achieved: hydrogen consumption is minimized and FC health is protected. Originality/value The simulation results show the effectiveness of the control strategy using optimal control theory in term of improvement of the fuel consumption based on a comparison analysis between the two strategies.

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ROBERGE, VINCENT, MOHAMMED TARBOUCHI, and FRANÇOIS ALLAIRE. "PARALLEL HYBRID METAHEURISTIC ON SHARED MEMORY SYSTEM FOR REAL-TIME UAV PATH PLANNING." International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications 13, no. 02 (June 2014): 1450008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1469026814500084.

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In this paper, we present a parallel hybrid metaheuristic that combines the strengths of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the genetic algorithm (GA) to produce an improved path-planner algorithm for fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The proposed solution uses a multi-objective cost function we developed and generates in real-time feasible and quasi-optimal trajectories in complex 3D environments. Our parallel hybrid algorithm simulates multiple GA populations and PSO swarms in parallel while allowing migration of solutions. This collaboration between the GA and the PSO leads to an algorithm that exhibits the strengths of both optimization methods and produces superior solutions. Moreover, by using the "single-program, multiple-data" parallel programming paradigm, we maximize the use of today's multicore CPU and significantly reduce the execution time of the parallel program compared to a sequential implementation. We observed a quasi-linear speedup of 10.7 times faster on a 12-core shared memory system resulting in an execution time of 5 s which allows in-flight planning. Finally, we show with statistical significance that our parallel hybrid algorithm produces superior trajectories to the parallel GA or the parallel PSO we previously developed.

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Kaloun, Adham, Stéphane Brisset, Maxime Ogier, Mariam Ahmed, and Robin Vincent. "Comparison of Cycle Reduction and Model Reduction Strategies for the Design Optimization of Hybrid Powertrains on Driving Cycles." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040948.

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Decision-making is a crucial and difficult step in the design process of complex systems such as the hybrid powertrain. Finding an optimal solution requires the system feedback. This can be, depending on the granularity of the models at the component level, highly time-consuming. This is even more true when the system’s performance is determined by its control. In fact, various possibilities can be selected to deliver the required torque to the wheels during a driving cycle. In this work, two different design strategies are proposed to minimize the fuel consumption and the cost of the hybrid powertrain. Both strategies adopt the iterative framework which allows for the separation of the powertrain design problem and its control while leading to system optimality. The first approach is based on model reduction, while the second approach relies on improved cycle reduction techniques. They are then applied to a parallel hybrid vehicle case study, leading to important cost reduction in reasonable delays and are compared using different metrics.

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Choudhury, Balamati, Hema Singh, and R. M. Jha. "RF Field Build-Up inside a Manned Space Vehicle Using Novel Ray-Tracing Algorithm." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/438239.

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The radio-frequency (RF) field mapping and its analysis inside a space vehicle cabin, although of immense importance, represent a complex problem due to their inherent concavity. Further hybrid surface modeling required for such concave enclosures leads to ray proliferation, thereby making the problem computationally intractable. In this paper, space vehicle is modeled as a double-curvatured general paraboloid of revolution (GPOR) frustum, whose aft section is matched to an end-capped right circular cylinder. A 3D ray-tracing package is developed which involves a uniform ray-launching scheme, an intelligent scheme for ray bunching, and an adaptive reception algorithm for obtaining ray-path details inside the concave space vehicle. Due to nonavailability of image method for concave curvatured surfaces, the proposed ray-tracing method is validated with respect to the RF field build-up inside a closed lossy cuboid using image method. The RF field build-up within the space vehicle is determined using the details of ray paths and the material parameters. The results for RF field build-up inside a metal-backed dielectric space vehicle are compared with those of highly metallic one for parallel and perpendicular polarizations. The convergence of RF field within the vehicle is analyzed with respect to the propagation time and the number of bounces a ray undergoes before reaching the receiving point.

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Cao, Yu, Chuang Liu, and Junyue Yu. "Mesh-Based 3D MEC Modeling of a Novel Hybrid Claw Pole Generator." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051692.

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A brushless parallel hybrid excitation claw pole generator (HECPG) is proposed for electric vehicle (EV) application. Permanent magnet (PM) excitation method can reduce the volume of the machine and improve the power density and efficiency. Moreover, the voltage regulation can be ensured by field excitation. The flux path of the proposed HECPG is complex, and it will take a long time for 3D finite element analysis (FEA) to process it. To reduce simulation time, the mathematical model of the generator is given by a mesh-based 3D magnet equivalent circuit (MEC) network method considering radial and axial flux, magnetic saturation, and magnetic flux leakage. The performance of the generator is analyzed by FEA and prototype experiment. Finally, the results of 3D MEC, FEA, and experiment are compared. There is little difference between the three results, so 3D MEC can ensure the accuracy and significantly reduce the simulation time. The efficiency of the proposed HECPG is 90%, and the DC-Bus voltage can be modulated by changing the amplitude of field current.

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He, Yuhao, Fugui Xie, Xin-Jun Liu, Zenghui Xie, Huichan Zhao, Yi Yue, and Mingwei Li. "Stiffness-Performance-Based Redundant Motion Planning of a Hybrid Machining Robot." Machines 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2022): 1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10121157.

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Large-scale components usually have complex structures with high local stiffness, and the holes on them are required to be machined with high precision, which makes it important and challenging to study how to efficiently and precisely drill in the large-scale components. This article presents mobile hybrid machining equipment that consists of a five-axis parallel module, a 2-degree-of-freedom (DoF) robotic, arm and an automated guide vehicle (AGV) connected in series. With the ability of wide-range positioning and precise local processing, it has potential advantages in the drilling processing of large-scale components. Stiffness is one of the most important performances for machining equipment, and it’s highly related to the its configuration. For the discussed equipment, the stiffness is determined by the two-stage-positioning hybrid machining robot, which comprises a five-axis parallel module and a two-DoF robotic arm. The redundant motion of the hybrid machining robot makes it possible to optimize its configuration by reasonably planning redundant motion. Therefore, a redundant motion-planning method based on stiffness performance is proposed. A kinematic analysis of the five-axis parallel module, the robotic arm, and the hybrid machining robot is carried out. A hybrid robot usually consists of several subsystems, and to take the compliance of each subsystem into consideration, the stiffness-modeling method for the hybrid robot with n subsystems connected in series is proposed. The stiffness model of the hybrid machining robot is established by using this method, and the variation of the stiffness magnitude has the same trend as that obtained by using FEA software. Stiffness magnitude and isotropy indices are proposed to evaluate the robot’s stiffness performance along the axis of the spindle and in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle. The redundant motion of the hybrid machining robot is planned by maximizing the stiffness magnitude along the spindle axis, with priority to the stiffness isotropy index. Finally, the drilling experiment is carried out, and the results show that the relative error of the hole diameter obtained under the optimal configuration of the hybrid machining robot is 1.63%, which is smaller than those obtained under the other two configurations for comparison with relative errors of 3.75% and 3.50%, respectively. It proves the validity of the redundant motion-planning method. The proposed stiffness-modeling method and the stiffness-performance indices are also applicable to other hybrid machining robots.

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Galvão, José Rodolfo, Lucas Braggião Calligaris, Kawe Monteiro de Souza, Joelton Deonei Gotz, Paulo Broniera Junior, and Fernanda Cristina Corrêa. "Hybrid Equalization Topology for Battery Management Systems Applied to an Electric Vehicle Model." Batteries 8, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100178.

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This paper presents a hybrid equalization (EQ) topology of lithium-ion batteries (LIB). Currently, LIBs are widely used for electric mobility due to their characteristics of high energy density and multiple recharge cycles. In an electric vehicle (EV), these batteries are connected in series and/or parallel until the engine reaches the voltage and energy capacity required. For LIBs to operate safely, a battery management system (BMS) is required. This system monitors and controls voltage, current, and temperature parameters. Among the various functions of a BMS, voltage equalization is of paramount importance for the safety and useful life of LIBs. There are two main voltage equalization techniques: passive and active. Passive equalization dissipates energy, and active equalization transfers energy between the LIBs. The passive has the advantage of being simple to implement; however, it has a longer equalization time and energy loss. Active is complex to implement but has fast equalization time and lower energy loss. This paper proposes the combination of these two techniques to implement simultaneously to control a pack of LIBs, equalizing voltage between stacks and at the cell level. For this purpose, a pack of LIBs was simulated with sixty-four cells connected in series and divided into eight stacks with eight battery cells each. The rated voltage of each cell is 3.7 V, with a capacity of 106 Ah. The total pack has a voltage of 236.8 V and 25 kW. Some LIBs were fitted with different SOC values to simulate an imbalance between cells. In the simulations, different topologies were evaluated: passive and active topology at the cell level and combined active and passive equalization at the pack level. Results are compared as a response time and state of charge (SOC) level. In addition, equalization topologies are applied in an EV model with the FTP75 conduction cycle. In this way, it is possible to evaluate the autonomy of each equalization technique simulated in this work. The hybrid topology active at the stack level and passive at the module level showed promising results in equalization time and autonomy compared with a purely active or passive equalization technique. This combination is a solution to achieve low EQ time and satisfactory SOC when compared to a strictly active or passive EQ.

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Stolfi, Daniel H., and Grégoire Danoy. "An Evolutionary Algorithm to Optimise a Distributed UAV Swarm Formation System." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 10218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010218.

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In this article, we present a distributed robot 3D formation system optimally parameterised by a hybrid evolutionary algorithm (EA) in order to improve its efficiency and robustness. To achieve that, we first describe the novel distributed formation algorithm3 (DFA3), the proposed EA, and the two crossover operators to be tested. The EA hyperparameterisation is performed by using the irace package and the evaluation of the three case studies featuring three, five, and ten unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is performed through realistic simulations by using ARGoS and ten scenarios evaluated in parallel to improve the robustness of the configurations calculated. The optimisation results, reported with statistical significance, and the validation performed on 270 unseen scenarios show that the use of a metaheuristic is imperative for such a complex problem despite some overfitting observed under certain circumstances. All in all, the UAV swarm self-organised itself to achieve stable formations in 95% of the scenarios studied with a plus/minus ten percent tolerance.

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Matsushita, Yoshinori, Toshihiko Noguchi, Kazuki Shimizu, Noritaka Taguchi, and Makoto Ishii. "Control of Dual-Output DC/DC Converters Using Duty Cycle and Frequency." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 4 (November 13, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11040072.

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As part of the integration process of the auxiliary power systems of electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, this study proposes a method to control two different voltage types using two control factors of the rectangular alternating waveforms contained in DC/DC converters, namely the duty cycle and frequency. A prototype circuit consisting of an H-bridge inverter, a transformer, two series resonant filters and two diode bridge circuits was constructed. The H-bridge inverter was connected to the primary side of the transformer and the diode bridge rectifier circuit was connected to the secondary side in parallel. Series resonant filters were inserted between one of the diode bridge circuits and the transformer. Thereafter, the proposed control method was applied to the transformer voltage of the prototype circuit. Although the circuit operation became complex owing to the circulating current flowing between the ground (GND) of the two output circuits, it exhibited ideal static and dynamic characteristics, thereby confirming the possibility of controlling two voltages with the duty cycle and frequency control factors. The results of the efficiency evaluation and loss analysis demonstrated a minimum efficiency of 68.3% and a maximum efficiency of 88.9%. As the output power of the circuit containing the resonant filters increased, the current peak value increased and the circuit became less efficient.

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Ma, Zeyu, Hao Chen, Jingang Han, Yizheng Chen, Jiongchen Kuang, Jean-Frédéric Charpentier, Nadia Aϊt-Ahmed, and Mohamed Benbouzid. "Optimal SOC Control and Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy for Fuel-Cell-Based Hybrid Vessel Including Batteries and Supercapacitors." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020398.

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Around the world, the development of electric vehicles is underway, including in maritime transportation. However, the development of clean energy vessels still has a long way to go. Fuel cells (FCs) are a relevant choice among the many clean energy sources to power clean energy vessels. However, due to the complex and drastic change in the shipload power, FCs need to be equipped with dynamic fast-response energy storage equipment to make up for it. For multiple energy storage devices connected in parallel, the state of charge (SOC) is not balanced, which affects their service life and the stability of the vessel microgrid, as well as slowing the speed and lowering the accuracy of SOC equalization. This paper proposes a distributed variable sag slope control strategy for vessels to improve SOC equalization, with a FC as the energy source and a battery and supercapacitor as the energy storage system (ESS). For the output power distribution problem of energy storage equipment caused by shipload power variation, a power distribution strategy with a variable filter time constant is used to improve the reasonableness of the output power distribution of energy-based lithium batteries and power-based supercapacitors. Meanwhile, this paper considers the power generation equipment’s service life and energy cost as the optimization objectives, considering the discharge depth of the energy storage equipment. Finally, a method based on the combination of the lithium battery SOC rule (the rule formulated according to the state of charge and load power change in energy storage equipment) and particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed to solve this problem. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy improves the equalization speed and accuracy of the SOC of energy storage devices, fully realizes the characteristics of different energy storage devices, and reduces the life loss of energy storage devices.

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22

Tsai, L. W., G. Schultz, and N. Higuchi. "A Novel Parallel Hybrid Transmission." Journal of Mechanical Design 123, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1365118.

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This paper presents a novel transmission mechanism for use in a parallel hybrid vehicle. A parallel hybrid vehicle typically employs two or more power sources to drive the vehicle. For such a vehicle to function properly, a non-conventional transmission mechanism and a microprocessor-based controller are needed to manage the power flow among the various power sources. The transmission mechanism described in this paper can provide a parallel hybrid with thirteen clutching conditions that can be grouped into five major modes of operation, namely, electric motor mode, power mode, CVT/charging mode, engine mode, and regenerative braking mode. The kinematics, statics, and power flow of each mode of operation are analyzed. A numerical example is used to illustrate the principle of operation. Furthermore, a clutching sequence control logic is developed.

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23

Yan, Shi Tong. "Hybrid Base and Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Control Strategy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 956–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.956.

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Automotive hybrid technology development and mechanical, electrical,engine,energy technology is closely related with the development of these areas of technology, the development of hybrid technology also will be extensive. How to optimize the control strategy is the key to achieve hybrid cars low fuel consumption, low emissions targets . In the automotive power and meet other basic technical performance,and cost requirements of the premise,characteristics and operating conditions for the car's various components , control strategies to achieve a reasonable distribution of energy in the motor between the engine and effective,so that the vehicle the highest system efficiency,access to the largest vehicle fuel economy,low emissions and smooth driving performance.

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24

Chen, Ping Lu, and Jing Xu. "Analysis on Hybrid Effects of Parallel Pneumatic Hybrid Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 246-247 (December 2012): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.246-247.103.

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To reveal the potential and means of energy saving and emission reduction for the parallel pneumatic hybrid vehicle (PHV) proposed in this article, the comparison analysis between parallel PHV and conventional diesel vehicle (CDV) was made on the dive cycles of NEDC, UDDS, HWFET and JAPAN10-15 using the mathematic model. The results show: For the drive cycles of NEDC, UDDS, HWFET and JAPAN10-15, the PHV could decrease emissions by 58.84%, 38.76%, 14.54%, and 66.59% and save energy by 13.12%, 14.06%, -6.27% and 28.06% respectively com-pared to the CDV; Of the five hybrid means of shutting down the ICE at idle, regenerative braking, optimizing working area of ICE, using the exhaust heat of ICE and downsizing ICE, using the ex-haust heat of ICE along with shutting down the ICE at idle have the most impact on energy saving, and then is the downsizing ICE, but using exhaust heat would increase energy consumption; Opti-mizing working area of ICE and shutting down the ICE at idle have the greatest contribution to re-duction emissions, followed is also downsizing ICE. The efficiency of regenerative braking is very low, as well as the heat exchange efficiency of the adopted heat exchanger, requiring further opti-mization and design.

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25

David Huang, K., and Sheng-Chung Tzeng. "A new parallel-type hybrid electric-vehicle." Applied Energy 79, no. 1 (September 2004): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2003.12.001.

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26

Huang, Ding Jian. "Study on Co-Simulation and Experiment of a Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 1231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.1231.

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A series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle and its controller are more complicated than conventional vehicle,even a series or parallel hybrid electric vehicle. The HEV test platform is built up to get the engine fuel consumption map.The model of a series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle is established on the platform of the professional simulation software CRUISE,and the controller of the HEV is builded on MATLAB/Simulink.In the end,the results of co-simulation and vehicle experiment verify the validity and feasibility of this method.

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27

Peng, Tao. "PARAMETER MATCHING OF PARALLEL HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE POWERTRAIN." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 39, no. 02 (2003): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2003.02.069.

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28

Huang, K. David, Sheng-Chung Tzeng, Tzer-Ming Jeng, and Chia-Chang Chen. "Integration mechanism for a parallel hybrid vehicle system." Applied Energy 82, no. 2 (October 2005): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2004.10.003.

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29

Nguyen, The M., and Mohammad H. Elahinia. "Vibration Isolation for Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles." Shock and Vibration 15, no. 2 (2008): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/658984.

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In recent decades, several types of hybrid vehicles have been developed in order to improve the fuel economy and to reduce the pollution. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) have shown a significant improvement in fuel efficiency for small and medium-sized passenger vehicles and SUVs. HEV has several limitations when applied to heavy vehicles; one is that larger vehicles demand more power, which requires significantly larger battery capacities. As an alternative solution, hydraulic hybrid technology has been found effective for heavy duty vehicle because of its high power density. The mechanical batteries used in hydraulic hybrid vehicles (HHV) can be charged and discharged remarkably faster than chemical batteries. This feature is essential for heavy vehicle hybridization. One of the main problems that should be solved for the successful commercialization of HHV is the excessive noise and vibration involving with the hydraulic systems. This study focuses on using magnetorheological (MR) technology to reduce the noise and vibration transmissibility from the hydraulic system to the vehicle body. In order to study the noise and vibration of HHV, a hydraulic hybrid subsystem in parallel design is analyzed. This research shows that the MR elements play an important role in reducing the transmitted noise and vibration to the vehicle body. Additionally, locations and orientations of the isolation system also affect the efficiency of the noise and vibration mitigation. In simulations, a skyhook control algorithm is used to achieve the highest possible effectiveness of the MR isolation system.

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30

Ji, Wen, Qiang Li, and Zhong You Chen. "Matching Research on a Parallel Hybrid Power System." Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 989–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.989.

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A typical parallel hybrid power system is briefly analyzed, and also its configuration is schematically depicted, on this basis some type of parallel hybrid power system is matched and analyzed in detail, with the foundation of vehicle transmission theory , calculation process given step by step, illustrated by a practical driving vehicle.

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31

Yang, Rong, Di Ming Lou, Pi Qiang Tan, and Zhi Yuan Hu. "Research on Modeling and Control Strategy of Parallel Hybrid Electric Back-Loading Compression Sanitation Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 420 (September 2013): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.420.355.

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Establish simulation models of the conventional and parallel hybrid electric back-loading compression sanitation vehicle by AVL CRUISE and MATLAB/Simulink software. Study on control strategy of parallel hybrid electric vehicle based on the work characteristics of back-loading compression sanitation. Results show that: about 24.5% fuel consumption reduction in hybrid modeling compared to the conventional sanitation vehicle under heavy commercial vehicle standard test cycle (C-WTVC, Adapted World Transient Vehicle Cycle), and battery SOC was little changed at 50%. About 32% fuel consumption reduction in hybrid compared to the conventional vehicle under the actual road testing spectrum, and SOC increased about 21.6% relative to the initial state. It controls the engine to work in more stable operation region and reduces engine idle time, but increases engine start-stop times. It also could provide some references for specific engine development of parallel hybrid electric vehicle

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32

Shubham, Patil, and Aritra Ganguly. "Modelling and Simulation of Series Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1080, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1080/1/012001.

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33

Zheng, Yan Ping, Tian Tian, and Zhengang He. "Performance Parameter Estimation of the Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 2180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.2180.

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Based on the theory of HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) and the idea of reverse simulation, the simulation model of the parallel HEV is established in MATLAB and the estimation of the energy efficiency, the power performance and the fuel economy of HEV is achieved, which provides reference for the performance estimation of parallel HEV. At the same time the definition and the estimating method about HEV energy efficiency were mentioned in this paper and the energy efficiency can be achieved by the simulation model. The results of the simulation show that this estimating method has certain practicability and convenience.

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34

Rachmanto, Rendy Adhi, I. Nyoman Sutantra, Bambang Sudarmanta, and Unggul Wasiwitono. "Energy Management System in Series-Parallel Hybrid Solar Vehicle." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 72, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.72.2.158169.

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35

Vu, Trieu Minh, Reza Moezzi, Jindrich Cyrus, Jaroslav Hlava, and Michal Petru. "Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Modelling and Model Predictive Control." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 10668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112210668.

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This paper presents the modelling and calculations for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) in parallel configuration, including a main electrical driving motor (EM), an internal combustion engine (ICE), and a starter/generator motor. The modelling equations of the HEV include vehicle acceleration and jerk, so that simulations can investigate the vehicle drivability and comfortability with different control parameters. A model predictive control (MPC) scheme with softened constraints for this HEV is developed. The new MPC with softened constraints shows its superiority over the MPC with hard constraints as it provides a faster setpoint tracking and smoother clutch engagement. The conversion of some hard constraints into softened constraints can improve the MPC stability and robustness. The MPC with softened constraints can maintain the system stability, while the MPC with hard constraints becomes unstable if some input constraints lead to the violation of output constraints.

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36

Ray, Richik. "Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Parameter Analysis using MATLAB." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38433.

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Abstract: In this paper, a MATLAB based Simulink model of a Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle is presented. With the advent of Industry 4.0, the usage of Big Data, Machine Learning, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and similar groundbreaking domains of technology have usurped manual supervision in industrial as well as personal scenarios. This is aided by the drastic shift from orthodox and conventional Internal Combustion Engine based vehicles fuelled by fossil fuels in the order of petrol, diesel, etc., to fully functional electric vehicles developed by renowned companies, for example Tesla. Alongside 100% electric vehicles are hybrid vehicles that function on a system based on the integration of the conventional ICE and the modern Electric Propulsion System, which is referred to as the Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrain. Designs for modern HEVs and EVs are developed on computer software where simulations are run and all the essential parameters for the vehicle’s performance and sustainability are run and observed. This paper is articulated to discuss the parameters of a series-parallel HEV through an indepth MATLAB Simulink design, and further the observations are presented. Keywords: ICE (Internal Combustion Engine), HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle), Drivetrain, MATLAB, Simulink, PSD (Power Split Device), Vehicle Dynamics, SOC (State-of-Charge)

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37

Won, Jong‐Seob, and Reza Langari. "Fuzzy torque distribution control for a parallel hybrid vehicle." Expert Systems 19, no. 1 (February 2002): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00184.

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38

Hui, Sun, Jiang Ji-hai, and Wang Xin. "Torque control strategy for a parallel hydraulic hybrid vehicle." Journal of Terramechanics 46, no. 6 (December 2009): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2009.08.004.

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39

Schori, Markus, Thomas J. Boehme, Benjamin Frank, and Matthias Schultalbers. "Solution of a Hybrid Optimal Control Problem For a Parallel Hybrid Vehicle." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 21 (2013): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130904-4-jp-2042.00036.

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40

Liu, Tao, Jincheng Zheng, Yongmao Su, and Jinghui Zhao. "A Study on Control Strategy of Regenerative Braking in the Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle Based on ECE Regulations." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/208753.

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This paper establishes a mathematic model of composite braking in the hydraulic hybrid vehicle and analyzes the constraint condition of parallel regenerative braking control algorithm. Based on regenerative braking system character and ECE (Economic Commission of Europe) regulations, it introduces the control strategy of regenerative braking in parallel hydraulic hybrid vehicle (PHHV). Finally, the paper establishes the backward simulation model of the hydraulic hybrid vehicle in Matlab/simulink and makes a simulation analysis of the control strategy of regenerative braking. The results show that this strategy can equip the hydraulic hybrid vehicle with strong brake energy recovery power in typical urban drive state.

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41

Krithika, V., and C. Subramani. "Fuel enhancement of parallel hybrid electric two-wheeler motorcycle." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 6180. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i6.pp6180-6188.

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In this paper, design and simulation of a parallel hybrid electric two-wheeler motorcycle (PHETM) by means of continuous variable transmission (CVT) is illustrated. For simulation, the parallel hybrid electric power train model type in MATLAB/ADVISOR is customized. The internal combustion engine (ICE) be supposed to drive at elevated efficiency areas, in order to attain enhanced fuel economy and a reduced amount of emission. Simultaneously, the ICE must not activate at values of low torque areas. For that reason, get better it whilst ICE is ON, a new energy control strategy is proposed. In the new strategy, the electrical machine absorbs the extra torque of the ICE. This article proposes a PHETM system to propel the vehicle efficiently with reduced amounts of emission on comparing witha conventional vehicle. This system includes two modes of operations for achieving the better results known as motoring mode and generating mode. The switching from one mode to other is based on the vehicle speed which is sensed in real time. A drive cycle is generated by running the vehicle in normal and slightly gradient condition and finally the results are compared.

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42

Zhu, Li Jing. "Experiment for a Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid Terminal Tractor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.211.

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Hydraulic hybrid technology of vehicle has the potential to significantly improve fuel economy and reduce emission, and increasingly aroused the attention of the research institutions and automotive manufacturers all over the world. The main of this work is to design a parallel hydraulic hybrid system for a heavy terminal tractor. Firstly, overall scheme design, construction design, and hydraulic regenerative braking system (HRBS) for terminal tractor are designed. Furthermore, the hydraulic hybrid terminal tractor is refitted successfully. The test results show that the sample vehicle is credible and in good operation, a fuel economy improvement of the new scheme is 38.1%~61.6% more than conventional baseline. Experimental study has very important value in the hydraulic hybrid terminal tractor real application.

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43

Manning, P. Christopher, Eli White, R. Jesse Alley, Jonathan King, and Douglas J. Nelson. "Vehicle System Design Process for a Series-Parallel Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle." SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains 1, no. 2 (September 10, 2012): 503–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1774.

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44

Pei, Dong Jie, Dong Chen Qin, and Shou Chen Pan. "Powertrain Simulation Research of Coaxial Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Bus." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 1333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.1333.

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In order to know the vehicle performance of coaxial series-parallel hybrid electric bus, on the basis of the analysis of the powertrain’s structure and operation mode, the control strategy is made, the simulation system is introduced by the secondary development of Advisor, the simulation result is analyzed and used. Through the analysis of vehicle dynamic performance, fuel economy, SOC value change of super capacitance, and the torque relations of main components, it is known that coaxial series-parallel hybrid electric bus can satisfy the requirements of the city bus’ working condition, and the operation relations between the power components can be mastered, which provides the technical support for the coaxial series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle development.

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45

Kost, Gabriel, and Andrzej Nierychlok. "Virtual Driver of Hybrid Wheeled Vehicle." Solid State Phenomena 180 (November 2011): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.180.39.

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This paper presents the application of wheeled vehicle based on a hybrid propulsion system. Describes control system structure and communication between different units of propulsion, intermediary devices and the fundamental issues of building such a network. Virtual propulsion of a wheeled vehicle hybrid drive designed for parallel connection structure of the drive units. This enabled the propulsion work more efficiently through the synergy of energy units – ICE and electric motor, and allowed ICE unit turn off in built-up areas. In the presented research results can be seen as a great contribution to the work of the propulsion system has an internal combustion engine, which not only drives the electric generator, but also a wheeled vehicles.

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46

Yan, Jun. "Multiple-Objective Optimal Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 1659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.1659.

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To reduce the fuel consumption and exhaust (HC, CO) emissions of parallel hybrid electric vehicle, the control strategy of the hybrid electric vehicle is studied in this paper. First it briefly analyzes the structure and working principle of the parallel hybrid electric vehicle drive system. Then a cost function is proposed which explains the fuel consumption and emissions. According to the minimum principle the minimum of the cost function can be got, consequently, the optimal control strategy can be obtained. Furthermore, in order to verify the effectiveness of the optimal control strategy, in MATLAB environment, it establishes a dynamic simulation model for hybrid electric vehicles. Through a comparative study between the optimal control strategy on and the traditional rules control strategy, the results of experiment it reveals that the optimal control strategy can effectively reduces fuel consumption and emissions of hybrid electric vehicles.

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47

Yang, ByungHoon, KyoungJoo Kim, and HyungSoo Mok. "Fast and Robust Hybrid Starter and Generator Speed Control for Improving Drivability of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Energies 13, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 5055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195055.

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Speed control algorithms were studied to improve vehicle fuel economy and driving performance by rapidly combining two power sources—the engine and the driving motor. A hybrid starter and generator (HSG) was used in parallel hybrid vehicles, improving vehicle drive system efficiency by eliminating torque converters. The proposed zero-overshoot and zero-phase-error speed controller with active damping has the following three characteristics. First, it has an active damping structure resistant to load fluctuations (e.g., cranking torque fluctuation during engine starting). Second, there is no speed overshoot for the step command corresponding to the minimum engine running speed. Finally, it has no steady-state error for the ramp command generated by the moving vehicle. These control features reduce the time required to match the speeds of the two power sources, reducing delay when the vehicle starts and reducing energy consumption by minimizing unnecessary engine rotation. Simulation and vehicle test results proved that the proposed algorithm produced faster response characteristics and smaller steady-state errors than conventional control algorithms such as proportional-integral, integral-proportional, and two-degree-of-freedom algorithms. In this study, the fuel efficiency and driving performance of the hybrid vehicle could be improved by improving the performance of the speed control alone without any additional hardware changes.

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48

Kumar Tiwari, Dharmendra, and Nitendra kumar Tiwari. "Hybrid Drive Train Based Auxillary Storage Systems." Journal of Futuristic Sciences and Applications 1, no. 2 (2018): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/jfsa.121802.

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The HESS technique is quite intriguing and beneficial for both short- and long-term variations. Since the vehicle depends on energy storage systems, it is essential to choose the optimum ESS for the application.The SOC of the vehicle directly affects the economy and the emission rates. In this work the parallel HEV is modelled by using ADVISOR and Different SOC limits are taken for testing the performance and fuel economy for the same designed driving cycle. With the simulation results we will be able to specify best upper and lower limits of SOC such that vehicle will achieve best fuel economy and emission performance. The simulation is performed by taking repetitive velocity profiles (drive cycles) of four different curves i.e. UDDS, ECE, FTP and HWFET. The ability controller for parallel hybrid cars is mentioned in this study in order to maximise fuel efficiency.

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49

ZHANG, Tong. "Multiple Energy Management Calibration Experiments of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 45, no. 02 (2009): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2009.02.012.

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50

Alt, B., F. Antritter, F. Svaricek, and M. Schultalbers. "Multivariable speed synchronisation for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle drivetrain." Vehicle System Dynamics 51, no. 3 (March 2013): 321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2012.727007.

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