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Статті в журналах з теми "Complex geological environment":
1
Tao, Yunchao. "Analysis of Foundation Pit Design of Metro Station in Complex Environment." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (December 2, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2995380.
Анотація:
The complex engineering geological conditions and the surrounding environmental conditions of the existing subway lines and adjacent buildings have significantly deepened the difficulty of metro station foundation pit design and construction. Based on the foundation pit project of Luboyuan Station of Nanjing Metro Line 9, this study chooses a reasonable foundation pit support design scheme to carry out related research by analyzing the site geological environmental conditions. Through the analysis and evaluation of the engineering geological conditions of the engineering site, the engineering geological problems that may occur in the process of construction are given. According to the lithologic characteristics of the site strata, the hydrogeological conditions, and the features of the underground engineering structure, the design of the foundation pit supporting system is optimized and analyzed. The results show that making full use of the geological features of strata and adopting effective support methods can ensure the safety of foundation pit construction, reduce the cost of engineering description, and shorten the construction period, which can be used as a reference for similar projects and construction.
2
Zhang, Hong Chang, Yu Sheng Li, and Jie Bao. "Study on the Seismic Damaging Effects of Mountainous Towns in Wenchuan Earthquake." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 2041–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.2041.
Анотація:
Through the survey and research on seismic damage phenomena of damaged towns by Wenchuan Earthquake and geological environment , this article identify that the seismic damage effect of towns damaged by Wenchuan Earthquake mainly includes four types which are fault dislocation effect、site and foundation effect、topography motion amplified action and geologic hazard effect. Site selection of the reconstruction of damaged towns and seidmic design of building and other problems are complex and systemic engineering problems, and they refer to many complex factors such as earthquake faults、geologic hazards、national well-being and the people's livelihood, economic development and so on. The basic principles of consideration should be: for the mountain towns which are located at seismic fault zone and exist serious geological disaster, they must be avoided and relocated off-site; for the towns which are away from the fault for a distance and have no fatal geological disaster risk, we should follow the principles of "scientific planning, normative avoidance and reasonablely adjust the seismic standards" and reconstruct in the former location. Reconstruction site should also pay attention to the concealment of geological hazards, the multiplicity and long-term sustainability of induced factors and so on, so we should enhance the suitability evaluation of the geological environment and risk assessment of geological disaster.
3
Gong, Yi, Yang Liu, and Qigao Li. "Long-Distance Pipe Jacking in Complex Urban Geological Environment." Journal of Architectural Research and Development 6, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jard.v6i1.2888.
Анотація:
A steel underground pipeline with a diameter of 2.4 m and a total length of 3,617 m (plate thickness of 26 mm) has been constructed in a city in central Hubei, and the engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) project has been lifted from the upstream channel to supplement water to the downstream lake inside the city. Through preliminary geological survey data, site topographic and geomorphic survey, urban construction, as well as the requirements of the construction party, the preliminary arrangement of working wells and receiving wells as well as the selection and customization of pipe jacking machines have been proposed. Frequency conversion motor and remote monitoring technology are adopted for geotechnical change and long-distance pipe jacking. Through detailed survey, the rock and soil change section as well as gradual change conditions have been determined, the accuracy of construction mechanics calculation and construction operation control have improved, the basis and analysis basis are provided, and some experiences in construction operation are summarized.
4
de Kemp, Eric A. "Spatial agents for geological surface modelling." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 6661–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6661-2021.
Анотація:
Abstract. Increased availability and use of 3D-rendered geological models have provided society with predictive capabilities, supporting natural resource assessments, hazard awareness, and infrastructure development. The Geological Survey of Canada, along with other such institutions, has been trying to standardize and operationalize this modelling practice. Knowing what is in the subsurface, however, is not an easy exercise, especially when it is difficult or impossible to sample at greater depths. Existing approaches for creating 3D geological models involve developing surface components that represent spatial geological features, horizons, faults, and folds, and then assembling them into a framework model as context for downstream property modelling applications (e.g. geophysical inversions, thermo-mechanical simulations, and fracture density models). The current challenge is to develop geologically reasonable starting framework models from regions with sparser data when we have more complicated geology. This study explores the problem of geological data sparsity and presents a new approach that may be useful to open up the logjam in modelling the more challenging terrains using an agent-based approach. Semi-autonomous software entities called spatial agents can be programmed to perform spatial and property interrogation functions, estimations and construction operations for simple graphical objects, that may be usable in building 3D geological surfaces. These surfaces form the building blocks from which full geological and topological models are built and may be useful in sparse-data environments, where ancillary or a priori information is available. Critical in developing natural domain models is the use of gradient information. Increasing the density of spatial gradient information (fabric dips, fold plunges, and local or regional trends) from geologic feature orientations (planar and linear) is the key to more accurate geologic modelling and is core to the functions of spatial agents presented herein. This study, for the first time, examines the potential use of spatial agents to increase gradient constraints in the context of the Loop project (https://loop3d.github.io/, last access: 1 October 2021) in which new complementary methods are being developed for modelling complex geology for regional applications. The spatial agent codes presented may act to densify and supplement gradient as well as on-contact control points used in LoopStructural (https://www.github.com/Loop3d/LoopStructural, last access: 1 October 2021) and Map2Loop (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4288476, de Rose et al., 2020). Spatial agents are used to represent common geological data constraints, such as interface locations and gradient geometry, and simple but topologically consistent triangulated meshes. Spatial agents can potentially be used to develop surfaces that conform to reasonable geological patterns of interest, provided that they are embedded with behaviours that are reflective of the knowledge of their geological environment. Initially, this would involve detecting simple geological constraints: locations, trajectories, and trends of geological interfaces. Local and global eigenvectors enable spatial continuity estimates, which can reflect geological trends, with rotational bias, using a quaternion implementation. Spatial interpolation of structural geology orientation data with spatial agents employs a range of simple nearest-neighbour to inverse-distance-weighted (IDW) and quaternion-based spherical linear rotation interpolation (SLERP) schemes. This simulation environment implemented in NetLogo 3D is potentially useful for complex-geology–sparse-data environments where extension, projection, and propagation functions are needed to create more realistic geological forms.
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Rudko, G., and Ye Yakovlev. "Modern factories of regional engineering-geological conditions of Ukraine changes." Мінеральні ресурси України, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31996/mru.2020.1.15-26.
Анотація:
The article analyzes modern regional changes in engineering and geological conditions of Ukraine due to the complex impact of technogenesis and global climate changes. This is primarily due to the predominance of loess and loamy loess rocks in the upper part of the geological section (up to 65 % of the state) in the formation of technogenic-geological systems “technogenic object-geological environment”. Regional regulation of surface runoff (a cascade of reservoirs of the Dnieper River, up to 38000 pounds, network of channels) significantly disrupted the water-energy exchange of rocks within the upper zone of the geological environment, intensified regional changes of geomechanical parameters (compressive strength, adhesion, angle of a slope) to the factors of global climate change (increasing magnitude and uneven rainfall, warming etc.).
The authors evaluated the new processes of changes in engineering-geological parameters of loesses and loamy loess’ rocks due to the disturbances of their mass-energy (water-heat) transfer, the influence of seismic stresses, complex transformations of the geological environment of industrial-urban agglomerations. The performed analysis showed that changes in engineering-geological conditions are most actively developingwithin the sites of industrial-urban agglomerations, which is caused by the complex action of water and heat losses from engineering networks, changes in relief, geodynamic impacts of transport and construction works. Maximum changes of engineering-geological conditions within towns and settlements are observed in the developed (“old”) mining areas during the flooding of mines, subsidence of surface.
It is shown that a new model of the State Engineering-Geological Map of Ukraine is needed, scientific substantiation of the maximum permissible changes of the engineering-geological parameters of the geological environment for different technogenic-geological systems “technogenic object-geological environment”.
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Fang, Yanzhuo. "Study on Remote Sensing Dynamic Monitoring of Geological Environment." Remote Sensing 9, no. 2 (October 18, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/rs.v9i2.1106.
Анотація:
<p>With the continuous development of science and technology, remote sensing technology has become more and more mature and more advanced in our country, and the application of remote sensing technology to the monitoring of geological environment is also an important research problem in continuous improvement in recent years. China has a vast land area, rich mineral resources, strong geological diversity and complex geological environment, and the geological exploration of the origin of mineral resources is a prerequisite for the rationality of mineral development. Therefore, the remote sensing dynamic monitoring of geological environment plays a decisive role in mineral development. With the development of mineral resources, China’s mineral environment is getting worse and worse. In order to ensure the long-term development of mineral resources and the safety of mining personnel. Remote sensing dynamic monitoring of geological environment in mineral areas is of great significance. Based on this, this paper will study the remote sensing monitoring data of mining, and provide help for the remote sensing monitoring of geological environment of mineral development in China.</p>
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Ren, Xiang, Hua Juan Yuan, and Rong Zhao. "Geological Environment and Prevention of Geological Disasters in Inner Mongolia Huogeqi-Qinshan Highway." Advanced Materials Research 573-574 (October 2012): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.573-574.337.
Анотація:
Geological environment characteristics were analyzed from rough weather, complex geological conditions, broken rock, development taluses, and densely distributed largeand stiff slopes,through an integrated comprehensive analysis and field reconnaissance.Control measures have been proposed：Optimize the line and the rock pile reinforcement is used to handle Class II and Class IIIrock pile，According to the different sections of the appropriate raise the road elevation Or set a larger cross section of bridges and culverts, and supplemented by the appropriate flood control measures to prevent the canyon embankment floods，This paper can be used as the reference of other roads.
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Wang, Xinfeng, Wengang Liu, Xiaojun Jiang, Qiao Zhang, and Youyu Wei. "Evolution Characteristics of Overburden Instability and Failure under Deep Complex Mining Conditions." Geofluids 2022 (July 27, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6418082.
Анотація:
Aiming at the problems of intensified deformation and serious stress damage of stope overburden during mining in deep typical geological environment, taking the deep mining face of a mine in the northwest as the research background, the characteristics and influencing factors of overburden collapse in deep geological environment are analyzed, a comprehensive evaluation system affecting overburden instability and deformation is established, and the temporal and spatial evolution law of deep stope roof failure is obtained by using the “three-zone” distribution theory of overburden, analytic hierarchy process, and numerical simulation method. The results show that high ground stress has the most significant impact on the geological environment of deep stope, followed by the properties of surrounding rock, hydrogeological conditions, and unloading disturbance. The damage degree of the plastic zone at the top of the overburden is greater than that at the bottom. With the increase of mining time, the damage range of the roof and floor gradually increases. In the process of coal seam mining, the increasing range and sinking trend of roof stress are larger near the working face, and the farther away from the working face, the increasing range decreases continuously. The research conclusion provides an important reference for coal seam safety mining and surrounding rock control in complex environments such as deep mining, high stress, and strong disturbance.
9
Zhu, Qing Qing, Qiang Qiang Miao, and Shu Ping Jiang. "On Karst Water Inrush (Gushing) Geological Environment in Pingyang Tunnel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 1008–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1008.
Анотація:
According to Pingyang tunnel karst complex groundwater environment ,This paper carried out thorough theoretical analysis and field observation from Pingyang tunnel stratum rock properties, engineering geology, hydrogeology, the surrounding patch, runoff and drainage and the changes of surface water environment, as well as tunnel excavating. The complex formation mechanism has given in the Pingyang tunnel karst water . Some effective references had put forward for the engineering treatment, provided some valuable references for other similar underground engineering construction.
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Gavrilov, A. A. "GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR METALLOGENIC PURPOSES." Bulletin of Kamchatka Regional Association «Educational-Scientific Center». Earth Sciences, no. 3(51) (2021): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31431/1816-5524-2022-3-51-84-95.
Анотація:
The basic questions of the methodology of geological and geomorphological study (ore geomorphology, morphostructural analysis, morphotectonics, neotectonics) of ore-bearing territories are considered. The concepts of "geomorphologic systems organization element" as the smallest particle of matter preserving the structure and properties of a mineral, as well as "objectives", "objects" and "subjects" of morphostructural and morphotectonic studies for solving problems of metallogeny have been formulated. In areas with complex geological structure, it is recommended to carry out complex of morphostructural and morphotectonic works with repeated solution of direct and inverse problems: relief and geological environment, geological environment relief. This will make it possible to establish the totality of available deterministic and chronological relations between landforms and structural elements of the lithosphere. Along with the solution of traditional problems of ore geomorphology, it is proposed to use the developed original complex of morphostructural and morphotectonic studies.
Дисертації з теми "Complex geological environment":
1
Almayahi, Ali Z. "SHEAR-WAVE IMAGING AND BIREFRINGENCE IN A COMPLEX NEAR-SURFACE GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/12.
Анотація:
Multiple geophysical and geological data sets were compiled, reprocessed, and interpreted using state-of-the-art signal processing and modeling algorithms to characterize the complex post-Paleozoic geology that overlies the southwestern projection of the Fluorspar Area Fault Complex (FAFC) in western Kentucky. Specific data included 21.5 km of SH-wave seismic reflection, 1.5 km of P-wave seismic reflection, 2 km of electrical resistivity, vertical seismic profiles, Vp and Vs sonic-suspension logs, and 930 lithologic borehole logs. The resultant model indicates three general northeast–southwest-oriented fault zones pass through the study area as southwestern extensions of parts of the FAFC. These fault zones form two significant subparallel grabens with ancillary substructures. The geometry of the interpreted fault zones indicates that they have undergone episodic tectonic deformation since their first formation. Evidence of thickening and steeply dipping reflectors within Tertiary and Quaternary sediment in the downthrown blocks indicate syndepositional movement. Subtle thickening and lack of steeply dipping intraformational reflectors in the Cretaceous suggest a more quiescent period, with sediment deposition unconformably draping and filling the earlier Paleozoic structural surface. There is also evidence that the Tertiary and early Quaternary reactivation was associated with an extensional to compressional regional stress reversal, as manifested by the antiformal folds seen in the hanging wall reflectors and the potential small-amplitude force folds in the Quaternary alluvium, as well as a clear displacement inversion along the Metropolis-loess seismic horizon in two high-resolution reflection images.
A surface shear-wave splitting experiment proved to be an efficient and effective tool for characterizing shallow subsurface azimuthally anisotropic geologic inclusions in low-impedance water-saturated sediment environments. The measured azimuthal anisotropy across a well-constrained N60ºE-striking fault exhibited a natural coordinate system that had a fast direction coincident with the fault strike and an orthogonal slow direction. This is also one indicator that faults inactive during significant geologic intervals (i.e., Holocene) do not "heal". Integrated shear-wave velocity models and electrical resistivity tomography profiles across the fault zones exhibit lower shear-wave velocities and resistivities within the deformation zones compared with values outside the boundaries. This is additional evidence that the deformed sediment does not reconsolidate or heal, but that the sediment particle configuration remains more loosely packed, providing an increase in the overall porosity (i.e., hydraulic conductivity). This can wholly or in large part explain the anomalous contaminant plume migration path that is coincident with the deformed zones of the regional gravel groundwater aquifer.
2
Abarca, Cameo Elena. "Seawater intrusion in complex geological environments." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6243.
Анотація:
Modelling seawater intrusion (SWI) has evolved from a tool for understanding to a water management need. Yet, it remains a challenge. Difficulties arise from the assessment of dispersion coefficients and the complexity of natural systems that results in complicated aquifer geometries and heterogeneity in the hydraulic parameters. Addressing such difficulties is the objective of this thesis. Specifically, factors that may affect the flow and transport in coastal aquifers and produce heterogeneous salinity distributions are studied.First, a new paradigm for seawater intrusion is proposed since the current paradigm (the Henry problem) fails to properly reproduce observed SWI wedges. Mixing is represented by means of a velocity dependent dispersion tensor in the new proposed problem. Thereby, we denote it as "dispersive Henry problem". SWI is characterized in terms of the wedge penetration, width of the mixing zone and influx of seawater. We find that the width of the mixing zone depends basically on dispersion, with longitudinal and transverse dispersion controlling different parts of the mixing zone but displaying similar overall effects. The wedge penetration is mainly controlled by the horizontal permeability and by the geometric mean of the dispersivities. Transverse dispersivity and the geometric mean of the hydraulic conductivity are the leading parameters controlling the amount of salt that enters the aquifer.
Second, the effect of heterogeneity was studied by incorporating heterogeneity in the hydraulic permeability into the modified Henry problem. Results show that heterogeneity causes the toe to recede while increases both the width and slope of the mixing zone. The shape of the interface and the saltwater flux depends on the distribution of the permeability in each realization. However, the toe penetration and the width of the mixing zone do not show large fluctuations. Both variables are satisfactorily reproduced, in cases of moderate heterogeneity, by homogeneous media with equivalent permeability and either local or effective dispersivities.
Third, the effect of aquifer geometry in horizontally large confined aquifers was analyzed. Lateral slope turned out to be a critical factor. Lateral slopes in the seaside boundary of more than 3% cause the development of horizontal convection cells. The deepest zones act as preferential zones for seawater to enter the aquifer and preferential discharging zones are developed in the upwards lateral margins. A dimensionless number, Nby, has been defined to estimate the relative importance of this effect.
All these factors can be determinant to explain the evolution of salinity in aquifers such as the Main aquifer of the Llobregat delta. Finally, a management model of this aquifer is developed to optimally design corrective measures to restore the water quality of the aquifer. The application of two different optimization methodologies, a linear and a non-linear optimization method, allowed (1) to quantify the hydraulic efficiency of two potential corrective measures: two recharge ponds and a seawater intrusion barrier; (2) to determine the water necessary to be injected in each of these measures to restore the water quality of the aquifer while minimizing changes in the pumping regime and (3) to assess the sustainable pumping regime (with and without the implementation of additional measures) once the water quality has been restored. Shadow prices obtained from linear programming become a valuable tool to quantify the hydraulic efficiency of potential corrective measures to restore water quality in the aquifer.
3
Swift, Roland. "Transient electromagnetic soundings in complex geological environments." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34969.
Анотація:
TEM sounding curves are distorted by geological noise in complex environments and often cannot be interpreted using practical 1D interpretation schemes which assume homogeneous, horizontal strata. Systematic experiments with a Geonics EM42 and MarkI and MarkII SIROTEM systems in complex environments show that geological noise is dominant over system noise and errors in loop receiver geometry which seldom exceed 2% of the measured signal. Inversion results in complex areas depend on the loop configuration and type of receiver, unlike those from 1D situations. Small loops are less susceptible to geological noise and have a better vertical resolution than large loops which, however, do have greater depths of penetration. When carrying out soundings along profiles it is important to match the station spacing and loop size to the scale of lateral discontinuities. Data from four geologically complex areas in Cyprus, Spain, Northern Ireland and England have been collected and interpreted to investigate the applicability of using TEM depth soundings in such environments. The results have shown than in some areas, soundings can provide useful quantitative information on depths and resistivities. Even in extremely noisy areas the method can be used to locate anomalies for follow up work with other geophysical methods. Investigations of various interpretation schemes including pseudosections, time slices and 1D inversions have demonstrated limitations in complex environments. A new interpretation scheme based on a direct calculation of approximate depths from an apparent resistivity curve has been developed which removes some of the ambiguities due to the resistivity dependent velocity of the EM waves. A general purpose TEM reduction and interpretation program has been written to carry out apparent resistivity and direct depth calculations, forward modelling and 1D inversions. Tests on synthetic and field data show a good agreement with sections produced from inversions and borehole data.
4
Montsion, Rebecca. "3D Regional Geological Modelling in Structurally Complex Environments: Gaining Geological Insight for the Northern Labrador Trough." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36539.
Анотація:
3D geological modelling is becoming an effective tool for communication and development of geological understanding. This is due to increased computer performance and availability of improved geological modelling software. 3D geological modelling technology has reached the stage where it can be implemented in regionally extensive and geologically complex settings, with the ability to achieve geological insight beyond what could otherwise have been gained through 2D investigations alone. Insight includes better constrained fault and horizon topologies, refined fold geometries, improved understanding of tectonic processes, and characterization of deformational events. By integrating field observations, aeromagnetic maps, and 3D modelling techniques in the northern Labrador Trough, a regionally extensive and structurally complex geological environment, regional faults geometries and topological relationships were refined. Additionally, a new fault, the Ujaralialuk Fault, and two shear zones were interpreted. During modelling, several challenges were identified, including higher computational costs for regionally extensive models, sparse 3D constraints, algorithmic limitations related to complex geometries, and the large investment of time and effort required to produce a single model solution. A benefit of this investigation is that new insight was also gained for a greenfields region which may assist future exploration efforts. Developing 3D models in challenging environments allows for better definition of future workflow requirements, algorithm enhancements, and knowledge integration. These are needed to achieve a geologically reasonable modelling standard and gain insight for poorly constrained geological settings.
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MARCHESI, VIVIAN RODRIGUES. "MODELING TECHNIQUES APPLIED FOR PORE PRESSURE PREDICTION IN GEOLOGICALLY COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=25745@1.
Анотація:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
O tempo não produtivo (NPT) durante a perfuração de poços de petróleo pode ser responsável pela perda de milhões de dólares em atividades offshore. A má previsão da pressão de poros pode ser uma das responsáveis pelo NPT de um poço ou mesmo sua perda definitiva em campos geologicamente complexos, como em bacias evaporíticas. Nesses campos complexos, os métodos de previsão de pressão de poros convencionais nem sempre são capazes de prever bem a distribuição de pressão de poros, mesmo após a perfuração de número considerável de poços. Este trabalho estuda técnicas alternativas que atendam ao problema de previsão de pressão para esses casos. Para fundamentar os estudos, é apresentada uma revisão sobre os riscos associados à perfuração em bacias evaporíticas e sobre os métodos de previsão de pressão existentes (métodos convencionais, sísmicos, modelagem geológica geomecânica 3D, modelagem pelo método dos elementos finitos e modelagem de bacias). Avaliando os problemas de perfuração nestes campos e as dificuldades de previsão dos métodos convencionais, nota-se que a complexidade imposta pelas consequências da presença do sal pode ser reduzida pelo uso de métodos que considerem a geologia local de forma mais abrangente em seu fluxo de trabalho. Concluiu-se que a modelagem de bacias e a modelagem geológica geomecânica 3D têm forte potencial de aplicação para estes casos. As técnicas, contudo, não tem a previsão de pressão de poros por objetivo principal, mas podem ser aplicadas ou adaptadas para tal fim. Este estudo apresenta adaptações de metodologia e/ou aplicações direcionadas de ambas para fins de previsão de pressão de poros. Para validar as propostas apresentadas, estudos de caso foram desenvolvidos e apresentaram resultados considerados bastante satisfatórios.
The non-productive time (NPT) while drilling oil and gas wells may be responsible for losing millions of dollars, especially in offshore activities. Bad pore pressure predictions may be responsible for large NPT or even the definitive loss of well in geologically complex fields, such as evaporate basins. On these complex fields, the conventional pore pressure prediction methods sometimes are not capable of providing good predictions, even if a considerable number of wells has been already drilled. This thesis studies alternative techniques which may attend for pore pressure prediction in these cases. In order to develop a consistent knowledge about the case, a literature review has been conducted in two ways: to understand what are the risks associated to drilling in evaporate basins; to review what are the available methods for pore pressure prediction (conventional methods, seismic methods, 3D geological and geomechanical modeling, finite element methods and basin modeling). During analyzing geomechanical drilling risks in these sites, and the difficulties found by conventional methods to predict it, it was noted that the complexity imposed by the presence of salt bodies can be reduced by using methods that make a strong use of geological knowledge on their workflow. It has been concluded that basin modeling and 3D geological and geomechanical modeling have a good potential to be applied for this goal. The techniques, nevertheless, do not have pore pressure prediction as their main goal, but can be applied to or adapted for such finality. This work presents some methodology adaptations and/or applications of both of techniques directed to pore pressure prediction goals. In order to validate the presented proposals, case studies has been developed, and their results were considered satisfactory.
6
Київ, Вікторія Олегівна. "Environmental Impact Assessment when Building Materials Open Mining." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/49659.
Анотація:
Робота публікується згідно наказу ректора від 21.01.2020 р. №008/од "Про перевірку кваліфікаційних робіт на академічний плагіат у 2019-2020 навчальному році". Керівник проекту: доцент, к. геол.-мін. н. Дудар Тамара Вікторівна.Object of research – Horodenkivske deposit of brick raw materials in Ivano-Frankivsk region, as a threat to the ecology of society, mining industry. Aim оf work – assessment of technogenic loads and the analysis of ecological safety. Mehods of research: estimation by type and amount of expected waste, emissions (discharges), water, air, soil and subsoil pollution, noise, vibration, light, heat and radiation pollution, as well as radiation resulting from preparatory and construction work and planned activities.
7
Київ, Вікторія Олегівна. "Environmental Impact Assessment when Building Materials Open Mining." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/43484.
Анотація:
Робота публікується згідно наказу ректора від 21.01.2020 р. №008/од "Про перевірку кваліфікаційних робіт на академічний плагіат у 2019-2020 навчальному році". Керівник проекту: доцент, к. геол.-мін. н. Дудар Тамара Вікторівна.Object of research – Horodenkivske deposit of brick raw materials in Ivano-Frankivsk region, as a threat to the ecology of society, mining industry. Aim оf work – assessment of technogenic loads and the analysis of ecological safety. Mehods of research: estimation by type and amount of expected waste, emissions (discharges), water, air, soil and subsoil pollution, noise, vibration, light, heat and radiation pollution, as well as radiation resulting from preparatory and construction work and planned activities.
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Taher, Mohammad Iktiham Bin. "New HEMT Type Sensors for In-situ Bio‐Geochemical Analysis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0229.
Анотація:
Une nouvelle classe de capteurs de gaz innovants basée sur des transistors à haute mobilité électronique (HEMT) AlGaN/GaN a été développée pour les applications géologiques. Elle est conçue dans le but d'étudier le transfert de masse des gaz (H2, CO2, CH4, O2, H2S, SO2 et He) entre le sous-sol et l'atmosphère sur de grandes étendues géographiques. Pour cela, elle intègre les caractéristiques clé suivantes : la miniaturisation, la robustesse, l'insensibilité aux environnements difficiles associées à un coût contenu. Les étapes technologiques comme la conception des capteurs, les technologies de micro-fabrication et l'optimisation des performances électriques des HEMT ont été continuellement étudiées et améliorées tout au long du travail. Ainsi, des densités de courant supérieures à 400 mA/mm, un courant de pincement = ~1×10-5 A et une transconductance = ~0,03 S/mm ont été atteints dans certaines conditions de polarisation. Les capteurs HEMT AlGaN/GaN traités avec différentes couches fonctionnelles (Pt, ITO et IZO) ont aussi été fabriqués et caractérisés pour différents gaz (H2, CO2, CH4 et He) en laboratoire et en environnement souterrain (Forage de 51 m) dans différentes conditions environnementales (température= 25 à 450°C, humidité= 0 à 100%). Grace à ces mesures, les enthalpies d'adsorption d'hydrogène ont été mesurées sur divers matériaux de détection tels que Pt, ITO et IZO et sont de -30.3 kJ mol^(-1), -32.5 kJ 〖mol〗^(-1) et -34 kJ 〖mol〗^(-1), respectivement. Ces valeurs indiquent que ITO et IZO sont complémentaires de Pt pour le développement d'un capteur d'hydrogène gazeux. Les HEMTs Pt/AlGaN/GaN ont été également été étudiés pour optimiser les performances des capteurs d'hydrogène dans l'air atmosphérique pur et dans le diazote afin de simuler les conditions souterraines, où la concentration d'O2 change avec la profondeur du sol. L'analyse thermodynamique montre que pour le Pt, l'affinité de H2 est environ 2000 fois supérieure à celle de l'O2. Cela rend le capteur adapté à la détection d'O2 dans l'air ou de divers mélanges d'O2 et de H2 en fonction des différentes profondeurs souterraines impliquées. Un lot de capteurs de gaz spécifique a été fabriqué avec des composants de capteur passivés (càd, non-actifs) comme référence pour la détection de gaz (capteur actif). Le capteur actif Pt/AlGaN/GaN fournit un changement de courant indiquant la présence de H2, tandis que le capteur non-actif n'indique aucun changement de courant en relation avec le gaz. Le capteur non-actif permet de suivre et d'éliminer les changements causés par les paramètres environnementaux externes comme la température. Cette thèse présente également de nouvelles techniques de mesure utilisant la polarisation par impulsions pour la détection des gaz souterrains avec les HEMT Pt-AlGaN/GaN. Au lieu d'imposer une polarisation d'entrée continue (toujours dans état ON) sur une longue période, le capteur est activé plusieurs fois successivement avec des impulsions sur de courtes périodes (état ON/OFF). Les capteurs ont ainsi montré une réponse rapide au gaz sous la forme d'une variation de courant significative jusqu'à des concentrations de 25 ppm. Toutes les expériences menées dans le cadre de cette étude ont démontré que les capteurs peuvent fonctionner dans divers scénarios de mesure susceptibles de se produire dans la situation réelle de détection de gaz en contexte géologique souterrainAn innovative gas sensor generation based on AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) has been developed for complex geological environments. It is designed to study the mass transfer of gases (H2, CO2, CH4, O2, H2S, SO2, and He) from the underground to the Earth's atmosphere. It incorporates the key features for subsurface gas sensor development such as miniaturization, robustness, insensitivity to harsh environments, and low cost.Technological steps, design of the sensor layouts, micro-fabrication techniques, and optimization of the electrical performance of the HEMTs have been continuously investigated and improved. Current densities above 400 mA/mm and pinch-off current= (~1×10-5 A), and transconductance (gm)= ~0.03 S/mm have been achieved for certain bias conditions. At the same time, the processed AlGaN/GaN HEMT sensors with different functional layers (Pt, ITO, and IZO) are fabricated and characterized for different gases (H2, CO2, CH4, and He) in the laboratory, and real subsurface conditions (Borehole: 51 m) under different environmental conditions (temperature= 25 to 450°C, humidity= 0 to 100%). The measured adsorption enthalpies of hydrogen onto various sensing materials like Pt, ITO, and IZO are calculated -30.3 kJ mol^(-1), -32.5 kJ 〖mol〗^(-1), and -34 kJ 〖mol〗^(-1), respectively, indicating that ITO and IZO are complementary to Pt for the development of a hydrogen gas sensor.Pt/AlGaN/GaN-based HEMT devices have been studied to evaluate the performance of hydrogen sensors in pure atmospheric air and a fully N2-based atmosphere to simulate subsurface conditions where the O2 concentration changes over the depth of the soil. From the thermodynamic analysis, the affinity of hydrogen for Pt was found nearly 2000 times greater than the affinity of oxygen for platinum. This makes the sensor suitable for detecting hydrogen in the air or various mixtures of O2 and H2 at different underground depths imply.A dedicated gas sensor batch has been fabricated with passivated (i.e., non-active) sensor components as a reference for gas detection (active sensor). The active sensor Pt/AlGaN/GaN provided a change in current indicating a response to the hydrogen exposure, while the non-active (Passivated-Pt/AlGaN/GaN) provides no changes in current. But non-active sensor (reference) tracks and eliminates the changes caused by external environmental parameters.This thesis also presents new measurement techniques using pulse polarization for subsurface gas detection with a Pt-AlGaN/GaN HEMT sensor. Instead of imposing a continuous input bias (which always maintains the ON state) over a long period of the experiment, the sensor is activated several times with pulsed polarization for a short period of time (ON/OFF state). The sensors showed a sufficiently fast response to the target gas by changing the drain current in pulsed bias mode with a linear increase in output current even at very low concentrations such as 25 ppm. All the experiments conducted in the study demonstrated that the sensors could work in various measurement scenarios that may occur in the real situation of subsurface gas detection
9
Moura, Pamella. "Vulnerabilidade de aquÃferos: uso dos mÃtodos DRASTIC e GOD na porÃÃo norte do complexo industrial e portuÃrio do PecÃm, Estado do CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12536.
Анотація:
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorEste trabalho foi realizado na porÃÃo norte do Complexo Industrial e PortuÃrio do PecÃm, localizado na RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza (CE), e teve por objetivo avaliar a vulnerabilidade dos aquÃferos por meio dos mÃtodos DRASTIC e GOD e caracterizaÃÃo do perigo de contaminaÃÃo. Realizou-se quatro etapas de monitoramento em 24 poÃos ao longo de 2013, onde verificou-se a presenÃa de trÃs sistemas aquÃferos: Dunas, Barreiras e Fissural. Os parÃmetros monitorados foram: pH, temperatura, condutividade elÃtrica, sÃlidos totais dissolvidos, salinidade e nÃvel estÃtico. A medidas de pH permitiram classificar as Ãguas subterrÃneas como Ãcidas. As concentraÃÃes de SÃlidos Totais Dissolvidos encontram-se dentro dos padrÃes de potabilidade e permitiram classificar as Ãguas como âÃguas docesâ. O mÃtodo DRASTIC apresentou Ãndices entre muito baixo a muito alto, com predomÃnio de vulnerabilidade alta a muito alta, associadas ao AquÃfero Dunas, e vulnerabilidade moderada associada ao AquÃfero Barreiras. As Ãreas de baixa e muito baixa vulnerabilidade ocorrem em porÃÃes do Barreiras com nÃvel estÃtico mais profundo e no AquÃfero Fissural. O nÃvel estÃtico, a recarga e zona vadosa foram os parÃmetros que mais influenciaram estes resultados. O mÃtodo GOD apresentou Ãndices entre moderado e alto, com alta vulnerabilidade associada ao AquÃfero Dunas, e vulnerabilidade moderada associada aos AquÃferos Barreiras e Fissural. O nÃvel estÃtico foi o parÃmetro que mais influenciou os resultados deste mÃtodo. Nos dois mÃtodos, o mapeamento da vulnerabilidade apresentou contornos muito prÃximos aos do mapeamento geolÃgico, o que sugere forte influÃncia da litologia no processo de avaliaÃÃo. As atividades presentes na Ãrea foram classificadas com potencial de carga contaminante entre moderado e elevado. O perigo de contaminaÃÃo obtido pelo mÃtodo GOD e pelo potencial de carga contaminante indicou o predomÃnio de Ãreas de perigo moderado. Os resultados sugerem que a vulnerabilidade dos aquÃferos e o perigo de contaminaÃÃo foram subestimados na instalaÃÃo do complexo, no que concerne à Ãrea onde cada atividade industrial poderia ser instalada. Na comparaÃÃo entre os mÃtodos, o mÃtodo DRASTIC apresentou melhores resultados para estudos que requeiram maior detalhamento, como EIA/Rimas e Planos Diretores. O mÃtodo GOD apresentou resultados mais satisfatÃrios para estudos regionais, como zoneamentos territoriais. Os resultados tambÃm reiteram a fragilidade ambiental de grande parte da Ãrea destinada à instalaÃÃo do complexo industrial, e reforÃam a necessidade de monitoramento das atividades industriais no que diz respeito a prevenÃÃo de contaminaÃÃes.
This work was carried out in the northern portion of Industrial and Portuary Complex of PecÃm, located in Fortaleza Metropolitan Region, Cearà State, Brazil, and aims to evaluate aquifer vulnerability through DRASTIC and GOD methods, and characterization of aquifer pollution hazard. In 2013, four steps of monitoring were made for 24 wells, from which it was possible to identify three main aquifer systems: Dunas, Barreiras and Fraturado. The monitored parameters were: pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, temperature, salinity, and water table. The pH results allowed classifying the groundwater as acids.Total dissolved solids concentrations are inside of the potability pattern and allowed classifying the groundwater as fresh water. The major acidity and salt concentrations were found during the dry season. The water table has average depth around 5 meters. The DRASTIC method showed indices between very low and very high, with predominance of high and very high vulnerability associated to the Dunas Aquifer, and moderate vulnerability associated to the Barreiras Aquifer. Areas with low and very low vulnerability occur in portions of the Barreiras Aquifer where the water table is most deep, and in the Fraturado Aquifer. Water table, recharge, and vadose zone were the parameters that most influenced these results. The GOD method showed indices between moderate and high, with high vulnerability associated to the Dunas Aquifer, and moderate vulnerability associated to the Barreiras and Fraturado aquifers. Water table was the parameter that most influenced the results of this method. In both methods, the vulnerability mapping showed contours very close to the ones of the geologic map, suggesting strong influence of the lithology in the evaluating process. Activities developed in the area were classified with subsurface contaminant load potential moderate and high. Aquifer pollution hazard obtained by GOD vulnerability and subsurface contaminant load potential indicates the dominance of areas with moderate pollution hazard. The results suggest that aquifer vulnerability and aquifer pollution hazard were underestimated during the construction of the industrial complex, regarding the area where each activity should be building. Comparing both methods, DRASTIC showed better results for studies that requires greater details, as EIAs and Master Plans. The GOD method showed better results for regional studies, as land zonings. The results also reaffirms the environmental fragility of great part of the area intended to the industrial complex, and reinforce the need for monitoring the industrial activities regarding pollution prevention.
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Albarello, Lilian Cristiane. "O Vazamento do oleoduto olapa (Morretes, Paraná): avaliação ambiental e reconstituição do comportamento do óleo, da serra do mar ao Complexo Estuarino de Paranaguá." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/56326.
Анотація:
Este é o primeiro estudo detalhado do acidente do OLAPA (vazamento de óleo diesel de mistura) ocorrido em 2001. Objetivou avaliar a qualidade ambiental da área afetada, incluindo os pontos de contingência 2, 3 e 4; caracterizar o comportamento do óleo nos 4 diferentes compartimentos geológico-geomorfológicos existentes e identificar se ocorreram outros vazamentos na área. O setor mais contaminado é o Ponto Zero, onde o solo ainda apresenta concentração de TPH acima do Valor de Intervenção (VI) em 8 locais, de fenantreno em 2 locais e de benzo(a)antraceno, benzo(a)pireno e indeno(123-cd)pireno em um local, e a água de 1 poço apresentou TPH acima do VI. Devido aos caminhos preferenciais (raízes de arbustos e árvores), o terreno natural, foi bem mais afetado em profundidade a partir do fluxo superficial de óleo do que a área de domínio do duto; nesta, ocorreu alguma migração de óleo em subsuperfície, pela trincheira. No rio do Meio (Serra do Mar), em somente um local, o solo apresentou TPH acima do VI. Ocorrências de baixas concentrações de hidrocarbonetos, assim como evidências organolépticas, ainda são muito frequentes. Nas partes com maior declividade e vale bem encaixado, elas ocorrem no material argiloso (rocha alterada) que forma barrancos verticais na margem. Nos trechos de menor declividade, com depósitos aluviais mais significativos, o óleo se infiltrou lateralmente, através do freático, por distâncias de até 4 m do canal. Nestes casos, enquadram-se os Pontos de Contingência 2, 3 e 4. No Ponto 3, TPH ultrapassou o VI em 3 amostras de solo e em uma de água subterrânea. Nos Pontos 2 e 4 não ocorrem concentrações de hidrocarbonetos acima de VI. Este último é o local mais a jusante com evidências de contaminação; aparentemente foi bastante contaminado, mas, por ser constituído por aluvião extremamente grosseiro, fortemente aerado, o contaminante foi facilmente degradado. Não existem evidências de contaminação nos compartimentos zona de transição (médio rio Sagrado), planície aluvial (baixo rio Sagrado) e Complexo Estuarino de Paranaguá (rios do Neves e Nhundiaquara). O óleo que eventualmente atingiu o complexo, a partir de um fluxo muito bem canalizado no rio Sagrado, encontrou um ambiente dinâmico, com um tempo de renovação da água de apenas 3,5 dias em média, que tendeu a direcioná-lo para o mar e não a mantê-lo neste sistema. Estudos de quantificação e distribuição de HPA foram efetuados no solo dos dois locais mais contaminados (Ponto Zero e rio do Meio). As amostras apresentaram predomínio de compostos HPA de 2 e 3 anéis aromáticos, assim como o observado no óleo derramado, destacando-se principalmente, as séries de homólogos alquilados de naftalenos > fenantrenos > fluorenos > pirenos e crisenos, caracterizando aporte petrogênico. Entretanto, em apenas 2 casos (um em cada local) constatou-se a presença de contaminante não proveniente do óleo vazado, pois destacam-se os HPA de 4 a 6 anéis aromáticos, o que configura aporte pirolítico.This is the first detailed study of the accident OLAPA (leakage diesel fuel mixture) occurred in 2001. Aimed to evaluate the environmental quality of the affected area, including points of contingency 2, 3 and 4; characterize the behavior of oil in four different geological and geomorphological compartments existing and identify whether there were other leaks in the area. The sector most contaminated is the Point Zero, where the soil still presents TPH concentration above the value of Intervention (VI) in 8 locations of phenanthrene in two places and benzo (a) anthracene, benzo (a) pyrene and indeno (123-cd) pyrene in one place, and water from a well presented TPH above the VI. Due to preferential ways (roots of shrubs and trees), the natural terrain was much more affected in depth from the surface flow of oil than the domain area of the duct; in this, there was some migration of oil in the subsurface, the trench . In the rio do Meio (Serra do Mar), in only one location, the soil showed TPH above the VI. Occurrences of low concentrations of hydrocarbons, as well as organoleptic evidence, are still very frequent. In parts with greater slope embedded well valley, they occur in the clayey material (weathered rock) that form vertical slope on the margin. In the section with lower slope, with the most significant alluvial deposits, the oil infiltrade laterally through the groundwater, for distances of up to 4 m of the channel. In these cases, fits Contingency Points 2, 3 and 4. In Point 3, TPH exceeded the VI in three soil samples and one of groundwater. In Points 2 and 4 did not occur hydrocarbon concentrations above VI. The latter is the place most the downstream with evidence of contamination; apparently was very polluted, but because it consists of very coarse alluvial, strongly aerated, the contaminant was easily degraded. There are not evidences of contamination in the transition zone compartments (medium Rio Sagrado) alluvial plain (low Rio Sagrado) and Paranagua Estuarine Complex (rio do Neves and Nhundiaquara). The oil which eventually reached the complex, from a well channeled in flow rio Sagrado, found a dynamic environment with a water renewal time of only 3.5 days on average, which tended to direct you to the sea and not keep it in this system. Studies of quantification and distribution of PAHs were made in the soil of two contaminated places most (Point Zero and rio do Meio). The samples showed a predominance of PAH compounds 2 and 3 aromatic rings, as well as observed in the oil spill, highlighting mainly the homologous series of alkylated naphthalenes> phenanthrenes> Fluorenes> pyrene and Chrysenes, featuring petrogenico input. However, in only 2 cases (one in each location) revealed the presence of contaminant not derived from the oil leak out, because highlights are the PAHs from 4 to 6 aromatic rings, which sets pyrolytic input.
Книги з теми "Complex geological environment":
1
Serebryakov, Andrey. Ecological geology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/971374.
Анотація:
The textbook describes complex natural, geological, geographical, hydrogeological and lithological studies based on modern geological and ecological theories and forming the basis of environmental science.
The theoretical views on the ecology of the geological environment are expanded. The tasks of ecological geology and geography, as well as ecological hydrogeology and ecological lithology are substantiated. Attention is paid to the history of geoecological research in the development of new territories. The influence of the tectonic formation of geological structures on the ecological situation of the Earth's lithosphere is studied. The ecological zoning of the lithosphere and hydrosphere is given. The ecological characteristics of sedimentary deposits, which are associated with minerals of important industrial and environmental importance, are given. The ecological properties of various types of mineral raw materials for their application in industry are considered.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for bachelors studying the discipline "Ecological Geology" and Earth sciences, and will also be of interest to environmental specialists in the design and operation of industrial facilities, structures and deposits of natural raw materials.
2
Serebryakov, Andrey, and Gennadiy Zhuravlev. Exploitation of oil and gas fields by horizontal wells. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/971768.
Анотація:
The textbook describes the design features of offshore horizontal multi-hole production wells, as well as the bottom-hole components of horizontal multi-hole wells. The classification of complications of multi-hole horizontal wells, methods of their prevention and elimination are given. Methods of underground geonavigation of the development of offshore horizontal production wells are proposed. The geological and field bases of operation of horizontal offshore multi-hole oil and gas wells, modes and dynamics of oil, gas and associated water production, methods for calculating dynamic bottom-hole and reservoir pressures are specified. The technologies of operation of offshore horizontal multi-hole wells are presented. The composition and scope of environmental, field and research marine monitoring of the operation of offshore horizontal multi-hole wells and the protection of the marine environment in the production of oil and gas are justified. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for undergraduates of the enlarged group of "Earth Sciences" training areas, as well as for teachers, employees of the fuel and energy complex, industrial geological exploration and oil and gas production enterprises, scientific and design organizations.
3
Jiang, Ganqing, and Carol Dehler, eds. Field Excursions from Las Vegas, Nevada: Guides to the 2022 GSA Cordilleran and Rocky Mountain Joint Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/fld063.
Анотація:
Prepared in conjunction with the 2022 GSA Cordilleran/Rocky Mountain Sections Joint Meeting, this Field Guide showcases trips to geologically interesting areas in Arizona, Nevada, and California. Enjoy a three-day trip to the Buckskin-Rawhide and northern Plomosa Mountains metamorphic core complexes in Arizona. In Nevada, learn about the geology of Frenchman Mountain and Rainbow Gardens and landslide deposits and mechanisms in the eastern Spring Mountains. Or learn about microbialites in Miocene and modern lakes near Las Vegas. When weather permits, unravel the geological history of southern Death Valley, and explore vertebrate paleontology and Cenozoic depositional environments in Death Valley, California.
4
McFarland, Ben. A World From Dust. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190275013.001.0001.
Анотація:
A World From Dust describes how a set of chemical rules combined with the principles of evolution in order to create an environment in which life as we know it could unfold. Beginning with simple mathematics, these predictable rules led to the advent of the planet itself, as well as cells, organs and organelles, ecosystems, and increasingly complex life forms. McFarland provides an accessible discussion of a geological history as well, describing how the inorganic matter on Earth underwent chemical reactions with air and water, allowing for life to emerge from the world's first rocks. He traces the history of life all the way to modern neuroscience, and shows how the bioelectric signals that make up the human brain were formed. Most popular science books on the topic present either the physics of how the universe formed, or the biology of how complex life came about; this book's approach would be novel in that it condenses in an engaging way the chemistry that links the two fields. This book is an accessible and multidisciplinary look at how life on our planet came to be, and how it continues to develop and change even today. This book includes 40 illustrations by Gala Bent, print artist and studio faculty member at Cornish College of the Arts, and Mary Anderson, medical illustrator.
5
Ransom, Barbara, and Sonya Wainwright. Recent Advances and Issues in the Geological Sciences. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216005889.
Анотація:
While earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are shaking up the world, there are more exciting happenings in the diverse field of geological science. This fascinating look at the discipline of geology during the past 3 to 4 years casts an eye toward future directions and showcases new ideas and ways of thinking. The broad discipline of geology is as diverse and complex as the planet itself. The most recent advances in the field such as the debate about life on Mars and the melting of the polar ice caps are included. Special attention is given to the changing role of the practicing geologist from that of an explorer and discoverer of mineral resources to that of investigator, mitigator, and predictor of natural and man made environmental hazards. Key individuals are profiled and excerpts of letters, speeches, and articles are used to explain points of view and the meaning of their advances. Numerous sources of additional information including organizations and Internet resources guide readers in further research.
6
Katsuragawa, Mario, Luiz Vianna Nonato, and Francisco Luiz Vicentini Neto. Guia do oceanógrafo: Manuseio de cabos e acessórios. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-334-3.
Анотація:
Oceanography is a multidisciplinary science that deals with the physical, chemical, geological e biological aspects of the marine environment. As most of the sciences, oceanographic research relies heavily on sampling procedures, which can be rather simple, as obtaining a water sample at sea surface, or very complex, as bringing an uncontaminated sediment sample from hadal regions (up to 11,000 m deep) to the surface. Despite the sampling operation complexity, it is of primary importance the use of the adequate instrumentation, as well the expertise of the instrument operator. Ideally, the operator should have a good knowledge of the technical characteristics of the instruments themselves, as well as the correct procedures for their operation. In addition, he should be well acquainted to the ship equipment employed in the deployment, operation and retrieval of those instruments, including cables, winches and cranes. Only if these aspects are taken in account a reliable and safe operation can be attained. In this way, this guide was conceived as a basic reference for researchers in their on-board operations, although certainly being useful for a wide range of outdoor activities. It was based on the authors years of experience in field work onboard research and fishing vessels. It includes notions on nautical cables, onboard load handling equipment and hardware, basic ropework, basic net weaving and repairing and a nautical glossary.
7
Sand, Christophe. Archaeology of a Piece of Gondwanaland. Edited by Ethan E. Cochrane and Terry L. Hunt. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.014.
Анотація:
New Caledonia is the southern-most archipelago of Melanesia. Its unique geological diversity, as part of the old Gondwana plate, has led to specific pedological and floral environments that have, since first human settlement, influenced the ways Pacific Islanders have occupied and used the landscape. This essay presents some of the key periods of the nearly 3,000 years of pre-colonial human settlement. After having presented a short history of archaeological research in New Caledonia, the essay focuses first on the Lapita foundation, which raises questions of long-term contacts and cultural change. The second part details the unique specificities developed during the “Traditional Kanak Cultural Complex,” during the millennium predating first European contact, as well as highlighting the massive changes brought by the introduction of new diseases, in the decades before the colonial settlement era. This leads to questions about archaeological history and the role of archaeology in the present decolonizing context.
8
Casella, Eleanor Conlin, Michael Nevell, and Hanna Steyne, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Industrial Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199693962.001.0001.
Анотація:
Representing the first substantial English-language text on industrial archaeology in a decade, this volume comes at a time when the global impact of industrialization is being reassessed in terms of its legacy of climate change, mechanization, urbanization, the forced migration of peoples, particularly enslaved Africans, and labour relations. Critical debates around the beginning of a new geological era—the Anthropocene—have emerged over the last decade. This approach interrogates the widespread exploitation of natural resources that forged industrialization from its early emergence in eighteenth-century northern Europe to its contemporary ubiquity, environmental impacts, and social legacy within our globalized world. Through a broad international and multi-period set of chapters, this volume explores the complex origins, processes, and development of industrialization through its physical remains and human consequences—both the good and the bad. It provides a diverse material framework for understanding our modern world from its industrial origins through its future paths over the third decade of the twenty-first century.
Частини книг з теми "Complex geological environment":
1
Ong, Dominic Ek Leong, Marco Barla, Jason Wen-Chieh Cheng, Chung Siung Choo, Minmin Sun, and Mohammud Irfaan Peerun. "Complex Soil–Pipe Interaction: Challenges in Geological Characterization and Construction." In Sustainable Pipe Jacking Technology in the Urban Environment, 43–101. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9372-4_3.
2
Rivkin, Felix, I. Kuznetsova, A. Popova, I. Parmuzin, and I. Chehina. "Engineering Geological and Geotechnical Cartographic Modeling as a Methodological Basis for Engineering Surveys and Design in Complex Geological Environment." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 6, 373–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09060-3_64.
3
Zhang, Hua, Hui Yang, and Luoyi Zhang. "Application of Seismic Imaging Method in Detecting the Complex Geological Hazards." In Technology and Application of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 257–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3244-8_30.
4
Muravina, O. M., E. I. Davudova, and I. A. Ponomarenko. "Possibility of Identification of Modeling in Complex Analysis Geological and Geophysical Data." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 157–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97670-9_18.
5
Sibelev, Oleg S., Alexander I. Slabunov, Vinod K. Singh, and Sumit Mishra. "Metamorphism of the Central Bundelkhand Greenstone Complex of the Bundelkhand Craton, Indian Shield and Its Geodynamic Setting." In Geological and Geo-Environmental Processes on Earth, 143–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4122-0_9.
6
Oyeyemi, Kehinde D., Ahzegbobor P. Aizebeokhai, and Oluseun A. Sanuade. "Geological-Geophysical Investigations for Hydrological Studies in a Basement Complex Terrain, Southwestern Nigeria." In Advances in Sustainable and Environmental Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Hydrochemistry and Water Resources, 241–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01572-5_58.
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Hong, Kairong, Yue Zhuo, and Baiquan Wang. "Strata Classification and Equipment Selection." In Key Technologies for Tunnel Construction under Complex Geological and Environmental Conditions, 1–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1383-8_1.
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Sun, Zhenchuan, Mouquan Yan, Zhiguo Li, and Kangkai Ye. "Shield Treatment Technology in Extremely Soft Stratum." In Key Technologies for Tunnel Construction under Complex Geological and Environmental Conditions, 259–318. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1383-8_5.
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Wang, Baiquan, Hongda Zhang, Dawei Li, and Fengguo Li. "Chamber Opening Under Pressure Technology of Shield." In Key Technologies for Tunnel Construction under Complex Geological and Environmental Conditions, 319–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1383-8_6.
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Wang, Baiquan, Xiang Chang, Yaobang Lu, and Junwei Xu. "Shield Tunneling Treatment Technology in Boulder Stratum." In Key Technologies for Tunnel Construction under Complex Geological and Environmental Conditions, 61–206. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1383-8_3.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Complex geological environment":
1
Ringstad, Clyde A., Matthew C. Ringstad, and Lynn M. Ringstad. "2‐D Electrical Resistivity in a Complex Geological Environment." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2000. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.2922715.
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A. Ringstad, Clyde, Matthew C. Ringstad, and Lynn M. Ringstad. "2-D Electrical Resistivity In A Complex Geological Environment." In 13th EEGS Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.200.2000_126.
3
Boardman, David William, Shabir M. Habib, Miguel Rumbos, and Sriram Vasantharajan. "Optimised Field Development Planning in a Complex Geological and PSC Environment." In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/115317-ms.
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Haumonté, Luc, and Weizhong Wang. "Survey results obtained in a complex geological environment with midwater stationary cable." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2017. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2017-17742882.1.
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Clegg, Nigel, Eirik Hansen, Jin Ma, and Clint Lozinsky. "Verification of Slim Ultra-deep Resistivity Inversions in a Complex Geological Environment." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/197189-ms.
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Kuzmenko, E., S. Bagriy, R. Mykhailiuk, and M. Zasidko. "Hydrogeochemical Studies of the Territory of Kalush Mining Complex." In 16th International Conference Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.2022580095.
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Bondarenko, M. S., V. V. Kulyk, Z. M. Yevstakhevych, and S. I. Diachenko. "Radioactive Logging Apparatus for Complex Investigations of Near-Surface Rocks." In 16th International Conference Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.2022580087.
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Karim, Mir, Daya Shanker, Daya Shanker, Muhammad Qumrul Hassan, and Muhammad Qumrul Hassan. "UNDERSTANDING OF SEISMIC HAZARD AND RISK ASSESSMENT IN A COMPLEX GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT LIKE BANGLADESH." In GSA Connects 2023 Meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Geological Society of America, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2023am-392076.
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Xu, Jiafeng, Xin Chen, Min Wu, and Weihua Cao. "Highest Wellbore Stability Obstacle Avoidance Drilling Trajectory Optimization in Complex Multiple Strata Geological Environment." In IECON 2021 - 47th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon48115.2021.9589734.
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Bezrodnyi, D., V. Svystov, I. Bezrodna, and R. Petrokushyn. "Results Analysis Of Complex Magnetic Surveillance Of Pishchanska Iron-Ore Structure Samples." In 12th International Conference on Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201803149.
Звіти організацій з теми "Complex geological environment":
1
Hvozdyk, Lyudmyla, and Valerie Mercer-Blackman. What Determines Investment in the Oil Sector?: A New Era for National and International Oil Companies. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011114.
Анотація:
This paper discusses recent trends in investment in the oil sector, amid new challenges for national and international oil companies in an increasingly supply-constrained environment. After more than a decade of stagnant investment rates, nominal investment has picked up sharply over the three years ending in 2007, but soaring costs (including from higher tax rates and royalties) meant that investment growth was minimal in real terms. The paper performs econometric tests using the Arellano-Bond GMM technique. It finds that `below ground¿ risks are statistically very important in deterring real investment. Companies are taking on increasingly complex geological challenges, which are putting upward pressure on production costs and are leading to greater project delays compared to the past. As many of these factors are expected to persist, supply constraints are likely to remain a dominant factor behind oil price fluctuations during the next several years.
2
Ansari, S. M., E. M. Schetselaar, and J. A. Craven. Three-dimensional magnetotelluric modelling of the Lalor volcanogenic massive-sulfide deposit, Manitoba. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328003.
Анотація:
Unconstrained magnetotelluric inversion commonly produces insufficient inherent resolution to image ore-system fluid pathways that were structurally thinned during post-emplacement tectonic activity. To improve the resolution in these complex environments, we synthesized the 3-D magnetotelluric (MT) response for geologically realistic models using a finite-element-based forward-modelling tool with unstructured meshes and applied it to the Lalor volcanogenic massive-sulfide deposit in the Snow Lake mining camp, Manitoba. This new tool is based on mapping interpolated or simulated resistivity values from wireline logs onto unstructured tetrahedral meshes to reflect, with the help of 3-D models obtained from lithostratigraphic and lithofacies drillhole logs, the complexity of the host-rock geological structure. The resulting stochastic model provides a more realistic representation of the heterogeneous spatial distribution of the electric resistivity values around the massive, stringer, and disseminated sulfide ore zones. Both models were combined into one seamless tetrahedral mesh of the resistivity field. To capture the complex resistivity distribution in the geophysical forward model, a finite-element code was developed. Comparative analyses of the forward models with MT data acquired at the Earth's surface show a reasonable agreement that explains the regional variations associated with the host rock geological structure and detects the local anomalies associated with the MT response of the ore zones.
3
Brouard, E., J. E. Campbell, P. M. Godbout, N M Renaud, I. McMartin, M. Roy, S. E. Kelley, and C. Crowell. Report of 2023 field activities for the GEM-GeoNorth West-central Keewatin Glacial Dynamics activity, Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332531.
Анотація:
The landscapes we see today in northern Canada are the results of the dynamics of former continental glaciations of the Quaternary. As the environment evolved with the cyclic growth and decay of ice sheets, it is paramount to understand the history of these glacial cycles to provide a robust framework for geological and environmental studies. Much is known about these glaciations in southern Canada, but in northern Canada, extensive regions remain poorly studied because of their remoteness and hence knowledge of past glaciations there remains somewhat limited. West-central Keewatin, for example, critically lacks field data on glacial geology in many sectors. Hence, as part of the GEM-GeoNorth West-central Keewatin Glacial Activity, field investigations on the glacial geology around Lake Dubawnt in mainland Nunavut were undertaken in 2023. Here, we detail the field methodology used to compile geospatial information and measurements of ice-flow indicators, and to collect till, bedrock, boulder and sediment samples for terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide and luminescence dating. A total of 111 ground observation sites were visited, including the collection of 108 ice-flow measurements and 93 samples. Preliminary interpretations of the relative chronology and spatial relationship of iceflow indicators suggest that several distinct major ice-flow phases have impacted the region. These interpretations will be complemented with the upcoming results from till compositional data and geochronological analyses. The new field datasets will be used along with remote geomorphological mapping to improve the regional glacial history and enhance success of land-resource based decisions in this part of northern Canada.
4
Olsen and Wilson. L52145 Geomechanical Analysis and Design Considerations for Thin-Bedded Salt Caverns. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011349.
Анотація:
he bedded salt formations located throughout the United States are layered and interspersed with non-salt materials such as anhydrite, shale, dolomite and limestone. The salt layers often contain significant impurities. GRI and DOE have initialized this research proposal in order to increase the gas storage capabilities by providing operators with improved geotechnical design and operating guidelines for thin bedded salt caverns. Terralog has summarized the geologic conditions, pressure conditions and critical design factors that may lead to: Fracture in heterogeneous materials; Differential deformation and bedding plane slip; Propagation of damage around single and multiple cavern; Improved design recommendations for single and multiple cavern configurations in various bedded salt environments. The existing caverns within both the Permian Basin Complex and the Michigan and Appalachian Basins are normally found between 300 m to 1,000 m (1,000 ft to 3,300 ft) depth depending on local geology and salt dissolution depth. Currently, active cavern operations are found in the Midland and Anadarko Basins within the Permian Basin Complex and in the Appalachian and Michigan Basins. The Palo Duro and Delaware Basins within the Permian Basin Complex also offer salt cavern development potential. Terralog developed a number of numerical models for caverns located in thin bedded salt. A modified creep viscoplastic model has been developed and implemented in Flac3D to simulate the response of salt at the Permian, Michigan and Appalachian Basins. The formulation of the viscoplastic salt model, which is based on an empirical creep law developed for Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Program, is combined with the Drucker-Prager model to include the formation of damage and failure. The Permian salt lab test data provided by Pfeifle et al. 1983, are used to validate the assumptions made in the material model development. For the actual cavern simulations two baseline models are developed for single and multiple caverns, respectively. Different parameters that affect damage propagation and deformation of salt cavern, such as cavern pressure, operating conditions, cavern height/diameter ratio, overburden stiffness and roof thickness are analyzed and the respective results summarized. For multiple horizontal caverns numerical models are developed to determine the cavern interaction and the minimum safe center to center distance. A step by step methodology for operators to assess critical cavern design parameters for thin bedded salt formations is also presented.
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Karlstrom, Karl, Laura Crossey, Allyson Matthis, and Carl Bowman. Telling time at Grand Canyon National Park: 2020 update. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285173.
Анотація:
Grand Canyon National Park is all about time and timescales. Time is the currency of our daily life, of history, and of biological evolution. Grand Canyon’s beauty has inspired explorers, artists, and poets. Behind it all, Grand Canyon’s geology and sense of timelessness are among its most prominent and important resources. Grand Canyon has an exceptionally complete and well-exposed rock record of Earth’s history. It is an ideal place to gain a sense of geologic (or deep) time. A visit to the South or North rims, a hike into the canyon of any length, or a trip through the 277-mile (446-km) length of Grand Canyon are awe-inspiring experiences for many reasons, and they often motivate us to look deeper to understand how our human timescales of hundreds and thousands of years overlap with Earth’s many timescales reaching back millions and billions of years. This report summarizes how geologists tell time at Grand Canyon, and the resultant “best” numeric ages for the canyon’s strata based on recent scientific research. By best, we mean the most accurate and precise ages available, given the dating techniques used, geologic constraints, the availability of datable material, and the fossil record of Grand Canyon rock units. This paper updates a previously-published compilation of best numeric ages (Mathis and Bowman 2005a; 2005b; 2007) to incorporate recent revisions in the canyon’s stratigraphic nomenclature and additional numeric age determinations published in the scientific literature. From bottom to top, Grand Canyon’s rocks can be ordered into three “sets” (or primary packages), each with an overarching story. The Vishnu Basement Rocks were once tens of miles deep as North America’s crust formed via collisions of volcanic island chains with the pre-existing continent between 1,840 and 1,375 million years ago. The Grand Canyon Supergroup contains evidence for early single-celled life and represents basins that record the assembly and breakup of an early supercontinent between 729 and 1,255 million years ago. The Layered Paleozoic Rocks encode stories, layer by layer, of dramatic geologic changes and the evolution of animal life during the Paleozoic Era (period of ancient life) between 270 and 530 million years ago. In addition to characterizing the ages and geology of the three sets of rocks, we provide numeric ages for all the groups and formations within each set. Nine tables list the best ages along with information on each unit’s tectonic or depositional environment, and specific information explaining why revisions were made to previously published numeric ages. Photographs, line drawings, and diagrams of the different rock formations are included, as well as an extensive glossary of geologic terms to help define important scientific concepts. The three sets of rocks are separated by rock contacts called unconformities formed during long periods of erosion. This report unravels the Great Unconformity, named by John Wesley Powell 150 years ago, and shows that it is made up of several distinct erosion surfaces. The Great Nonconformity is between the Vishnu Basement Rocks and the Grand Canyon Supergroup. The Great Angular Unconformity is between the Grand Canyon Supergroup and the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. Powell’s term, the Great Unconformity, is used for contacts where the Vishnu Basement Rocks are directly overlain by the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. The time missing at these and other unconformities within the sets is also summarized in this paper—a topic that can be as interesting as the time recorded. Our goal is to provide a single up-to-date reference that summarizes the main facets of when the rocks exposed in the canyon’s walls were formed and their geologic history. This authoritative and readable summary of the age of Grand Canyon rocks will hopefully be helpful to National Park Service staff including resource managers and park interpreters at many levels of geologic understandings...
6
Kingston, A. W., and O. H. Ardakani. Diagenetic fluid flow and hydrocarbon migration in the Montney Formation, British Columbia: fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330947.
Анотація:
The Montney Formation in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada is an early Triassic siltstone currently in an active diagenetic environment at depths greater than 1,000 m, but with maximum burial depths potentially exceeding 5,000 m (Ness, 2001). It has undergone multiple phases of burial and uplift and there is strong evidence for multiple generations of hydrocarbon maturation/migration. Understanding the origin and history of diagenetic fluids within these systems helps to unravel the chemical changes that have occurred since deposition. Many cores taken near the deformation front display abundant calcite-filled fractures including vertical or sub-vertical, bedding plane parallel (beefs), and brecciated horizons with complex mixtures of vertical and horizontal components. We analyzed vertical and brecciated horizons to assess the timing and origin of fluid flow and its implications for diagenetic history of the Montney Fm. Aqueous and petroleum bearing fluid inclusions were observed in both vertical and brecciated zones; however, they did not occur in the same fluid inclusion assemblages. Petroleum inclusions occur as secondary fluid inclusions (e.g. in healed fractures and along cleavage planes) alongside primary aqueous inclusions indicating petroleum inclusions post-date aqueous inclusions and suggest multiple phases of fluid flow is recorded within these fractures. Raman spectroscopy of aqueous inclusions also display no evidence of petroleum compounds supporting the absence or low abundance of petroleum fluids during the formation of aqueous fluid inclusions. Pressure-corrected trapping temperatures (&gt;140°C) are likely associated with the period of maximum burial during the Laramide orogeny based on burial history modelling. Ice melt temperatures of aqueous fluid inclusions are consistent with 19% NaCl equiv. brine and eutectic temperatures (-51°C) indicate NaCl-CaCl2 composition. Combined use of aqueous and petroleum fluid inclusions in deeply buried sedimentary systems offers a promising tool for better understanding the diagenetic fluid history and helps constrain the pressure-temperature history important for characterizing economically important geologic formations.
7
Bray, Jonathan, Ross Boulanger, Misko Cubrinovski, Kohji Tokimatsu, Steven Kramer, Thomas O'Rourke, Ellen Rathje, Russell Green, Peter Robertson, and Christine Beyzaei. U.S.—New Zealand— Japan International Workshop, Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movement Effects, University of California, Berkeley, California, 2-4 November 2016. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/gzzx9906.
Анотація:
There is much to learn from the recent New Zealand and Japan earthquakes. These earthquakes produced differing levels of liquefaction-induced ground movements that damaged buildings, bridges, and buried utilities. Along with the often spectacular observations of infrastructure damage, there were many cases where well-built facilities located in areas of liquefaction-induced ground failure were not damaged. Researchers are working on characterizing and learning from these observations of both poor and good performance. The “Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movements Effects” workshop provided an opportunity to take advantage of recent research investments following these earthquake events to develop a path forward for an integrated understanding of how infrastructure performs with various levels of liquefaction. Fifty-five researchers in the field, two-thirds from the U.S. and one-third from New Zealand and Japan, convened in Berkeley, California, in November 2016. The objective of the workshop was to identify research thrusts offering the greatest potential for advancing our capabilities for understanding, evaluating, and mitigating the effects of liquefaction-induced ground movements on structures and lifelines. The workshop also advanced the development of younger researchers by identifying promising research opportunities and approaches, and promoting future collaborations among participants. During the workshop, participants identified five cross-cutting research priorities that need to be addressed to advance our scientific understanding of and engineering procedures for soil liquefaction effects during earthquakes. Accordingly, this report was organized to address five research themes: (1) case history data; (2) integrated site characterization; (3) numerical analysis; (4) challenging soils; and (5) effects and mitigation of liquefaction in the built environment and communities. These research themes provide an integrated approach toward transformative advances in addressing liquefaction hazards worldwide. The archival documentation of liquefaction case history datasets in electronic data repositories for use by the broader research community is critical to accelerating advances in liquefaction research. Many of the available liquefaction case history datasets are not fully documented, published, or shared. Developing and sharing well-documented liquefaction datasets reflect significant research efforts. Therefore, datasets should be published with a permanent DOI, with appropriate citation language for proper acknowledgment in publications that use the data. Integrated site characterization procedures that incorporate qualitative geologic information about the soil deposits at a site and the quantitative information from in situ and laboratory engineering tests of these soils are essential for quantifying and minimizing the uncertainties associated site characterization. Such information is vitally important to help identify potential failure modes and guide in situ testing. At the site scale, one potential way to do this is to use proxies for depositional environments. At the fabric and microstructure scale, the use of multiple in situ tests that induce different levels of strain should be used to characterize soil properties. The development of new in situ testing tools and methods that are more sensitive to soil fabric and microstructure should be continued. The development of robust, validated analytical procedures for evaluating the effects of liquefaction on civil infrastructure persists as a critical research topic. Robust validated analytical procedures would translate into more reliable evaluations of critical civil infrastructure iv performance, support the development of mechanics-based, practice-oriented engineering models, help eliminate suspected biases in our current engineering practices, and facilitate greater integration with structural, hydraulic, and wind engineering analysis capabilities for addressing multi-hazard problems. Effective collaboration across countries and disciplines is essential for developing analytical procedures that are robust across the full spectrum of geologic, infrastructure, and natural hazard loading conditions encountered in practice There are soils that are challenging to characterize, to model, and to evaluate, because their responses differ significantly from those of clean sands: they cannot be sampled and tested effectively using existing procedures, their properties cannot be estimated confidently using existing in situ testing methods, or constitutive models to describe their responses have not yet been developed or validated. Challenging soils include but are not limited to: interbedded soil deposits, intermediate (silty) soils, mine tailings, gravelly soils, crushable soils, aged soils, and cemented soils. New field and laboratory test procedures are required to characterize the responses of these materials to earthquake loadings, physical experiments are required to explore mechanisms, and new soil constitutive models tailored to describe the behavior of such soils are required. Well-documented case histories involving challenging soils where both the poor and good performance of engineered systems are documented are also of high priority. Characterizing and mitigating the effects of liquefaction on the built environment requires understanding its components and interactions as a system, including residential housing, commercial and industrial buildings, public buildings and facilities, and spatially distributed infrastructure, such as electric power, gas and liquid fuel, telecommunication, transportation, water supply, wastewater conveyance/treatment, and flood protection systems. Research to improve the characterization and mitigation of liquefaction effects on the built environment is essential for achieving resiliency. For example, the complex mechanisms of ground deformation caused by liquefaction and building response need to be clarified and the potential bias and dispersion in practice-oriented procedures for quantifying building response to liquefaction need to be quantified. Component-focused and system-performance research on lifeline response to liquefaction is required. Research on component behavior can be advanced by numerical simulations in combination with centrifuge and large-scale soil–structure interaction testing. System response requires advanced network analysis that accounts for the propagation of uncertainty in assessing the effects of liquefaction on large, geographically distributed systems. Lastly, research on liquefaction mitigation strategies, including aspects of ground improvement, structural modification, system health monitoring, and rapid recovery planning, is needed to identify the most effective, cost-efficient, and sustainable measures to improve the response and resiliency of the built environment.
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Knight, R. D., and B. A. Kjarsgaard. Comparative pXRF and Lab ICP-ES/MS methods for mineral resource assessment, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331239.
Анотація:
The Geological Survey of Canada undertook a mineral resource assessment for a proposed national park in northern Canada (~ 33,500 km2) spanning the transition from boreal forest to barren lands tundra. Bedrock geology of this region is complex and includes the Archean Slave Craton, the Archean and Paleoproterozoic Rae domain of the Churchill Province, the Paleoproterozoic Thelon and Taltson magmatic-tectonic zones, and the Paleoproterozoic East Arm sedimentary basin. The area has variable mineral potential for lode gold, kimberlite-hosted diamonds, VMS, vein uranium and copper, SEDEX, as well as other deposit types. A comparison of analytical methods was carried out after processing the field collected samples to acquire both the &lt; 2 mm and for the &lt; 0.063 mm size fractions for 241 surficial sediment (till) samples, collected using a 10 x 10 km grid. Analytical methods comprised: 1) aqua regia followed by ICP-MS analysis, 2) 4-acid hot dissolution followed by ICP-ES/MS analysis, 3) lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion methods followed by ICP-ES for major elements and ICP-MS for trace elements and, 4) portable XRF on dried, non-sieved sediment samples subjected to a granular segregation processing technique (to produce a clay-silt proxy) for seventeen elements (Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Th, Ti, U, V, Zn, and Zr) Results indicate that pXRF data do not replicate exactly the laboratory 4-acid and fusion data (in terms of precision and accuracy), but the relationship between the datasets is systematic as displayed in x-y scattergrams. Interpolated single element plots indicate that till samples with anomalies of high and low pXRF concentration levels are synonymous with high and low laboratory-based analytical concentration levels, respectively. The pXRF interpolations thus illustrate the regional geochemical trends, and most importantly, the significant geochemical anomalies in the surficial samples. These results indicate that pXRF spectrometry for a subset of elements is comparable to traditional laboratory methods. pXRF spectrometry also provides the benefit of rapid analysis and data acquisition that has a direct influence on real time sampling designs. This information facilitates efficient and cost-effective field projects (i.e. where used to identify regions of interest for high density sampling), and to prioritize samples to be analyzed using traditional geochemical methods. These tactics should increase the efficiency and success of a mineral exploration and/or environmental sampling programs.
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Muldavin, Esteban, Yvonne Chauvin, Teri Neville, Hannah Varani, Jacqueline Smith, Paul Neville, and Tani Hubbard. A vegetation classi?cation and map: Guadalupe Mountains National Park. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302855.
Анотація:
A vegetation classi?cation and map for Guadalupe Mountains National Park (NP) is presented as part of the National Park Service Inventory & Monitoring - Vegetation Inventory Program to classify, describe, and map vegetation communities in more than 280 national park units across the United States. Guadalupe Mountains NP lies in far west Texas and contains the highest point in the state, Guadalupe Peak (8,751 ft; 2,667 m). The mountain escarpments descend some 5,000 ft (1,500 m) to the desert basins below forming a complex geologic landscape that supports vegetation communities ranging from montane coniferous forests down to desert grasslands and scrub. Following the US National Vegetation Classi?cation (USNVC) standard, we identi?ed 129 plant associations hierarchically tiered under 29 groups and 17 macrogroups, making it one of the most ecologically diverse National Park Service units in the southwestern United States. An aspect that adds to this diversity is that the park supports communities that extend southward from the Rocky Mountains (?ve macrogroups) and Great Plains (one macrogroup) and northward from the Chihuahuan Desert (two macrogroups) and Sierra Madre Orientale of Mexico (three macrogroups). The remaining six macrogroups are found in the Great Basin (one macrogroup), and throughout the southwestern United States (remaining ?ve macrogroups). Embedded in this matrix are gypsum dunelands and riparian zones and wetlands that add further complexity. We describe in detail this vegetation classi?cation, which is based on 540 vegetation plots collected between 2006 and 2010. Full descriptions and diagnostic keys to the plant associations along with an overall plant species list are provided as appendices. Based on the vegetation classi?cation and associated plot data, the vegetation map was developed using a combined strategy of automated digital object-oriented image classi?cation and direct-analog image interpretation of four-band National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) aerial photography from 2004 and 2008 and Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery. The map is designed to facilitate ecologically-based natural resource management at a 1:24,000 scale with 0.5-ha minimum map unit size. The map legend is hierarchically structured: the upper Level 1 consists of 16 map units corresponding in most cases to the USNVC group level, and an additional map unit describing built-up land and agriculture; Level 2 is composed of 48 nested map units re?ecting various combinations of plant associations. A ?eld-based accuracy assessment using 341 vegetation plots revealed a Level 1 overall accuracy of 79% with 90% CI of 74?84% and 68% with 90% CI of 59?76% at Level 2. An annotated legend with summary descriptions of the units, distribution maps, aerial photo examples of map unit polygons, and representative photos are provided in Appendix D. Large wall-size poster maps at 1:35,000 scale were also produced following NPS cartographic standards. The report, plot data, and spatial layers are available at National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Program https://www.nps.gov/im/vegetation-inventory.htm). Outcomes from this project provide the most detailed vegetation classi?cation and highest resolution mapping for Guadalupe Mountains NP to date to support many uses including ?re, recreation, vegetation, and wildlife management, among others. The upper Level 1 map is particularly suited to landscape-scale, park-wide planning and linkages to its sister park, Carlsbad Caverns NP. The Level 2 mapping provides added detail for use at a more localized project scale. The overall accuracy of the maps was good, but because Guadalupe Mountains NP is primarily wilderness park, there were logistical challenges to map development and testing in remote areas that should be considered in planning management actions. In this context, some map units would bene?t from further development and accuracy assessment. In particular, a higher resolution mapping of McKittrick Creek riparian habitat at 1:6,000 scale or ?ner is recommended for this important habitat in the park. In addition, developing a structural canopy height model from LiDAR imagery would be useful to more accurately quantify woody canopy density and height to support ?re management and other habitat management issues. With respect to understanding vegetation dynamics in this time of rapid environmental change, the 540 vegetation plots themselves are su?ciently georeferenced and have the data resolution to be useful in detecting change at the decadal scales across much of the park. To this end, an additional recommendation would be to install more plots to ?ll the gaps among the main vegetation units of the park, both spatially and thematically. Overall, the Vegetation and Classi?cation Map for Guadalupe Mountains NP will support the park?s management e?orts and enhance regional understanding of vegetation and ecology of ecosystems of the southwestern United States.