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Статті в журналах з теми "Comoros Union"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

International Monetary Fund. "Union of Comoros: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 16, no. 394 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475562774.002.

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2

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 05, no. 296 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451809114.002.

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3

Lee, Yoosook, Natalie Olson, Youki Yamasaki, Allison Chang, Clare Marsden, Ahmed Ouledi, Gregory Lanzaro, and Anthony J. Cornel. "Absence of kdr resistance alleles in the Union of the Comoros, East Africa." F1000Research 4 (June 9, 2015): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6567.1.

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Knockdown resistance (kdr) and CYP9K1 genotypes were detected by a MOLDI-TOF based SNP genotyping assay (Sequenom iPLEX) in samples of Anopheles gambiae collected at 13 sites throughout the Union of the Comoros and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania during February and March 2011. All A. gambiae specimens collected in the Comoros were homozygous for the susceptible kdr alleles (+/+) while 96% of A. gambiae from Dar es Salaam were homozygous for the East African kdr resistant genotype (E/E). In contrast, all specimens from Dar es Salaam and the Comoros were homozygous for the cyp3 allele (c3/c3) at the CYP9K1 locus; the locus has been implicated in metabolic resistance against pyrethroid insecticides in West Africa. All specimens had typical A. gambiae genotypes for SNPs within the divergence Islands on all three chromosomes. Although further spatial and temporal studies are needed, the distribution of kdr genotypes between the Comoros and Tanzania further supports isolation of the Comoros populations from A. gambiae populations on mainland Africa.

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4

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Staff-Monitored Program." IMF Staff Country Reports 05, no. 77 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451809107.002.

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5

N. Agoti, Charles, George Githinji, Khadija S. Mohammed, Arnold W. Lambisia, Zaydah R. de Laurent, Maureen W. Mburu, Edidah M. Ong’era, et al. "Detection of SARS-CoV-2 variant 501Y.V2 in Comoros Islands in January 2021." Wellcome Open Research 6 (July 28, 2021): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16889.1.

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Background. Genomic data is key in understanding the spread and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and informing the design and evaluation of interventions. However, SARS-CoV-2 genomic data remains scarce across Africa, with no reports yet from the Indian Ocean islands. Methods. We genome sequenced six SARS-CoV-2 positive samples from the first major infection wave in the Union of Comoros in January 2021 and undertook detailed phylogenetic analysis. Results. All the recovered six genomes classified within the 501Y.V2 variant of concern (also known as lineage B.1.351) and appeared to be from 2 sub-clusters with the most recent common ancestor dated 30th Oct-2020 (95% Credibility Interval: 06th Sep-2020 to 10th Dec-2020). Comparison of the Comoros genomes with those of 501Y.V2 variant of concern from other countries deposited into the GISAID database revealed their close association with viruses identified in France and Mayotte (part of the Comoros archipelago and a France, Overseas Department). Conclusions. The recovered genomes, albeit few, confirmed local transmission following probably multiple introductions of the SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 variant of concern during the Comoros’s first major COVID-19 wave. These findings demonstrate the importance of genomic surveillance and have implications for ongoing control strategies on the islands.

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6

International Monetary Fund. "Union of Comoros: 2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Union of Comoros." IMF Staff Country Reports 16, no. 393 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475562767.002.

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7

SERGON, KIBET, ROSEMARY SANG, JENNIFER BROWN, CLAYTON ONYANGO, ANN M. POWERS, NAPHTALI AGATA, M. KARIUKI NJENGA, et al. "SEROPREVALENCE OF CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS INFECTION ON GRANDE COMORE ISLAND, UNION OF THE COMOROS, 2005." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76, no. 6 (June 1, 2007): 1189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.1189.

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8

Lagadec, Erwan, Yann Gomard, Vanina Guernier, Muriel Dietrich, Hervé Pascalis, Sarah Temmam, Beza Ramasindrazana, Steven M. Goodman, Pablo Tortosa, and Koussay Dellagi. "PathogenicLeptospiraspp. in Bats, Madagascar and Union of the Comoros." Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, no. 10 (October 2012): 1696–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1810.111898.

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9

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 04, no. 233 (2004): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451809077.002.

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10

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper." IMF Staff Country Reports 06, no. 191 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451809145.002.

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11

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 06, no. 385 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451809183.002.

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12

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 09, no. 46 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451809206.002.

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13

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy Paper." IMF Staff Country Reports 10, no. 190 (2010): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455203383.002.

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14

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: 2014 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report, Press Release and Statement by the Executive Director for the Union of the Comoros." IMF Staff Country Reports 15, no. 34 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484320860.002.

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15

Gomard, Yann, Rahamatou Silai, Géraldine Hoarau, Ketty Bon, Florelle Gonneau, Amina Yssouf, Alain Michault, Koussay Dellagi, and Pablo Tortosa. "Serologic Evidence of Leptospirosis in Humans, Union of the Comoros, 2011." Emerging Infectious Diseases 20, no. 4 (April 2014): 720–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2004.131207.

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16

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Second Review Under the Staff-Monitored Program." IMF Staff Country Reports 06, no. 192 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451809152.002.

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17

Poonian, CNS, K. Tuharska, and MD Hauzer. "Diversity and distribution of seagrasses in the Union of the Comoros." African Journal of Marine Science 38, no. 2 (July 4, 2016): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/1814232x.2016.1181103.

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18

Ouledi, A., M. Toyb, P. Aubry, and B. A. Gaüzere. "Heath history and health challenges in the Union of Comoros in 2012." Médecine et Santé Tropicales 22, no. 4 (October 2012): 346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/mst.2013.0135.

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19

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper: Joint Staff Advisory Note." IMF Staff Country Reports 10, no. 189 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455203376.002.

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20

Hassan, Hamdy A. "The Comoros and the crisis of building a national state." Contemporary Arab Affairs 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550910802589059.

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Анотація:

This article gives an overview of the Comoro Islands and the struggle and obstacles in building a unified nation-state. This often-overlooked member of the Arab League has been rocked by no fewer than 19 coup- and coup attempts characterized by mercenary intervention, especially that of Robert Denard, and French post-colonial involvement. The article covers historical and major inter-island politics and issues of national concern; involvement with the Arab League and the African Union; as well as succession crises and important Comorian leaders including Ahmed Abdullah, Mohammed Bacar and Maoist Ali Soilih.

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21

Torrentino-Madamet, Marylin, Louis Collet, Jean François Lepère, Nicolas Benoit, Rémy Amalvict, Didier Ménard, and Bruno Pradines. "K13-Propeller Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Patients in Mayotte in 2013 and 2014." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 12 (September 28, 2015): 7878–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01251-15.

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ABSTRACTPlasmodium falciparumisolates were collected from 29 malaria patients treated with artemether-lumefantrine in Mayotte in 2013 and 2014. Twenty-four cases (83%) consisted of imported malaria. Seventeen percent of the isolates presented mutations in one of the six K13-propeller blades (N490H, F495L, N554H/K, and E596G). A total of 23.8% of the isolates from the Union of Comoros showed K13-propeller polymorphisms. Three of the 18 isolates (16.7%) from Grande Comore showed polymorphisms (N490H, N554K, and E596G).

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22

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper: Joint Staff Advisory Note." IMF Staff Country Reports 06, no. 189 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451809138.002.

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23

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries: Preliminary document." IMF Staff Country Reports 10, no. 188 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455203369.002.

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24

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paperï¿½Progress Reportï¿½Joint Staff Advisory Note." IMF Staff Country Reports 13, no. 27 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475533576.002.

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25

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Third Staff Review and Extension of the Staff-Monitored Program." IMF Staff Country Reports 06, no. 193 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451809169.002.

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26

Yssouf, Amina, Cristina Socolovschi, Tahar Kernif, Sarah Temmam, Erwan Lagadec, Pablo Tortosa, and Philippe Parola. "First molecular detection of Rickettsia africae in ticks from the Union of the Comoros." Parasites & Vectors 7, no. 1 (2014): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-444.

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27

Sang, Rosemary C., Kibet Sergon, Ali Ahmed Yahaya, Ibrahim Mmadi, Naftali Agata, Allarangar Yakouide, Jennifer Brown, et al. "Entomologic Investigations of a Chikungunya Virus Epidemic in the Union of the Comoros, 2005." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.77.

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28

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative- Decision Point Document." IMF Staff Country Reports 10, no. 242 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455203413.002.

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29

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paperï¿½Review of the Second Year of Implementation." IMF Staff Country Reports 13, no. 39 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475586862.002.

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30

Roger, Matthieu, Marina Beral, Séverine Licciardi, Miradje Soulé, Abdourahime Faharoudine, Coralie Foray, Marie-Marie Olive, et al. "Evidence for Circulation of the Rift Valley Fever Virus among Livestock in the Union of Comoros." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8, no. 7 (July 31, 2014): e3045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003045.

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31

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Action Plan for Implementation of the 2010: 2014 Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy." IMF Staff Country Reports 10, no. 191 (2010): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455203390.002.

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32

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Detailed Assessment Report on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism." IMF Staff Country Reports 10, no. 320 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455208425.002.

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33

Dellagi, Koussay, Nicolas Salez, Marianne Maquart, Sophie Larrieu, Amina Yssouf, Rahamatou Silaï, Isabelle Leparc-Goffart, Pablo Tortosa, and Xavier de Lamballerie. "Serological Evidence of Contrasted Exposure to Arboviral Infections between Islands of the Union of Comoros (Indian Ocean)." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2016): e0004840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004840.

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34

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: 2005 Article IV Consultation and First Review Under the Staff-Monitored Program: Staff Report; Staff Statement; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Union of the Comoros." IMF Staff Country Reports 05, no. 299 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451809121.002.

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35

Mze Hassani, I., L. H. Raveloson-Ravaomanarivo, H. Delatte, F. Chiroleu, A. Allibert, S. Nouhou, S. Quilici, and P. F. Duyck. "Invasion by Bactrocera dorsalis and niche partitioning among tephritid species in Comoros." Bulletin of Entomological Research 106, no. 6 (June 17, 2016): 749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000456.

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Анотація:

AbstractTen economically important species belonging to the Tephritidae have been recorded in Union of the Comoros (an island nation off the coast of East Africa). Little is known about the distribution of these species and how they are affected by climatic factors in the Comoros archipelago. The main objectives of this study were to characterize: (i) the population dynamics of tephritid fruit flies in relation to season and host fruit availability and (ii) the geographic distribution of tephritids in relation to temperature and rainfall. The study was conducted during 2 years at 11 sites on three islands (Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Mohéli) in the archipelago. The site elevations ranged from 55 to 885 m a.s.l. At each site, flies were collected weekly in eight traps (four different lures, each replicated twice). Fruit phenology was also recorded weekly. The dominant tephritid species detected was the invasive Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel followed by Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. Tephritid species were generally more abundant during the hot and rainy seasons than during the cold and dry seasons. Bactrocera dorsalis numbers were higher on Grande Comore than on the two other islands. On Anjouan and Mohéli, B. dorsalis numbers were very low in 2014 but sharply increased in 2015, suggesting a recent invasion of these islands. Abundances were significantly related to the fruiting of mango, strawberry guava, and guava for B. dorsalis and to the fruiting of mango, guava, and mandarin for C. capitata. Bactrocera dorsalis was more abundant in hot and humid low-altitude areas, while C. capitata was more abundant in dry medium-altitude areas, suggesting the occurrence of climatic niche partitioning between the two species.

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36

Braet, Sofie Marijke, Anouk van Hooij, Epco Hasker, Erik Fransen, Abdou Wirdane, Abdallah Baco, Saverio Grillone, et al. "Minimally invasive sampling to identify leprosy patients with a high bacterial burden in the Union of the Comoros." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 11 (November 10, 2021): e0009924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009924.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) endorsed diagnosis of leprosy (also known as Hansen’s disease) entirely based on clinical cardinal signs, without microbiological confirmation, which may lead to late or misdiagnosis. The use of slit skin smears is variable, but lacks sensitivity. In 2017–2018 during the ComLep study, on the island of Anjouan (Union of the Comoros; High priority country according to WHO, 310 patients were diagnosed with leprosy (paucibacillary = 159; multibacillary = 151), of whom 263 were sampled for a skin biopsy and fingerstick blood, and 260 for a minimally-invasive nasal swab. In 74.5% of all skin biopsies and in 15.4% of all nasal swabs, M. leprae DNA was detected. In 63.1% of fingerstick blood samples, M. leprae specific antibodies were detected with the quantitative αPGL-I test. Results show a strong correlation of αPGL-I IgM levels in fingerstick blood and RLEP-qPCR positivity of nasal swabs, with the M. leprae bacterial load measured by RLEP-qPCR of skin biopsies. Patients with a high bacterial load (≥50,000 bacilli in a skin biopsy) can be identified with combination of counting lesions and the αPGL-I test. To our knowledge, this is the first study that compared αPGL-I IgM levels in fingerstick blood with the bacterial load determined by RLEP-qPCR in skin biopsies of leprosy patients. The demonstrated potential of minimally invasive sampling such as fingerstick blood samples to identify high bacterial load persons likely to be accountable for the ongoing transmission, merits further evaluation in follow-up studies.

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37

Soifoini, Toilibou, Dario Donno, Victor Jeannoda, Ernest Rakotoniaina, Soule Hamidou, Said Mohamed Achmet, Noe Rene Solo, Kamaleddine Afraitane, Cristina Giacoma, and Gabriele Loris Beccaro. "Bioactive Compounds, Nutritional Traits, and Antioxidant Properties of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fruits: Exploiting a Potential Functional Food for Food Security on the Comoros Islands." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (June 24, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5697928.

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Comoros Union presents a considerable biodiversity of food resources that are neglected or still not valorised, as breadfruit. This study aimed to evaluating nutritional and nutraceutical traits of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg by characterizing its main bioactive compounds, nutritional traits, and antioxidant properties in order to contribute to the development of traditional and innovative uses of this species as functional food (e.g., infant flour). Bioactive compound composition, antioxidant properties, protein and sugar content, lipids, fibre, and macro- and microelements were observed in these fruits after a specific drying process. Breadfruit showed positive nutritional traits. The main identified phenolic groups were cinnamic acids (with a maximum of 51.88 ± 2.63 mg/100 gDW for chlorogenic acid) and tannins. The highest value of antioxidant activity was 6.40 ± 1.02 mmol·Fe2+/kgDW. This preliminary phytochemical investigation may provide a contribution to the identification and quantification of lead compounds responsible for traditional nutritional and therapeutic claims.

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38

Pues, Anni. "Discretion and the Gravity of Situations at the International Criminal Court." International Criminal Law Review 17, no. 5 (October 15, 2017): 960–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01705002.

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This article offers a new perspective on the gravity notion in Article 17(1)(d) of the Statute. It demonstrates that it is impossible to determine gravity to ‘exacting legal requirements’, as the Pre-Trial Chamber in the situation of the registered vessels of the Union of the Comoros, Greece and Cambodia found. Instead, the Prosecutor is equipped with some ‘interpretative discretion’ that allows adjustment to the factually diverse situations that the International Criminal Court (icc) is confronted with. This form of discretion, however, is distinct from those procedural discretionary processes that have to be used to select which situations to investigate. Interpretative discretion nevertheless requires as much consistency as possible. As pathways to achieve that, this article challenges the concept of situational gravity. It further proposes to exclude any perpetrator-based element in the gravity assessment to harmonise the interpretation of gravity for potential and real cases before the icc.

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39

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countriesï¿½Completion Point Document and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative." IMF Staff Country Reports 13, no. 33 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475576993.002.

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40

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: 2006 Article IV Consultation and Fourth Staff Review and Extension of the Staff-Monitored Program: Staff Report; Staff Supplement; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Union of the Comoros." IMF Staff Country Reports 06, no. 383 (2006): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451809176.002.

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41

Knoops, Geert-Jan Alexander, and Tom Zwart. "The Flotilla Case before the icc: The Need to Do Justice While Keeping Heaven Intact." International Criminal Law Review 15, no. 6 (November 8, 2015): 1069–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01506006.

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Анотація:

This article analyses the decision of the icc Pre-Trial Chamber of 16 July 2015 in which it requested the Prosecutor to reconsider its decision not to initiate an investigation into the situation of the registered vessels of the Union of the Comoros, Greece and Cambodia. In 2010, the Israeli Defense Forces (idf) had intercepted a humanitarian aid flotilla that was trying to breach one of its naval blockades. The Prosecutor deemed the case of insufficient gravity to initiate an investigation. By requesting the Prosecutor to reconsider its decision, the Pre-Trial Chamber created a precedent vis-à-vis the boundaries of prosecutorial discretion. This article addresses the test of Article 53(1) icc Statute and inquires whether the Pre-Trial Chamber applied a correct standard of review. Whilst concluding that the Chamber erred in this standard, the authors introduce a standard of review that anticipates the interrelationship between prosecutorial discretion and judicial review.

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42

Boucher, F., Y. Moutroifi, B. Peba, M. Ali, Y. Moindjie, A. S. Ruget, S. Abdouroihamane, et al. "Tick-borne diseases in the Union of the Comoros are a hindrance to livestock development: Circulation and associated risk factors." Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 11, no. 1 (January 2020): 101283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101283.

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43

Zvereva. "France's Approaches to Territorial Disputes Settlement." Contemporary Europe, no. 98 (October 1, 2020): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope52020155164.

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The article explores France's territorial disputes in Europe and beyond (in French overseas territories), as well as disputes settlement approaches adopted by Paris. The author outlines the historical background of the disputes and the motives of France to allocate significant funds in order to maintain high-cost overseas territories, some of them are disputed by regional countries. In Europe France relies on both bilateral mechanisms and EU instruments to settle disputes. The French territorial disagreements with other countries remain more acute overseas. Paris promotes a method of gradual settlement based on the idea that the joint development of disputed areas allows to mitigate contradictions and to create conditions for a long-term territorial settlement. The French overseas Department of Mayotte as a special territorial case is outlined. The Union of the Comoros claims are supported by the UN. The French rationale for retaining Mayotte as part of France despite the UN decision is based on the results of several referendums, when the island's residents voted for this idea.

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Soifoini, Toilibou, Dario Donno, Victor Jeannoda, Danielle Doll Rakoto, Ahmed Msahazi, Saidi Mohamed Mkandzile Farhat, Mouandhoime Zahahe Oulam, and Gabriele Loris Beccaro. "Phytochemical Composition, Antibacterial Activity, and Antioxidant Properties of the Artocarpus altilis Fruits to Promote Their Consumption in the Comoros Islands as Potential Health-Promoting Food or a Source of Bioactive Molecules for the Food Industry." Foods 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 2136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092136.

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The present study aimed to evaluate the health-promoting potential of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg, Moraceae family), a traditional Comorian food, considering the sample variability according to geographic localisation. Moreover, the main aims of this research were also to promote its consumption in the Comoros Islands as potential health-promoting food and evaluate it as a source of bioactive molecules for the food industry thanks to its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Investigations on biologically active substances were carried out on the extracts obtained from breadfruit flours from five regions of Grande Comore (Ngazidja), the main island in Comoros. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins and polyphenols, flavonoids, leucoanthocyanins, steroids, and triterpenes. The considered secondary metabolites were phenolic compounds, vitamin C, monoterpenes, and organic acids. The contents of total phenolic compounds (mgGAE/100 g of dry weight—DW) in the extracts ranged from 29.69 ± 1.40 (breadfruit from Mbadjini—ExMBA) to 96.14 ± 2.07 (breadfruit from Itsandra—ExITS). These compounds included flavanols, flavonols, cinnamic acid and benzoic acid derivatives, and tannins which were detected at different levels in the different extracts. Chlorogenic acid presented the highest levels between 26.57 ± 0.31 mg/100 g DW (ExMIT) and 43.80 ± 5.43 mg/100 g DW (ExMBA). Quercetin was by far the most quantitatively important flavonol with levels ranging from 14.68 ± 0.19 mg/100 g DW (ExMIT) to 29.60 ± 0.28 mg/100 g DW (ExITS). The extracts were also rich in organic acids and monoterpenes. Quinic acid with contents ranging from 77.25 ± 6.04 mg/100 g DW (ExMBA) to 658.56 ± 0.25 mg/100 g DW of ExHAM was the most important organic acid in all the breadfruit extracts, while limonene was quantitatively the main monoterpene with contents between 85.86 ± 0.23 mg/100 g DW (ExMIT) and 565.45 ± 0.24 mg/100 g DW (ExITS). The antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated on twelve pathogens including six Gram (+) bacteria and six Gram (−) bacteria. By the solid medium disc method, except for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, all the bacteria were sensitive to one or more extracts. Inhibitory Halo Diameters (IHDs) ranged from 8 mm to 16 mm. Salmonella enterica, Clostridium perfringens, and Vibrio fischeri were the most sensitive with IHD > 14 mm for ExITS. By the liquid microdilution method, MICs ranged from 3.12 mg/mL to 50 mg/mL and varied depending on the extract. Bacillus megaterium was the most sensitive with MICs ≤ 12.5 mg/mL. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, and Vibrio fischeri were the least sensitive with all MICs ≥ 12.5 mg/mL. ExHAM was most effective with a MIC of 3.12 mg/mL on Staphylococcus aureus and 6.25 mg/mL on Salmonella enterica. The antioxidant power of the extracts was evaluated by the FRAP method. The activity ranged from 5.44 ± 0.35 (ExMBA) to 14.83 ± 0.11 mmol Fe2+/kg DW (ExHAM). Breadfruit from different regions of Comoros contained different classes of secondary metabolites well known for their important pharmacological properties. The results of this study on phenolics, monoterpenes, and organic acids have provided new data on these fruits. The obtained results showed that breadfruit from the biggest island of the Union of Comoros also presented antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, even if some differences in effectiveness existed between fruits from different regions.

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International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: 2004 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion." IMF Staff Country Reports 04, no. 259 (2004): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451809084.002.

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46

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: First Review Under the Three-Year Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility and Request for a Modification of Performance Criteria and Financing Assurances Review: Staff Report; Press Release on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Union of the Comoros." IMF Staff Country Reports 10, no. 233 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455203406.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Report on Observance of Standards and Codes: FATF Recommendations for Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism." IMF Staff Country Reports 10, no. 321 (2010): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455208432.002.

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Maquart, M., H. Pascalis, S. Abdouroihamane, M. Roger, F. Abdourahime, E. Cardinale, and C. Cêtre-Sossah. "Phylogeographic Reconstructions of a Rift Valley Fever Virus Strain Reveals Transboundary Animal Movements from Eastern Continental Africa to the Union of the Comoros." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 63, no. 2 (September 12, 2014): e281-e285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12267.

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International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Sixth Review Under the Three-Year Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility and Request for Waiver of a Performance Criterion." IMF Staff Country Reports 13, no. 371 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484320167.002.

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50

International Monetary Fund. "Union of the Comoros: Fifth Review Under the Three-Year Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility, and Request for Modification of a Performance Criterion." IMF Staff Country Reports 13, no. 167 (2013): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484324103.002.

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