Дисертації з теми "Common-Feeding"
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1
Kigozi, Frederick. "Feeding biology of common and blue duiker." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004725.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The blue duiker, Philantomba monticola and common or grey duiker, Sylvicapra grimmia represent two of the three duiker genera as well as two of the three species occurring in Southern Africa. The two species have not been adequately studied in their habitats within the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and this thesis centres around their biology with focus on diet and dental microwear. Faecal analysis was used to study the diet of blue duiker at Salem in the Albany district, and of common duiker on two farms, one a predominantly cattle farm at Kasouga and the other a farm for cultivation of chicory at Grants valley, both in the Bathurst district. The validity of faecal analysis was reviewed, and its applicability to blue and common duiker assessed. The method was appropriate for diet analysis of both species, as the common duiker is shy and secretive and the blue duiker is a rare and protected species which does not habituate readily. Results showed that the blue duiker was mainly folivorous with a seasonally stable diet of 79 percent dicot foliage and only 17 percent fruit. Common duiker diet at both study sites comprised mostly dicot foliage, with only two monocotyledonous plant species. Twenty-seven and nineteen plant species were identified in the diets of common duiker at Kasouga and Grants valley respectively and the annual percentage occurrences of dicot foliage in the diets were about 99 percent at both study sites. The predominantly browsing common duiker, therefore offered negligible competition for food resources to the grazing cattle on Kasouga farm. Both blue and common duiker fed selectively, with approximately one third of the total number of plant species identified in their diets providing at least 50 percent of the food eaten annually. Ehretia rigida was the most important plant species in the diets of both duiker species. Chicory, Chichorium intybus provided more than one third (35.6 percent) of the winter diet and a substantial proportion (14.4 percent) of the spring diet of common duiker at Grants valley, thereby confirming earlier reports of this species feeding on chicory and other cultivated crops. The diet of common duiker at Kasouga did not vary seasonally but that of common duiker at Grants valley did vary and this was attributed to utilisation of chicory. Results from the dental microwear analyses did not show any significant differences in dental microwear between blue and common duiker, but supported and confirmed that the two were browsing species, characterised by many pits and few scratches on their dental surfaces. A high incidence of pits was found on the dental surfaces of both duiker species, and was attributed to utilisation of fruit in the diet.
2
Horne, P. J. "The feeding biology of the common goby, Pomatoschistus microps (teleostei:Gobiidae)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354457.
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3
Totton, Sarah Ceridwen. "Spatial and contact behaviour of raccoons using a common feeding area." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20706.pdf.
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4
Crandle, Grace. "Problematic pre-school sleeping and feeding: is there a common link?" Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6234.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Problematic feeding and sleeping is an unrelenting issue for many parents. Research has
identified that childhood obesity may be related to both areas. These are two aspects of
development very heavily influenced by parents. This study therefore addresses the
question “is there a relationship between problematic sleeping and feeding in infants?” It
further considers whether parenting style is a common link between the two.
Nineteen parents of children aged between 18 and 48 months were interviewed about
their parenting strategies in general, and more specifically about feeding and sleeping
behaviours of their children. They also completed diaries and questionnaires. The data
was analysed to ascertain whether there was a relationship between feeding and sleeping
problems and whether these problems related to a number of parenting measures.
Strategies utilised by parents to handle feeding and sleeping problems were also
ascertained.
The sample that volunteered for this study did not report sleeping and feeding problems
so information about these problems was derived from diary measures. Feeding and
sleeping problems were evident on these measures and parents employed numerous
different strategies to handle them. There was no difference evident in the strategies
adopted by parents of preschoolers with and without sleep and feeding problems. There
was no evidence that problems in sleeping and feeding were correlated and there were no
correlations between feeding and sleeping problems and any of the other parental
measures.
5
Del, Nevo Adrian J. "Reproductive biology and feeding ecology of common guillemots Uria aalge on Fair Isle, Shetland." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295121.
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6
Rydevik, Elin. "Evaluating the use of photography for monitoring feeding habits of common murre (Uria aalge)." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-181913.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Seabirds are often used as indicator species for changes in marine ecosystems due to the species visibility and sensitivity to changing conditions, such as changes in prey abundance. They often reside in habitats affected by anthropogenic impacts such as large-scale fisheries and pollution. Understanding the connection between seabirds and their surrounding environment can give us important insight about the ecology of the ocean and how anthropogenic pressures affects it. Studying feeding habits, and foraging behavior especially, is useful for understanding seabird´s responses to changing environments. Feeding studies are commonly used in seabird monitoring and requires a lot of time and resources. Monitoring of seabirds are also logistically challenging, and the risk of disturbing bird colonies must be considered. It can be especially complicated when studying cliff nesting seabirds such as the common murre, Uria aalge, the study species for this thesis. Photography as a method for monitoring seabirds may limit the need of people on site, hence minimize disturbance and save time and resources. This study provides insight in whether it is a viable option to use photography instead of on-site field studies when monitoring sea birds. This was accomplished by installing cameras and monitor a feeding study at Stora Karlsö, Sweden, parallel with performing the usual monitoring in the field. This thesis makes it clear that a camera study very well could replace the field study without any larger concerns, although, improvements need to be considered if the study is to maintain a high quality and for results to be reliable.
7
Geierman, Christina. "Barnacle feeding : comparing cirral anatomy, feeding behavior, Reynolds numbers, and cirral fan leakiness across three size classes of three species of common acorn barnacles /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/6003.
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8
Geierman, Christina 1982. "Barnacle Feeding: Comparing Cirral Anatomy, Feeding Behavior, Reynolds Numbers, and Cirral Fan Leakiness Across Three Size Classes of Three Species of Common Acorn Barnacles." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/6003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
xv, 97 p. : ill. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call numbers: SCIENCE QL444.C58 G45 2007This thesis investigated feeding behavior, cirral anatomy, Reynolds numbers (Re's), and leakiness of the cirral fan for three barnacle species: Balanus glandula, Semibalanus cariosus, and Balanus nubilus. A study of the feeding of B. glandula revealed that newly-metamorphosed juveniles fed at Re's less than one and their cirral fan leakiness was <5% at current speeds of 4 cm/s. At this speed, large and medium individuals fed at Re's near unity, and their cirral fans were 6.8±O.7% leaky. The experiments were repeated using S. cariosus and B. nubilus with the same tissue mass as B. glandula. No clear species-specific or size-specific trends were identified in these species. The observed switch from low to high Re feeding in B. glandula may indicate a lower limit to the size of this species, if further research confirms low Re feeding is less efficient and field current velocities are sufficiently low.
Adviser: Richard Emlet
9
Beach, Mark Andrew. "Experimental studies on the control and regulation of feeding in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.)." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315493.
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10
Vazquez, Maria Begona Santos. "Feeding ecology of harbour porpoises, common and bottlenose dolphins and sperm whales in the northeast Atlantic." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286846.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The diet composition of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus ) is described from stomach contents of animals stranded in Galicia (NW Spain), Scotland, Holland and Denmark between 1991 and 1996, and some older material (1976 - 1991). The present study also provides the first descriptions of population structure for cetaceans off Galicia. Diets of harbour porpoise in Scotland, Denmark and Holland consisted primarily of inshore demersal fish. There were differences between seasons and areas and to a lesser extent between sexes, age-groups and years. Whiting, sandeels, cod and viviparous blenny were among the most important prey. Common dolphins on the Galician coast took a wide range of inshore and oceanic fish and cephalopods. There were some seasonal differences in diet, but blue whiting, scad and sardine predominated all year round. Bottlenose dolphins off Galicia also took a wide variety of prey with blue whiting and hake being the most important. Sperm whales in the North Sea had been feeding almost exclusively on the oceanic squid Gonatus fabricii, although several other oceanic squid species were also eaten. Many of the prey species eaten by dolphins and porpoises are also the target of commercial fisheries. Dolphins and porpoises were mainly eating smaller size classes of fish than those taken by fisheries. The weight of prey eaten by sperm whale and harbour porpoise populations in the NE Atlantic was estimated from the dietary data and published estimates of population size and individual food requirements. Sperm whales could eat more than 1,000,000 tonnes of the oceanic squid Gonatus fabricii annually. The 95% confidence limits for porpoise consumption of whiting are as wide as 2,600 to almost 30,000 tonnes, depending on the assumptions made. This reflects the high level of uncertainty about population size and structure.
11
Pionnier, Nicolas. "Immunomodulation of the innate response in common carp Cyprinus carpio by β-glucan feeding and pathogenic infection". Thesis, Keele University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.699664.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two major components of the common carp Cyprinus carpio innate response, i.e. the C-reactive protein (CRP) and the complement system, have been analysed in common carp either orally immunostimulated with β-glucan or infected with a pathogen or both. Immune response was examined at different levels, from serum circulating protein levels or activity to related gene expression in a wide range of immune related tissues such as liver, head kidney, mid-gut, gills and spleen. In addition, recombinant technologies were investigated in order to generate and produce subsequent amounts of carp CRP. Oral administration of β-glucan significantly stimulated carp CRP and complement responses with elevated serum CRP levels and complement activity and up- and down regulation of related genes in immune related tissues from 7 days of treatment. A subsequent intraperitoneal injection of LPS or Poly(I:C) as mimicries of bacterial and virus infection respectively also did have significant effects on the production (gene expression) and the circulation (scrum levels or activities) of these acute phase proteins. In addition, results from a challenge conducted on common carp with Aeromonas salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis, have shown that β-glucan enhanced and stimulated carp CRP and complement responses to the bacterial infection. These findings arc of importance in respect to the use of β-glucan as an alternative low cost strategy to the use of vaccines or antibiotics to enhance and stimulate the fish immune system. Innate response was analysed in carp infected with the Koi Herpes Virus (KHV), the etiological agent of a virulent and lethal disease. Results have shown a serum CRP level 10 fold increase and a serum complement activity 5 fold increase in less than 72 hours, revealing that CRP and complement act as acute phase reactants in response to KHV infection in common carp.
12
Syakuri, Hamdan [Verfasser]. "Studies of intestinal barrier functions of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, under feeding modulation and pathogen challenge / Hamdan Syakuri." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1030453527/34.
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13
Serrano, Miguel Santiago. "Probing behaviors of Empoasca kraemeri Ross & Moore (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on common bean genotypes and the use of AC electronic feeding monitors to characterize tolerance /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841333.
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14
Ambrose, Shan Taryn. "Feeding ecology and diet shift of long-beaked common dolphins Delphinus Capensis (Gray 1828) incidentally caught in anti-shark nets off Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005383.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The long-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus capensis (Gray 1828), is one of the most enigmatic predators feeding in the annual sardine run (Sardinops sagax) off the coast of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa. In recent years, unpredictable inter-annual variations in the timing, spatial extent and intensity of the sardine run have been documented, possibly resulting in changes in the suite of prey available to the common dolphin during winter. Although the diets of a number of predators during the sardine run have been studied in detail (e.g. sharks and flying seabirds), little is known about the diet of long-beaked common dolphins during this period. Each year, a low number of common dolphins are incidentally caught in the anti-shark nets in the waters of KwaZulu-Natal. These captures provide a valuable source of data on selected aspects of the ecology of the long-beaked common dolphins along the KwaZulu-Natal coastline. The objective of this study was to provide new dietary data for the common dolphins feeding in the waters of KwaZulu-Natal during winter over the period 2000 to 2009, as well as to determine if any dietary changes had taken place since the common dolphin diet was last assessed, over 15 years ago. Stomach contents from 95 common dolphins (55 females, 40 males) caught between 2000 and 2009 were analysed and compared to historical data from dolphins caught between 1974 and 1992. Mesopelagic fish and squid dominated the diet, with 23 fish and 5 squid species represented in adult dolphins. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) indicated that there was no resource partitioning between adult male and female dolphins. Numerical analyses indicated that there was a shift in the principal prey species consumed by the dolphins over the past decade, particularly during the winter. Prior to 1992, sardine comprised up to 49% of the total stomach contents, while chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) was the dominant prey item (66% by mass) recorded in the stomach contents over the period 2000 to 2009. The shift in the relative contributions of sardine and mackerel in the diets of the dolphin appeared to correspond to fluctuations in the availability of the two principal prey species. Between 2000 and 2009, the diversity of the dolphins' diets was highest during the sardine run, reflecting the presence of a wide suite of predatory teleosts in the waters of KwaZulu-Natal during the annual sardine run. Conversely, prior to 2000, the diet was dominated by sardine during the peak of the sardine run, whilst diet diversity increased after this period. Apart from sardine and chub mackerel, elf (Pomatomus saltatrix), maasbanker (Trachurus delagoa), strepie (Sarpa salpa) and flying fish (Exocoetid sp.) also formed important components of the diet both prior to 1992, and over the last decade. Blubber thickness was assessed as an indicator of animal condition. No significant change in blubber total weight (R² = 0.0016, N = 185), nor dorsal, lateral or ventral blubber thickness (R² = 0.3146, R² = 0.0003, and R² = 0.0003 respectively, N = 78) was seen over the last 30 years (1970 to 2009). Results of stable isotope analyses conducted on tissue derived from the teeth of D. capensis indicated that there has been no significant shift in the trophic position (δ¹⁵N) and potential prey consumed (δ¹³C) over the corresponding period. These data would suggest that the long-beaked common dolphins along the KwaZulu-Natal coastline can be considered as opportunistic predators generally consuming the most abundant prey species available locally. As common dolphins feed opportunistically, this dietary shift appears to indicate changes in the shoaling characteristics of the most abundant fish prey in KwaZulu-Natal during winter. Given the “Data Deficient” status of the long-beaked common dolphin on the IUCN Red Data List, and the strong climatic forcing of the sardine run, such dietary data have important implications for their conservation in the light of expanding fisheries and climate change.
15
JIN, ZHIRU. "Advanced modelling of the CR apparatus, design of innovative injection system architectures and assessment of new strategies for the injected mass control and combustion noise evaluation in diesel engine." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2966335.
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16
O'Connor, Linda-Lou. "Effects of hybridization, feeding behavior, and parity rates of the common house mosquito (Culex pipiens L.) on late season West Nile virus activity." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 139 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1707917201&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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17
VENTO, OSCAR. "Research on the fluid dynamics of diesel injection systems, design of innovative closed-loop control strategies, assessment of a new flowmeter for high-pressure fluids and 1D modelling of liquid and gaseous flows." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2927462.
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18
ZHANG, TANTAN. "Design of innovative solutions for high-pressure fuel injection systems, optimization of measuring techniques for injected flow-rate and modeling of 1D flows." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2843978.
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19
Pretorius, Q. "The evaluation of larvae of Musca domestica (common house fly) as protein source for broiler production." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/46243.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of Musca domestica (common house fly) larvae meal, as protein source, for broiler production. This was done by investigating the nutritive value of house fly larvae meal together with its total tract digestibility, potential toxicity and carcass characteristics of the broilers supplemented with house fly larvae meal. The proximate analysis of house fly larvae meal show that it contained, on a dry matter basis, a gross energy value of 20.10 MJ/kg, 60.38% crude protein, 14.08% crude fat and 10.68% ash and that the house fly pupae contained a gross energy of 20.42 MJ/kg, 76.23% crude protein, 14.39% crude fat and 7.73% ash. House fly pupae meal had the closest match of amino acid profile when compared with the ideal amino acid profile required by broilers and it has arginine relative to the lysine content closer to the ideal amino acid profile than the house fly larvae meal. The essential fatty acid, linoleic acid, was found at levels of 26.25 and 36.27% of the total fats for the house fly larvae and pupae meal respectively. House fly larvae meal supplementation did not induce gizzard erosion or showed toxicity (regarding the gastro intestinal tract, immune system and organ stress) in broilers. Results revealed that house fly pupae meal had higher total tract digestibilities for most nutrients than of the house fly larvae meal. House fly larvae meal had a crude protein total tract digestibility of 69% and that of pupae meal was 79%. Both larvae and pupae meal had high amino acid total tract digestibilities of all the amino acids analysed. The house fly larvae and pupae meal had an apparent metabolizable energy (AME) value of 14.23MJ/kg and 15.15MJ/kg respectively. The larvae meal total tract crude fat and crude fibre digestibilities were 94% and 62% respectively. The pupae meal total tract crude fat and crude fibre digestibilities were 98% and 58% respectively. House fly larvae meal supplementation in a three phase feeding system significantly increased average broiler live weights at slaughter, total feed intake, cumulative feed intake as well as average daily gain (ADG) when compared to commercial maize: soya oil cake meal diet. In direct comparison of larvae inclusion levels with fishmeal in isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diet, no significant differences were observed between a 10% house fly larvae and a 10% fish meal diets regarding performance characteristic. The 25% house fly larvae meal diet yielded significantly better average broiler live weights at slaughter, total feed intake, cumulative feed intake (from the second week until slaughter) as well as average daily gain when compared to the 25% fish meal diet in the growth phases. Carcass characteristics of the 10% larvae, 10% fishmeal and commercial diets were compared. Chicks that received either the 10% house fly larvae meal or 10% fish meal supplementation produced significantly heavier carcasses and breast muscle portions than the chicks that received the commercial maize: soya oil cake meal. No treatment differences were found regarding breast and thigh muscle colour or pH. This study showed that house fly larvae meal can be regarded as a safe protein source that can be used to replace other protein sources and that has the ability to promote broiler performance without having any detrimental effects on carcass characteristics.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die evaluasie van Musca domestica (gewone huisvlieg) larwe meel as ‘n proteien bron vir braaikuiken produksie Die doel van die studie was om die effek van Musca domestica (gewone huisvlieg) larwe meel, as ‘n protein bron, in braaikuikens te evalueer. Dit was gedoen deur die nutrient waarde van huisvlieg larwe meel saam met die totale spysvertering verteerbaarheid, moontlike toksiesiteit en karkas-eienskappe van braai kuikens te evalueer. Laboratoruim analiese toon dat huisvlieg larwe meel 20.10 MJ/kg bruto energie, 60.38% ru- protein, 14.08% ru- vet en 10.68% as bevat en huisvlieg papie meel 20.42 MJ/kg bruto energie, 76.23% ru- protein, 14.39% ru- vet en 7.73% as bevat. Huisvlieg papie meel stem die meeste ooreen met die idiale amino suur profiel soos wat benodig word deur braaikuikens en dit het ‘n arginien tot lisien verhouding wat die meeste ooreenstem met die idiale amino suur profiel in vergelyking met huis vlieg larwe meel. Die essensiele vet suur, linolien suur, was geanaliseer teen vlakke van 26.25- en 36.27% van die totale vette onderskeidelik vir huisvlieg larwe- en papie meel. Huisvlieg larwe meel vervanging het nie spiermaag erosie of enige ander toksiese effekte te veroorsaak nie. Resultate het getoon dat huisvlieg papie meel, in vergelyking met larwe meel, het ‘n hoër totale spysvertering verteerbaarheid vir meeste van die nutrient. Die huisvlieg larwe meel het ‘n totale ru- protein spysvertering verteerbaarheid van 69% en die van papie meel van 79%. Beide larwe en papie meel het hoë amino suur spysvertering verteerbaarheid. Larwe meel en papie meel het skynbare metaboliseerbare energie waardes van 14.23MJ/kg en 15.15%MJ/kg onderskeidelik. Die larwe meel het ‘n ru-vet en ru- vesel spysvertering verteerbaarheid van 94% en 62% onderskeidelik, waar die papies ‘n ru-vet en ru- vesel spysvertering verteerbaarheid van onderskeidelik 98% en 58% het. Huisvlieg larwe meel vervanging in ‘n drie fase voer stelsel het getoon om die gemiddelde braaikuiken lewende gewigte by slag, totale voer iname, sowel as die gemiddelde daaglikse toename te verhoog waneer dit vergelyk word met ‘n kommersiele mielie- soya olie koek dieet. Geen mekwaardige verskille was waargeneem toe die 10% larwe meel dieet direk met die 10% vismeel diet vergelyk was rakende enige produksie einskappe gemeet nie. Die 25% larwe meel dieet het merkwaardig beter gemiddelde braaikuiken lewende gewigte by slag, totale voer iname, sowel as die gemiddelde daaglikse toename getoon wanneer vergelyk word met die 25% vismeel dieet gedurende die verskeie groei fases. Karkas eienskappe van die 10% larwe meel, 10% vismeel en die kommersiele diete was gevergelyk. Kuikens wat 10% larwe meel en 10% vismeel in die diete ontvang het, het swaarder karkasse gelewer met swaarder borsie massas wanneer vergelyk word met die kommersiele mielie- soya olie koek dieet. Geen behandelings verskille was gevind rakende die borsie- en dy spier kleure of pH nie. Die studie toon dat huisvlieg larwe meel as ‘n veillige protein bron kan beskou word, wat gebruik kan word om ander protein bronne te vervang. Huisvlieg larwe meel het ook die vermoë om braaikuiken produksie te verhoog sonder om enige negitiewe effekte rakende die karkas eienskappe te toon nie.
20
Ijumba, Petrida. "Intervention for improved newborn feeding and survival where HIV is common : Perceptions and effects of a community-based package for maternal and newborn care in a South African township." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-232110.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
South Africa recently changed infant feeding policy within Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV from free formula to recommendation of breastfeeding for all. The country is evaluating the role of Community Health Workers (CHWs) in supporting mothers and newborns. The aim of this thesis is to explore perceptions of household members on the value given to and the social forces behind formula feeding in light of the recent policy change, and to assess the effect of a community-based package of maternal and newborn care delivered by CHWs on HIV-free survival and exclusive and appropriate infant feeding up to 12 weeks of age. Studies were conducted in a high HIV prevalence township. Focus group discussions were performed (grandmothers, fathers and teenage mothers) and in-depth interviews with HIV-positive and HIV-negative mothers. Perceptions of household members on the formula policy change were explored and the value household members place on formula feeding and circumstances that drive it. In a cluster-randomized trial (15 intervention, 15 control clusters) CHWs provided two antenatal and five post-natal home visits to support and promote PMTCT activities. There were misunderstandings by community members on the free formula policy change. Mothers transferred the motherhood role to their mothers while partners provided inadequate financial support, leading to risky mixed feeding. Teenage mothers rarely breastfed their infants due to perceived constraints including embarrassment, sagging breasts and loss of freedom and boyfriends. At 12 weeks of age the intervention had doubled exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) (28% vs. 14%) and slightly increased infant weight and length. No difference was seen between study arms in HIV-free survival. The effect on EBF at12 weeks did not differ with maternal education or wealth levels, but was higher among HIV-negative mothers. Focusing on teenage mothers breastfeeding challenges, involvement of grandmothers and fathers in infant feeding decision-making, improving communication strategies on policy change and breastfeeding to the community and health workers and CHWs home visits supporting PMTCT activities are important for infant feeding and child health.
21
Daly, Derek. "The behavioural ecology of the common wasp Vespula vulgaris (L) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367252.
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22
Liu, Kenwin. "Modelling the physiology, behaviour and ecology of dive foraging seabirds : determining the availability of prey and predicting the pelagic distribution of the common guillemot Uria aalge in Moray Firth." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248595.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A mathematical but mechanistic model is presented that is based upon the simplified physiology and feeding ecology of an individual dive foraging animal. In previous theoretical studies of dive foraging behaviour, models assumed dive foraging animals dive optimally based on oxygen as the sole state variable, thus ignoring other likely important physiological factors that are related to the instantaneous energetic requirements of the diving animal. The physiological mechanistic dive foraging model presented includes the additional state variables, namely food (in the gut) and the body mass of the diving animal, for which the oxygen is ultimately required to burn for energy. The physiological model was parameterised for the Common Guillemot Uria aalge, although it may also be applied to other dive foraging animals. Various output parameters are possible from the model, and these were generated from computer simulations to investigate the merits of optimal diving behaviour. The physiological dive foraging model was also used to estimate possible feeding rates of Guillemots from fisheries data made available, which were recorded during winter 1997, in the Moray Firth. These were then used in further computer simulations of the dive foraging model and the various possible output parameters obtained from the model were subsequently used as habitat suitability indices in a novel application of the Ideal Free Distribution, to generate predicted maps of Guillemot distribution, which were tested against the actual concurrently recorded distribution of Guillemots in the Moray Firth. The potential value of the physiological dive foraging model, its limitations and where it, or how its predictions, may further improve, are also discussed. It is hoped that the model will eventually provide an invaluable tool for industrial fisheries, and even wider marine ecosystem management.
23
Hossain, M. A. "Nutritional evaluation of some Bangladeshi oilseed by-products as dietary protein sources for common carp (Cyprinus carpio L)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1803.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The nutritional suitability of some Bangladeshi oilseed by-products (mustard, Brassica juncea; linseed, Linum usitatissimum; sesame, Sesamum indicum) as fish meal substitutes in carp diets was investigated. These protein sources were shown to cause depressed growth and feed efficiency when substituting 25% or more of the fish meal protein in semi-purified diets. However, the use of these oilseed meals in combination was found to be more effective than that of single sources. Supplementation of plant protein diets with crystalline EAA improved their nutritive value. Growth performance was better in fish fed diets supplemented with all deficient EAA than in fish fed diets supplemented with the first limiting EAA. Nutrient digestibility studies with these plant proteins suggested reasonable agreement between apparent protein digestibility (APD) and average apparent amino acid digestibility (AAAD). APD and AAAD values ranged from 78.9% to 85% and 82.4% to 85.8% respectively. Both aqueous and enzyme treatments were effective in reducing (49% and 57% respectively) the anti-nutritional factors (e. g. allyl isothiocyanate) in mustard oilcake. In linseed and sesame meals heat treatment was the most effective (reducing phytic acid levels by 72% and 74% respectively). Use of detoxified meals in diets improved growth performance and food utilization compared to untreated meals. Dietary phytic acid in the presence of increased levels of calcium and magnesium significantly (p < 0.05) depressed growth, food utilization and mineral bioavailability (especially Ca and Zn) in carp. Carp were shown to be tolerant of a dietary glucosinolate (allyl isothiocyante) level of 0.4 mg glucosinolate/g diet without inhibiting growth performance or adverse effects on fish health. However, fish fed diets containing higher levels of mustard oilcake or allyl isothiocyanate showed abnormal changes in thyroid tissues. The results of this study are discussed in relation to previously published research on fish and other monogastric animals.
24
Razanaparany, Tojotanjona Patrick. "Ecological Flexibility of the Common Brown Lemur (Eulemur fulvus) and Its Conservation in the Dry Deciduous Forest in Northwestern Madagascar." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263766.
Повний текст джерела
25
Pretorius, Quinton. "The evaluation of larvae of Musca Domestica (common house fly) as protein source for boiler production." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6667.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.Includes bibliography.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of Musca domestica (common house fly) larvae meal, as protein source, for broiler production. This was done by investigating the nutritive value of house fly larvae meal together with its total tract digestibility, potential toxicity and carcass characteristics of the broilers supplemented with house fly larvae meal. The proximate analysis of house fly larvae meal show that it contained, on a dry matter basis, a gross energy value of 20.10 MJ/kg, 60.38% crude protein, 14.08% crude fat and 10.68% ash and that the house fly pupae contained a gross energy of 20.42 MJ/kg, 76.23% crude protein, 14.39% crude fat and 7.73% ash. House fly pupae meal had the closest match of amino acid profile when compared with the ideal amino acid profile required by broilers and it has arginine relative to the lysine content closer to the ideal amino acid profile than the house fly larvae meal. The essential fatty acid, linoleic acid, was found at levels of 26.25 and 36.27% of the total fats for the house fly larvae and pupae meal respectively. House fly larvae meal supplementation did not induce gizzard erosion or showed toxicity (regarding the gastro intestinal tract, immune system and organ stress) in broilers. Results revealed that house fly pupae meal had higher total tract digestibilities for most nutrients than of the house fly larvae meal. House fly larvae meal had a crude protein total tract digestibility of 69% and that of pupae meal was 79%. Both larvae and pupae meal had high amino acid total tract digestibilities of all the amino acids analysed. The house fly larvae and pupae meal had an apparent metabolizable energy (AME) value of 14.23MJ/kg and 15.15MJ/kg respectively. The larvae meal total tract crude fat and crude fibre digestibilities were 94% and 62% respectively. The pupae meal total tract crude fat and crude fibre digestibilities were 98% and 58% respectively. House fly larvae meal supplementation in a three phase feeding system significantly increased average broiler live weights at slaughter, total feed intake, cumulative feed intake as well as average daily gain (ADG) when compared to commercial maize: soya oil cake meal diet. In direct comparison of larvae inclusion levels with fishmeal in isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diet, no significant differences were observed between a 10% house fly larvae and a 10% fish meal diets regarding performance characteristic. The 25% house fly larvae meal diet yielded significantly better average broiler live weights at slaughter, total feed intake, cumulative feed intake (from the second week until slaughter) as well as average daily gain when compared to the 25% fish meal diet in the growth phases. Carcass characteristics of the 10% larvae, 10% fishmeal and commercial diets were compared. Chicks that received either the 10% house fly larvae meal or 10% fish meal supplementation produced significantly heavier carcasses and breast muscle portions than the chicks that received the commercial maize: soya oil cake meal. No treatment differences were found regarding breast and thigh muscle colour or pH. This study showed that house fly larvae meal can be regarded as a safe protein source that can be used to replace other protein sources and that has the ability to promote broiler performance without having any detrimental effects on carcass characteristics.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om die effek van Musca domestica (gewone huisvlieg) larwe meel, as ‘n protein bron, in braaikuikens te evalueer. Dit was gedoen deur die nutrient waarde van huisvlieg larwe meel saam met die totale spysvertering verteerbaarheid, moontlike toksiesiteit en karkas-eienskappe van braai kuikens te evalueer. Laboratoruim analiese toon dat huisvlieg larwe meel 20.10 MJ/kg bruto energie, 60.38% ru- protein, 14.08% ru- vet en 10.68% as bevat en huisvlieg papie meel 20.42 MJ/kg bruto energie, 76.23% ru- protein, 14.39% ru- vet en 7.73% as bevat. Huisvlieg papie meel stem die meeste ooreen met die idiale amino suur profiel soos wat benodig word deur braaikuikens en dit het ‘n arginien tot lisien verhouding wat die meeste ooreenstem met die idiale amino suur profiel in vergelyking met huis vlieg larwe meel. Die essensiele vet suur, linolien suur, was geanaliseer teen vlakke van 26.25- en 36.27% van die totale vette onderskeidelik vir huisvlieg larwe- en papie meel. Huisvlieg larwe meel vervanging het nie spiermaag erosie of enige ander toksiese effekte te veroorsaak nie. Resultate het getoon dat huisvlieg papie meel, in vergelyking met larwe meel, het ‘n hoër totale spysvertering verteerbaarheid vir meeste van die nutrient. Die huisvlieg larwe meel het ‘n totale ru- protein spysvertering verteerbaarheid van 69% en die van papie meel van 79%. Beide larwe en papie meel het hoë amino suur spysvertering verteerbaarheid. Larwe meel en papie meel het skynbare metaboliseerbare energie waardes van 14.23MJ/kg en 15.15%MJ/kg onderskeidelik. Die larwe meel het ‘n ru-vet en ru- vesel spysvertering verteerbaarheid van 94% en 62% onderskeidelik, waar die papies ‘n ru-vet en ru- vesel spysvertering verteerbaarheid van onderskeidelik 98% en 58% het. Huisvlieg larwe meel vervanging in ‘n drie fase voer stelsel het getoon om die gemiddelde braaikuiken lewende gewigte by slag, totale voer iname, sowel as die gemiddelde daaglikse toename te verhoog waneer dit vergelyk word met ‘n kommersiele mielie- soya olie koek dieet. Geen mekwaardige verskille was waargeneem toe die 10% larwe meel dieet direk met die 10% vismeel diet vergelyk was rakende enige produksie einskappe gemeet nie. Die 25% larwe meel dieet het merkwaardig beter gemiddelde braaikuiken lewende gewigte by slag, totale voer iname, sowel as die gemiddelde daaglikse toename getoon wanneer vergelyk word met die 25% vismeel dieet gedurende die verskeie groei fases. Karkas eienskappe van die 10% larwe meel, 10% vismeel en die kommersiele diete was gevergelyk. Kuikens wat 10% larwe meel en 10% vismeel in die diete ontvang het, het swaarder karkasse gelewer met swaarder borsie massas wanneer vergelyk word met die kommersiele mielie- soya olie koek dieet. Geen behandelings verskille was gevind rakende die borsie- en dy spier kleure of pH nie. Die studie toon dat huisvlieg larwe meel as ‘n veillige protein bron kan beskou word, wat gebruik kan word om ander protein bronne te vervang. Huisvlieg larwe meel het ook die vermoë om braaikuiken produksie te verhoog sonder om enige negitiewe effekte rakende die karkas eienskappe te toon nie.
26
Simões, Sandra Cristina Sousa. "Ecology and feeding behaviour of the Common Otter in the lower Mondego river valley." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83372.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Ecologia apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaA lontra comum é um predador tipicamente piscívoro que está atualmente classificado como quase ameaçado na Europa. Este mamífero enfrenta muitas ameaças, como a fragmentação do seu habitat, a poluição dos cursos de água e a baixa disponibilidade de presas. No entanto, o seu estatuto de conservação em Portugal foi recentemente alterado para “Pouco Preocupante”, facto que coincidiu com o aumento da dispersão de espécies introduzidas com potencial invasor no país. Após este fenómeno, a população de lontras em Portugal aumentou, e foi descrita como sendo uma das poucas populações a prosperar na Europa. Neste estudo pretende-se obter dados concretos sobre a ocorrência, abundância e atividade das lontras no Baixo Mondego, assim como compreender a evolução do seu comportamento alimentar após a introdução de espécies exóticas.Os resultados obtidos resultam de métodos de foto-armadilhagem e de recolha e contagem de excrementos, e sua posterior análise laboratorial. Verificou-se que a lontra está bem distribuída no vale do Baixo Mondego, com maior ocorrência nos principais pauis (principalmente no Paúl de Arzila) e na área a sul do vale, próxima dos campos de arroz. Os resultados apontam também para a plasticidade do comportamento alimentar da espécie, uma vez que foram detectadas alterações nos padrões de ocorrência e de composição alimentar de acordo com a sazonalidade e a abundância de alimento. Verificou-se que no inverno a lontra apresenta uma maior abundância em Arzila, movimentando-se no verão para a área envolvente do rio Arunca, composta maioritariamente por culturas de arroz com maior volume de água, o que proporciona uma maior disponibilidade de presas. No inverno, as presas principais foram as várias espécies de peixe, contrastando com a dominância no consumo de lagostim no verão, revelando um comportamento alimentar oportunista.Após a introdução e expansão do lagostim, a dieta da lontra passou a ser quase exclusivamente constituída por esta espécie invasora. Atualmente, a sua dieta apresenta um menor consumo de lagostim, e um maior recurso às espécies de peixe. A evolução da composição da dieta de lontra poderá estar relacionada com uma diminuição na abundância de lagostim, consequência da sua predação por várias espécies de aves e mamíferos, incluindo a lontra.Face aos resultados, a lontra pode estar a desempenhar um papel de espécie guarda-chuva através do controlo de espécies invasoras, como o lagostim, do qual beneficiam as espécies nativas. Este controlo de pragas permite que as espécies nativas recuperem nos seus efetivos populacionais, aumentando a biodiversidade dos ecossistemas ripícolas, para além de contribuírem para a redução dos danos causados às culturas de arroz por parte do lagostim, fornecendo assim um serviço de ecossistema, com benefícios diretos para as populações humanas e economia local.
The Common otter is typically a piscivorous predator that is currently classified as near threatened in Europe. This mammal species faces many threats, such as habitat fragmentation, pollution of water courses and low availability of prey. Nevertheless, its conservation status in Portugal has recently been changed to Least Concern, which was coincident with the increase of introduced species throughout the country. After this phenomenon, the population of otter in Portugal increased, and it was described as one of the few populations thriving in Europe. On the present study, it is intended to obtain robust data on the occurrence, abundance and activity of otter the lower Mondego river valley, as well as to understand the evolution of their feeding behaviour after the introduction of exotic species.The results obtained are the outcome of camera-trap methods and counting and collection of spraints, and its subsequent laboratory analysis. It was verified that otter is well distributed in the valley, with higher occurrences in the main marshes (mainly in Arzila Marsh) and in the south area of the valley, around the rice fields. The results also point to the plasticity of this species in terms of feeding behaviour, since were detected changes in their occurrence patterns and diet composition according to the seasonality and abundance of prey. It was verified that in winter the abundance of otter is higher in Arzila, followed by their movement in summer for the surrounding areas of the Arunca River, when the fields of rice hold larger amounts of water, which provides a greater availability of prey. In winter, the main preys were the several fish species, contrasting with the dominance in the consumption of crayfish in the summer, revealing an opportunistic feeding behaviour of otter.After the introduction and expansion of crayfish, otter’s diet became almost exclusively constituted by this invasive species. Currently, the otter presents a lower consumption of crayfish, and a greater use of fish species. The evolution of the composition of the diet of otter may be related to a decrease in the abundance of crayfish, which can be a consequence of its predation by several species of birds and mammals, including Common otter.Based on our results, the Common otter may be playing a role as umbrella species through the control of invasive species, such as crayfish, from which the native species benefit. This pest control allows the populations of native species to recover, increasing the biodiversity of the riparian ecosystems, as well as contribute to the reduction of damages caused to rice crops by crayfish, and thus providing an ecosystem service which direct benefits to human populations and the local economy.
27
Reis, Diana Filipa Botelho. "Improvement of common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) paralarval culture, based on studies of feeding and nutrition with alternative preys." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/10985.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At the moment, the biggest bottleneck in Octopus vulgaris culture is the
paralarvae stage, which is characterized by high mortalities and poor growth. This thesis
pretended to study the effect of three different preys (Palaemon elegans, Grapsus
grapsus and Artemia spp. enriched with Tetraselmis chuii) on the survival and growth
of 0. vulgaris paralarvae. It also targets the nutritional composition of newly hatched
paralarvae and the effect of the diets after nine days of culture. Prey biological
characteristics and level of predation were also covered during this study.
Regarding growth, survival and the biochemical composition of paralarvae, two
experiments were conducted. In the 1” experiment, paralarvae were reared at density of
5 paralarvae/L and Artemia spp. juveniles (1-ART) and P. elegans zoea (1-PAL) were
tested. In the 2“d experiment, the paralarvae rearing density was reduced to 1.5
paralarvae/L to raise the number of preys per paralarvae and Artemia spp. juveniles (2-
ART), P. elegans zoea (2-PAL) and G. grapsus zoea (2-GRA) were tested.
Low survival rates were obtain during the 1” experiment and although higher
rates were obtain during the 2“d experiment, no statistical differences (P>0.05) between
experiments and treatments were found due to the high variability recorded.
Nonetheless, higher growth rates (P<0.05) were found in treatments with low paralarvae
density (2“d experiment) and fed with decapod crustacean zoeae (2-PAL - IGR=5.18i
0.96% and 2-GRA - IGR=6.29 Í 1.10).
The biochemical composition of octopus hatchlings in the present study was
similar to that reported in previous works. After nine days of rearing it was observed a
nutritional change in paralarvae composition. Regardless from prey provided, a
reduction in DHA and PUFA content and DHA/EPA ratio was detected (P<0.05).
Nevertheless, the best rearing success was obtained in the 2-PAL and 2-GRA groups,
which were the ones with the higher DHA/EPA ratio (P<0.05). Although no differences
were found between the 2-ART group and octopus hatchlings (P>0.05), the remaining
treatments displayed a raise in ARA content that might be related with food input. The
artemia juveniles (prey with the poorer results in terms of paralarvae rearing) were the
most different prey contrasting with the FA profile of octopus paralarvae, suggesting the
importance of this factor in the octopus development. On the other hand, crab zoeae,
which presented good rearing results, also presented low content in protein,
phospholipids and to some extent cholesterol; which were higher in artemia juveniles
(P<0.05).
The prawn zoea was the most attacked and captured prey during the predation
trial and, although not different from artemia juveniles due to the high variability
(P>0.05), both decapod crustacean zoeae were highly ingested by the octopus
paralarvae. The low number of attacks and captures on crab zoeae observed and the
high number of ingestions recorded could have been related to the fact that, when
placed in the tank, most of the zoeae sank rapidly to the bottom, not being quickly
detected. From the present results it seems that not just the biochemical composition of
prey influences the octopus; paralarvae development, but also the number of preys
ingested may suggest as a limiting factor. A reduction in the water column depth of the
rearing tanks could reduce the energy spent in prey capture from the bottom, improving
energy efficiency and promoting paralarvae growth.
Considering the results obtained with Artemia spp. despite being the most
available and easiest prey to culture, it does not seem to be an adequate prey for octopus
paralarvae. On the other hand, decapod crustacean zoea seems a promising model if
zoeae availability is improved.Neste momento a indústria da aquacultura apresenta um enorme potencial de expansão e desenvolvimento, apesar de alguma saturação dos mercados com espécies chave. Um desses exemplos é a saturação do mercado mediterrânico com dourada e robalo. Devido à necessidade de diversificar essa oferta de mercado e pelo elevado valor comercial dos cefalópodes, o cultivo do polvo comum (Octopus vulgaris) foi ganhando um maior interesse nestes últimos anos. Actualmente o cultivo de polvo tem-se cingido à captura de juvenis selvagens com um peso minimo de 750 g (peso mínimo legal de captura) e a sua engorda até 2-3 kg durante 3 a 4 meses em tanques de terra ou em jaulas onshore. O presente estudo foi realizado com o intuito de analisar o efeito de três presas [juvenis de Artemia spp. cultivados durante 7 a 10 dias com Tetraselmis chuii, larvas pós-eclodidas de Grapsus grapsus (caranguejo) e larvas de Palaemon elegans (camarão)] na taxa de sobrevivência, crescimento e composição nutricional, de paralarvas de O. vulgaris. Foi também realizado um estudo de predação e de algumas características biológicas das presas, como tamanho da larva e fecundidade destas espécies. Para o estudo dos efeitos das presas nas paralarvas de polvo, foram realizadas duas experiencias. Na primeira experiência foi usada uma densidade de 5 paralarvas/L para avaliar o efeito dos juvenis de Artemia spp. (1-ART) e das zoea de camarão (1- PAL). Na segunda experiência, de modo a que o número de presas por paralarva fosse superior, a densidade de cultivo das paralarvas foi reduzida para 1.5 paralarvas/L. Nesta última experiência foi analisado o efeito das três presas, 2-ART, 2-PAL e 2-GRA, que correspondem aos grupos de paralarvas alimentadas com artemias juvenis, larvas de camarão e larvas de caranguejo respectivamente. O cultivo das paralarvas foi realizado em tanques cilindro-cónicos de fibra de vidro de 100L com paredes pretas e fundo branco. Foi usado um sistema aberto com água salgada proveniente de mar aberto e aplicado um foto-periodo de 12L:12E (L - luminosidade; E - escuridão) com uma intensidade de 200 lux na superficie da água.
28
McNabb, Robert G. "The effects of limit-feeding on two breeds of beef cattle fed to a common backfat level for slaughter." 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/18994.
Повний текст джерела
29
Mitura, Anna Katarina Dora. "Entwicklung und erste Erprobung eines Alleinfütterungskonzeptes als zentraler Bestandteil weiterer Standardisierungsschritte bei der Laborhaltung von Weißbüschelaffen (Callithrix jacchus)." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-AB4B-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Weißbüschelaffen (Callithrix jacchus) gehören zu den Krallenaffen und sind ursprünglich in den Regenwaldrandgebieten Nordbrasiliens beheimatet. Bereits seit etwa 30 Jahren werden die Tiere unter Laborbedingungen, vor allem für die biomedizinische Forschung, gehalten. Neben der geringen KM von 300-500 g ist auch die hohe Reproduktionsrate (zweimal im Jahr Zwillinge) ein großer Vorteil für den Einsatz als Labortier. Obwohl Weißbüschelaffen im Vergleich zu anderen nicht-menschlichen Primaten relativ stressresistent sind, erfordern sie doch eine optimale Haltung. Dazu gehören neben einem an die natürliche Umwelt angepassten Raumklima ein entsprechendes Lichtprogramm und ein hoher Hygienestatus. Von besonderer Bedeutung für das Wohlbefinden der Tiere ist auch eine optimale Ernährung. Zudem darf der Einfluss der Ernährung auf die Resultate der biomedizinischen Forschung nicht unterschätzt werden. Unter insgesamt standardisierten Versuchsbedingungen muss auch die Ernährung standardisiert werden, um einen Einfluss auf die Ergebnisse der Forschung zu vermeiden. In vielen Laborkolonien wird den Tieren eine Mischung aus kommerziell erhältlichen Pellets, Obst, Gemüse, Insekten und anderen Zusätzen (z.B. Gummi arabicum) verabreicht. Diese Rationen lassen sich nicht nur schwer standardisieren, zudem ist besonders die Einhaltung der hygienischen Anforderungen nahezu unmöglich, da die Keimbelastung z.B. von Obst und Gemüse nicht kalkulierbar ist. Unter den Haltungsbedingungen des Deutschen Primatenzentrums in Göttingen hat sich gezeigt, dass durch die alleinige Fütterung der Tiere mit einer kommerziellen Diät zwar eine Standardisierung erfolgen konnte, die Tiere jedoch häufig Übergewicht entwickelt haben. Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, ein am Bedarf der Tiere orientiertes Alleinfutter für den Einsatz unter Laborbedingungen zu entwickeln. Nach umfassender Literaturrecherche zur Validität von Bedarfsangaben für Weißbüschelaffen erfolgte ein erster Versuch, in dem Eckpunkte einer Basisrezeptur eine Alleinfutter entwickelt werden sollten. 24 nicht reproduzierende männliche und weibliche Tiere standen hierfür zur Verfügung (2 Tiere je Käfig n=12). Jeweils zwei Rezepturen wurden auf Basis Pflanzen-, Fisch- und Eiprotein entwickelt. Die 6 Diäten wurden in einem 9-wöchigen Versuch in Hinblick auf ihre Akzeptanz mit einer kommerziellen Diät verglichen. Die Mischungen auf Eiprotein-Basis wurden von den Tieren grundsätzlich abgelehnt und daher aus dem weiteren Versuch ausgeschlossen. Nach Auswertung der Ergebnisse zeigte sich, dass die Tiere bei der kommerziellen Diät die höchsten Futteraufnahmen aufwiesen. Unter den getesteten Mischungen zeigte eine Diät auf Pflanzenprotein-Basis die höchsten Futteraufnahmen. Im nachfolgenden Versuch wurde diese Diät auf Pflanzenproteinbasis als Grundlage herangezogen. Ziel war, eine mit der kommerziellen Diät vergleichbare Futteraufnahme zu erzielen. Der Zusatz von Aromakomponenten zur Verzehrssteigerung ist bei Nutztieren bereits bekannt und sollte auch bei Weißbüschelaffen erprobt werden. Im zweiten Versuch wurden daher eine pflanzliche Basisdiät mit 5 aromatisierten Diäten und dem kommerziellen Produkt verglichen. Der Zusatz von Aromen führte jedoch zu keiner signifikanten Akzeptanzverbesserung. Um eine Steigerung der Futteraufnahme zu erreichen, wurde daher im dritten Versuch die Beimengung von Gummi arabicum-Pulver untersucht. Baumsäfte gehören zum natürlichen Nahrungsspektrum und werden von den Tieren auch in Obhut des Menschen gerne aufgenommen. Im Versuch wurden einer Basismischung 0%, 2,5%, 5% und 7,5% Gummi arabicum Pulver beigemengt und diese Diäten mit einem kommerziellen Futter verglichen. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse zeigte, dass durch einen Gummi arabicum Anteil von 5% in der Ration die Futteraufnahme auf das Niveau der kommerziellen Diät angehoben werden konnte. Zudem zeigten Tiere, die mit den Testdiäten gefüttert wurden, eine geringere Durchfallhäufigkeit. Außerdem konnte bei Fütterung der Testmischungen eine Absenkung der Körpermasse (KM) mit anschließender KM-Stabilität beobachtet werden. Aus den durchgeführten Versuchen kann der Schluss gezogen werden, dass die Entwicklung eines neuen, am Bedarf orientierten Alleinfütterungskonzeptes für Weißbüschelaffen unter Laborbedingungen gute Fortschritte gemacht hat. Weiterführender Forschungsbedarf besteht zum einen in der Methodik. Neben der KM-Entwicklung müssen zunehmend auch Veränderungen der Körperzusammensetzung als Maßstab für die tierindividuelle Entwicklung herangezogen werden. Da in der praktischen Haltung von Weißbüschelaffen die Nachzucht neuer Tiere eine entscheidende Rolle spielt, müssen weitere Untersuchungen zu Alleinfütterungskonzepten auch Ernährung von reproduzierenden adulten Tieren und Jungtieren einschließen.