Книги з теми "Combinations rules"
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1
Golding, Andrew R. Pronouncing names by a combination of rule-based and case-based reasoning. Stanford, Calif: Dept. of Computer Science, Stanford University, 1992.
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2
Currie, David A. Should fiscal policy rule the roost?: The combination of monetary and fiscal theory. London: Department of Economics, Queen Mary College, 1988.
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3
Ismail, Zuhaimy H. Constructing high school timetables using a combination of heuristics and a rule based approach. Loughborough, Leics: Loughborough University Business School, 1995.
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4
North Carolina. Dept. of Human Resources. Division of Facility Services. Licensure and Certification Section. Rules and regulations for the licensing of nursing homes, intermediate care facilities--type A, intermediate care facilities--type B, boarding homes for the aged and infirm in combination homes. Raleigh, N.C: The Section, 1985.
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5
Ranzi, Gianluca, ed. Time-dependent behaviour and design of composite steel-concrete structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>Steel-concrete composite structures are widely used throughout the world for buildings and bridges. A distinguishing feature of this form of construction is the combination of concrete and steel components to achieve enhanced structural performance. <p>The time-dependent response of concrete and its infl uence on the service behaviour and design of composite structures are the main focus of this SED. For the fi rst time, a publication combines a state-of-the-art review of the research with the available design specifi cations of Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and USA. This publication intends to enhance the awareness of the service response of composite structures and of the latest research and standards’ developments. It is aimed at designers and researchers alike. <p>The review of research available in open literature is provided and arranged according to structural typologies, i. e. slabs, beams, and columns. It serves as background information for current service design rules and provides insight into the most recent research advancements. The review of available design guidelines presents the similarities and differences of the recommended service design procedures infl uenced by concrete time effects. Selected case studies of building and bridge projects show possible design approaches and the rationale required when dealing with the time-dependent response and design of composite structures. The authors of this publication are design engineers and academics involved in the service design and research on the time-dependent response of composite structures.
6
Approved Welding Electrodes, Wire-Flux and Wire-Gas Combinations, With Appendix on Rules for Approval, 1985 (Annual). Amer Bureau of Shipping, 1985.
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7
Archibald, Clarke Hugh. A System Of Harmony: Founded On Key Relationship, By Means Of Which A Thorough Knowledge Of The Rules That Govern The Combinations And Successions Of ... Be Easily Acquired With Or Without A Teacher. Nabu Press, 2012.
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8
Caudle, Brad. Phonics: Long Vowels, Vowel Combinations, Rule Breakers & More. Rock N Learn, 1994.
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9
Roberts, Kenneth D. Stanley Rule & Level Co.'s Combination Planes. Ken Roberts Publishing Company, 1987.
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10
Roberts, Kenneth D. The Stanley Rule and Level Company's Combination Planes. Astragal Pr, 1989.
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11
The Community Service and Combination Orders Rules 1992 (Statutory Instruments: 1992: 2076). Stationery Office Books, 1992.
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12
Miriam, Goldby. Part I How Practices Become Norms: The Continued Development of Shipping Law, 3 Enforceability of ‘Spontaneous Law’ in England: Some Evidence from Recent Shipping Cases. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter analyses the process of rule-making in the maritime transport industry. It uses the term ‘spontaneous law’ to refer to norms that emerge as a result of regular and repeated interactions among participants in shipping networks, interactions that create common understandings as to how contractual obligations undertaken are to be performed. The rule-making activity results in a combination of articulated or expressed rules that are enforceable directly as a result of the formation of a valid and binding contract; and unexpressed (or implicit) understandings that form part of the contractual context and that supplement the expressed rules. The context within which these unarticulated rules come into existence is a commercial network of contractual relationships. The chapter engages with the pragmatic question of how and to what extent these unarticulated rules will be enforced by the courts in the resolution of a dispute, focusing on the courts of England and Wales.
13
Zen Runes Kit: An Inspirational Combination of Rune Wisdom and Zen Insight. Element Books, 1998.
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14
Rules for games on the Novelty combination game board: Manufactured by Brantford Novelties & Builders' Supplies, Limited, Brantford, Canada. [Brantford, Ont?: s.n., 1997.
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15
James, Philip. The natural environment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827238.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As urbanization occurs in a particular location, so there are changes to the natural environment. Habitats become fragmented. Disturbance increases. Species diversity is often reduced. While some habitats are lost, other new ones are created. New combinations of plants and animals, occurring as recombinant communities, replace natural communities. Community structure is simplified, as is succession. The result is a series of habitats and communities that are unlike those found outside urban environments. Many of the normal rules of ecology seem not to apply in urban environments as humans modify natural ecosystem cycles and flows. If abandoned, urban environments become colonized by plants and animals from the surrounding area and suspended ecological processes begin to function once more. Discussion of these themes completes Part I of the book and the analysis of the setting of the built, physical, and natural environmental context of urban environments.
16
Fishkin, James S. Can the People Rule? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820291.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Four criteria must be satisfied for popular control: inclusion (the opportunity for everyone to participate), choice (there must be different options to choose from), deliberation (so that the people think about the choices and their implications), and impact (the choices must have an effect, either on the choice of policies or of office holders). What forms of democracy can be used, either by themselves or in combination, to satisfy these four criteria? The book distinguishes four: competitive democracy (popular elections via political parties), elite deliberation (by representatives), participatory democracy (forms of direct democracy as with ballot measures), and deliberative democracy (deliberation by the people themselves). None of these methods is self-sufficient but how might they work in combination? Other topics include manipulation, the “realist” argument for the lack of popular control via elections, and the Athenian system of popular control, especially in the fourth century BC.
17
Klug, Frank. Composition Notebook: Perfect Combination Lacrosse Notebook 2020 Journal Notebook Blank Lined Ruled 6x9 100 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.
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18
Danny, Busch. Part II Investment Firms and Investment Services, 5 Product Governance and Product Intervention under MiFID II/MiFIR. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198767671.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter analyses the product governance and product intervention rules introduced by MiFID II/MiFIR. It argues that the combination of these two approaches designed to exclude harmful products from the market is a major step forward in investor protection. However, complying with product governance rules will entail costs for the firms concerned. They will have to put in place the requisite internal procedures and there will be a statutory duty for the firm developing the product and the firm distributing it to exchange a considerable volume of information. All in all, the author believes that these extra costs are acceptable; and are dwarfed by the social costs of marketing harmful financial products. The author argues that MiFID II’s introduction of product governance rules and product intervention rules is common sense. It would be naive to think that product governance rules could in practice guarantee that harmful products are no longer marketed.
19
Bartley, Tim. Transnational Standards and Empty Spaces. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794332.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A vast new world of transnational standards has emerged, covering issues from human rights to sustainability to food safety. This chapter develops a framework for making sense of this new global order. It is tempting to imagine that global rules can and should bypass corrupt, incapacitated, or illegitimate governments in poor and middle-income countries. This assumption must be rejected if we want to understand the consequences of global rules and the prospects for improvement. After showing how a combination of social movements, global production networks, and neoliberalism gave rise to transnational private regulation, the chapter builds the foundations for the comparative approach of this book. The book’s comparative analysis of land and labor in Indonesia and China sheds light on two key fields of transnational governance, their implications in democratic and authoritarian settings, and the problems of governing the global economy through private regulation.
20
Figone, Albert J. Creating A Game for Gamblers. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037283.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter traces how basketball grew in popularity since its invention in 1891, and how this popularity eventually made college basketball an ideal hotbed for gambling operations. As basketball's popularity increased, colleges began to view the sport as a source of income. Large gymnasiums and field houses appeared on campuses, and with more spectators and more money, more gambling appeared. The chapter looks at how a combination of factors—including the addition of new rules in college basketball, a decline in the American economy, the introduction of new technology in the form of radio broadcasts, among others—came together to facilitate gambling in college basketball games.
21
Giannitsis, Evangelos, and Hugo A. Katus. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biomarker testing in the evaluation of a patient with acute chest pain is best established for cardiac troponins that allow the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, risk estimation of short- and long-term risk of death and myocardial infarction, and guidance of pharmacological therapy, as well as the need and timing of invasive strategy. Newer, more sensitive troponin assays have become commercially available and have the capability to detect myocardial infarction earlier and more sensitively than standard assays, but they are hampered by a lack of clinical specificity, i.e. the ability to discriminate myocardial ischaemia from myocardial necrosis not related to ischaemia such as myocarditis, pulmonary embolism, or decompensated heart failure. Strategies to improve clinical specificity (including strict adherence to the universal myocardial infarction definition and the need for serial troponin measurements to detect an acute rise and/or fall of cardiac troponin) will improve the interpretation of the increasing number of positive results. Other biomarkers of inflammation, activated coagulation/fibrinolysis, and increased ventricular stress mirror different aspects of the underlying disease activity and may help to improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes. Among the flood of new biomarkers, there are several novel promising biomarkers, such as copeptin that allows an earlier rule-out of myocardial infarction in combination with cardiac troponin, whereas MR-proANP and MR-proADM appear to allow a refinement of cardiovascular risk. GDF-15 might help to identify candidates for an early invasive vs conservative strategy. A multi-marker approach to biomarkers becomes more and more attractive, as increasing evidence suggests that a combination of several biomarkers may help to predict individual risk and treatment benefits, particularly among troponin-negative subjects. Future goals include the acceleration of rule-in and rule-out of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome, in order to shorten lengths of stay in the emergency department, and to optimize patient management and the use of health care resources. New algorithms using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays at low cut-offs alone, or in combination with additional biomarkers, allow to establish accelerated rule-out algorithms within 1 or 2 hours.
22
Giannitsis, Evangelos, and Hugo A. Katus. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0036_update_001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biomarker testing in the evaluation of a patient with acute chest pain is best established for cardiac troponins that allow the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, risk estimation of short- and long-term risk of death and myocardial infarction, and guidance of pharmacological therapy, as well as the need and timing of invasive strategy. Newer, more sensitive troponin assays have become commercially available and have the capability to detect myocardial infarction earlier and more sensitively than standard assays, but they are hampered by a lack of clinical specificity, i.e. the ability to discriminate myocardial ischaemia from myocardial necrosis not related to ischaemia such as myocarditis, pulmonary embolism, or decompensated heart failure. Strategies to improve clinical specificity (including strict adherence to the universal myocardial infarction definition and the need for serial troponin measurements to detect an acute rise and/or fall of cardiac troponin) will improve the interpretation of the increasing number of positive results. Other biomarkers of inflammation, activated coagulation/fibrinolysis, and increased ventricular stress mirror different aspects of the underlying disease activity and may help to improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes. Among the flood of new biomarkers, there are several novel promising biomarkers, such as copeptin that allows an earlier rule-out of myocardial infarction in combination with cardiac troponin, whereas MR-proANP and MR-proADM appear to allow a refinement of cardiovascular risk. GDF-15 might help to identify candidates for an early invasive vs conservative strategy. A multi-marker approach to biomarkers becomes more and more attractive, as increasing evidence suggests that a combination of several biomarkers may help to predict individual risk and treatment benefits, particularly among normal-troponin subjects. Future goals include the acceleration of rule-in and rule-out of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome, in order to shorten lengths of stay in the emergency department, and to optimize patient management and the use of health care resources. New algorithms using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays at low cut-offs alone, or in combination with additional biomarkers, allow to establish accelerated rule-out algorithms within 1 or 2 hours.
23
Giannitsis, Evangelos, and Hugo A. Katus. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0036_update_002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biomarker testing in the evaluation of a patient with acute chest pain is best established for cardiac troponins that allow the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, risk estimation of short- and long-term risk of death and myocardial infarction, and guidance of pharmacological therapy, as well as the need and timing of invasive strategy. Newer, more sensitive troponin assays have become commercially available and have the capability to detect myocardial infarction earlier and more sensitively than standard assays, but they are hampered by a lack of clinical specificity, i.e. the ability to discriminate myocardial ischaemia from myocardial necrosis not related to ischaemia such as myocarditis, pulmonary embolism, or decompensated heart failure. Strategies to improve clinical specificity (including strict adherence to the universal myocardial infarction definition and the need for serial troponin measurements to detect an acute rise and/or fall of cardiac troponin) will improve the interpretation of the increasing number of positive results. Other biomarkers of inflammation, activated coagulation/fibrinolysis, and increased ventricular stress mirror different aspects of the underlying disease activity and may help to improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes. Among the flood of new biomarkers, there are several novel promising biomarkers, such as copeptin that allows an earlier rule-out of myocardial infarction in combination with cardiac troponin, whereas MR-proANP and MR-proADM appear to allow a refinement of cardiovascular risk. GDF-15 might help to identify candidates for an early invasive vs conservative strategy. A multi-marker approach to biomarkers becomes more and more attractive, as increasing evidence suggests that a combination of several biomarkers may help to predict individual risk and treatment benefits, particularly among normal-troponin subjects. Future goals include the acceleration of rule-in and rule-out of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome, in order to shorten lengths of stay in the emergency department, and to optimize patient management and the use of health care resources. New algorithms using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays at low cut-offs alone, or in combination with additional biomarkers, allow to establish accelerated rule-out algorithms within 1 or 2 hours.
24
Gill, Catie. ‘Harden not thy Heart’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814221.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 1660, the Quaker Anne Gilman encouraged the Stuart ruler Charles II to govern judiciously, warning: ‘harden not thy heart’. Monarchy’s ability to inexorably remove power from ‘the people’ was concerning; so too were the ruler’s bawdy predilections. The pamphlets explored in this chapter (c.1660–5) spotlight a group of women who endeavoured to remind the ruler that he is accountable not only to the populace, but to God. Pamphleteering of this kind expresses a combination of moral, theological, and political commitments, as writers pointedly sought to inspire in Charles a thoroughgoing reformation. The tendency of some writers, it is argued, is theologically Antinomian. In surveying this writing, this chapter offers a new approach to how women’s political critique combines with theological principle in the Restoration period.
25
Godsey, William D. Organization and Officeholders, c.1650–1764. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809395.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter introduces the organization of the Lower Austrian Estates including the main assemblies and officeholders. The Estates’ presiding officer was the ruler-appointed Landmarschall, who was always drawn from the Estate of lords. The Estate of knights provided the Landuntermarschall. The Estates met and conducted business in differing combinations in a variety of assembles: the annual diet; the “three upper Estates” of prelates, lords, and knights; and three standing committees. One of these committees, the college of Deputies, constituted the Estates’ directorial panel, which was also a key administrative conduit between central power and the localities. Aristocrats and great abbots dominated, but did not monopolize, these bodies.
26
Sindico, Francesco. National Measures and WTO Consistency—Border Measures and other Instruments to Prevent Carbon Leakage and Level the Carbon Playing Field. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter analyses the consistency of the measures used by the states and the World Trade Organization (WTO) in facing carbon leakage. As a response to the wave of migration of private CO2 emitters to developing states with lax emission reduction measures, numerous developing states passed measures such as border tax adjustments (BTAs), border adjustment measures linked to the existence of an emissions trading scheme, climate change-related technical regulations, and green energy domestic support policies such as feed-in tariffs. The chapter also discusses the reasons for national climate measures that potentially end in conflict with WTO rules. In this context, the chapter discusses how these measures are motivated by carbon leakage, loss of competitiveness and energy security concerns, or a combination of all three.
27
Collins, Nick. Origins of Algorithmic Thinking in Music. Edited by Roger T. Dean and Alex McLean. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190226992.013.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Musicians’ relationships with algorithms have deep precedents in the confluence of music and mathematics across millennia and across cultures. Technological and musico-mathematical precedents in the ancient world predate the Arabic etymology of the term ‘algorithm’. From Guido d’Arezzo’s hand to rule systems in music theory and eighteenth-century ars combinatoria, there is a rich background to twentieth-century rule-led music making. Robotic music, too, has precedents, and there is an interesting proto-computational thread linking the automata builder Vaucanson to early programmable weaving looms. Ada Lovelace’s writing, Joseph Schillinger’s composition system, and John Pierce’s 1950 stochastic music science fiction article provide productive insight into the origins of algorithmic music. Indeed, the world’s musics reveal a panoply of interesting practices, such as campanology, Nzakara court harp music, time structures in Indian classical music, and many more examples of the rich combinations of music and mathematics often predating musical computer science.
28
Holland, John H. 3. Complex adaptive systems (CAS). Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199662548.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Complex adaptive systems (CAS) are composed of elements, called agents, that learn or adapt in response to interactions with other agents. ‘Complex adaptive systems’ shows that all CAS exhibit lever points, points where a small directed action causes large predictable changes in aggregate behaviour. All CAS agents have three levels of activity: performance (moment-by-moment capabilities), credit-assignment (rating the usefulness of available capabilities), and rule-discovery (generating new capabilities). The behaviour of a CAS is always generated by the adaptive interactions of its components; and the hierarchical structure characteristic of CAS is also generated—particular combinations of agents at one level become agents at the next higher level.
29
Arnold, Felix. The Formative Period (650–900 CE). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190624552.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter harnesses scant archaeological and textual evidence from 700-900 CE to discuss palatial architecture in North Africa, Western Maghreb, and the Iberian Peninsula. As Islamic rulers fight to establish hegemony in each region, their decisions where to live and how to design their palaces reflect this struggle. The cities of Raqqāda, Tāhart, Córdoba, and Badajoz each stage a unique encounter between local, pre-Islamic traditions and the architectural typologies and concepts of space imported from the Umayyad caliphate in Levant and later the Abbasid caliphate in Iraq. The palaces at these sites often feature combinations of elements from disparate traditions (e.g., the munya of cAbd ar-Raḥmān I) or altogether independent innovations (e.g. cubit of ar-Raššaš).
30
Herbst, Jeffrey. Power and Space in Precolonial Africa. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164137.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines the theory and practice of broadcasting power in precolonial Africa. In particular, it explores the nonterritorial nature of power and how African rulers in the time prior to the arrival of the Europeans conceived of their boundaries. It considers how the combination of large amounts of open land and rain-fed agriculture meant that, in precolonial Africa, control of territory was often not contested because it was often easier to escape from rulers than to fight them. It also discusses the effect of the demographic and political realities in precolonial Africa on the contours of the states. In particular, as control of particular pieces of land was not critical to African societies, “there was no indigenous map-making in Africa or...its presence is so insignificant as to justify that generalisation.” The chapter also describes the determinants of power in the precolonial African state.
31
Slack, Jonathan. 3. Mutations and gene variants. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199676507.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
All gene variants originate as mutations. Most variants in the genome of any given individual are not new mutations but have been inherited from previous generations. ‘Mutations and gene variants’ shows that mutations can occur in any cell of the body, but in order to be inherited they must occur in the DNA of the reproductive cells. There are numerous genetic diseases caused by a single mutation in one gene, and the examples considered here are cystic fibrosis, haemophilia, achondroplasia, and Holt-Oram Syndrome. In such cases, the inheritance of the abnormal gene variant follows simple Mendelian rules. The origin of cancer is explained as a combination of mutations occurring in a single cell of the body. Inherited gene variants predisposing to cancer do so because they reduce the number of new mutations required.
32
Vittoria, Barsotti, Carozza Paolo G, Cartabia Marta, and Simoncini Andrea. I The Constitutional Court, 3 Forms and Methods of Judicial Reasoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190214555.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Forms and methods of constitutional interpretation are less divisive in Italy than in the United States. In this chapter the interpretive style of the ItCC is described as “syncretistic” or “integrated” because the Court uses a combination of many different approaches to constitutional interpretation. The ItCC interprets the Constitution as a whole, as an integrated system, avoiding the fragmented interpretation of a single provision detached from the context and relationship with other principles, rules, and rights inscribed in the Constitution. This chapter also focuses on the concepts of reasonableness and proportionality, which are used synonymously in a way that is ancillary to many other constitutional principles, making them pervasive in constitutional adjudication. This chapter also studies the types of decisions of the constitutional court and their overall effects.
33
Rosenblatt, Fernando. Uruguay. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190870041.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter, focusing on Uruguay, reviews the trajectory of the oldest parties in the study, PC and PN. This analysis presents the clearest example of the theorized evolution of the causal factors: the waning effect of Trauma, the difficulty of sustaining Purpose, the importance of formal and informal Channels of Ambition, and the consolidation of moderate Exit Barriers as a combination of institutional and organizational formal and informal rules. The chapter also discusses the case of the FA, a vibrant party that faces the challenge of consolidating Channels of Ambition. Finally, the Uruguayan case illustrates the trade-off between Trauma and Channels of Ambition and is the only one of the three countries in this study where all the major parties, at the time of fieldwork, could be considered vibrant.
34
Golder, Sona N., Ignacio Lago, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil, and Thomas Gschwend. Multi-Level Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791539.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The existing framework for explaining variation in voter turnout and vote choice across multiple levels of government is more useful for addressing aggregate patterns than for addressing micro-level behaviour. To better understand the aggregate outcomes of interest, this chapter proposes an examination of individual voter behaviour and strategies of party elites that take account of the incentives provided by multiple electoral arenas. In doing so, the chapter investigates the variation in both party and voter behaviour that is often overlooked in existing work. In the presence of multiple electoral arenas, the behaviour of both party elites and voters in one arena is affected by what happens in another. The decisions of party elites and voters are shaped by the incentive structure that is produced by the combination of multiple arenas with different electoral rules.
35
Hollyer, James R. Measuring Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817062.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Researchers typically construct measures of governance through one of two methods (or some combination thereof): aggregation of the responses of a set of expert respondents to survey questionnaires, or aggregation of some set of factual data. This chapter examines the benefits and drawbacks to each methodology. By relying on expert respondents, researchers are able to ensure that a broad range of varied inputs inform their governance index. This methodology benefits from flexibility. By relying on carefully selected factual data and defined aggregation rules, researchers are able to ensure transparency and reliability, but typically restrict the set of information that influences their index. This chapter argues that, all else being equal, indexes that rely on objective inputs are more appropriate for theory testing, while those that rely on expert perceptions are more appropriate for ranking and assessment exercises.
36
Brady, David, Agnes Blome, and Hanna Kleider. How Politics and Institutions Shape Poverty and Inequality. Edited by David Brady and Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article explores the influence of politics and institutions on poverty and inequality. It first considers the general contention that poverty is shaped by the combination of power resources and institutions. On one hand, scholars in the power resources tradition have emphasized the role of class-based collective political actors for mobilizing “power resources” in the state and economy. On the other hand, institutionalists have highlighted the role of formal rules and regulations. The article goes on to discuss the theoretical arguments of power resources theory and the evidence for key power resources (that is, collective political actors like labor unions and parties). It also reviews institutional explanations, focusing on the key concepts and theories and as well as the evidence linking the most salient institutions to poverty. Finally, it examines how state policy influences poverty and presents several challenges for future research.
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Trost, Harald. Morphology. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article discusses in detail computational morphology with examples from various languages. It deals with the processing of words in both their graphemic, i.e. written, and their phonemic, i.e. spoken form. It has a wide range of practical applications such as spelling correction or automated hyphenation. It further seeks the fact that these tasks may seem simple to a human but they pose hard problems to a computer program. This article provides insights into why this is so and what techniques are available to tackle these tasks. It discusses the sort of information that is expressed by morphology and differs widely between languages and looks at the constraints involved in morphotactics. It is responsible for governing the rules for the combination of morphs into larger entities. It concludes with an outline of finite-state morphology and alternative formalisms.
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McIntosh, Andrew J. Laws of Whist : All the Important Decisions Made in England, France and the United States ... : the System of Combination of Forces ...: Combined with the General Rules of the Etiquette of the Game. HardPress, 2020.
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Scott, W. Richard, and Raymond E. Levitt. Institutional Challenges and Solutions for Global Megaprojects. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.4.
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Megaprojects are characterized by complex technical interdependencies—both compatible and contentious—novel technologies and systems, cross-cutting regional and political forces, and the presence of multiple institutional frameworks. This chapter stresses the role played by institutions. Employing a broad conception, it views institutions as consisting of three types of elements: regulatory (rules, laws, orders), normative (norms and values) and cultural-cognitive (beliefs, schemas, frames). As a form, megaprojects incorporate and are subject to a diverse, complex, and conflicting combination of elements. Viewed as an organization field, megaprojects confront a highly diverse set of participants who exhibit varying degrees of embeddedness in their local environment and are obliged to manage their operations across multiple changing phases which entail shifts over time in their power and influence. These challenges require that successful megaprojects develop flexible legal-contractual managerial controls, common norms and values, and shared identities anchored in a robust project culture.
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Woolford, Ellen. Split Ergativity in Syntax and at Morphological Spellout. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.9.
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In a split ergative case pattern, not all subjects that could be marked with ergative case are. A language with a split ergative case pattern is called a split ergative language, but linguists disagree as to what other properties qualify a language as split ergative: an ergative case pattern in combination with a nominative-accusative agreement pattern, or an ergative case and agreement pattern in a language where no syntactic rules make reference to ergative case, or a language with two classes of verbs, only one of which takes an ergative subject. This chapter illustrates the well-known types of ergative splits involving person and aspect, and a range of less well-known types involving stage versus individual level predicates, proximate versus obviate subjects, and different social contexts. Most ergative splits appear to be present in syntax, with the clear exception of person splits which are argued to be purely morphological.
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Gheciu, Alexandra. Between the Old and the New. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813064.003.0005.
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Building upon the analysis of international developments in Chapter 4, Chapter 5 returns to recent developments in the national arenas of Bulgaria, Bosnia, Romania, and Serbia. The chapter examines the fluidity and complexity of the practices of performing security that have resulted from the insertion of those polities into the European field of security in combination with the persistence of some old actors, attitudes, and non-material resources. By examining how security is performed in the context of the intersection of European and global factors and actors with national players and local dynamics, the chapter seeks to give readers a better sense of what “glocalization” actually looks like in specific settings. The chapter shows that, in parallel to EU-level dynamics, in each of the four polities examined in the book PSCs cooperate with state officials, but also engage in practices of contestation over the “rules of the game” of security provision.
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Lifshitz, Joseph Isaac. Holiness and the Land of Israel. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796497.003.0005.
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A study of holiness in time and space illumines the phenomenon of holiness in ways that an abstract conceptual study would not. Holiness is not only about separation and restraint but also yearning and longing. It entails more than the combination of mysterium and fascination, awe and wonder. Although in part an affective state; holiness also presupposes the reality of a deity. Holiness draws humans to respond actively and to come close despite the awe of God. Holiness as attached to the world, to time and space, has ramifications for human action. It has both theological and legal dimensions. These two are often in tension, but, especially in the Torah, are never separated. The legal is in effect based on the theological; the theological dimension is expressed by the norms and rules of law. These two dimensions are found in the theology and laws of the land of Israel as expressed in the Torah.
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Houston, Rab. Law and Literature in Scotland, c.1450–1707. Edited by Lorna Hutson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660889.013.40.
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The aim of this chapter is to set out what we know of the tensions within Scots law, between law and Scottish society, and between Scots and English law during the last two and a half centuries of Stewart rule. It seeks to explain the distinctive aspects of Scots law and its context by exploring some of the many historical areas that a combination of law and literature can illuminate. The intention is to help readers familiar only with England to break down assumptions about what was normal, natural, or even normative, by drawing comparisons between countries whose fortunes slowly converged, but whose society, politics, religion, culture, and law remained quite different.
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Perler, Dominik. Spinoza on Skepticism. Edited by Michael Della Rocca. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195335828.013.005.
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Spinoza never discusses the scenario of radical skepticism as it was introduced by Descartes. Why not? This chapter argues that he chooses a preventive strategy: instead of taking the skeptical challenge as it is and trying to refute it, he questions the challenge itself and gives a diagnosis of its origin. It is a combination of semantic atomism, dualism, and anti-naturalism that gives rise to radical doubts. Spinoza attacks these basic assumptions, opting instead for semantic holism, anti-dualism, and naturalism. This crucial shift of basic assumptions prevents radical skepticism from arising. To be sure, local doubts are still possible, but the possibility of global doubt is ruled out. The chapter examines this preventive strategy, situating it in the historical context and building a bridge to more recent anti-skeptical strategies.
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Hengameh, Saberi. Part II Approaches, Ch.21 Yale’s Policy Science and International Law: Between Legal Formalism and Policy Conceptualism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198701958.003.0022.
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This chapter challenges the conventional narrative about the career of the New Haven School (NHS) by arguing that the mainstream discipline’s rejection of the policy-oriented methodology was not a rejection of policy thinking as such, but rather an opposition to the conceptualism and formulaic determinism of New Haven’s jurisprudence resulting from a peculiar combination of a contextualist methodology and a non-cognitive view of normative values of human dignity. Rather than between law and policy, the tension was between two different perceptions of flexibility and rigidity. This tension resulted from the NHS’s dogmatic and erroneous presentation of what they dubbed ‘traditional’ and ‘rule-oriented’ approaches as formalist and the mainstream discipline’s more accurate understanding of the policy-oriented international law as a new mode of formalism.
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Samples, Mark C. Timbre and Legal Likeness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199985227.003.0006.
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In 1988, singer-songwriter Tom Waits sued Frito-Lay for using an impersonation of his voice in a Doritos commercial, an act that flagrantly contradicted his anticommercial persona as an artist. The company had appropriated not just his voice but his artistic identity, and the court ruled in favor of Waits. Drawing on recent brand theory, this chapter claims that in spite of the flexibility of Waits’s vocal timbre, his distinctive, gravelly voice—possibly a voluntary affectation, the result of laryngeal damage, or a combination of both—is universally identifiable and associated with his brand persona as a musician. This is evidenced by numerous interviews, fan forums, and musical analysis of recorded works. The Waits v. Frito-Lay, Inc. case set a precedent for the legal protection of distinctive vocal timbres against unauthorized use for commercial purposes.
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Arnold, Felix. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190624552.003.0007.
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On the evidence of the 75 palaces discussed in the book’s previous chapters, the conclusion distills four major concepts of space in the palatial architecture of the Islamic West and synthesizes their development from the arrival of Islam in in the region through the Early Modern Period. Planar, view-framing, linear, and interior understandings of space reflect answers to evolving questions about the nature of rulership during a span of history marked by dramatic shifts in power. Each concept of space makes a distinct statement about how rulers relate to society. Within the same palace, the seemingly incoherent combination of spatial concepts may articulate the political and ideological tensions of the moment. All four spatial concepts can, nevertheless, be understood as variations on the idea that space is infinite, which may be considered the uniting characteristic of Islamic palatial architecture in the western Mediterranean.
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Browning, Christopher R. The Nazi Empire. Edited by Donald Bloxham and A. Dirk Moses. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.013.0021.
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This articles addresses genocide in the Nazi Empire. Genocide in the Nazi Empire issued from a confluence of traditions: anti-Semitism, racism, imperialism, and eugenics. None of these was unique to Germany, but they came together in a lethal combination in Germany under Nazi rule to provide the ideological underpinnings for three clusters of genocidal projects. The first was the ‘purification’ of the German race through the mass murder of the mentally and physically handicapped within the Third Reich and the expulsion and mass murder of ‘Gypsies’ from the Third Reich. The second was a demographic revolution or ethnic restructuring within the lands deemed to be Germany's future Lebensraum through the decimation, denationalization, and expulsion of the predominately Slavic populations living there. The third was the systematic and total mass murder of every Jew — the Holocaust.
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Brandsma, Gijs Jan, and Jens Blom-Hansen. Controlling the EU Executive? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767909.001.0001.
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Every year the EU Commission issues thousands of rules based on powers delegated by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament. But delegation is carefully controlled. Traditionally, control has been exerted through a system of committees of member state representatives (‘comitology’). However, this system was contested by the European Parliament which was left without any influence. The Lisbon Treaty introduced a new control regime for delegated powers, the so-called delegated acts system, which was meant to supplement the existing system. The new system involves direct control by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament and thus for the first time gave the European Parliament real influence over delegated powers. However, the choice over which delegation regime to use in practice has turned into one of the most vehement institutional conflicts in the EU political system. Controlling the EU Executive represents the first comprehensive investigation of this conflict. It does so by a combination of methods and data, including process-tracing of the introduction of the new system in the Lisbon Treaty, case studies of selected post-Lisbon delegation situations, and statistical analysis of data sets comprising hundreds of post-Lisbon legislative files.
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Gazi, Anarul. Little Princess: Unicorn Notebook for Girls Mini,120 Page,softcover,unicorn Notebook Journal,unicorn Notebook Wide Ruled,cute Unicorn Notebook,unicorn Notebook with Combination,unicorn Notebook Set for School,unicorn Notebook Lined,unicorn Notebook. Independently Published, 2020.
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