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1
Nagari, Galih Sekar Jati. "LANSKAP PERKEBUNAN TEMBAKAU KEBONARUM DAN GAYAMPRIT KABUPATEN KLATEN." Berkala Arkeologi 38, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 136–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30883/jba.v38i2.253.
Анотація:
Klaten is a region in Surakarta residency in 18-20th century during Colonial era. It held an important role in the economy of Surakarta region during that period. Klaten became area with the highest plantation productivity in Surakarta. Several plantation companies were established in Klaten, including sugar industries, indigo plantations, and tobacco plantations. Today, several plantation infrastructures can be observed, and its historical background can be traced well, but researches about Klaten Colonial industries are seldom. There are operating tobacco plantations in Klaten Regency, located in Kebonarum and Gayamprit. Plantation area in Kebonarum and Gayamprit is used as research material. Survey and historical approach are used in this research. This project aims to explore the important role of Colonial plantations in rural societies, through archaeological environment phenomenon and its history. The existence of plantations in Klaten rural areas was able to offer social change to the societies in Colonial era.
2
Borkotoky, Namrata. "Locating 'Coolie' Women's Health in Tea Plantation Environments in Colonial Assam." Environment and History 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734021x16076828553502.
Анотація:
The history of Assam tea plantations in India is well-documented, yet a gender sensitive environmental history of these colonially-introduced plantation landscapes is absent. The colonial tea planters saw advantages in a growing female presence in their plantations, in terms of increased male ties to the plantation, lower wages for female workers and the added benefit of biological reproduction that would fulfil the need for manual labour in these plantations for generations. This paper attempts to understand how this plantation structure in general and the work regime in particular relied on a particular type of gender identity, which in turn had a detrimental effect on the health of the women labourers in this new landscape.
3
Itawan, Devi. "The Origin of the Child Healthcare in the East Coast of Sumatra, 1900s-1940s." Lembaran Sejarah 16, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/lembaran-sejarah.59377.
Анотація:
This article aims to explore the issue of children’s healthcare in the context of colonial expansion on the East Coast of Sumatra. At the early of the 20th century, the birth rate, children, and maternal healthcare have become important issues in discussing health conditions in plantations in East Sumatra. It was a significant shift concerning the realm of East Sumatra plantation health and medical research due to since in the pioneering time, plantation’s medical institutions merely focused on the health of adult male coolies. The phenomenon of high rate of infant mortality in the early 20th century has become a new health problem in the East Coast of Sumatra Plantation. The plantation companies convincing to take further care of the children’s health as it will give a direct effect on plantation hygiene and population growth of the region. In the East Coast of Sumatra, children’s healthcare discourse was a proxy of the colonial capitalism interest, hygiene problems, and needs of population growth.
4
Purwandari, Heru. "SISTEM EKONOMI PERKEBUNAN: PERSISTENSI KETERGANTUNGAN NEGARA DUNIA KETIGA." Jurnal AGRISEP 10, no. 1 (April 10, 2011): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.10.1.63-79.
Анотація:
There was changing in dependency of the economic plantations system in along time. Two phenomena which always occur is the smallholding estate system are poverty and underdevelopment. In the colonial period, though plantation integrated to the external world, but farmer plantation never change from dependency situation which was created by colonial government. At present, when globalization become ideology that condition has not change. In the makro context, dependency in plantation on colonial period was showed by authority for source of economic. At present, dependency have influence in political government. All of government programs have implication in stagnancy of dependency nature. Key words: dependency, plantation, poverty, and underdevelopment
5
Sumarno, Edi, Nina Karina, Junita Setiana Ginting, and Handoko Handoko. "The Cities in East Sumatera after the Development of Plantation Industry 1863-1942." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (May 10, 2019): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i2.246.
Анотація:
The ports in East Sumatra were located on the banks of the riverbefore the presence of plantations.These traditional cities underwent some changes after the presence of plantations, where the cities on the riverbank changed intothe cities in the middle of the plantation. The new cities that emerged after the development of plantations were formed or initiated by the plantation party and the Dutch Colonial government in East Sumatra. The purpose was for the cities to become the administrative center of the plantations and government. Why did the colonial government or plantations build new cities? And howwas the development of the old cities and the new cities?
6
Winarni, Retno, Ratna Endang Widuatie, Tri Chandra Aprianto, and Nurhadi Sasmita. "Perkembangan Perkebunan Partikelir di Jember (1850-an – 1930-an)." Historia 4, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jhist.v4i1.28427.
Анотація:
This study was aimed to track how the history of plantations in Jember from the 1850s-1930s. When did plantations arise in Jember? What types of plants were developed on Jember plantations? How was the development of the plantation quantitatively? And what was the impact of the existence of plantations on the development of Jember and its people. The method in this study is a historical method which includes heuristic, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The results of this study are that plantations in Jember developed along with the development of colonial power in the Belada Indies, precisely since the VOC era, but experienced rapid development starting from the implementation period culture stelsel, but reached its peak in liberal times, and plantations also experienced a period of ebb as colonial power receded as well. The conclusion is that there is a parrarel relationship between plantation development and the development of colonial power.
7
Indah, Syanila, Sonia Ayuning, and Yusuf Perdana. "Perkembangan Tembakau di Distrik Lampung Masa Kolonial Abad XIX." Historia Madania: Jurnal Ilmu Sejarah 6, no. 2 (December 2, 2022): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/hm.v6i2.21280.
Анотація:
The purpose of this study was to determine the development of tobacco plantations in the Lampung district during the 19th century colonial period and as a source of learning material for the history of plantations in Lampung and local history in Lampung. The method used in this research is using the historical method with several stages, namely heusristic, verification, interpretation and historiography. The results of this study briefly describe the development of tobacco plantations in the Lampung district during the colonial period. And the dynamics of tobacco with many other plantation products can be said to be not easy, the dynamics of tobacco plants that were cultivated during the colonial period experienced many highs and lows of tobacco production. With conditions in the colonial period being in changing weather so that it had an impact on the production of its own tobacco, so that in the 1830s the colonial began to order again for farmers in the Dutch East Indies to plant plantation products that were sold on the international market.
8
MANJAPRA, KRIS. "Asian Plantation Histories at the Frontiers of Nation and Globalization." Modern Asian Studies 52, no. 6 (August 28, 2018): 2137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000403.
Анотація:
AbstractThis is a review article of four new books on plantation histories of Asia which offer a sophisticated analysis of the configurations of liberal imperialism, colonial capitalism, and the construction of post-colonial nationalism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The works discussed here are Rana Behal'sA hundred years of servitude(2014); Jayeeta Sharma'sEmpire's garden(2011); Ulbe Bosma'sThe sugar plantation in India and Indonesia(2013); and Kumari Jayawardena and Rachel Kurian'sClass, patriarchy and ethnicity on Sri Lankan plantations(2015).
9
Stenberg, Josh, and Budiman Minasny. "Coolie Legend on the Deli Plantation." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 178, no. 2-3 (June 25, 2022): 159–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-bja10037.
Анотація:
Abstract This article traces one narrative of anti-colonial violence on the Sumatra plantation through various Sinophone iterations and establishes the historical events on which it was based. The European anxiety about the defiance of the condemned Chinese men shows how this particular event turned into oral legend, religious observance, touring socialist theatre, leftist fiction, and a PRC Third World internationalist travelogue. In one moment of bravura, Chinese plantation workers rejected their status as colonial subjects. That gesture made them an emblem of the proletarian bona fides of the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia, and of the traumatic origins of Medan and other North Sumatra Chinese communities in plantation labour. By connecting the foreboding in the colonial archive with the eulogy in the Sinophone literary record, we can triangulate a fuller vision of resistance on the Deli plantations than is available from either one.
10
Bissonnette, Jean-François. "La longue histoire de l’agriculture coloniale en Indonésie." Revue Possibles 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.62212/revuepossibles.v36i3.372.
Анотація:
Le présent article propose un survol historique du développement de l’agriculture de plantation en Indonésie. Débutant avec les modalités du système colonial à la fin du 19e siècle, l’étude se penche sur les vicissitudes
postcoloniales de l’agriculture de plantation en lien avec l’évolution politique du pays. L’institution de la plantation coloniale a été reproduite à travers les époques sous différentes formes avec les limites qu’elle impose au développement de l’agriculture en Indonésie.
11
Li, Tania Murray. "The Price of Un/Freedom: Indonesia's Colonial and Contemporary Plantation Labor Regimes." Comparative Studies in Society and History 59, no. 2 (April 2017): 245–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417517000044.
Анотація:
AbstractAlthough often associated with colonial times, tropical plantations growing industrial crops such as rubber, sugar, and oil palm are once again expanding. They employ hundreds of thousands of workers, who still use remarkably basic tools. Flagging colonial continuities, labor activists campaign against the reemergence of unfree labor and “modern forms of slavery.” Paradoxically, labor activists also highlight the opposite problem: the casualization of plantation work, as workers are hired daily and fired at will. Recognizing that both “free” and unfree labor regimes have a long history in Indonesia, and plantations have pivoted between these modes more than once, my study compares plantation labor regimes in the colonial, New Order, and “reform” periods (post-1998) to answer three questions. First, given that employers always want to access disciplined labor at the lowest possible price, what were the conditions that led employers to rely on unfree labor in some cases, and “free” labor in others? Second, to what extent was unfreedom imposed as a response to excessive freedom among workers and peasants? Third, how were the costs of social reproduction distributed between workers and employers, and what pressures from workers or regulators (state, colonial, transnational) affected this distribution? In addition to published sources, I draw on my ethnographic research in West Kalimantan (2010–2015) to explore contemporary experiences of un/freedom among workers on state and private oil palm plantations.
12
Gupta, Ranajit Das. "Plantation labour in colonial India." Journal of Peasant Studies 19, no. 3-4 (April 1992): 173–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066159208438492.
13
Sandy, Laura. "Supervisors of Small Worlds: The Role of Overseers on Colonial South Carolina Slave Plantations." Journal of Early American History 2, no. 2 (2012): 178–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187707012x649585.
Анотація:
The established historiography of slavery includes a substantial body of work on the colonial period, with particular emphasis upon the Atlantic slave trade and the development of the plantation system and the slave community embedded within it. However, one key element in the organization of plantations has received little attention: the overseers. Slave owners and slaves are well represented in documentary sources, yet overseers, despite their importance in the plantation system, remain shadowy figures in the story of slavery in the colonial era. Overseers were charged with the responsibility of supervising slave labor and maintaining the plantation owners’ human property. With a particular focus on the slave plantations of Henry Laurens, one of South Carolina's most successful and influential slave-owning entrepreneurs, this work explores the precise function of overseers within the colonial slave society of South Carolina. It will challenge the conventional image of overseers as poor, white, brutish task-masters, and show that in fact, only some of those in the occupation conformed to this crude stereotype. The role of overseer was vital to the day-to-day operation of slavery but it entailed neither absolute authority nor social standing. Analyzing recruitment patterns, overseers’ backgrounds, their daily role and activities, payment methods and rewards, their personal ambitions, employer-overseer-slave relations, and the prejudices men in this role faced, reveals much about those from the lower stratum of white society in colonial South Carolina. Using the often fragmentary evidence the overseer emerges from the shadows as a far more rounded and human figure than in the established historiography or popular culture. Many overseers proved hardworking, effective and prospered from their role on the plantation. This work not only reveals why many men became overseers despite the stigma attached to the job, but also sheds light on the complexities involved in slave ownership and ordering multi-racial plantation communities in the early American South.
14
Herschthal, Eric, and John L. Brooke. "The Plantation Carbon Complex: Slavery and the Origins of Climate Change in the Early Modern British Atlantic." William and Mary Quarterly 81, no. 2 (April 2024): 255–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wmq.2024.a925934.
Анотація:
Abstract: In recent years, scholars working across the humanities and social sciences have suggested that agricultural land use emissions from early modern enslaved labor plantations may have played an important role in the origins of anthropogenic, or human-induced, climate change. Yet historians of slavery and the early modern Atlantic world have been slow to engage with this argument. Focusing on the major enslaved-grown export commodities of the colonial British Atlantic world, this paper employs a carbon accounting method to test whether enslaved labor plantations and enslaved-grown exports substantially increased agricultural land use emissions in the early modern British Atlantic and how they compared to British fossil fuel emissions—namely, coal burning—in the colonial period. For each of the major types of plantations modeled—tobacco, rice, and sugar—enslaved labor, regardless of crop, decisively increased the amount of carbon any single household could emit. But the wide divergence in emissions between different plantation types and export crops suggests that enslaved labor was only one essential, though not singular, factor shaping the carbon footprint of enslaved-based plantations and enslaved-grown commodities. It was instead the interaction of the multiple factors comprising what we call the plantation carbon complex —racial and gender ideologies, crop ecologies, capital requirements, African agricultural knowledge, and enslaved resistance, among other factors—that determined an individual plantation or commodity's emissions. Nonetheless, the results reveal that the combined emissions of enslaved-grown tobacco, rice, and sugar exports far surpassed not only the emissions of the major non-enslaved-grown agricultural exports of the British Atlantic colonies but also British coal emissions throughout the eighteenth century. The form of enslaved-based racial capitalism represented by colonial British plantations thus marked an important transition in the shift toward a more carbon-intensive global economy.
15
Matheron, Aurélie. "‘C’est à ce prix que vous mangez du sucre en Europe’: Decolonizing plantationocene visualities in Amalia Ramanankirahina’s Le grand couvert." International Journal of Francophone Studies 25, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijfs_00046_1.
Анотація:
This article explores how the installation Le grand couvert by Malagasy artist Amalia Ramanankirahina intersects colonial plantations and a French Parisian orchard to decolonize contemporary French ecological thinking. As this article explores how French rural ecologies are embedded within a wider variety of environments and their violent plantationocenic histories, it argues that Le grand couvert performs ‘aesthetic marronage’, a form of fugitivity that breaks through ‘traditional’ plantation visual cultures ‐ ones that freeze plantations into a space of leisure and exoticism, albeit a violent one. Tracing the contours of the material, economic and ecological, ‘legacies’ of the plantationocene in and across contemporary France and its overseas territories, this article ultimately demonstrates how Le grand couvert helps interrogate what Stephanie Posthumus has called ‘ecological dwelling’, the evolving processes of bodies in and with space. While Posthumus understands ecological dwelling primarily along urban/rural paradigms, Ramanankirahina’s decolonial work injects new perspectives on this concept. In Le grand couvert, the plantation bleeds into the colonial space of a former rural space now known as a banlieue. At the intersection of the plantation and the banlieue, aesthetic marronage reveals the tensions of dwelling ecologically in sites that racially and economically restrict one’s subjective formation.
16
Hlongwana, James. "Estate farming and Ndau people’s displacement from Zimbabwe into Mozambique, c.1940-2010." New Contree 86 (July 30, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v86i0.24.
Анотація:
This article focuses on the development of plantation farming close to the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border and its effects on the Ndau people. Colonial incursions on the Zimbabwe/Mozambique border areas resulted in the development of estate farming in the Chimanimani/Chipinge region. European settlements in the borderland led to land expropriation by the colonial state and multi-national companies for estate farming. These estates ranged from natural and exotic forests, coffee, tea to sugarcane plantations. The majority of the plantations lie along the Zimbabwe/Mozambique border. The estates are vast, numerous and cover a significant area of Chimanimani/ Chipinge district. Apart from protecting tree and animal species, the promotion of tourism and provision of employment, the estates have assisted in the development of amenities and infrastructure in the region. In spite of the positives highlighted above, this article argues that the establishment of plantation agriculture displaced the Ndau people from their ancestral lands and pushed them into Mozambique.
17
Keesing, Roger M. "Plantation networks, plantation culture: the hidden side of colonial Melanesia." Journal de la Société des océanistes 42, no. 82 (1986): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/jso.1986.2830.
18
Nuralia, Lia. "Artefak Kolonial Perkebunan Panglejar, Maswati, Rajamandala Masa Hindia Belanda: Arti dan Arah Sejarah." PANALUNGTIK 3, no. 1 (September 28, 2020): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24164/pnk.v3i1.35.
Анотація:
Colonial plantation artifacts are an important cultural in the history of plantation at Bandung, West Java. What and how the plantation artifacts are the main problem in this paper. the purpose of this paper is to explain the colonial plantation artifacts in the form of inscriptions and old maps of the garden. The method used is a desk research on archeological research reports, books, and the internet. The data sources obtained are the inscription of the establishment of the old Panglejar tea factory in the IHT Building, the inscription of the establishment of the Administrator of Maswati Plantation house in the Pusdiklat Building, and the old map of the Rajamandala P lantation in the Office of Rajamandala Afdeling 1 of Panglejar Platation. The three colonial artifacts give special meaning to the continuity of plantation history since the days of the Dutch East Indies until now, as well as showing directions to search for and find historical information through colonial archival research and information from interviews with relevant informants at the present time.
19
Tanezini, Teresa Cristina Zavaris. "Escravidão e capitalismo na "plantation" colonial." Raízes: Revista de Ciências Sociais e Econômicas, no. 10 (December 13, 1994): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37370/raizes.1994.v.525.
20
Littlefield, Daniel C. "Plantation Enterprise in Colonial South Carolina." Agricultural History 82, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 551–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-82.4.551.
21
Bhardwaj, Bidhu. "Glimpses of Re-subjugation of Coolie-Women." Indian Journal of Research in Anthropology 5, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijra.2454.9118.5219.4.
Анотація:
The aim of this paper is to present the socio-economic reasons that instigated a large section of Indian women to go colonial plantation countries as plantation workers in the 19th century. The paper also discusses the incidences and treatment what they bear with during their journey and after arrival in plantation industries by their male associates and colonial bureaucracy.
22
Sheridan, Richard B. "The condition of the slaves on the sugar plantations of Sir John Gladstone in the colony of Demerara, 1812-49." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 76, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2002): 243–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002536.
Анотація:
Reconstructs the business activities of the Scottish-born Liverpool merchant and plantation owner John Gladstone, placed within the context of slavery and the abolition of slavery, and the general colonial history of British Guiana, particularly in the Demerara colony. Author describes how Gladstone acquired several plantations with slaves in Demerara, and how he responded to the increasing criticism of slavery, and the bad conditions of slaves in these Demerara plantations. He describes how Gladstone was an absentee owner in Jamaica and Guyana, where he never set foot, and depended on information by his plantation attorneys or managers, who generally painted too positive a picture of the slaves' conditions, which in reality were characterized by high mortality rates, disease, and abuse of slaves. Also discusses the Demerara slave revolt of 1823 affecting some of Gladstone's plantations.
23
Auger, Réginald, Jean-François Guay, Zocha Houle-Wierzbicki, Raphaelle Lussier-Piette, Antoine Loyer Rousselle, and Yannick Le Roux. "Jesuit Missionaries and Enslavement at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century: An Assessment from the Loyola Plantation in French Guiana." Journal of Jesuit Studies 8, no. 3 (April 19, 2021): 408–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-0803p004.
Анотація:
Abstract We present an overview of the archaeological research carried out on a sugar plantation operated by the Jesuits in French Guiana. The Jesuits’ production was exported to Europe to provide funds to develop their missions among Native people living in French Guiana and Amazonia. We present a brief history of the plantation and discuss the place the missionaries occupied in the colonial venture and their role in the economy of the colony. Loyola was a large and successful plantation compared with other plantations in French Guiana, and its success rested on the exploitation of enslaved labor. Recent research on the area covered by the plantation storehouse, its chapel, and the forecourt in front has allowed us to reassess our initial interpretation of the chronology and development of the plantation. In doing so, we realized that the Jesuits rigorously conformed to the architectural principles of the Enlightenment to symbolize their prestige in the colony.
24
Kim, Hyoun-a. "A Study on the Management of Tea Plantations by Japanese Residents during the Japanese Colonial Period: Focused on Comparison between Ogawa Tea Plantations and Ozaki Tea Plantations." Association for International Tea Culture 56 (June 30, 2022): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21483/qwoaud.56..202206.33.
Анотація:
The purpose of this thesis is to organize and analyze the records of Japanese tea plantation management in Korea during the Japanese colonial period, and to reveal the hidden goals of Japan and the Japanese Government-General of Korea. This study reveals the intention of the Japanese government and the Japanese government-general to manage tea and tea culture through the management of tea gardens by Japanese living in Korea during the Japanese colonial period. It was confirmed as follows that the intentions of the Japanese and the Japanese Government-General of Korea had an impact on the Japanese tea plantation management. We collected data on Ogawa tea fields in Jeongeup and Ozaki tea fields in Gwangju to review tea field operations and compare the two tea fields. The tea fields in Ogawa are tea fields grown from Japanese tea seeds, and the tea fields in Ozaki are wild tea fields native to Korea. This was revealed in the newspapers promoting the Ogawa tea plantations in Jeongeup and the Ozaki tea plantations receiving warnings not to interfere with the tea business in mainland Japan. Japan and the Japanese Government-General of Korea revealed that there was an intention and purpose to manage Korean tea culture by spreading the lie that Japan started tea culture and tea industry in Korea during the Japanese colonial period.
25
Wertheim, Wim F. "Conditions on Sugar Estates in Colonial Java: Comparisons with Deli." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 24, no. 2 (September 1993): 268–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400002630.
Анотація:
In September 1990 the Centre for Asian Studies Amsterdam (CASA) organized an International Workshop on “Plantation Labour in Colonial Asia”. Most of the presented papers dealt with plantations where the workforce had to be imported from distant regions, sometimes even from abroad. The type of human community originating from such recruitment policies often resulted in a typical frontier society, characterized by extreme harshness on the part of the white planters, and by a sense of utter alienation and isolation among the Asian labourers.
26
Islam, Syed Manzoorul. "Sex, sugar and slavery:." Crossings: A Journal of English Studies 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2009): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.59817/cjes.v2i1.396.
Анотація:
Sugarcane plantation began in the Caribbean from the early 16th century, with the arrival of Portuguese colonizers led by Christopher Columbus who planted seed canes in Santo Domingo in 1493. With demand for sugar increasing in Europe throughout the century, sugar plantations and sugar mills were set up throughout the region. Work in the sugarcane fields was cruel and energy-sapping, and hardly any European opted for such backbreaking work. As a result, a huge number of indentured labourers had to be imported from Africa and East India. These labourers were treated as slaves and were routinely brutalized and controlled by deadly force. The history of their subjugation and control had the body at its core, since the colonizers found it easy to establish their mastery through control and defilement of the slave’s body. The torture and mutilation incapacitated the slaves from performing gender roles. But the ‘ungendered’ slaves also reverted to their biological and sexual selves and employed the power of the body and sex to mount resistance against the colonizers. The resultant violence added a further dimension to the history of colonial resistance. David Dabydeen, a Guyanese poet, picks up this volatile history of colonial sugarcane plantation in his Slave Songs, with particular emphasis on the “erotic-sadomasochistic nature of slavery and plantation life.” The fourteen poems written in Creole probe the interconnectedness of sexuality, sugarcane and the body, and trace the history of both colonial subjugation and resistance.
27
Sudha, P. "Social Realism as the Key Theme in Mulk Raj Anand’s Novel ‘Two Leaves and a Bud’." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 11, S2-March (March 30, 2024): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v11is2-march.7533.
Анотація:
Mulk Raj Anand’s “Two Leaves and a Bud”was published in 1937 which dives into the complex dynamics of colonial India’s tea plantations, depicting the harsh reality experienced by labourers against the backdrop of British empire. This paper will examine the subject of social realism in Anand’s novel focusing on the author’s representation of wretched plight of Assam tea-plantation workers, the working-class exploitation, difficulties, and perseverance. This article elucidates the writers use of the theme social realism which sheds light on the economic, social, and political inequities prevalent during the colonial era by examining character interactions, narrative development. Social realism was largely popular towards the close of the nineteenth century. Anand exposes colonialism’s degrading consequences on underprivileged populations by documenting the daily lives of tea plantation workers and their interactions with tyranny, prejudice, and class disparities. The paper contends that “Two Leaves and a Bud” is a tribute to Mulk Raj Anand’s eye on social realism, providing readers with a clear depiction of the human experience amid the turbulent terrain of colonial India and exploitation being the major theme of the novel.
28
JOSIPOVIĆ, Igor, and Marko VUJEVA. "Economic Aspects of Slavery in the Triangular Trade in the Early Modern Period." Gazi Akademik Bakış 14, no. 28 (June 10, 2021): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19060/gav.948899.
Анотація:
Slavery has existed since the beginning of human civilisation. However, there was a great upsurge in slavery during the early modern period and the Age of Discovery, when it gained enormous popularity and took new forms. The greatest European powers at the time conquered new territories in Central and North America, developing plans how to exploit them in the most profitable way possible. To unlock the economic potential of these territories, colonial countries started organising a plantation economy by using slave labour. Consequently, colonial countries generated large profits, while the international trade began to flourish. Since there was a labour shortage due to an increased volume of economic activities, colonial countries engaged in the triangular trade, which ensured cheap and large workforce – slaves. As a result, slaves from Africa were brought to plantations in the New World, the most sought-after products, such as sugar, cotton and indigo, came to Europe from colonies, while almost all products that were scarce in colonies were imported from Europe. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to analyse the impact and costs of slave labour and plantation economy on the efficiency of the triangular international trade.
29
Reifschneider, Meredith. "Danish Colonial Healthcare Policy, St. Croix, Virgin Islands." Itinerario 43, no. 02 (August 2019): 305–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115319000287.
Анотація:
Abstract(Post)colonial scholarship in recent decades has undergone methodological and conceptual revisions and scholars have increasingly adopted the premise that social and political transformations are the product of both global and local struggles. The goal of this paper is to position healthcare as an “imperial force field” by focusing on the development of a colonial healthcare system in the nineteenth-century Danish West Indies. I argue that challenging seemingly self-evident concepts such as healthcare forces us to recognise that interventionist healthcare was contested and negotiated at multiple levels. This paper mobilises archival and archaeological research from a plantation hospital at Estate Cane Garden, St. Croix, Virgin Islands, to provide a context for interrogating the practical negotiations of colonial healthcare policy. While colonial administrative documents and physician reports depict a rather narrow range of healthcare practices, archaeological evidence from a plantation hospital suggests that healthcare, within plantation institutions, was more heterogeneous than the documents indicate. The goal of this paper is largely methodological. It mobilises colonial transcripts and material culture in ways that disrupt and reimagine taken-for-granted assumptions to show how those most affected by colonial policies complicate colonial institutions via on-the-ground practices.
30
Bhattacharya, Nandini. "The Logic of Location: Malaria Research in Colonial India, Darjeeling and Duars, 1900–30." Medical History 55, no. 2 (April 2011): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300005755.
Анотація:
This article explores the scientific and entrepreneurial incentives for malaria research in the tea plantations of north Bengal in colonial India. In the process it highlights how the logic of ‘location’ emerged as the central trope through which medical experts, as well as colonial administrators and planters, defined malaria research in the region. The paper argues that the ‘local’ emerged as both a prerequisite of colonial governance as well as a significant component of malaria research in the field. Despite the ambiguities that such a project entailed, tropical medicine was enriched from a diverse understanding of local ecology, habitation, and structural modes of production. Nevertheless, the locality itself did not benefit from anti-malarial policy undertaken either by medical experts or the colonial state. This article suggests that there was a disjuncture between ‘tropical medicine’ and its ‘field’ that could not be accommodated within the colonial plantation system.
31
Wicaksono, Bayu. "Migrasi Orang Jawa ke Asahan pada Masa Kolonial." MUKADIMAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sejarah, dan Ilmu-ilmu Sosial 5, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/mkd.v5i1.3439.
Анотація:
This article aims to reconstruct the history of Javanese migration to Asahan during the Dutch colonial period. The migration of Javanese to Asahan was the impact of the labor demand in the massive plantation industry sector on the East Coast of Sumatra. This study uses historical research methods using primary and secondary sources. The rapid development of plantations in Asahan made entrepreneurs bring in Javanese to sustain the company. To fulfill the needs of Javanese coolies, an agency was formed that has a special task of bringing in workers from Java Island. The life of the coolies is built with various facilities such as hospitals, cleanliness, housing, public kitchens, schools, and many others. Plantation entrepreneurs issue special monetary policies that aim to narrow the space for coolies by printing “kebon money” which only applies to plantations. The Javanese who migrated to Asahan were not able to achieve the hope of living a more decent life than their hometowns in their hometowns, they were instead caught in the trap of capitalists whose labor was exploited as coolies in remote areas of the plantation.
32
Jordan, Amy. "SPICE ISLAND STEW: CREOLIZATION OF FOODWAYS ON COLONIAL ERA NUTMEG PLANTATIONS, MALUKU PROVINCE, INDONESIA." Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 37 (May 5, 2015): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/jipa.v37i0.14746.
Анотація:
The Banda Islands, in modern Indonesia’s Maluku Province, were the world’s sole source of nutmeg in the 16th Century. Control over the spice trade was a major goal for European powers. Consequently, the Banda Islands were a location of early disputes and colonial experimentation. After eradicating most of the indigenous population, the Dutch East India Company established a plantation system in 1621 on the islands. The plantation system fundamentally altered the lifeways of all inhabitants of the Banda Islands but there is little evidence regarding how the alterations and adaptations occurred or why. Excavations at three nutmeg plantations reveal that the inhabitants engaged with multiple strategies of both subsistence and trade. By examining multiple lines of evidence including ceramic, faunal, and starch grain analysis, a more comprehensive understanding of social adaptations to colonialism can be demonstrated.
33
Bryant, Raymond L. "Shifting the Cultivator: The Politics of Teak Regeneration in Colonial Burma." Modern Asian Studies 28, no. 2 (May 1994): 225–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00012397.
Анотація:
One of the most innovative aspects of forest policy in colonial Burma was the employment of shifting cultivators in order to create teak plantations. As developed in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this system of plantation forestry represented an far-sighted attempt to establish teak production on a long-term basis. Indeed, its adaptation of what many colonial officials viewed as a destructive and primitive form of agriculture to more ‘useful’ end, guaranteed its popularity in a broader imperial context. Even today, the use of shifting cultivators for commercial tree planting remains an acknowledged agroforestry technique, and is promoted as a cure for various social and ecological problems.
34
Breman, Jan. "Controversial Views on Writing Colonial History." Itinerario 16, no. 2 (July 1992): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300022129.
Анотація:
The discovery of an official report, so far unpublished, about coolie scandals on the plantations on Sumatra's East Coast around the year 1900, motivated me to produce a full-length book on this theme. My original intention had been merely to write a short introduction to the publication of a shocking historical document. However, I changed my mind when it became obvious that proper understanding of the source required more background information on the social and policy framework within which the plantation system operated. This applied both to conditions on the estates themselves and to the evaluation of those affairs by official and non-official outsiders. The main aim of my study is to contribute to the historiography of industrial labour in Southeast Asia. However, it also analyses die linkage that came about between capitalist industry and colonial policy in a region that formed part of the so-called Outer Provinces of die Netherlands Indies.
35
Webber, Oscar. "An Intolerance of Idleness." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 93, no. 3-4 (December 5, 2019): 201–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-09303053.
Анотація:
Abstract Despite the fact that disasters, usually induced by hurricanes, were a near-annual experience in the nineteenth-century British-controlled Caribbean, the immediate response of white elites (plantation owners and colonial officers) to these events has remained largely underexamined. This article fills that lacuna by examining the concerns that, across the long nineteenth century, informed British responses to some of the most devastating nature-induced disasters in this period. Though the damages wrought by these events always necessitated some form of humanitarian relief, across the period 1831–1907 the survival of labor regimes and the plantation economy always remained the paramount concern of British officials. White elites viewed their minority control over colonies in the region as contingent on their ability to make African-Caribbean people labor for them. Consequently, because disasters so often destroyed plantations and other sites of labor, colonial responses to disaster were primarily informed by a desire to coerce the African-Caribbean population back to work. Reflecting a preoccupation with “idleness” that was mirrored in domestic poor relief and disaster relief throughout the British Empire, white elites often attempted to withhold needed foodstuffs and materials for rebuilding from the African-Caribbean population until they re-engaged in labor for the colonial state. This article, through showing that a preoccupation with idleness remained central to colonial disaster response, reveals an underexamined continuity between the eras of slavery and emancipation.
36
Schwalbe, Emily A. "Landscapes of movement on lowcountry rice plantations." Journal of Social Archaeology 20, no. 3 (June 29, 2020): 268–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605320937195.
Анотація:
Navigable waterways were essential to European colonization of the South Carolina Lowcountry beginning in the late 17th century. Despite early attempts by colonial leaders to keep land grants within close proximity to Charleston, colonists quickly began to establish plantations where the land was amenable for commodity production and scattered throughout the region. Consequently, colonists and enslaved individuals utilized navigable waterways by extending the built environment into the water through wharves, landings, and watercraft, as well as modifying the waterways themselves for irrigation, agriculture, and mobility. Despite the importance of waterways in the function of plantations, most landscape studies have focused on terrestrial contexts. This paper proposes that waterway assemblages should be integrated into plantation landscape studies as a means of understanding the role of movement in commodity production, surveillance, and communication to better reconstruct everyday life, focusing on the preliminary remote sensing fieldwork of two antebellum plantation waterfronts as case studies.
37
Borkotoky, Namrata. "Shifting Narratives of Soil in Scientific Discourses of Colonial Assam Tea Plantations." Indian Historical Review 50, no. 1 (June 2023): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03769836231173254.
Анотація:
With the establishment of tea plantations in Assam in the first half of the nineteenth century, colonial tea planters and scientists began to examine ways to profitably produce tea for a growing global market. Apart from the visible landscape alterations through mass deforestation, tea monocultures also surreptitiously effected considerable transformation on its immediate physical environment, particularly on the soil. This paper highlights how the question of soil came under the purview of the colonial tea scientists when over the years, consequently and inevitably, these plantations showed a decline in the quality and quantity of tea produced. As a result, the initial conviction in the fertility of Assam’s soil within the tea discourse began to be replaced with discussions that revealed how plantation cultivation of tea itself was at the root of these problems in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
38
Sanjoyo, Mawardi Purbo. "Pariwisata Jember dari Masa Kolonial Hingga Kontemporer." MUKADIMAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sejarah, dan Ilmu-ilmu Sosial 8, no. 1 (February 19, 2024): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/mkd.v8i1.8713.
Анотація:
During the Dutch colonial era, Jember emerged as a prominent plantation area in Java, attracting significant investment from European private companies and a sizable European workforce. Despite their demanding roles in the plantation industry, Europeans frequently indulged in leisure activities across Jember, exploring its beaches, mountains, and forests. The burgeoning tourism sector was facilitated by the presence of accommodation and transportation infrastructure. Remarkably, colonial-era tourism sites continue to thrive, underscoring the enduring appeal of Jember's attractions. Various historical sources, including advertisements, newspapers, and guidebooks, offer fascinating insights into tourists' experiences. Historical research employing methods such as heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography reveals that Jember's tourism traces date back to the 14th century, resurging in the 19th century with the advent of European trading airlines. The convergence of plantation agriculture and tourism has spurred infrastructure and economic development in the region, with colonial-era accommodations and attractions retaining their allure today.
39
Sharma, Chandan Kumar, and Prarthana Barua. "Small Tea Plantation and Its Impact on the Rural Landscape of Contemporary Assam." International Journal of Rural Management 13, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 140–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973005217725454.
Анотація:
The tea plantations in the Northeast Indian state of Assam, launched by the British colonial regime in the mid-nineteenth century, had considerably transformed the socio-economic profile of the state. Its impact on the state’s peasant economy, however, was enervating. Controlled by the British companies, the plantation sector saw few local planters, although a section of the Assamese peasants traditionally engaged in tea cultivation in their homestead on a small scale. After India’s independence, many Indian entrepreneurs entered the plantation sector largely because of the departure of the British planters. The Assamese entrepreneurs found it difficult to emulate this due to lack of capital. Since the 1970s, however, a significant section of the local small and middle peasants, as a part of a conscious drive, took to small tea plantation (STP). The last two decades have witnessed a dramatic growth in the number of such small planters, which has brought about a major change in the rural social landscape of Assam.
40
Besky, Sarah. "The Plantation's Outsides: The Work of Settlement in Kalimpong, India." Comparative Studies in Society and History 63, no. 2 (March 25, 2021): 433–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417521000104.
Анотація:
AbstractWhile the colonial and contemporary economy of Bengal's Himalayan foothills is most often associated with the tea plantations of Darjeeling and the Dooars, the small farms of nearby Kalimpong were also a key space in which colonial agents and missionaries worked to “settle” the mountainous terrain. Focused on Kalimpong, this article traces the trajectory of one technology of settlement, agricultural extension, from the late 1880s to the early 1940s. It highlights agricultural extension's racialized and gendered politics, as well as its implication in a long-term project that merged material (i.e., food) provision with social reproduction (i.e., childrearing, kin-making). Agricultural extension created a patchwork of relatively biodiverse small farms that historical and contemporary accounts describe as a “green belt”: a socio-ecological outside to the plantation monocultures that dominate the hills. British governors attempted to use non-plantation space for multiple ends. In this sense, their work might be termed “biopolitical,” in that it was geared toward supporting and amplifying the life chances of certain human bodies and certain botanical species. Through a series of experiments, colonial agents made calculated choices about which of these forms of life should be made to flourish, and which might be allowed to perish. Importantly, settlement, as a set of intertwined projects, did not unfold in a coherent or deliberately sequential manner. Settlement was, and continues to be, a sedimentary process.
41
Sukayat, Yayat, and Achmad Choibar Tridahusumah. "Analisis Sosiodemografi dan Pola Nafkah Petani Penggarap di Tanah Eks Perkebunan Swasta Jawa Barat." Paspalum: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 8, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.35138/paspalum.v8i2.198.
Анотація:
The long history of the South West Java region is also the history of large private plantations stretching from the colonial era to the current situation. Another reality shows that generations of plantation workers who lived for generations, trying to survive by utilizing the land of former private plantations. This study aims to determine the sociodemographic conditions farmers that cultivated ex-private plantations in Cianjur Regency and their livelihoods. The research method uses a survey and descriptive statistical analysis, while the sample is farmers who cultivated on ex- private plantation. The results showed that the farmers in the study area had an age range between 18 to 82 years. The age structure of smallholder farmers shows the productive age of both male and female smallholder farmers. The average family dependent is 3 people and most tenants own ≤ 0.5 hectares of land. The pattern of livelihood of the family of the tenants depends on the agriculture of paddy fields, utilization of forest products in the form of wood, construction workers and other jobs to fulfill the lives of the farmers and their family.
42
Nuralia, Lia, and IIm Imadudin. "KEBUDAYAAN HIBRID MASA KOLONIAL DI PERKEBUNAN BATU LAWANG BANJAR." Patanjala : Jurnal Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30959/patanjala.v11i1.427.
Анотація:
Pertemuan antara dua budaya berbeda (Eropa dan Asia) memunculkan satu kebudayaan campuran atau kebudayaan hibrid. Salah satunya lahir di dalam masyarakat Perkebunan Batu Lawang Banjar, yang telah berdiri sejak zaman Belanda. Apa dan bagaimana kebudayaan hibrid tersebut, akan menjadi satu permasalahan pokok, sehingga tulisan ini bertujuan mengungkap kebudayaan hibrid di Perkebunan Batu Lawang Banjar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian survey dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui studi literatur, wawancara sejarah lisan, dan arsip kolonial. Hasil yang diperoleh, dengan menggunakan konsep komunikasi nonverbal, bahwa kebudayaan hibrid di perkebunan peninggalan zaman Belanda, menunjukkan adanya klasifikasi sosial ekonomi yang hierarkis dan rasis. Masyarakat perkebunan khususnya terbagi ke dalam golongan Eropa dan pribumi Indonesia, yang berimbas terhadap status pekerjaan. Golongan Eropa menduduki posisi penting sebagai kelas atas (pejabat tinggi perkebunan), sedangkan golongan pribumi menjadi buruh atau karyawan perkebunan sebagai kelas bawah. Pencampuran antara kedua golongan atau kelas sosial tersebut, melahirkan kebudayaan hibrid. Pada masa sekarang kebudayaan hibrid warisan kolonial di perkebunan, dapat ditemukan bukti fisiknya berupa artefak perkebunan dan keberadaan golongan peranakan Indo-Eropa sebagai anak dari hasil perkawinan campuran, serta informasi lisan dari pelaku. The meeting between two different cultures (Europe and Asia) raises a mixed culture or hybrid culture. One of them was born in the community of Banjar Batu Lawang plantation, which had been established since the Dutch era. What and how the hybrid culture, will become the main problem, so this paper aims to reveal hybrid culture at the Banjar Batu Lawang Plantation. The research method used is the survey research method with data collection techniques through literature studies, oral history interviews, and colonial archives. The results obtained, using the concept of nonverbal communication, that hybrid culture in plantations inherited from the Dutch era, indicate a hierarchical and racist socio-economic classification. Plantation communities in particular are divided into European and indigenous Indonesian groups, which impact on employment status. The European group occupies an important position as the upper class (high-ranking plantation officials), while the indigenous group becomes laborers or plantation workers as the lower class. Mixing between the two groups or social classes gave birth to a hybrid culture. At present the colonial heritage of hybrid culture on plantations can be found in physical evidence in the form of plantation artifacts and the existence of Indo-European breeders as children of mixed marriages, as well as verbal information from the perpetrators.
43
Brass, Tom, and Henry Bernstein. "Introduction: Proletarianisation and deproletarianisation on the colonial plantation." Journal of Peasant Studies 19, no. 3-4 (April 1992): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066159208438486.
44
Sumarno, Edi, Junita Setiana Ginting, Nina Karina, and Atika Putri Ananda. "Tebing Tinggi as the Central of Onderafdeeling Padang and Bedagei." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i2.894.
Анотація:
Tebing Tinggi was originally an area under the control of the Padang Kingdom. This area had been inhabited since 1864, exactly a year after Jacobus Nienhuys started a tobacco planting business in Deli. As the development of plantation business carried out by Europeans, Tebing Tinggi also experienced changes. In its journey, Tebing Tinggi turned into an area surrounded by plantations. The existence of these plantations makes Tebing Tinggi in the future a role as the center of government for Onderafdeeling Padang and Begadei. What is behind the formation of Onderafdeeling Padang and Bedagei? How was the administration under colonial rule? What is the role of Tebing Tinggi as the center of Onderafdeeling Padang and Bedagei? These questions will be discussed in this paper. This paper uses archival sources and books published during the Dutch colonial administration. This paper aims to describe the history of Onderafdeeling Padang and Bedagei government.
45
Sulistiyono, Singgih Tri, Yety Rochwulaningsih, Noor Naelil Masruroh, Salina Zainol, and Saparudin Barus. "Capitalism, Plantation Industry, and Environmental Change: East Sumatra During the Late Dutch Colonial State in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 359 (2022): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235904002.
Анотація:
This paper departs from the problem of the conspiracy between capitalism and imperialism and modern colonialism which has become a powerful force to exploit the environment in order to meet the demands of industrialization and modernization of society in capitalist countries. Some research questions that will be answered in this paper are why the East Sumatra region is a frontier area that is contested by the capitalists to expand their capital in this region? How did the various colonial powers compete for control of this region? How was the expansion of the plantation industry during the late Dutch colonial period? The results of the study show that the East Sumatra region is a potential area for the plantation industry (tobacco, rubber, tea, etc.). It is not surprising that the main colonial powers in Southeast Asia tried to control this region, especially the Netherlands and England. Various approaches were taken to negotiate with local authorities to obtain the right to control this area. Finally, from the second half of the 19th century until the end of the colonial government in Indonesia, the plantation industry in this region developed remarkably.
46
Suprayitno, Suprayitno, Ratna Ratna, Rohani Rohani, Ganie Ganie, and Handoko Handoko. "The Moving of Seaport from Labuhan Deli to Belawan in the Period of 1863-1942." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (November 5, 2020): 3308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i4.1363.
Анотація:
Plantation economic growth has the impact on development in various aspects. One of them is shipping and trade development. Before the existence of plantations in East Sumatera, shipping and trade in Medan were centered at Labuhan Deli as a river-port. Since big ships could not sail on the river, it was considered not effective and efficient anymore. Therefore, the Dutch Colonial Government planned to build a seaport located on the sea coast so that loading and unloading would be easy to do, and they selected Belawan to be the new seaport. The research problems were how about the existence of Labuhan Deli by the policy of the Dutch Government on moving the seaport to Belawan and what was their reason for it, and how about shipping and trade business in Belawan. This research used archives and other writing materials from the period of the Dutch Colonial Government in Medan and used historical method. The objective of the research was to find out whether plantation economic condition could change various aspects, including shipping and trade at the time. The result of this research was expected to become the reference for the writing on advanced maritime history, particularly on seaport.
47
KUMAR, PRAKASH. "Plantation science: improving natural indigo in colonial India, 1860–1913." British Journal for the History of Science 40, no. 4 (July 18, 2007): 537–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087407000027.
Анотація:
AbstractThis paper explores the transition to synthetic dyestuffs through a principal focus on developments within the last major holdout of the natural-dye industry, the blue colourant indigo. It starts by looking closely at existing practices of cultivation and manufacture of the natural dye in colonial India in the second half of the nineteenth century. It also develops a case study based on targeted efforts scientifically to improve plant-derived indigo in laboratories and experiment stations in colonial India and imperial England. Experts attempted to increase yields and enhance the purity of the natural dye to meet the competition of the cheaper and purer synthetic indigo launched on the international market in 1897 by two German firms, BASF and Hoechst. The paper explains the patronage of science by European planters, the colonial state and the metropolitan government and analyses the nature of science that emerged in the colonial–imperial nexus.
48
Hikmana Arafah Wiryandara, Dimas Nugroho, and Harriyadi. "Perburuan Harimau di Bali pada Awal Abad XX Berdasarkan Sumber-Sumber Kolonial." PURBAWIDYA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi 13, no. 1 (March 29, 2024): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.55981/purbawidya.2024.2896.
Анотація:
Before falling into the hands of the Dutch colonial government in the early 20th century, Bali was quite a foreign and restricted territory for Europeans. This condition slowly changed when the colonial government conquered the local Balinese kingdoms. Tigers' existence in Bali was later known through the records created by Europeans who studied nature and the local community there. This study aims to show the link between the conquest of Bali by the colonial government and the extinction of the Bali tiger. Through historical research methods to examine the literature sources used, this study shows that the expansion of colonial government influence in Bali also played a role in the process of extinction of the Bali tiger. The growth of private plantations in areas home to tigers further increases the potential for conflict between tigers and humans. Similar to Javan and Sumatran tigers, Bali tigers are also often hunted because they disturb and threaten plantation activities, as well as because they are a prey object for sport-hunting enthusiasts. Extinction is inevitable as a consequence of continuous hunting activities for this species.
49
Kumar, Prakash. "Plantation Indigo and Synthetic Indigo: European Planters and the Redefinition of a Colonial Commodity." Comparative Studies in Society and History 58, no. 2 (March 29, 2016): 407–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417516000128.
Анотація:
AbstractAs the nineteenth century drew to a close, European planters manufacturing indigo on colonial plantations in Bengal faced a major challenge from synthetic indigo. Synthetic indigo was a symbol of the successful integration of chemistry into industrial manufacturing that had occurred in the second half of the century, and it threatened to displace the colonial commodity. It also fundamentally challenged the colonial program of “improvement” that agricultural indigo represented, and the mode of production consisting of stewardship of plants and the extraction of a commodity within the plantation system. The planters pushed back on the synthetic product by emphasizing the merits of agricultural indigo. As part of this resistance, they claimed that the plant-based dye was “natural” and superior because it was produced through agriculture, and they pointed to the grounding of their methods of production in the layout of land and farming. They argued that when setting their product's value the market should give weight to its unique attributes and the extraordinary quality that nature had bred into the dye. This study reads in this response a critique of the growing ties between manufacturing and science and technology. The planters' critique was not a straightforward critique of the vicissitudes of market, but rather a fight to retain a place for the sort of exchanges and value that plant indigo growers were accustomed to dealing in. They viewed plantation manufacturing as wholesome and organic, and defended it in the name of nature.
50
Amanan, Amanan. "Sejarah Asal-Usul Penamaan dan Perkembangan Kawasan “Okura” di Pekanbaru pada Abad ke-20." Warisan: Journal of History and Cultural Heritage 4, no. 3 (December 24, 2023): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/warisan.v4i3.1983.
Анотація:
This research explores the History, Origin, and Development of the Okura Area, which originated from Okura Estate (plantation) in Pekanbaru in the 20th Century. The study employs a historical method, relying on toponymic analysis. The method includes heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and historiography steps. the techniques for collection the data are archival study, literature review, and interview. Okura Estate is one of the relatively large rubber plantations established by Baron K. Okura during the Dutch Colonial period. The existence of Okura Estate in Pekanbaru during the Dutch colonial period (in the 20th century) reflects life on plantations during that time, the role of the Japanese in the region, the involvement of external labor and the local community, and how these elements intertwined in the past, contributing to the cultural heritage in the Okura area that persists to this day. The research reveals the complexity behind historical, toponymic, environmental, and cultural aspects to uncover the evolution of Okura Estate over time.