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Статті в журналах з теми "Collector Base Capacity"
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Kuzmenkov, D. M., A. V. Olkhovskiy, V. S. Yunin, and K. V. Kutsenko. "Application of nanoparticles for solar-driven steam generation." Vestnik IGEU, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2022.3.013-023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nanoparticles suspended in the base fluid intensify the light-absorbing properties of the medium within wavelength range from 0,2 to 2,5 μm significantly. Also, they can serve as vapor bubble nucleation sites when the base fluid is boiling. Such suspensions are widely used to design the direct absorption solar collectors, in which the nanofluid is possessed both the working fluid and solar energy absorber. However, there is a lack of theoretical models that are capable to evaluate the steam rated capacity of direct absorption solar collector. Thus, the aim of the present paper is an experimental and theoretical study of the boiling of nanofluid exposed to thermal radiation. The experimental study has been carried out on a laboratory-scale unit with a solar radiation simulator. The experimental unit is capable to operate at a continuous steady-state mode with recirculation of condensed fluid. Two types of nanoparticles have been tested: multiwall carbon nanotubes with two sizes of 49 nm and 72 nm and 110 nm iron oxide particles Fe3O4. Distilled and salt water has been used as the base fluid for all types of particles. Mass fraction of particles is varied from 0,5 to 5 %. The reference experiment has been carried out for salt water in a blackened receiver. The theoretical model assumes that boiling is localized in a narrow region adjacent to the irradiated surface. An experimental study of the steam rated capacity for various types of particles has been carried out. An analytical expression has been proposed to estimate the steam rated capacity during the boiling of a nanofluid exposed to thermal radiation. Comparison of the experimental data for the distilled water-based and saltwater-based nanofluids has been carried out. It is found that the addition of sea salt does not affect the steam generation significantly. The maximum difference is 12 %. The highest steam rated capacity is achieved when using carbon nanotubes of mass fraction of 5 %. The steam rated capacity is increased by 23 % compared with the reference experiment. The theoretical model reproduces the experimental data with an average deviation of 7 %. Application of nanoparticles in direct absorption solar collectors allows us to increase the steam rated capacity compared with the boiling of the base liquid in a blackened receiver. The theoretical model is capable to estimate to a high precision the steam rated capacity in case of boiling of suspension exposed to thermal radiation. The results of this study may be of interest during the development of solar power plants with a steam turbine cycle.
2
Gorbachuk, N. I., N. A. Poklonski, Ya N. Marochkina, and S. V. Shpakovski. "Controlling of Differential Resistance of p–n-Junctions of Bipolar Transistor in Active Mode by Method of Impedance Spectroscopy." Devices and Methods of Measurements 10, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2019-10-3-253-262.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Controlling of parameters of manufactured transistors and interoperational controlling during their production are necessary conditions for production of competitive products of electronic industry. Traditionally for controlling of bipolar transistors the direct current measurements and registration of capacity-voltage characteristics are used. Carrying out measurements on alternating current in a wide interval of frequencies (20 Hz–30 MHz) will allow to obtain additional information on parameters of bipolar transistors. The purpose of the work is to show the possibilities of the method of impedance spectroscopy for controlling of differential resistance of p–n-junctions of the bipolar p–n–p-transistor in active mode.The KT814G p–n–p-transistor manufactured by JSC “INTEGRAL” was studied by the method of impedance spectroscopy. The values of differential electrical resistance and capacitance for base–emitter and base–collector p–n-junctions are defi at direct currents in base from 0.8 to 46 µA.The results of the work can be applied to elaboration of techniques of fi checking of discrete bipolar semiconductor devices.
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Pshikhopov, Viacheslav, Aleksej Beresnev, and Maksim Beresnev. "ICEs as Part of Mobile Units: Efficiency Improvement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 836–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.836.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Paper considers problem of increase in key indicators of the internal combustion engines which are used as a part of a wide range of mobile objects, including motor transport surface, underwater and aircrafts. Approach to the solution of a problem of development of the optimum form of an intake system of the engine providing increase in filling of cylinders with fuel and air mix and uniform distribution of air on cylinders is offered. Besides, the requirement of symmetry in time that means a need of air intake from a throttle to the inlet valve of each cylinder for identical amount of time is put. The results of computing tests of the developed form of an intake collector confirming compliance to the developed model to the given requirements are presented. Model sample intended for installation on small-capacity atmospheric 4-cylinder IC engine is made on the base of 3d-model. Need of modification of the software of a control system of the engine for achievement of the maximum return at tests of a model sample is proved. Corresponding changes are described, comparison charts of adjusting parameters are given. Experimental stand for carrying out natural tests was assembled and used to get the external high-speed characteristic of the engine when using a regular intake collector and intake collector of the developed form. The results of tests that clearly demonstrate increase in power and a torque of the engine are given.
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Lorain F. Dela Cruz, Anna, Mark Vincent G. Magnaye, Ervin John V. Manalo, and Nestor C. Camello. "DEVELOPMENT OF GINGER JUICE EXTRACTOR." EPH - International Journal of Science And Engineering 2, no. 3 (September 27, 2016): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijse.v2i3.158.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A small scale motorized ginger juice extractor was designed and fabricated, using locally available construction materials. The essential components of the machine include feeding hopper, ginger grinder, screw conveyor, strainer, pulley and transmission belt, electric motor, base and stand. In operation, the ginger will be fed through the grinder to reduce its size. Then, the worm shaft or screw conveyor conveys, crushes, presses and squeezes the grinded ginger to extract the juice. The juice extracted is filtered through the juice sieve into juice collector while the residual waste is discharged through waste outlet. Result showed that for every 1 kg of ginger the average juice yield was 80 ml. Powered by a 0.5 hp electric motor, the machine has a capacity of 1/2 kg/min. With a machine cost of about P45 000, it is affordable for small-scale ginger farmers in the rural communities.
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Motamedi, Shiva, Mohsen Mehdipour Ghazi, Saed Moradi, and Mohammad Reza Talaie. "An Economic Investigation of a Solar-Powered Adsorption Cooling System." ChemEngineering 6, no. 5 (October 13, 2022): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6050081.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, an economic investigation is performed to identify the economic feasibility of a solar-powered adsorption cooling system. In the first step, the system is mathematically formulated, and the solar fraction of the system is calculated. After that, the system is economically optimized for a cooling load related to a single-family house using particle swarm optimization. In order to identify the most efficient application of the system, the cost per 1 kW of cooling capacity is calculated over different cooling loads. The results demonstrated that the system under study is more suitable for small-scale applications. In addition, sensitivity to electricity price analysis demonstrates that the main bottleneck of cost-efficient system design is the initial price of the solar collector. Therefore, in the next step, the former sensitivity analysis to electricity price is jointly performed over different initial prices of the solar collector at two different cooling loads. Finally, by considering the cost of CO2 capture and the amount of avoided CO2 by utilizing solar energy, the environmental benefit of the system under investigation is calculated. The results show that the optimum solution is 13% more cost-efficient compared to the base design. In addition, taking the CO2 capture parameters into account, the environmentally friendly case has 21% more annual cost compared to the optimal solution one. However, this extra cost can be justified through CO2 capture cost.
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L'Antigua, Alex, Megan Flannagin, and George J. Nelson. "Capacity Fade and Impedance Evolution in Tin Phosphide Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024397mtgabs.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) offer a potentially more cost effective and environmentally friendly alternative to Lithium-ion batteries for room temperature high density energy storage. To maintain the benefits of SIBs, earth abundance for all the batteries components is paramount. One promising earth abundant anode material for SIBs is tin phosphide (Sn4P3). Tin phosphides are able to retain a high specific capacity for an extended cycle life. Understanding the changes in electrochemistry within a battery as a result of cycling is crucial in the complete understanding of capacity fade mechanisms and subsequent improvement and implementation as an anode material. In this work, the main technique employed to gain this understanding is electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with distribution of relaxation times analysis (EIS-DRT). This mathematical approach to understanding traditional EIS datasets helps distinguish impedance contributions from the following processes: diffusion, counter electrodes, solid electrolyte Interfaces (SEI), and contact resistances. Tin phosphide active material was synthesized by mechanical milling, with material structure confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Half cells were assembled with sodium counter electrodes and cycled with intermittent EIS assessment. Capacity retention was tracked during cycling to assess electrode operation. EIS-DRT analysis was performed every 5 cycles and after the end of cycling across the anode’s voltage range (0.01-1.5 V vs Na/Na+). After cycling, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and XRD were employed to further understand changes in electrochemical activity and crystal structure associated with the end of cycle life. The evolution of impedance signatures across the initial five cycles exhibits significant shifting within the SEI and counter electrode peak at 1000 Hz. Impedance trends across the voltage range switched, in which lower voltages at higher levels of sodiation exhibit larger impedance contributions to the system. These trends are confirmed by a base understanding of SEI formation and sodiation trends. Relative impedance contributions from the diffusion process increase from pristine to cycled electrodes, with diffusion peaks at becoming the dominant impedance contribution as cycling progresses. Significant changes in DRT trends plateaued after the initial SEI formation over the first five cycles. Abrupt and early failure during cycling of a subset of the cells was marked by a plateau in the working electrode voltage, an increase in contact resistance within EIS-DRT plots and decreased electrochemical activity within CV. Visual post mortem checks correlated well with these findings, with an apparent delamination of the electorate coating from the current collector. Understanding the physical and electrochemical phenomenon within a battery though nondestructive in situ characterization is crucial to simplify work flows in battery testing.
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Artemiev, A. V., and G. V. Mitrofanova. "The use of anionic flocculant in water treatment for flotation of apatite-nepheline ores." Vestnik MGTU 23, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2020-23-2-150-159.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Currently, an urgent problem is the improvement of methods for purification of industrial water from concentrates of suspended particles and water-soluble impurities using polyacrylamide flocculants. By studying the adsorption processes from aqueous solutions of H and OH ions, the acid-base properties of the surface of the solid phase of the most contaminated technological product have been analyzed, i. e. discharge of the thickener of apatite concentrate, the mineral composition of which is 90 % represented by apatite. The influence of reagents present in the processing technology (fatty acid collector, iron sulfate) on the quantitative ratio of acid-base centers on the surface of apatite has been evaluated. It has been shown that the interaction of these reagents with the mineral creates prerequisites for greater efficiency of the anion-type flocculant. In order to determine the conditions under which flocculants of different types are in the maximally ionized state, studies have been carried out to change the viscosity of the polyelectrolyte solution at different pH values. The position of the isionic point for samples of cationic and anionic flocculants in the presence of reagents used in apatite flotation and dehydration of apatite concentrate has been studied as well. Studies on model and real suspensions in recycled water for a wide range of cationic and anionic flocculants have been performed. Kinetic and concentration dependencies of flocculating capacity of analyzed reagents have been determined; the experiments have confirmed the more efficient operation of anionic-type reagents. The search for the most effective reagents will make it possible to provide optimal water values for the content of suspended particles and hardness cations when introducing closed water circulation technology.
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Ткач, Михайло Романович, Борис Георгійович Тимошевський, Аркадій Юрійович Проскурін та Юрій Миколайович Галинкін. "МЕТАЛОГІДРИДНИЙ АКУМУЛЯТОР-КОМПРЕСОР ВОДНЮ З АВТОМАТИЧНОЮ СИСТЕМОЮ УПРАВЛІННЯ ТА КОНТРОЛЮ". Aerospace technic and technology, № 5 (29 серпня 2020): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2020.5.07.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A project of metal hydride hydrogen compressor is presented, which can be used as an element of refueling complexes, hydrogen storage and compression systems. The capacity of the developed sample is 40 kg of hydrogen, the mass is 4,8 ton, and the maximum compression pressure is 15 MPa. The base metal hydride material on the basis of which this compressor battery model is developed is LaNi4.5Al0.5. the sorption capacity of hydrogen of which is determined experimentally, and is at least 1.38 % by weight. A feature of the developed compressor battery is the use of air cooling, the presence of an automatic monitoring and control system, I allow a number of operations to be performed in automatic mode, and the use of software, electrical and automatic protection against overpressure. Each accumulator-compressor is made in the form of a steel box in which six blocks (capsules) are placed. The block, respectively, is made in the form of a steel coaxial multilayer cylinder, on the outer side of which there is a heating element and a layer of thermal insulation. In the middle of the cylinder is a sealed capsule filled with metal hydride material. Capsules are interconnected with the collector through a piping system. Also, the piping system is equipped with an inlet valve connecting the volume formed with an external receiver. The battery-compressor is equipped with an external receiver, to which a hydrogen, vacuum, nutrient and consumable outline is connected. Each circuit is equipped with an electromagnetic valve, as well as measuring devices, which makes it possible to carry out automatic control of parameters and automatic control of the device in accordance with the operating mode. A list of equipment is presented, on the basis of which a system of automatic control and monitoring, a block diagram of the main operating modes, an interface of the developed software are developed. Depending on the mode chosen by the operator, the automatic control and monitoring system allows activation of metal hydride materials, purification of contaminants of harmful impurities, sorption and desorption of hydrogen.
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Magonski, Zbigniew, and Barbara Dziurdzia. "New proposal to the electrical representation of a solid oxide fuel cell." Microelectronics International 34, no. 3 (August 7, 2017): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-12-2016-0092.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The aim of this paper is to find the electrical representation of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) that enables the application of typical exploitation characteristics of fuel cells for estimation of fuel cell parameters (for example, exchange current) and easy analysis of phenomena occurred during the fuel cell operation. Design/methodology/approach Three-layer structure of an SOFC, where a thin semi-conducting layer of electrolyte separates the anode from the cathode, shows a strong similarity to typical semiconductor devices built on the basis of P-N junctions, like diodes or transistors. Current–voltage (I-V) characteristics of a fuel cell can be described by the same mathematical functions as I-V plots of semiconductor devices. On the basis of this similarity and analysis of impedance spectra of a real fuel cell, two electrical representations of the SOFC have been created. Findings The simplified electrical representation of SOFC consists of a voltage source connected in series with a diode, which symbolizes a voltage drop on a cell cathode, and two resistors. This model is based on the similarity of Butler-Volmer to Shockley equation. The advanced representation comprises a voltage source connected in series with a bipolar transistor in close to saturation mode and two resistors. The base-emitter junction of the transistor represents voltage drop on the cell cathode, and the base-collector junction represents voltage drop on the cell anode. This model is based on the similarity of Butler-Volmer equation to Ebers-Moll equation. Originality/value The proposed approach based on the Shockley and Ebers-Moll formulas enables the more accurate estimation of the ion exchange current and other fuel cell parameters than the approach based on the Butler-Volmer and Tafel formulas. The usability of semiconductor models for analysis of SOFC operation was proved. The models were successively applied in a new design of a planar ceramic fuel cell, which features by reduced thermal capacity, short start-up time and limited number of metal components and which has become the basis for the SOFC stack design.
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Tripovic, Diana, Svetlana Pianova, Elspeth M. McLachlan, and James A. Brock. "Slow and incomplete sympathetic reinnervation of rat tail artery restores the amplitude of nerve-evoked contractions provided a perivascular plexus is present." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 300, no. 2 (February 2011): H541—H554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00834.2010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We have investigated the recovery of sympathetic control following reinnervation of denervated rat tail arteries by relating the reappearance of noradrenergic terminals to the amplitude of nerve-evoked contractions of isometrically mounted artery segments in vitro. We have also assessed reactivity to vasoconstrictor agonists. Freezing the collector nerves near the base of the tail in adult rats denervated the artery from ∼40 mm along the tail. Restoration of the perivascular plexus declined along the length of the tail, remaining incomplete for >6 mo. After 4 mo, nerve-evoked contractions were prolonged but of comparable amplitude to control at ∼60 mm along the tail; they were smaller at ∼110 mm. At ∼60 mm, facilitation of contractions to short trains of stimuli by the norepinephrine transporter blocker, desmethylimipramine, and by the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, idazoxan, was reduced in reinnervated arteries. Blockade of nerve-evoked contractions by the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin, was less and by idazoxan greater than control after 8 wk but similar to control after 16 wk. Sensitivity of reinnervated arteries to the α1-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine, was raised in the absence but not in the presence of desmethylimipramine. Sensitivity to the α2-adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, was maintained in 16-wk reinnervated arteries when it had declined in controls. Thus regenerating sympathetic axons have a limited capacity to reinnervate the rat tail artery, but nerve-evoked contractions match control once a relatively sparse perivascular plexus is reestablished. Functional recovery involves prolongation of contractions and deficits in both clearance of released norepinephrine and autoinhibition of norepinephrine release.
Дисертації з теми "Collector Base Capacity"
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Ndoye, Mamadou Mustapha. "Contribution à l'étude du transistor bipolaire hyperfréquence sur puce de silicium." Bordeaux 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR10682.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ce travail est une contribution à l'étude du transistor bipolaire hyperfréquence sur puce de silicium. Il présente tout d’abord deux méthodes originales permettant de réduire la Capacité extrinsèque Base-Collecteur, d'augmenter la tension de claquage Base-Collecteur, d'augmenter la tension Early VA, d'augmenter le gain en puissance maximal Gpmax et d'augmenter la fréquence de transition FT. Il présente ensuite un nouveau transistor, de structure hybride entre le NPN vertical et le NPN latéral, baptisé bipolaire-CLEV (à Collecteur Latéral-Emetteur Vertical). Ce travail est généralisable à d'autres technologies de transistors hyperfréquences telles que les transistors à substrats III-V ou les transistors à hétérojonctionsThis work is a contribution to the study of the high-speed bipolar transistor on silicon chip. First, it presents two original methods allowing to reduce the Base-Collector extrinsic Capacitance, to increase the Base-Collector breakdown voltage, to increase the Voltage Early VA, to increase the maximum power gain Gpmax and to increase the transition frequency FT. Then, it presents a new transistor, hybrid structure between the vertical NPN and the lateral NPN, named bipolar-CLEV (lateral collector-vertical emitter). This study can be generalized to other high speed transistor technologies such as III-V substrate transistors or heterojunction transistors
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Ndoye, Mamadou Moustapha. "Contribution à l'étude du transistor bipolaire hyperfréquence sur puce de silicium." Bordeaux 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR10688.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ce travail est une contribution à l'étude du transistor bipolaire hyperfréquence sur puce de silicium. Il présente tout d’abord deux méthodes originales permettant de réduire la Capacité extrinsèque Base-Collecteur, d'augmenter la tension de claquage Base-Collecteur, d'augmenter la tension Early VA, d'augmenter le gain en puissance maximal Gpmax et d'augmenter la fréquence de transition FT. Il présente ensuite un nouveau transistor, de structure hybride entre le NPN vertical et le NPN latéral, baptisé bipolaire-CLEV (à Collecteur Latéral-Emetteur Vertical). Ce travail est généralisable à d'autres technologies de transistors hyperfréquences telles que les transistors à substrats III-V ou les transistors à hétérojonctionsThis work is a contribution to the study of the high-speed bipolar transistor on silicon chip. First, it presents two original methods allowing to reduce the Base-Collector extrinsic Capacitance, to increase the Base-Collector breakdown voltage, to increase the Voltage Early VA, to increase the maximum power gain Gpmax and to increase the transition frequency FT. Then, it presents a new transistor, hybrid structure between the vertical NPN and the lateral NPN, named bipolar-CLEV (lateral collector-vertical emitter). This study can be generalized to other high speed transistor technologies such as III-V substrate transistors or heterojunction transistors
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Houghton, Lindsey C. "Dementia and End-of-Life Decision Making: A Case-Based Approach to the Clinical Application of Bioethical Principles." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/549725.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Urban BioethicsM.A.
People with dementia account for a growing number of patients requiring end-of-life medical care each year in the United States. The clinical application of bioethical principles is rarely more important than in the context of end-of-life decision making, and determining the appropriate clinical treatment plan can be difficult and complex for clinicians, patients, and medical proxies. While the current bioethical literature offers a wealth of information on the principles underlying ethical medical practice, real-world clinical scenarios are often fraught with confusion, complexity, and conflicting understandings of best practices. There is a need for clinical decision-making tools that are both comprehensive yet simple, and broadly-applicable enough to be clinically useful. This thesis explores the cultural factors that necessitate further discussion and understanding of the issues surrounding end-of-life care for people with dementia, uses a clinical case to demonstrate a real-world approach to the ethical complexities surrounding such care, and proposes a basic ethical decision-making algorithm with the potential for broad application by students and clinicians encountering complex ethical scenarios.
Temple University--Theses
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Kang, Chi Won. "Enhanced 3-Dimensional Carbon Nanotube Based Anodes for Li-ion Battery Applications." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/955.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A prototype 3-dimensional (3D) anode, based on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), with potential use in Electric Vehicles (EVs) was investigated. The unique 3D design of the anode allowed much higher areal mass density of MWCNTs as active materials, resulting in more amount of Li+ ion intake, compared to that of a conventional 2D counterpart. Furthermore, 3D amorphous Si/MWCNTs hybrid structure offered enhancement in electrochemical response (specific capacity 549 mAhg-1). Also, an anode stack was fabricated to further increase the areal or volumetric mass density of MWCNTs. An areal mass density of the anode stack 34.9 mg/cm2 was attained, which is 1,342% higher than the value for a single layer 2.6 mg/cm2. Furthermore, the binder-assisted and hot-pressed anode stack yielded the average reversible, stable gravimetric and volumetric specific capacities of 213 mAhg-1 and 265 mAh/cm3, respectively (at 0.5C). Moreover, a large-scale patterned novel flexible 3D MWCNTs-graphene-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) anode structure was prepared. It generated a reversible specific capacity of 153 mAhg-1 at 0.17C and cycling stability of 130 mAhg-1 up to 50 cycles at 1.7C.
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Nettis, Andrea. "Seismic fragility and risk assessment of large bridge portfolios: efficient mechanical approaches based on multi-source data collection and integration." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11589/229598.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In earthquake-prone countries, most of the existing bridges were designed in the past without appropriate anti-seismic regulations and can induce important direct or indirect losses if subjected to severe seismic ground shaking. The main challenges in the extensive seismic risk assessment of existing bridges are related to the large number of structures to be inspected and the limited available resources. Therefore, time- and cost-saving approaches for providing seismic risk metrics on existing bridges are needed. This dissertation investigates efficient methodologies for bridge-specific seismic risk assessment within portfolio analysis by using multi-source data integration and simplified mechanical approaches.
A methodology for multi-source data collection is described. The applicability of remote-sensing data in populating inventory for structural analysis purposes is discussed. A procedure for using Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems and photogrammetry to retrieve exhaustive structural information is presented.
The effectiveness of displacement-based assessment approaches to be used together with the capacity spectrum method (CSM) for seismic performance assessment is analysed, considering continuous-deck reinforced-concrete (RC) and steel truss multi-span bridges.
A fragility analysis methodology based on cloud analysis using the CSM results is also presented. The CSM is applied with real (i.e. recorded) ground-motion spectra (as opposed to code-based conventional spectra) to explicitly consider record-to-record variability.
A seismic risk assessment framework combining the proposed efficient data collection and simplified probabilistic seismic assessment methodologies is finally presented. It accounts for the influence of knowledge-based uncertainties associated with an initial incomplete data collection. The proposed approach is applied and tested on eight simply-supported RC bridges of the Basilicata national road network.
Книги з теми "Collector Base Capacity"
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Ostermann, Susan L. Capacity beyond Coercion. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197661116.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract State capacity is often equated with coercion. The literature suggests that compliance with law is unlikely in areas where the state cannot coerce compliance. Utilizing extensive data collected in adjacent districts in India and Nepal, and exploring three different regulatory arenas, this book demonstrates that coercively weak states can significantly increase compliance by behaving pragmatically and designing implementation around known barriers to compliance. One such barrier is imperfect legal knowledge. Though legal knowledge is often assumed to be accurate, this assumption is problematic. Principal-agent problems prevent many weak states from behaving consistently, and target populations often lack education and competent legal advice. As a result, they struggle to learn about the law. States that employ regulatory pragmatism, however, may circumvent this compliance barrier. They do so by designing implementation strategies for on-the-ground realities. The book explores two such efforts—delegated enforcement and information dissemination through local leaders. The data indicate that strategies consistent with regulatory pragmatism, in contrast to those that are legally doctrinaire or deterrence-based, significantly increase legal knowledge and compliance, even where the state is locally weak. This is demonstrated in through a primary case involving compliance with conservation law, as well as through two shadow cases involving compliance with education and child labor regulation.
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Fagan, Abigail A., J. David Hawkins, Richard F. Catalano, and David P. Farrington. Improving Community Capacity to Conduct Comprehensive Prevention Needs Assessments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190299217.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Prevention science emphasizes the need for data-driven prevention, but communities often face significant challenges in determining how to collect and analyze data to inform their prevention efforts. Based on the guidance provided to community coalitions in the CTC system, this chapter describes the ways that communities can gather and assess data on risk and protective factors and behavioral health problems experienced by local youth. The advantages and disadvantages of using archival and self-reported data are compared and the benefits of conducting the CTC Youth Survey with middle and high school students are highlighted. Methods for analyzing these data and creating community consensus on the prioritized risk and protective factors that should be targeted by EBIs are also discussed.
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Moore, Mick. Taxation and Development. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.39.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article explores the impact of taxation on politics and development, especially in developing countries. It begins by explaining the revenues and regimes paradigm, which is based on the notion that state revenue (sources, levels or needs) has a profound influence on politics and governance institutions. In particular, it examines whether and in what ways government revenues shape political institutions and patterns of governance. The article considers a number of critiques and concerns regarding the revenues and regimes paradigm and outlines alternative perspectives. It then asks why governments tax, how they collect taxes, and what determines levels of tax collection. The article concludes by analyzing whether tax-collection performance indicates “state capacity.”
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Nistotskaya, Marina, and Michelle D’Arcy. Getting to Sweden. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796817.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter argues that the roots of Sweden’s exceptional tax state lie in the early modern period. From c.1530 the state began monitoring economic activity and developing a direct vertical fiscal contract between the king and his subjects. The extensive data collected by the state, with the assistance of the newly reformed Church, facilitated fairness in the distribution of tax and conscription burdens and fostered a horizontal contract between subjects. With a free peasantry and a weak nobility, the state’s relationship with the peasantry was direct and unmediated. Furthermore, late industrialization preserved a tax structure and administration based on direct taxes that could easily adapt to the collection of modern taxes. Taken together, these factors explain how Sweden, over the course of 400 years, cultivated its fiscal capacity and strengthened the fiscal contract between ordinary taxpayers and the state.
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Valeriano, Brandon. The Correlates of Cyber Strategy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618094.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter explores the effects of cyber strategy and coercion through an empirical lens. It addresses this empirical gap and conducts a series of quantitative tests to answer key questions based on data collected covering the years 2000–2014. The results of the data analyses suggest cyber operations rarely produce concessions. The digital domain demonstrates minimal coercive utility to date. A state’s latent cyber capacity, as a proxy measure of potential cyber power in a state, is not a significant predictor of coercive potential. The analysis demonstrates more traditional arbiters of strategic competition such as military or economic power are likely better predictors for explaining rival behavior. Finally, it examines escalation in cyber incidents, which lead to some form of escalation 53.65% of the time. When the Russia-Georgia and Russia-Ukraine dyads are removed, all military escalation involved only threats and displays of force. Escalation observed after cyber incidents tends to be limited and consistent with rivalry dynamics.
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Beauchamps, Marie. Modelling the self, creating the other: French denaturalisation law on the brink of World War II1. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526107459.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Adding a historical note to a practice that has recently garnered renewed attention, this chapter looks at the policy of denaturalisation in France at the beginning of World War II. Denaturalisation law as a juridical political discourse centres on the deprivation of citizenship; it draws on security rhetoric in order to rewrite the limits of inclusion and exclusion regarding citizenship and is a means to model the national community. Based on archival material collected at the French National Archives, the chapter argues that denaturalisation law is at the core of the security/mobility dynamic: emphasising a fear of movement on the one hand, and the operationalisation of adaptable juridical practices on the other hand, denaturalisation interrupts our capacity of dissent while fixing the means to govern beyond democratic control. The analysis contributes to a better understanding of the politics of nationality where notions of selfhood and otherness are being shaped, mobilised and transformed.
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Dias, Luciano Souto, Denilson Mascarenhas Gusmão, Mírian Célia Gonçalves de Almeida, and Teodolina Batista da Silva Cândido Vitório. A ressignificação do Direito a partir da pandemia do novo Coronavírus. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-073-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The work “Reassignment of Law from the new coronavirus pandemic” is an interdisciplinary collective production idealized under the perceptive lenses of notable scope professionals in the legal universe, working in the various fields of law, in the noble priesthood of the law, judiciary, economics, psychology, masters, doctors and post-doctors, with renowned national and international institutions degrees. The careful reading of this impressive collection shows that the new coronavirus invites to the non-negotiable duty of reflection, both on the large scale suffering it imposed on humanity and on the legal repercussions of the pandemic situation consequences. The reflections proposed in this book suggest that postmodern society change course is unavoidable. Furthermore, they seek to add density and hope to legal science in this time of uncertainty, strategically re-signifying post-pandemic law, with the incessant expectation that the next chapters of universal history will be marked by the overcome capacity, based on the hegemony of rights and respect for human dignity, under the reign of legitimate justice.
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Feldstein, Steven. The Rise of Digital Repression. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190057497.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book documents the rise of digital repression—how governments are deploying new technologies to counter dissent, maintain political control, and ensure regime survival. The emergence of varied digital technologies is bringing new dimensions to political repression. At its core, the expanding use of digital repression reflects a fairly simple motivation: states are seeking and finding new ways to control, manipulate, surveil, or disrupt real or perceived threats. This book investigates the goals, motivations, and drivers of digital repression. It presents case studies in Thailand, the Philippines, and Ethiopia, highlighting how governments pursue digital strategies based on a range of factors: ongoing levels of repression, leadership, state capacity, and technological development. But a basic political motive—how to preserve and sustain political incumbency—remains a principal explanation for their use. The international community is already seeing glimpses of what the frontiers of repression look like, such as in China, where authorities have brought together mass surveillance, online censorship, DNA collection, and artificial intelligence to enforce their rule in Xinjiang. Many of these trends are going global. This has major implications for democratic governments and civil society activists around the world. The book also presents innovative ideas and strategies for civil society and opposition movements to respond to the digital autocratic wave.
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Cook, Peter, ed. Geologically Storing Carbon. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486302314.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Carbon capture and geological storage (CCS) is presently the only way that we can make deep cuts in emissions from fossil fuel-based, large-scale sources of CO2 such as power stations and industrial plants. But if this technology is to be acceptable to the community, it is essential that it is credibly demonstrated by world-class scientists and engineers in an open and transparent manner at a commercially significant scale. The aim of the Otway Project was to do just this.
Geologically Storing Carbon provides a detailed account of the CO2CRC Otway Project, one of the most comprehensive demonstrations of the deep geological storage or geosequestration of carbon dioxide undertaken anywhere. This book of 18 comprehensive chapters written by leading experts in the field is concerned with outstanding science, but it is not just a collection of scientific papers – it is about 'learning by doing'. For example, it explains how the project was organised, managed, funded and constructed, as well as the approach taken to community issues, regulations and approvals. It also describes how to understand the site: Are the rocks mechanically suitable? Will the CO2 leak? Is there enough storage capacity? Is monitoring effective?
This is the book for geologists, engineers, regulators, project developers, industry, communities or anyone who wants to better understand how a carbon storage project really 'works'. It is also for people concerned with obtaining an in-depth appreciation of one of the key technology options for decreasing greenhouse emissions to the atmosphere.
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Woolley, Samuel C., and Douglas Guilbeault. United States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Do bots have the capacity to influence the flow of political information over social media? This chapter answers this question through two methodological avenues: a) a qualitative analysis of how political bots were used to support United States presidential candidates and campaigns during the 2016 election, and b) a network analysis of bot influence on Twitter during the same event. Political bots are automated software programs that operate on social media, written to mimic real people in order to manipulate public opinion. The qualitative findings are based upon nine months of fieldwork on the campaign trail, including interviews with bot makers, digital campaign strategists, security consultants, campaign staff, and party officials. During the 2016 campaign, a bipartisan range of domestic and international political actors made use of political bots. The Republican Party, including both self-proclaimed members of the “alt-right” and mainstream members, made particular use of these digital political tools throughout the election. Meanwhile, public conversation from campaigners and government representatives is inconsistent about the political influence of bots. This chapter provides ethnographic evidence that bots affect information flows in two key ways: 1) by “manufacturing consensus,” or giving the illusion of significant online popularity in order to build real political support, and 2) by democratizing propaganda through enabling nearly anyone to amplify online interactions for partisan ends. We supplement these findings with a quantitative network analysis of the influence bots achieved within retweet networks of over 4 million tweets, collected during the 2016 US election. The results of this analysis confirm that bots reached positions of measurable influence during the 2016 US election.
Частини книг з теми "Collector Base Capacity"
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Vella, Mark, and Christian Colombo. "D-Cloud-Collector: Admissible Forensic Evidence from Mobile Cloud Storage." In ICT Systems Security and Privacy Protection, 161–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06975-8_10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractDifficulties with accessing device content or even the device itself can seriously hamper smartphone forensics. Mobile cloud storage, which extends on-device capacity, provides an avenue for a forensic collection process that does not require physical access to the device. Rather, it is possible to remotely retrieve credentials from a device of interest through undercover operations, followed by live cloud forensics. While technologically appealing, this approach raises concerns with evidence preservation, ranging from the use of malware-like operations, to linking the collected evidence with the physically absent smartphone, and possible mass surveillance accusations. In this paper, we propose a solution to ease these concerns by employing hardware security modules to provide for controlled live cloud forensics and tamper-evident access logs. A Google Drive-based proof of concept, using the SEcube hardware security module, demonstrates that D-Cloud-Collector is feasible whenever the performance penalty incurred is affordable.
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Chen, Huai, Shan Wang, Suning Huang, Lei Zhang, Nairu Wang, and Lijun Zhu. "Shoreline Carrying Capacity Assessment Based on Satellite Remote Sensing Image: A Case Study of the Nanjing Reach of the Yangtze River." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1236–47. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_108.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractResearch on shoreline carrying capacity is of great practical significance to promote the sustainable development of shoreline. Taking into account five aspects of shoreline health, resource supply, environmental pollution, ecological service and social service, the evaluation index system of shoreline carrying capacity was systematically established. Taking the Nanjing reach of the Yangtze River as a typical case, the variation trend of shoreline carrying capacity in recent 40 years was analyzed. The Landsat satellite remote sensing images from 1984 to 2020 were collected. The classification regression tree (CART) algorithm was used to classify the land use types in the remote sensing images, and then evaluation indexes of shoreline carrying capacity were calculated. The results show that the shoreline carrying capacity of the Nanjing reach was basically stable from 1984 to 2003. With the large-scale development and utilization of the shoreline since 2003, the carrying capacity of the Nanjing reach gradually decreased and approached the warning line. Due to the implementation of restrictive measures such as “action to clear the four chaos” and “the operation of responsibility system on river/lake leaders” by Chinese government after 2018, the carrying capacity of the Nanjing reach has rebounded rapidly. With the help of Mann-Kendall (MK) mutation analysis method, the mutation point of the time series of the shoreline carrying capacity of the Nanjing reach was found to occur in 1991, 2012 and 2018. The research results can help to discover unsustainably social and economic activities, put forward the productivity layout adjustment, and guide corresponding management measures in the reach.
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Dumba, Hillary, Jones Abrefa Danquah, and Ari Pappinen. "Rural Farmers’ Approach to Drought Adaptation: Lessons from Crop Farmers in Ghana." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1033–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_29.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSub-Saharan Africa is considered to be highly vulnerable to climate change-related disasters particularly drought. Farmers in Ghana have learnt to co-exist with it by resorting to various approaches. This study sheds light on farmers’ adaptation to drought in Ghana. The cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from a random sample of 326 farmers and six purposively selected lead farmers from six farming communities. Questionnaire and in-depth interviews were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed a significant variation between locations and use of drought adaptation approaches. The study showed that the most common drought adaptation measures comprise locating farms on riverine areas, drought monitoring, formation of farm-based organizations for dissemination of climate information, application of agro-chemicals, changing planting dates, cultivating different crops, integrating crop and livestock production, changing the location of crops, diversifying from farm to non-farm income-generating activities, and cultivation of early maturing crops. Therefore, it was recommended, among other things, that Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) should assist the government to construct small-scale irrigation facilities and provide drought-resistant crops to further boost the capacity of farming communities in Ghana.
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Yu, Jingyang. "Socialization of Language and Morality at Chinese Christian Church of Berlin." In The Nation Form in the Global Age, 329–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85580-2_13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn this chapter, I focus on the role of Chinese Christian churches in language socialization and identity formation among Chinese migrant families in Berlin. Based on ethnographic data collected during extensive fieldwork lasting two years, I examine a variety of activities at the Chinese Christian Church of Berlin and analyse the strategies the church leadership pursues to attract more Chinese immigrant families. I argue that the Chinese Christian Church of Berlin has not only created new paths enhancing Chinese language capacity, it has also provided a space for moral socialization and utilized religious discourse and practice to shape a nationalist identity for Chinese immigrants in the diaspora.
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Momtaz, S., M. Asaduzzaman, and Z. Kabir. "A gendered approach to understanding climate change impacts: lessons from a coastal region of Bangladesh." In Gender, climate change and livelihoods: vulnerabilities and adaptations, 11–25. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247053.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The purpose of this chapter is to understand the vulnerability of women's livelihoods to climate change impacts in Bangladesh. Data were collected through a survey of 150 randomly selected women from a sample of households. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews, participant observations, and a transect walk, provided supporting information to substantiate the household surveys. The chapter first outlines the theoretical foundation on which the research is based. This is followed by examining women's vulnerability in the study area. The chapter then describes women's coping strategies in the face of climate change-induced disasters. The chapter further explores women's adaptive capacity through the examination of their access to various services. It ends with a set of recommendations for policy makers in order to improve the situation of women's vulnerability.
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Maguta, John Kibe, Daniel M. Nzengya, Chrocosiscus Mutisya, and Joyce Wairimu. "Building Capacity to Cope with Climate Change-Induced Resource-Based Conflicts Among Grassroots Communities in Kenya." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2611–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_131.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractKenya is among the world’s most vulnerable countries to climate change-related stresses and extreme events. According to FAO, over 75% of the country is classified as arid and semiarid with rainfall availability and amounts quite unevenly spread across the different parts of the country. The country has very skewed distribution of water sources with the western area being relatively well endowed with abundant water resources. The exponential growth in the country’s population over the years, together with rapid environmental degradation and poor water resource development programs, have worsened the country’s vulnerability to the effects of climate change. Ethnic conflicts over land resources are common-place in Kenya’s rural areas where majority of the people live and the effects of extreme climate change events are likely to exacerbate resource-based conflicts. In this chapter we explore the extent of climate change-induced resource conflicts in three counties along rainfall availability gradient, namely, Kiambu County which experiences relatively high rainfall and also high urban population, Machakos County, which generally experiences modest rainfall availability, and Makueni County regarded to be one of the most arid and semiarid counties in the country. Data were collected in 2017 using a closed ended questionnaire. Between-subjects MANOVA design was used to examine relationship between independent and dependent variables. Qualitative results of the open-ended question reveal that climate change impacts can be diverse, particularly for vulnerable regions such as arid and semiarid regions such as Makueni County. In this county, respondents mentioned nine ways climate change had impacted communities, with the most frequently mentioned impact being increasing food insecurity followed by increasing water shortages. Machakos followed with seven impacts mentioned starting with increased water shortages followed by scarcity of pasture. In Kiambu County, only four impacts were mentioned with food insecurity being frequently mentioned among the list of impacts of climate change in the county. Results of the descriptive and inferential statistics reveal that resource-based conflicts vary along the hydrological gradient. In Machakos County, resource-based conflicts are perceived to have risen during the last 5 years (M = 3.92, SD = 0.66), followed by Makueni (M = 4.10, SD = 0.670). Kiambu residents do not consider resource-based conflicts to have risen during the last 5 year, (M = 2.50, SD = 1.38). Differences in severity of climate related conflicts are statistically significant, F2, 76 = 12.78, p <0.01. Also, climate change is strongly perceived to be a factor in the rise of resource-based conflicts in Machakos County (M = 4.10, SD = 0.67). In Makueni County as well, climate change is perceived to be a significant contributor to resource-based conflicts (M = 3.98, SD = 1.70). These findings have relevance on county and national policies targeted to build capacity to cope with climate change induced resource-based conflicts among grassroot communities in Kenya.
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Roos, Vera, Puleng Segalo, and Ngenisiwe Ntombela. "Situationally and Relationally Guided Ethical Conduct for Researchers: A Community-Based Research Project to Design and Develop an ICT Intervention." In Age-Inclusive ICT Innovation for Service Delivery in South Africa, 85–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94606-7_4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractGrowing discomfort with uncritical applications of generic universal ethics to community-based research, prompted us to (1) problematize a decontextualized application of ethics; (2) apply two heuristic constructs—situatedness and relationality—to a community-based project; and (3) propose revised guidelines for researchers in this field. The we-DELIVER project illustrates our processes for obtaining data from older (60+) South Africans to inform the development of a technology-based ecosystem, Yabelana, which gives them access to service information. In three phases (planning, implementation, and dissemination), we present the situatedness of researchers (including student fieldworkers) and communities. Drawing on relationality, we first expanded older participants’ capacity to engage by offering choices and by involving student fieldworkers who shared the same background as the participants to facilitate the use of the technology; and, second, we facilitated optimal interactions by being clear about the nature of the data being collected and by applying social engagement strategies to relate and interact optimally. An optimal interpersonal context preceded technology introduction. The chapter concludes with a plea for reconsideration of current universalized and decontextualized ethical protocols that too often perpetuate situational and relational ignorance. We propose, instead, ethical guidelines for community-based research that engages relationally with participants and best suits their contexts.
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Mkomwa, Saidi, Simon Lugandu, Ngari Macharia, Alexandra Bot, and Weldone Mutai. "Centres of excellence in conservation agriculture: developing African institutions for sustainable agricultural development." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 402–15. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Conservation Agriculture (CA) is an important component in addressing food insecurity, biodiversity degradation and water scarcity challenges. Its adoption in Africa has lagged behind other continents. One major area of need to enable the acceleration of the adoption of CA in Africa relates to building the necessary cross-sectoral institutional and human capacity across the education-research-extension-enterprise axis along the value chain. This study was conducted in order to contribute to the discussions about the need to create sustainable institutions: specifically, Conservation Agriculture Centres of Excellence (CA-CoEs) in Africa. The CA-CoEs model includes a stakeholder team, a shared facility or an entity that provides leadership, best practices, research, support and/or training in CA, with linkages to service providers along the value chain. This literature-based research involved systematic identification, collection, analysis and documentation of data to identify and address the unique roles these CA-CoEs play in the promotion and adoption of CA and their level of performance. It employed a CA quality assurance self-assessment tool to measure the performance of the CA-CoEs against predetermined performance descriptors. Although the CA-CoEs are facilitating and catalysing adoption of CA, their capacity in providing the CA-related programmes, training and research is not optimal. CA-CoE quality assurance of services can be helpful in identification and design of measures for addressing the challenges faced. To be impactful, CA-CoEs need well-coordinated, participatory and demand-driven CA-based agricultural practices, information services and knowledge for farmers and other stakeholders such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), CA service providers and CA equipment manufacturers.
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Anderson, Peter, Levon Blue, Thu Pham, and Melanie Saward. "What We Need for Success: Recommendations and Wishes." In SpringerBriefs in Education, 105–12. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5178-7_8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThroughout this book, we have shared our experiences of conducting capacity-building workshops and undertaking research about the needs and experiences of Indigenous HDR students in Australia. In total, we heard from 147 participants which included 113 Indigenous HDR students across Australia and 34 supervisors of Indigenous HDR students. The insights received from both Indigenous HDR students and supervisors revealed that there are still opportunities to improve the HDR experience for Indigenous students. Based on our findings, in this chapter, we expand on the recommendations outlined in the Moreton-Robinson et al.’s (Report on Indigenous success in higher degree by research. Prepared for the Australian Government, Department of Education and Training, 2020) report to include new data collected in 2020 from 32 Indigenous HDR students. We hope our recommendations, once acted upon, will have a positive impact on the success of Indigenous HDR students and that the insights shared by the Indigenous HDR candidates we heard from will have meaning and relevance for anyone pursuing a research degree.
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Barau, Aliyu, and Aliyu Sani Wada. "Do-It-Yourself Flood Risk Adaptation Strategies in the Neighborhoods of Kano City, Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_190-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe urban poor in developing countries is hit hardest by climate-related extreme events such as flooding. Also, informal settlements lacking municipal support and immediate public response to flooding incur losses and thus exacerbate their sufferings. Left out or left alone, the vulnerable people from some parts of the ancient city of Kano develop their own efforts to protect themselves against the recurrent flood events. Hence, this chapter examines the nature of community-driven do-it-yourself (DIY) adaptation The data was collected through field-based surveys, interviews, and questionnaires to enable in-depth analysis of the problem from socioecological point of view. The results identified flood drivers to include the nature of surface topography, torrential rainfalls, lapses, and inadequacies in the availability of drainage infrastructure and human behavioral lapses in drainage management. On the other hand, the DIY adaptation manifests in the use of sandbags, de-siltation of drainage, construction of fences, and drainage diversions. It is important to highlight that DIY adaptation is a good strategy; however, municipal authorities must come to the aid of such communities and revisit the absence of urban planning by supporting them through capacity building to find more effective solutions to the challenges of the changing climate and environment.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Collector Base Capacity"
1
Khullar, Vikrant, Himanshu Tyagi, Patrick E. Phelan, Todd P. Otanicar, Harjit Singh, and Robert A. Taylor. "Solar Energy Harvesting Using Nanofluids-Based Concentrating Solar Collector." In ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75329.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dispersing trace amounts of nanoparticles into the base-fluid has significant impact on the optical as well as thermo-physical properties of the base-fluid. This characteristic can be utilized in effectively capturing as well as transporting the solar radiant energy. Enhancement of the solar irradiance absorption capacity of the base fluid scales up the heat transfer rate resulting in higher & more efficient heat transfer. This paper attempts to introduce the idea of harvesting the solar radiant energy through usage of nanofluid-based concentrating parabolic solar collectors. In order to theoretically analyze the nanofluid-based concentrating parabolic solar collector (NCPSC) it has been mathematically modeled, and the governing equations have been numerically solved using finite difference technique. The results of the model were compared with the experimental results of conventional concentrating parabolic solar collectors under similar conditions. It was observed that while maintaining the same external conditions (such as ambient/inlet temperatures, wind speed, solar insolation, flow rate, concentration ratio etc.) the NCPSC has about 5–10% higher efficiency as compared to the conventional parabolic solar collector. Furthermore, some parametric studies were carried out which reflected the effect of various parameters such as solar insolation, incident angle, convective heat transfer coefficient etc. on the performance indicators such as thermal efficiency etc.
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Paul, Titan C., A. K. M. M. Morshed, Elise B. Fox, Ann E. Visser, Nicholas J. Bridges, and Jamil A. Khan. "Enhanced Thermal Performance of Ionic Liquid-Al2O3 Nanofluid as Heat Transfer Fluid for Solar Collector." In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18145.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Next generation Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) system requires high operating temperature and high heat storage capacity heat transfer fluid (HTF), which can significantly increase the overall system efficiency for power generation. In the last decade several research going on the efficacy of ionic liquids (ILs) as a HTF in CSP system. ILs possesses superior thermophysical properties compare to currently using HTF such as Therminol VP-1 (mixture of biphenyl and diphenyl oxide) and thermal oil. However, advanced thermophysical properties of ILs can be achieved by dispersing small volume percentage of nanoparticles forming nanofluids, which is called Nanoparticle Enhanced Ionic Liquids (NEILs). In the present study NEILs were prepared by dispersing 0.5% Al2O3 nanoparticles (spherical and whiskers) in N-butyl-N, N, N-trimetylammonium bis(trifluormethylsulfonyl)imide ([N4111][NTf2]) IL. Viscosity, heat capacity and thermal conductivity of NEILs were measured experimentally and compared with the existing theoretical models for liquid–solid suspensions. Additional, the convective heat transfer experiment was performed to investigate thermal performance. The thermal conductivity of NEILs enhanced by ∼5%, heat capacity enhanced by ∼20% compared to the base IL, which also gives 15% enhancement in heat transfer performance.
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Alashkar, Adnan, and Mohamed Gadalla. "Enhancement of Heat Transfer Characteristics in an Absorber Tube of a Solar-Based Energy System Using Nanofluids." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52898.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this present paper, nanoparticles are dispersed into a base fluid, their effect on the thermophysical properties and overall heat transfer coefficient of the fluid inside a circular tube representing an absorber tube of a Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC) is studied. Different models are used to predict the effective density, specific heat capacity, viscosity and thermal conductivity of the nanofluids. For the analytical analysis, Alumina (Al2O3), Copper (Cu) and Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) nanoparticles are dispersed into Therminol VP-1 oil. The resulting nanofluids are compared in terms of their thermophysical properties, their convective heat transfer characteristics and their overall heat transfer coefficient. Moreover, the effect on increasing the volume fraction on the properties and the heat transfer coefficient is studied. The computational analysis results show that the thermal conductivity increases with the increase of the volume fraction. In addition Therminol/SWCNT showed the highest thermal conductivity enhancement of 98% for a volume fraction of 3%. Further, the overall heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase of volume fraction, and Therminol/SWCNT showed the highest enhancement with 72% compared to Al2O3/Therminol and Cu/Therminol that showed an enhancement of 29% and 43% respectively.
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Aliahmad, Nojan, Mangilal Agarwal, Sudhir Shrestha, and Kody Varahramyan. "Paper-Based Lithium Magnesium Oxide Battery." In ASME 2013 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 41st North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2013-1243.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Replacing of metal current collectors with flexible materials has great potentials of improving flexibility, weight, and applications of Li-ion batteries. This paper presents fabrication and experimental results of lithium magnesium oxide (LiMn2O4) battery using conductive paper current collectors. A thin layer of LiMn2O4 was coated on paper current collectors using air-spray method, and half-cell devices were fabricated. Experimental capacity of 130 mAh/g is reported. The porous structure of cellulous fibers in the current collector improves the adhesion of electrode materials on the substrate, which provides higher flexibility and lighter weight.
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Modrek, Mohamad, and Ali Al-Alili. "Thermal and Electrical Performance of a Flat Plate Photovoltaic/Thermal Collector." In ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2017-3462.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Excess temperatures in photovoltaic panels may cause degradation in the panels’ electrical performance in short term. Moreover, photovoltaic cells may be damaged in the long term due to high operating temperatures. Therefore, photovoltaic thermal collectors (PVT)s have been proposed in order to solve these issues. PVT collectors allow the cooling of photovoltaic panels by heat extraction using a working fluid such as water or air. PVT collectors provide higher electrical output than standalone Photovoltaic (PV) panels while occupying a smaller area compared to a single solar thermal and a PV panel for the same capacity. In this study, the performance of a liquid cooled flat PVT collector under the climatic conditions of the United Arab Emirates is going to be investigated. The transient system simulation software (TRNSYS) is used to simulate the PVT system. The PVT system includes the PVT collectors, thermal storage tank, electrical storage, DC/AC inverter, pumps, and controllers. The effect of various design variables on the PVT electrical and thermal output is going to be studied. The design variables are the collector azimuth angle, slope of the collector, volume of the storage tank, and water mass flow rate through the PVT collector. The electrical and thermal outputs of the sized PVT system will be compared to that of a standalone PV panel electrical output and a standalone flat plate collector thermal output. Based on the obtained results, conclusions on the feasibility of using PVT collectors, under the weather conditions of the United Arab Emirates, will be deduced.
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O’Neil, Tyler J. E., Celine S. L. Lim, and Sarvenaz Sobhansarbandi. "Thermal Analysis of Phase Change Material Based Heat Transfer Fluid in Solar Thermal Collector." In ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2020-8942.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Phase change materials (PCMs) are commonly used as energy storage mediums in solar thermal systems. This paper investigates the mixture of PCM doped with nanoparticles to be used as HTFs directly integrated in a U-pipe ETC to be applied in solar thermal collectors. The selected type of PCM-HTF in this study is erythritol (C4H10O4), with high specific heat capacity in liquid form, as well as its unique sub-cooling behavior. In order to overcome the low thermal conductivity of erythritol and further enhance specific heat capacity, a weight concentration of 1% multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) is added. Additionally, to insure even distribution of MWCNT and consistent properties of the HTF, triethanolamine (TEA) is proposed to be incorporated as a dispersant. The samples were each tested in a Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) to analyze their thermal properties. The results from the DSC tests show 12.4% enhancement of specific heat capacity of the proposed HTF mixture as well as nearly 5° C depression of freezing onset temperature. This study allows for the optimization of the operating temperature range of the collector when integrated with these materials, where direct heat gain can be obtained in the collector.
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Dalir, Fatemeh, and Morteza Khalaji Assadi. "Designing of Solar Water Bath Heater for Gas Pressure Reducing Station in of 150,000 Nm3/h Capacity in Assaluyeh Region in Iran." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90307.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper proposes the design of a solar water bath heater for Central Power Plant in Assaluyeh region in south of Iran with the latitude of 27 °N. This heater uses flat plate solar collectors in an open circuit system. Solar intensity, absorbed radiation and ambient temperature are the regional parameters which are known to the designer. The temperature of the bath of water which is the outlet collector temperature (70 °C) belongs to the known parameters in the mentioned station. Flow rate, heat loss factor, the inlet temperature of the collector and the area which is the most important factor to evaluate the economical issues of the system are calculated with modeling the water bath with a shell and tube heat exchanger. The solar water bath heater is then simulated with TRNSYS software. The obtained results are in good agreement with analytical solution based on Duffie and Beckman method.
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Liu, Lanbin, Lin Fu, and Yi Jiang. "Application of an Exhaust Heat Recovery System for Domestic Hot Water." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54223.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Typically there is a great deal of waste heat available in drainage system of large-scale public bathhouses, such as public bathhouses in schools, barracks and natatoriums. The paper advances a heat pump system used in bathhouses for exhaust heat recovery. The system consists of solar energy collection system, drainage collection system and heat pump system for exhaust heat recovery. In the system, tap water is heated by energy from solar energy collection system, and is used as hot water for bathing at the beginning. At the same time, drainage collection system collects sewage from bathhouses, and then electric heat pump starts up and recovers the exhaust heat in sewage and heats the tap water. In this way, heat is recycled. Practical operation of the system was introduced, and drainage temperature as well as equipment capacity was optimized based on a practical example. Compared with gas-fired (oil-fired, coal-fired, electric) boilers, the system has advantages of lower energy consumption, less pollution and lower operating cost. Therefore, the system has great superiority in energy conservation and has a good application prospect.
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McNally, Jordan, Christopher Baldwin, and Cynthia A. Cruickshank. "Using Adsorption Cooling and Thermal Solar Collection for Residential Cooling Applications in Canada." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87246.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An adsorption chiller is a type of chiller that uses heat input as the driving force for chemical compression of a refrigerant and provides cooling with low electrical consumption. An experimental setup was designed, instrumented, and constructed to meet constant inlet temperature and flow rate requirements for the commercially available adsorption chiller unit tested. Two types of tests were conducted, one with a constant hot water temperature which represents a district style heating system and another with a varying hot water temperature, representing a system using flat plate solar collectors. Numerous tests were run with constant inlet temperatures across the complete operating range of the chiller and at varying flow rates for each of the three main inputs. It was determined that variations in temperature had a much more significant impact on the performance of the chiller, compared to the variations in flow rate, which were almost negligible within tested range. Dynamic inlet temperature tests were run using the modified system which uses data from a weather file to simulate a system using flat plate solar collectors and vary the hot water inlet temperature to the system. The results showed that when the average hot water inlet temperature is lower than 60°C and higher than 75°C, the difference in performance between constant inlet temperature and dynamic inlet temperature tests was very small. However, the cooling capacity at 75°C was about 4 kWth greater than at 60°C. Majority of the test produced a thermal COP between 0.45 and 0.50. Therefore, based off the solar collector system’s capacity to maintain a suitable average hot water temperature, the cooling performance of the chiller can be deemed suitable for residential applications.
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Qu, Ming, David H. Archer, Hongxi Yin, and Sophie Masson. "Solar Absorption Cooling and Heating System in the Intelligent Workplace." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A solar thermal driven absorption cooling and heating system has been installed in Carnegie Mellon University’s Robert L. Preger intelligent Workplace, the IW. The purpose of this solar installation is to investigate the technical and economic aspects of using high temperature solar thermal receivers driving a two stage absorption chiller to cool and heat a building space. The solar system consists primarily of 52 m2 of single-axis tracking parabolic trough solar collectors (PTSC), and a 16 kW double effect absorption chiller driven by either a fluid heated in solar receivers or by natural gas fuel. The receivers convert solar radiation to thermal energy in a heated fluid; the chiller then uses this energy in summer to generate chilled water. In winter, the thermal energy is directly used for heating. A performance analysis was carried out to estimate the conversion efficiency of the PTSC based on mass and energy balances and heat transfer computations programmed in Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The performance of the overall solar cooling and heating for the IW has been programmed in TRNSYS modeling system. This solar energy system has been estimated to provide 38–50% of the cooling and 9–30% of heating energy depending upon orientation, insulation and storage capacity for 245 m2 of space in the IW. Experimental data are now being collected and will be used for validating the solar collector model. The solar system model will be used in interpreting the data yet to be obtained on the system performance. The primary purpose of this research program is the development of systems which reduce the energy requirements for the operation of buildings by a factor of two or greater, and the provision of techniques and tools for the design and evaluation of such systems.
Звіти організацій з теми "Collector Base Capacity"
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Gottlieb, Yuval, and Bradley A. Mullens. Might Bacterial Symbionts Influence Vectorial Capacity of Biting Midges for Ruminant Viruses? United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7699837.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
- Original objectives and revision: The feasibility study performed in the last year was aimed at determining the symbiotic profiles of eight selected Culicoidesspecies in Israel and the USA by: Comparing bacterial communities among geographic populations of primary bluetongue virus (BTV) vectors. Comparing bacterial communities between adults of field-collected, mammal-feeding BTV vectors and non-vectors. Comparing bacterial communities within and between mammal feeders and bird feeders, with special attention to species with unique immature habitats. We made an effort to collect the eight species during the beginning of the project, however, due to the short available collection season, and the significant changes in habitats available for Israeli Culicoides, we initially determined the symbiotic profile of five species: two BTV vectors (C. sonorensis, C. imicola), one mammal feeders with unknown vectoring ability (C. schultzei), one bird feeder (C. crepuscularis), and one unique habitat species (C. cacticola). In addition, upon preliminary symbiont identification we focused our effort on relevant specific symbionts. Background: Biting midges (Culicoides, Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of many major viral diseases affecting farm animals, including BT, which is listed among the most damaging by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and has recently emerged in completely unexpected areas (Northern Europe). One of the strategies to reduce the vectorial capacity of insect vectors is by manipulating their specific symbionts either to affect the vector species or to influence performance of the disease agent within it. Despite significant efforts to elucidate the vectorial capacity of certain Culicoidesspecies, and the critical basis of variability in infection, almost no attention has been given to symbiotic interactions between the vector and its bacterial tenants. It is now established that bacterial symbionts have major influences on their host biology, and may interact with disease agents vectored by their hosts. - Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: During the feasibility project we have found two major bacterial symbionts in Israeli and American Culicoides. In Israel we discovered that C. imicola, a known vector of BT, and C. schultzeigp. a suspected vector of BT, carry the symbiotic bacterium Cardinium, a reproductive manipulator symbiont. In C. imicolathe infection rate was close to 50%, and in C. schultzeiit was lower, and restricted to one of two species within Schultzeigroup. In 3 American species (C. sonorensis, C. crepuscularis, C. cacticola) we found the bacterium Burkholderiasp. In all species tested we have also found other bacterial species in diverse quantities and frequencies. - Implications, both scientific and agricultural: Finding specific symbionts in Culicoidesvector species is the first step in developing symbiont based control (SBC) strategies. Both identified symbionts are known from other insects, and Cardiniumis also known as a reproductive manipulator that can cause cytoplasmic incompatibility, an important phenomenon that can be used for spreading desired traits in infected populations. The role of the symbionts in Culicoideshost can be target for manipulation to reduce the vectorial capacity of the host by either changing its fitness so that it is unable to serve as a vector, or by directly changing the symbiont in a way that will affect the performance of the disease agent in its vector. Since Burkholderiaperhaps can be cultured independently of the host, it is a promising candidate for the later option. Thus, we have now opened the door for studying the specific interactions between symbionts and vector species.
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Arif, Sirojuddin, Risa Wardatun Nihayah, Niken Rarasati, Shintia Revina, and Syaikhu Usman. Of Power and Learning: DistrictHeads, Bureaucracy, and EducationPolicies in Indonesia’s Decentralised Political System. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/111.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper examines the politics of education policies in a decentralised political system. Under what conditions does decentralisation promote learning-enhancing policies? Despite the numerous works that have been written on decentralisation and education, little is known about how politics influenced local education policies. To address this problem, this paper looks at the linkages between local politics, bureaucratic capacity, and the development of learning-enhancing policies in Indonesia’s decentralised political system. More specifically, it assesses how regional variation in the discretionary power of district heads over employment decisions in the state bureaucracy explains the variation in local education policies in four districts in Indonesia. The primary data were collected through in-depth interviews with political leaders, bureaucrats, district education councils, school principals, teachers, teacher organisations, parents, non-government and community-based organisations, journalists, academicians, and other relevant informants. Using Mill’s method of difference, the comparative analysis presented in this paper demonstrates that institutional constraints on the discretionary power of the district head over employment decisions in the state bureaucracy do matter for the development of learning-enhancing policies. Such constraints can pave the way for the development of the bureaucratic capacity required for governments to pursue learning-enhancing policies. Absent constraints on the discretionary power of district heads over employment decisions in the state bureaucracy, the extent to which districts implement learning-enhancing policies will depend on district heads’ commitment to student learning.
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Bozek, Michael, and Tani Hubbard. Greater Yellowstone Network amphibian monitoring protocol science review: A summary of reviewers’ responses. National Park Service, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293614.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Science reviews are an essential cornerstone of all excellent science programs and are a requirement of monitoring programs within the Inventory and Monitoring Division of the National Park Service (NPS). Science reviews provide necessary professional critique of objectives, study design, data collection, analysis, scientific interpretation, and how effectively information is transferred to target audiences. Additionally, reviews can help identify opportunities to cooperate more effectively with interested and vested partners to expand the impacts of collective findings across larger landscapes. In December 2020, seven biologists from USGS, USFWS, and NPS provided a critical review of the Greater Yellowstone Network Amphibian Monitoring Protocol for monitoring Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris), boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata), western toads (Anaxyrus boreas), western tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium), and environmental conditions at wetland sites clustered within watershed units in Yellowstone and Grand Teton national parks. This review followed sixteen years of GRYN amphibian and wetland monitoring, allowing us to evaluate the impact of the work thus far and to discuss potential improvements to the protocol. Reviewers were asked to assess the following amphibian monitoring objectives per Bennetts et al. (2013, Cooperative amphibian monitoring protocol for the Greater Yellowstone Network: Narrative, version 1.0, https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2194571) and to assess the degree to which GRYN is meeting the objectives based on the current sampling, analyses, and reporting: Objective 1: Estimate the proportion of catchments and wetland sites used for breeding by each of the four common, native amphibian species annually, and estimate the rate at which their use is changing over time. Objective 2: Determine the total number of wetlands within sampled catchments that are suitable for amphibian breeding (i.e., have standing water during the breeding season) annually. Objective 3: For western toads, estimate the proportion of previously identified breeding areas that are used annually, and estimate the rate at which their use may be changing over time. Generally, reviewers commended the GRYN Amphibian Monitoring Program, including the design, the statistical rigor of current analytical approaches, the large number of monitoring reports and publications, and the audiences reached. Reviewers unanimously felt that the first two objectives of this protocol are being met for two species (Columbia spotted frogs and boreal chorus frogs) in medium- and high-quality catchments, and all but one reviewer also felt these objectives are being met for western tiger salamanders. It was universally recognized that objective 3 for western toads is not being met but reviewers attributed this to issues related to funding and capacity rather than design flaws. Reviewers felt the current design provides an adequate base for parlaying additional work and offered suggestions focused on increasing efficiencies, maximizing information that can be collected in the field, strengthening analyses, and improving scientific outreach. In this document, we summarize reviewers' comments and include their full written reviews in Appendix B.
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Liera, Carla, Mónica García, Kim Andersson, and Elisabeth Kvarnström. Combining sewered and non-sewered sanitation in Montero, Bolivia: scaling up sustainably. Stockholm Environment Institute, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The city of Montero, through the cooperative utility COSMOL, has successfully implemented on-site sanitation services for part of its population, in parallel to sewer-based services. However, additional solutions, capacity development and strengthening of governance systems are needed to allow for increased sustainability, for both the sewered and non-sewered sanitation services in the city. Technical improvements are still needed in wastewater and excreta management and treatment, to reduce health and environmental impacts. However, optimizing the existing sanitation systems could increase environmental, health and hygiene sustainability. Urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) have the potential to reduce environmental impact the most, once optimized and if urine and faeces are collected and treated for reuse. Local farmers have expressed demand for sanitation reuse products, as long as low price and quality can be guaranteed. From a household perspective, demand exists for high levels of service and maintenance by providers, no matter the type of system, to ensure simple maintenance by users. But the sanitation system still needs to be affordable, match cleanliness expectations, and remain free of odours, mosquitos and rodents. Upscaling on-site sanitation systems depends strongly on the support of the public institutions and resources available, including legal, economic and technical resources, as well as having a long-term vision.
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Czajka, Leo, Florence Kondylis, Bassirou Sarr, and Mattea Stein. Data Management at the Senegalese Tax Authority: Insights from a Long-term Research Collaboration. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As they increasingly adopt digital infrastructure, public administrations worldwide are increasingly collecting, generating and managing data. Empirical researchers are, at the same time, collaborating more and more with administrations, accessing vast amounts of data, and setting new research agendas. These collaborations have taken place in low-income countries in particular, where administrative data can be a valuable substitute for scarce survey data. However, the transition to a full-fledged digital administration can be a long and difficult process, sharply contrasting the common leap-frog narrative. Based on observations made during a five-year research collaboration with the Senegalese tax administration, this qualitative case study discusses the main data management challenges the tax administration faces. Much progress has recently been made with the modernisation of the administration’s digital capacity ,and adoption of e-filling and e-payment systems. However, there remains substantial scope for the administration to enhance data management and improve its efficiency in performing basic tasks, such as the identification of active taxpayers or the detection of various forms of non-compliance. In particular, there needs to be sustained investment in human resources specifically trained in data analysis. Recently progress has been made through creating – in collaboration with the researchers – a ‘datalab’ that now works to improve processes to collect, clean, merge and use data to improve revenue mobilisation.
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Ama Pokuaa, Fenny, Aba Obrumah Crentsil, Christian Kwaku Osei, and Felix Ankomah Asante. Fiscal and Public Health Impact of a Change in Tobacco Excise Taxes in Ghana. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This working paper predicts the fiscal and public health outcomes from a change in the excise tax structure for cigarettes in Ghana. More than 5,000 people are killed by diseases caused by tobacco every year in Ghana (Tobacco Atlas 2018). Currently the country has a unitary tax administration approach, with a uniform ad valorem tax structure on all excisable products, including tobacco. However, the ECOWAS directive on tobacco control, in line with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO 2003), recommends a simple tax structure – using a mixed excise system with a minimum specific tax floor to overcome the limitations of an ad valorem system on tobacco products, especially cigarettes. The study therefore simulates mixed tax policy interventions, and assesses their effect on government revenue and public health relative to the current ad valorem tax system. Primary data collection of tobacco prices in three geographical zones of the country was conducted in February 2020, across both rural and urban localities. This was supported with secondary data from national and international databases. Based on the assumption that Ghana adopts a mixed tax structure, the simulation shows that, if the government imposes a specific excise tax of GH₵4.00 (US$0.80) per pack in addition to the current ad valorem rate of 175 per cent of the CIF value, the average retail price of a cigarette pack would increase by 128 per cent, cigarette consumption decrease by 27 per cent, tobacco excise tax revenue increase by 627 per cent, and overall tobacco-related government tax revenue increase by 201 per cent.1 Additionally, there would be significant declines in smoking prevalence (3.3%), smoking intensity (1,448 cigarettes per year), and 3,526 premature smoking-related deaths would be avoided. The paper advocates for a strong tax administration and technical capacity, with continuous commitment by the government to adjust the tax rate in line with the rate of inflation and per capita income growth.
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Cytryn, Eddie, Mark R. Liles, and Omer Frenkel. Mining multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria for biocontrol activity and biologically-active compounds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598174.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Control of agro-associated pathogens is becoming increasingly difficult due to increased resistance and mounting restrictions on chemical pesticides and antibiotics. Likewise, in veterinary and human environments, there is increasing resistance of pathogens to currently available antibiotics requiring discovery of novel antibiotic compounds. These drawbacks necessitate discovery and application of microorganisms that can be used as biocontrol agents (BCAs) and the isolation of novel biologically-active compounds. This highly-synergistic one year project implemented an innovative pipeline aimed at detecting BCAs and associated biologically-active compounds, which included: (A) isolation of multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria and root-associated bacteria from medicinal plants; (B) invitro screening of bacterial isolates against known plant, animal and human pathogens; (C) nextgeneration sequencing of isolates that displayed antagonistic activity against at least one of the model pathogens and (D) in-planta screening of promising BCAs in a model bean-Sclerotiumrolfsii system. The BCA genome data were examined for presence of: i) secondary metabolite encoding genes potentially linked to the anti-pathogenic activity of the isolates; and ii) rhizosphere competence-associated genes, associated with the capacity of microorganisms to successfully inhabit plant roots, and a prerequisite for the success of a soil amended BCA. Altogether, 56 phylogenetically-diverse isolates with bioactivity against bacterial, oomycete and fungal plant pathogens were identified. These strains were sent to Auburn University where bioassays against a panel of animal and human pathogens (including multi-drug resistant pathogenic strains such as A. baumannii 3806) were conducted. Nineteen isolates that showed substantial antagonistic activity against at least one of the screened pathogens were sequenced, assembled and subjected to bioinformatics analyses aimed at identifying secondary metabolite-encoding and rhizosphere competence-associated genes. The genome size of the bacteria ranged from 3.77 to 9.85 Mbp. All of the genomes were characterized by a plethora of secondary metabolite encoding genes including non-ribosomal peptide synthase, polyketidesynthases, lantipeptides, bacteriocins, terpenes and siderophores. While some of these genes were highly similar to documented genes, many were unique and therefore may encode for novel antagonistic compounds. Comparative genomic analysis of root-associated isolates with similar strains not isolated from root environments revealed genes encoding for several rhizospherecompetence- associated traits including urea utilization, chitin degradation, plant cell polymerdegradation, biofilm formation, mechanisms for iron, phosphorus and sulfur acquisition and antibiotic resistance. Our labs are currently writing a continuation of this feasibility study that proposes a unique pipeline for the detection of BCAs and biopesticides that can be used against phytopathogens. It will combine i) metabolomic screening of strains from our collection that contain unique secondary metabolite-encoding genes, in order to isolate novel antimicrobial compounds; ii) model plant-based experiments to assess the antagonistic capacities of selected BCAs toward selected phytopathogens; and iii) an innovative next-generation-sequencing based method to monitor the relative abundance and distribution of selected BCAs in field experiments in order to assess their persistence in natural agro-environments. We believe that this integrated approach will enable development of novel strains and compounds that can be used in large-scale operations.
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Wolfenson, David, William W. Thatcher, and James E. Kinder. Regulation of LH Secretion in the Periovulatory Period as a Strategy to Enhance Ovarian Function and Fertility in Dairy and Beef Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586458.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The general research objective was to increase herd pregnancy rates by enhancing corpus luteum (CL) function and optimizing follicle development, in order to increase conception rate and embryo survival. The specific objectives were: to determine the effect of the duration of the preovulatory LH surge on CL function; to determine the function of LH during the postovulatory period on CL development; to optimize CL differentiation and follicle development by means of a biodegradable GnRH implant; to test whether optimization of CL development and follicle dynamics in timed- insemination protocols would improve fertility in high-yielding dairy cows. Low fertility in cattle results in losses of hundreds of millions of dollars in the USA and Israel. Two major causes of low fertility are formation of a functionally impaired CL, and subsequent enhanced ovarian follicle development. A functionally impaired CL may result from suboptimal LH secretion. The two major causes of low fertility in dairy cattle in US and Israel are negative energy status and summer heat stress; in both situations, low fertility is associated with reductions in LH secretion and impaired development of the ovulatory follicle and of the CL. In Florida, the use of 450-mg deslorelin (GnRH analogue) implants to induce ovulation, under the Ovsynch protocol resulted in a higher pregnancy rates than use of 750-mg implants, and pregnancy losses tended to decrease compared to controls, due probably to decrease in follicular development and estradiol secretion at the time of conceptus signaling to maintain the CL. An alternative strategy to enhance progesterone concentrations involved induction of an accessory CL by injection of hCG on day 5 after the cows were inseminated. Treatment with hCG resulted in 86% of the cows having two CLs, compared with 23% of the control cows. Conception rates were higher among the hCG-treated cows than among the controls. Another approach was to replace the second injection of GnRH analogue, in a timed-insemination protocol, with estradiol cypionate (ECP) injected 24 h after the injection of PGF₂ₐ Pregnancy rates were comparable with those obtained under the regular Ovsynch (timed- AI) program. Use of ECP induced estrus, and cows inseminated at detected estrus are indeed more fertile than those not in estrus at the time of insemination. Collectively, the BARD-supported programs at the University of Florida have improved timed insemination programs. In Ohio, the importance of the frequency of LH episodes during the early stages of the estrous cycle of cattle, when the corpus luteum is developing, was studied in an in vivo experiment in which cows were subjected to various episodic exposures to exogenous bovine LH. Results indicate that the frequent LH episodes immediately following the time of ovulation are important in development of the corpus luteum, from the points of view of both size and functionality. In another study, rates of cell proliferation and numbers of endothelial cells were examined in vitro in CLs collected from cows that received post-ovulation pulsatile LH treatment at various frequencies. The results indicate that the corpora lutea growth that results from luteal cell proliferation is enhanced by the episodes of LH release that occur immediately after the time of ovulation in cattle. The results also show that luteal endothelial cell numbers did not differ among cows treated with different LH doses. In Israel. a longer duration of the preovulatory LH surge stimulated the steroidogenic capacity of granulosa-derived luteal cells, and might, thereby, contribute to a higher progesterone output from the bovine corpus luteum. In an in vivo study, a subgroup of high-yielding dairy cows with extended estrus to ovulation interval was identified. Associated with this extended interval were: low plasma progesterone and estradiol concentrations and a low preovulatory LH surge prior to ovulation, as well as low post- ovulation progesterone concentration. In experiments based on the above results, we found that injection of GnRH at the onset of estrus increased the LHpeak, prevented late ovulation, decreased the variability between cows and elicited high and uniform progesterone levels after ovulation. GnRH at estrus onset increased conception rates, especially in the summer, and among primiparous cows and those with low body condition. Another study compared ovarian functions in multiparous lactating cows with those in nulliparous non-lactating heifers. The results revealed differences in ovarian follicular dynamics, and in plasma concentrations of steroids and gonadotropins that may account for the differences in fertility between heifers and cows.
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A SURROGATE MODEL TO ESTIMATE THE AXIAL COMPRESSIVE CAPACITY OF COLD-FORMED STEEL OPEN BUILT-UP SECTIONS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.316.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper proposed a surrogate model to simplify the process of estimating the axial compressive capacity of cold-formed steel (CFS) open built-up sections composed of lipped channels with different section sizes, thickness, length, and connector spacing. The surrogate model was developed based on the current design methods, i.e., the Effective Width Method (EWM) and Direct Strength Method (DSM), which are codified in the North American Specification AISI S100-16. This new model features two surface regression equations with a boundary inequality criteria, anchored on two important parameters, i.e., modified slenderness ratio, (KL/r)m and minimum thickness-to-width ratio (t/w)min of the built-up sections. The model was validated with 1089 sets of the experimental results data collected from previous research tested on the axial capacity of CFS open built-up sections with the different design configurations. The proposed surrogate model is aimed to simplify the design process among practising engineers for a quick preliminary calculation of the axial compressive capacity of these new CFS open built-up sections.