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1
Brizon, Claire. "Collections coloniales?" TSANTSA – Journal of the Swiss Anthropological Association 24 (May 1, 2019): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/tsantsa.2019.24.6888.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on three case studies of artifacts from 18th century collections preserved in Swiss cultural institutions, I attempt to rethink the use of the word "colonial" before the 19th century, and to apply it to describe collections from the modern period. I attempt to shed light on how these collections could be exhibited to provide critical perspective on these artefacts and the stories they are allowed to tell, in view of the upcoming exhibition entitled Exotic Switzerland? A Global History of the Enlightenment to open in 2020 at the Palais de Rumine in Lausanne.
2
Kukawka, Katia, Stephen Little, Valika Smeulders, Hamady Bocoum, and Sarah Hugounenq. "Restituer et après ? Les musées face aux collections coloniales." Hommes & migrations, no. 1340 (January 1, 2023): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/hommesmigrations.14949.
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3
Deliss, Clémentine. "Manifeste pour le droit d’accès aux collections coloniales séquestrées en Europe de l’ouest." Multitudes 73, no. 4 (2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mult.073.0018.
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4
Otoiu, Damiana. "Quand les « spécimens » d’anthropologie physique redeviennent ancêtres." Ethnologie française Vol. 54, no. 2 (June 4, 2024): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ethn.242.0033.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les collections de restes ancestraux des populations autochtones de l’Afrique australe gardées dans les musées et les instituts de recherche ou laboratoires universitaires semblent être l’exemple par excellence de collection anthropologique « problématique », pour laquelle « undoing Empire » [Rassool, 2015b] préconise une restitution aux descendants contemporains. Mais cette restitution n’occasionne pas uniquement un « simple » ré-enterrement des restes, mais aussi un dialogue avec les descendants autour du statut des matériaux ethnographiques bruts des anthropologues ayant étudié les populations autochtones Khoe-khoe et San : carnets de terrain, fiches d’inventaire, photographies, moulages en plâtre, enregistrements sonores, ainsi qu’autour des recherches menées actuellement (ou dans le futur) sur ces collections. En me focalisant sur quelques études de cas sud-africaines, je montre que les concertations autour des collections et des savoirs résultant de l’analyse de ces collections opposent de multiples acteurs et logiques, locales, nationales et transnationales, qui vont bien au-delà de l’opposition simplificatrice « scientifiques » vs « populations descendantes ». Les différents acteurs et logiques sont souvent contradictoires, mais il faut en tenir compte au moment de la création des bases de données et des infrastructures numériques partagées pour qu’on puisse remettre en cause (au lieu de les consolider) « les archives coloniales et leurs modes d’administration de la preuve » [Lalu, 2009].
5
Hertzog, Alice. "Brizon, Claire: Collections coloniales. À l’origine des fonds anciens non-européens dans les musées suisses." Anthropos 119, no. 1 (2024): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2024-1-239.
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6
Deroo, Éric, and Antoine Champeaux. "Panorama des troupes coloniales françaises dans les deux guerres mondiales." Revue Historique des Armées 271, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rha.271.0072.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Alors que sont attendus en 2014 les célébrations du centième anniversaire de la Grande Guerre ainsi que du soixante-dixième anniversaire de la Libération de la France, cet article réunit des éléments de documentation, une bibliographie et une filmographie sommaires sur le thème des tirailleurs, travailleurs indigènes et soldats des outre-mer au travers des deux guerres mondiales. Il explore les différents procédés qui ont permis de valoriser le patrimoine de tradition des troupes indigènes : tenues et insignes spécifiques, monuments du souvenir, organisation de cérémonies militaires, valorisation des collections conservées dans les musées ou les salles d’honneur du ministère de la Défense. Depuis les années 1960, l’armée française s’efforce ainsi de préserver la mémoire des soldats et « morts pour la France » recrutés dans les colonies de l’empire. Par sa transmission aux jeunes générations de combattants, ce patrimoine matériel et immatériel est un élément de la culture d’arme qui contribue à la capacité opérationnelle des forces.
7
Mamah, Zakari. "Coup d’oeil sur la Bibliothèque nationale du Togo." Documentation et bibliothèques 39, no. 2 (February 18, 2015): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1028739ar.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La Bibliothèque nationale du Togo a été créée en 1969, neuf ans après l’accession du pays à la souveraineté. Riche de collections des périodes coloniales allemandes et françaises, la Bibliothèque s’est donné pour objectif majeur la publication de la bibliographie nationale mais elle affronte des difficultés dans la mise en application du dépôt légal. Un projet de construction est en préparation et la Bibliothèque jouit d’un meilleur financement. Elle dispose des services qui lui permettent d’exercer les fonctions courantes des bibliothèques nationales et participe aux activités des associations internationales.
8
Ortiz García, Carmen. "Collections of human remains and ethnic moulds. More than scientific tools." Aulas Museos y Colecciones de Ciencias Naturales 7-2020 (2020): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29077/aula/7/08_ortiz.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Human remains were considered fundamental elements in the conformation of the collections of anthropological museums from their beginnings in the 19th century. Controversies around legitimacy and ethical considerations about the exhibition of bodies and human remains in museums, mainly those that were obtained through violence or plunder in colonial contexts, have resulted in the return by many centers of these remains to their cultures of origin or at least their removal from public exhibition. Imprints from the face or other body parts, obtained from living in individuals belonging to different cultures became a precious piece of collection for museums. Some issues are set out in the text about the consideration of these masks and molds as an instrument of scientific analysis for the raciological anthropology of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, together with its importance as an object of commercial exchange. Finally a reflection is made on the possibilities of these molds to spread messages and transmit ideas different from the racial ones that originally justified their elaboration. Los restos humanos fueron considerados elementos fundamentales en la conformación de las colecciones de los museos antropológicos desde sus comienzos en el siglo XIX. Las controversias en torno a la legitimidad y las consideraciones éticas acerca de la exhibición de los cuerpos y restos humanos en los museos, fundamentalmente de los que fueron obtenidos mediante violencia o expolio en los contextos coloniales, han desembocado en que muchos centros hayan restituido estos restos a sus culturas de origen o al menos los hayan retirado de la exhibición pública. Las mascarillas faciales, y los vaciados de otras partes del cuerpo, obtenidos sobre el vivo en individuos pertenecientes a los distintos grupos humanos se convirtieron en una preciada pieza de colección para los museos. En el texto se exponen algunas cuestiones acerca de la consideración de estas máscaras y moldes como instrumento de análisis científico para la antropología raciológica de fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, junto a su importancia como objeto de intercambio comercial. Finalmente se reflexiona acerca de las posibilidades de estos moldes para divulgar mensajes y transmitir ideas diferentes a las raciales que en su día justificaron su elaboración.
9
Bertin, Marion. "Compte rendu de Collections coloniales. À l’origine des fonds anciens non-européens dans les musées suisses, de Claire Brizon." Journal de la société des océanistes, no. 157 (December 31, 2023): 310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/jso.15494.
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10
Brömer, Rainer, Edith Franke, Ernst Halbmayer, Tanja Pommerening, Susanne Rodemeier, Dagmar Schweitzer de Palacios, and Katrin Weber. "Colonial discourse in the history of Marburg university collections." Decolonizing academic disciplines and collections 52-1 (2024): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/11zlp.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Four collections that originated in the context of formal or informal colonialism served as hosts for the workshop on “Decolonizing academic disciplines and collections” at the University of Marburg: the pharmacognostic, anatomical, and ethnographic collection and the Museum of Religions. Historically, the related academic disciplines had grown based on the study of items often appropriated against the will of source communities. Decolonizing has to go beyond the material aspect of negotiating the future treatment of collections, by examining the role of colonial injustice and transcending Eurocentric taxonomies of academic knowledge as well as pursuing ways of advocacy for the communities of origin. This opening article sets the scene of academic collections within which the rest of the discussions are conducted.
11
Hardianti, Sitti. "Mimikri dan Ambivalensi dalam Cerpen “Ruma Sekola yang Saya Impiken” Karya Kwee Tek Hoay." Nusa: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 17, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 208–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/nusa.17.2.83-95.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research discusses traces of colonialism resulting from the meeting of Dutch and Chinese cultures in the short story Ruma Sekolah yang Saye Impiken by Kwee Tek Hoay. The research focust to describe the colonial’s effects of the diaspora, mimicry and ambivalence carried out by the Chinese community. Methods of data collection used literature study with reading-note techniques, data analysis using descriptive methods. Homi K. Bhaba's postcolonial theory was used to analyze the diaspora, mimicry, and ambivalence that occurred in Chinese society. The results and discussion found that cultural contact between the colonial (Dutch) and the colonized (Chinese) resulted in traces of colonial diaspora, mimicry, and ambivalence carried out by the Chinese community. These colonial traces then gave birth to a new identity for the stronger Chinese community. The presence of characters in the narrative who carry out mimicry and ambivalence also becomes a form of their resistance to identity discourses built by the Dutch. Through this short story, the writer (Hoay) implicitly fought against the Dutch in Indonesian at that time.
12
haladze, Olebogeng, and Susan O. eitumetse. "Library Collection as a Source of Communal Heritage Reconstruction: Cataloging, Digitizing, and Interpreting the San/Bushmen Collection at the University of Botswana–Okavango Research Institute Library." Collections: A Journal for Museum and Archives Professionals 16, no. 3 (August 6, 2020): 320–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550190620940969.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Established in 1982, the University of Botswana (UB) library acquired various collections of missionaries, travelers, explorers, anthropologists, and colonial commissioners in its “Botswana Collection” section. One of these, the Heinz Collection, serves as the case study for this article and is evidence of the range of collections acquired from the library’s founding until 2010, when it ceased to be the sole national university in the country. The Heinz Collection documents the San/Bushmen/Basarwa’s (indigenous community in Botswana) way of life as documented by a former European civil servant. In researching the collection, the authors shed light on the collection’s significance and the cultural heritage of the indigenous San/Bushmen communities that Dr. Heinz lived among and documented during his lifetime. The collection illustrates the impact of social, economic, cultural, governance environments on a community’s way of life and, consequently, its cultural heritage.
13
Fubah, Mathias Alubafi. "The Thomas Hardie Dalrymple Grassfields Photographs Collection 1937-1942 (Royal Commonwealth Society Collections, University of Cambridge Library)." African Research & Documentation 123 (2013): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x0002080x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Collections of photographs by colonial officers, missionaries and medical personnel taken during the colonial era, can be found in many public and private archives and museums, in Africa, Europe and America. Although the existence of most of these collections have been made known to the public through exhibitions, catalogues and publications (Geary 1991, 2000; Webb 1987, 1988), some have received scant or no attention. This, however, is in spite of the role of colonial photographs as “testimony about early explorations and distant peoples and places” (Geary 1988). Colonial photography, Geary notes, is part of the “discourse about foreign worlds and foreign peoples—a discourse revealing as much about ‘us’ as it reveals about ‘them'” (Geary 1988: 11).
14
Fubah, Mathias Alubafi. "The Thomas Hardie Dalrymple Grassfields Photographs Collection 1937-1942 (Royal Commonwealth Society Collections, University of Cambridge Library)." African Research & Documentation 123 (2013): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x0002080x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Collections of photographs by colonial officers, missionaries and medical personnel taken during the colonial era, can be found in many public and private archives and museums, in Africa, Europe and America. Although the existence of most of these collections have been made known to the public through exhibitions, catalogues and publications (Geary 1991, 2000; Webb 1987, 1988), some have received scant or no attention. This, however, is in spite of the role of colonial photographs as “testimony about early explorations and distant peoples and places” (Geary 1988). Colonial photography, Geary notes, is part of the “discourse about foreign worlds and foreign peoples—a discourse revealing as much about ‘us’ as it reveals about ‘them'” (Geary 1988: 11).
15
Petch, A. "Colonial Collections Revisited." Journal of the History of Collections 20, no. 2 (November 1, 2008): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhn023.
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16
Dragojlovic, Ana, Henk Schulte Nordholt, and Marieke Bloembergen. "Colonial Re-Collections." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 170, no. 4 (January 1, 2014): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17004014.
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17
Andall, Jacqueline, Charles Burdett, and Derek Duncan. "Introduction." Modern Italy 8, no. 1 (May 2003): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1353294032000074043.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The articles in this special issue were first presented at the 2001 ASMI conference on ‘Italian Colonialism and Post-Colonial Legacies’. This collection of papers is the first in a series of publications planned on different aspects of Italian colonialism. A second collection, offering new historical interpretations of Italian colonialism, will be published in the Journal of Modern Italian Studies later this year. A third group of essays on the legacy and memory of Italian colonialism will be published by Peter Lang in early 2004.
18
Hermkens, Anna-Karina, and Eric Venbrux. "Memorabilia of Colonial Violence and Death." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 179, no. 3-4 (December 4, 2023): 317–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-bja10054.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Nineteenth-century, private collections of ethnographic artefacts have a bad reputation in anthropology. Appearing to comprise ‘a haphazard assemblage of junk’ (Gathercole 1978:276), anthropologists and others interested in ethnographic objects and collecting have ignored private collections for some time. While Jean Louis Henri Beijens’s collection resembles at first glance a haphazard assemblage not worthy of attention, a closer inspection reveals its historical and contemporary significance. In this article, we offer a glimpse into Beijens’s private military collection, which contains artefacts originating from the Dutch colonies in both the East and West, as well as from Belgian Congo. Highlighting the colonial self-fashioning that occurred while he was assembling his ‘haphazard’ collection, we elucidate the colonial dispossession and violence that is at the heart of Beijens’s and other private and public collections. In doing so, this article attempts to address the enduring legacies and responsibilities of colonial collecting and collections.
19
Choi, Won Oh. "Cultural Status of Dong-A Ilbo Serials during the Japanese Colonial Era: “Jeonseol-ui Joseon (legend of Joseon)”and “Jeonseol (legend)”." Society Of Korean Oral Literature 71 (December 31, 2023): 213–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22274/koralit.2023.71.007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study explores the cultural status of “Jeonseol-ui Joseon (legend of Joseon)” (1927.8.20-12.28) and “Jeonseol (legend)” (1932.6.2. -10.15) serialized in Dong-A Ilbo during the Japanese colonial period. Thus far, researchers have not mentioned the Japanese colonial period in the process of discussing the “history of Korean legends.” However, many recent studies have been conducted on legend collections from this period, making it possible to supplement the history of Korean legends with prior studies. The most noteworthy aspect of these studies is the claim that Lee Hong-ki's Joseon Legend Collection (Chosun Publishing Company, 1944) was the first collection of legends published in Korean. Choi Sang-soo's Korean Folk Legends Collection (Eulyu Munhwasa, 1947; Tongmungwan, 1958) was evaluated as the first collection of Korean legends. However, Lee Hong-ki's Joseon Legends Collection can take its place. Lee Hongki’s legend collection was greatly influenced by Dong-A Ilbo’s legendary serial “Jeonseol”. From the late 1920s to the early 1930s, Dong-A Ilbo carried out the task of discovering Joseon legends from folklore and systematically introducing them into newspapers. These are serials titled “Jeonseol-ui Joseon” and “Jeonseol”. Although the legendary materials included in this series were not published together in the form of a booklet, they are significant as a collection of Joseon legends collected and introduced with a clear purpose, that is, data collection. The cultural status and value of these series are high and significant in that it was the first attempt to work from an “insider’s perspective” in response to Japan’s colonial policy. Additionally, Dong-A Ilbo's legendary series attempted to discover and revive the traditional spirit and local character of the people in the dark situation of colonialism, which can be said to have performed the function of cultural therapy for the entire Korean population.
20
FABA, PAULINA. "Paradoxes of the Museification of the Past in Nineteenth-Century Chile: The Case of the Coloniaje Exhibition of 1873." Journal of Latin American Studies 50, no. 4 (April 10, 2018): 951–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x18000305.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe Coloniaje Exhibition, held in September 1873 in Santiago, Chile, represents a milestone in the history of Chilean museums. As the first retrospective display of the history of the Chilean nation, it was an important precedent for the collections that led to the construction of the National Historical Museum in 1911. By examining the ideas associated with the history of the colonial era and the museography related to the exhibition, this article analyses the ambiguous ways in which the Coloniaje Exhibition mobilised the colonial past in the context of the ascendancy of liberalism and the transformation of Santiago's urban social life. Situated between alienation and identification – between critiquing the colonial system and celebrating its imprint on Chilean society – the Coloniaje Exhibition is important for the understanding of postcolonial societies in Latin America.
21
Finney, Vanessa. "Paper Elephants: Reflections on Changing Archival Practice at the Australian Museum." Archives & Manuscripts 52, no. 1 (November 29, 2024): 89–96. https://doi.org/10.37683/asa.v52.11017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The archives of Australia’s first museum, the Australian Museum (AM) in Sydney, are an artefact of colonialism, still intertwined with the complexities of science, public museums, and imperialism. It’s the elephant in the archival room. However, change has come to Australia’s colonial-era museums, affecting their missions, historical framing, and collections and archives. This article provides a brief history of knowledge at the AM in order to showcase some current initiatives aimed at opening its archival holdings to new perspectives, encounters, shared knowledge, and a protocols-based approach to access. Understanding the history of the museum and its archival structures and methods is vital for rethinking a more open, generous, and responsible future for this important collection.
22
Kalibani, Mèhèza. "The less considered part: Contextualizing immaterial heritage from German colonial contexts in the restitution debate." International Journal of Cultural Property 28, no. 1 (February 2021): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739120000296.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSince the publication of the “restitution report” by Felwine Sarr and Bénédicte Savoy in November 2018, the debate around the restitution of African artifacts inherited from German colonialism in German museums has become increasingly intense. While the restitution debate in Germany is generally focused on “material cultural heritage” and human remains, this reflection attempts to contextualize the “immaterial heritage” (museum collections inventory data, photographs, movies, sound recordings, and digital archive documents) from German colonialism and plead for its consideration in this debate. It claims that the first step of restitution consists of German ethnological museums being transparent about their possessions of artifacts from colonial contexts, which means providing all available information about museum collections from colonial contexts and making them easily accessible to the people from the former German colonies.
23
Spitra, Sebastian M. "Austria Approaches Its Colonial Past: Prospects of a New Restitution Law for Cultural Objects." Santander Art and Culture Law Review 8, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.021.17034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In January 2022 theAustrian government established an expert committee to study the colonial heritage in its federal museums. Although Austria is a country not considered to have an extensive colonial past, Austrian museums hold large collections of ethnographic objects and human remains that they acquired during the heydays of colonialism. This country report introduces the current restitution debate in Austria through a legal lens. It discusses the legal situation of cultural objects from colonial contexts and the instruments available to museums and the federal government to organize restitutions and formulate rules. From a comparative law perspective, the specific history of Austria might turn the currently-evolving Austrian approach into an interesting example for other countries with public holdings of cultural objects from colonial contexts but without a history of direct colonialism.
24
van Beurden, Jos. "Decolonisation and Colonial Collections." BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review 133, no. 2 (May 2018): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/bmgn-lchr.10551.
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Olukayode, FISHER Augustus, OLUDEMI Akintayo Shoboyejo, and ADEBOGUN, Babatunde Olayinka. "DECOLONISATION IN AFRICAN POLITICAL THOUGHT." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Arts 1, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/ijmdsa.v1i1.1647.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In essence, African political thought evolved as a result of colonialism and the anti-colonial reactions of first-order African elites. The debate among the episodic and the epochal school of thought over the place of colonialism in African political thought suggests that it took colonialism to inform the people of the continent that they were Africans. Also that Africa had a glorious pre-colonial past. It offered the diverse peoples of the continent a rallying point for unity. This unity was the basis of the anti-colonial reactions especially in the decade before political independence in Africa. This work attempts to examine the origin of African political thought, and the decolonization process in selected regions of the continent namely North-West Africa (Tunisia and Morocco) and British West-Africa. The main source of data collection depends on secondary materials
26
Ebaye, Sunday Esoso Nsed. "National Autonomy and the Phenomena of Neo-Colonialist Activities." International Journal of International Relations, Media and Mass Communication Studies 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijirmmcs.15/vol10n13849.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The economic penetration of the developing states has become a competitive replacement for colonialism. Thus, National autonomy– the capacity of a nation–state to make and apply decisions shaping its political and economic future, has significantly been subjugated by neocolonialism- the determinations of the former colonial and new powers to maintain control over independent developing states. The peripheral states have become satellites of the center nations as their economies have been structured to serve international capitalism. The aim of this work is to place the relationship between the neo-colonialist activities and the national autonomies of the developing states. The paper adopted the survey research design. The instrument for data collection was structured questionnaire while the simple linear regression analysis was used to examine the extent of the relationship that exist between the variables. The two hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that there exists a significant relationship between national autonomy and the phenomena of neo-colonialist activities, and that though colonialism may virtually be dead, but neo-colonialism continues as the 3rd world states have become victims of a subtle form of domination. The work recommends that autonomy should include choosing to orient economic and political decisions of the nation-state instead of the continues political hegemony and economic exploitation by the advanced states. Therefore, the developing states must be constructive in their relations with the advanced nations and ensure the respect and enhancement of local autonomy. African states; as Timamy postulated, should promote self-esteem, institutionalize human dignity and entrench the values of integrity. The leaders must realize that the present world order is part of the problem and not; in any way, the solution to Africa’s unending nightmare.
27
Roque, Ricardo. "Stories, Skulls, and Colonial Collections." Configurations 19, no. 1 (2011): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/con.2011.0002.
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28
McMullan, Melissa, and Joanna Cobley. "Lessons in Ephemera: Teaching and Learning through Cultural Heritage Collections." RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage 18, no. 2 (November 8, 2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rbm.18.2.93.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article synthesizes an intern’s experience assessing the University of Canterbury’s (UC) theatre and concert music program ephemera collection for its teaching and research potential, and evaluating its storage and preservation needs. Held at the Macmillan Brown Library and Archive (MB), the collection comprises around 6,000 items and takes up seven linear meters of physical storage space. The ephemera functioned as a portal into the evolution of Christchurch’s theatrical and concert music history, giving weight to the collection as a rich local historical resource worthy of keeping. The ephemera reflected how British, European, and American cultural practices were infused into colonial Christchurch’s theatrical and concert music scene. The collection also revealed a tradition of UC teachers who, since its establishment in 1873 as Canterbury College, actively shaped, participated in, and facilitated the development of Christchurch’s theatre and concert music heritage. Overall, the collection’s research value was its localism. Different ways of engaging researchers with the ephemera were considered, in addition to identifying the transferable skills the intern gained. With growing interest from students about internships, the authors also address questions about long-term impact and scalability of cultural-heritage collection-based intern and/or classroom-based learning projects more generally. Our main message for higher education management and those charged with the custodianship of cultural heritage collections is that hands-on learning helps students appreciate and value these locally significant collections.
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Widyawati, Mega, and Eggy Fajar Andalas. "Pribumi di Mata Kolonial dalam Kumpulan Cerpen Teh dan Pengkhianat Karya Iksaka Banu." MEDAN MAKNA: Jurnal Ilmu Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 19, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/mm.v19i2.3434.
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This research aims to discuss social and cultural aspects that are closely related to Indonesian history regarding events of colonialism in the collection of short stories entitled Teh dan Pengkhianat by applying new historicism. This is a descriptive qualitative research. The theory used to analyze the relevance of literary works as social documents is from new historicism, Stephen Greenblatt (1980). Besides, the theory used to investigate colonialist perspectives on indigenous peoples is form orientalism, Edward Said (1935). The results of this research are as follows. First, historical representations are marked by fear, restraint, compulsion, and counterforce of indigenous people in the colonial period before and after 1945. Second, social representation is marked by humanity, preparation, and persistence in dealing with the variola virus that occurred in 1644. Third, cultural representations are marked by the hard work of indigenous people for equal rights in clothing style until transportation. Data that demonstrates hard work is the existence (space, process, and object), identity (matching), and unity/multiplicity (merging) of indigenous peoples and colonialists.
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Brian J. Yates. "“Does Adwa have a Colonial Legacy? Assessing the viability of the Colonial Thesis for Understanding Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Ethiopia”." Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities 17, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejossah.v17i1.4.
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For many, the Ethiopian victory at Adwa was an African victory over European colonialism, but some scholars have reimagined the triumph as an example of African colonialism in recent years. This view culminates in the colonial thesis. This colonial thesis casts Menilek II of Shäwa (r.1888-1913) as a colonizer of Southern groups in present-day Ethiopia and posits his state as a foreign colonial power. This view is one of the theoretical underpinnings of the present Ethiopian ethnic federalism and many ethnolinguistic nationalist movements. One of the ways that it impacts identities, as the Ethiopian scholar Maimire Mennasemay puts it, “. . . ontologizes ethnic identity and falsely represents Ethiopia as a collection of discrete, ethnic communities, brought together by ‘Amhara colonialism.’” The scholar Mahmoud Mamdani builds on this view by arguing that transforming identities (politicizing nativity) was essential in governing colonial empires. In other words, the colonial government invented settlers and natives in their territories and treated them accordingly. In essence, this essay details the identities that were produced as a result of Ethiopia’s victory at Adwa and argues that while oppression accompanied the conquest of territories North, East, West, and South of Menilek’s native Shäwan province, Menilek’s government did not produce identities to make power exclusive for one group as displayed at both the participation at the battle and in the administration that the victory preserved.
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Anderson, Kimberly, Emily E. Boss, and Rosalind Bucy. "Centering Indigenous Perspectives in Library Collections: A Lesson in Cultural Humility." Library Trends 72, no. 1 (August 2023): 90–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lib.2023.a938214.
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Abstract: After Indigenous students at the University of Nevada, Reno brought concerns about the monograph collections to the attention of library staff, the authors set out to determine how they might center Indigenous perspectives in the collections. They conducted a mixed-methods study through a collections analysis and a focus group with Indigenous students and alumni. The authors modified the study design, originally conceived as a participatory action research project, as they became more aware of their own positionality and the extent to which deeply embedded colonialism and whiteness impacted a participatory project. Results indicate that the Indigenous collections are old, with a significant amount of racist or problematic content, and that the library and library collections were largely inaccessible to the participants due to a lack of awareness about library discovery, a lack of relevant materials, or deeply embedded colonial structures. Additionally, this study highlights the role of cultural humility in research.
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Zolkos, Magdalena. "Mnemonic ‘Boundary Objects’ and Postcolonial Restitution." European Journal of Scandinavian Studies 53, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 80–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ejss-2023-2003.
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Abstract Drawing on new materialist and object-centered historical criticism, this article analyses colonial and post-colonial discourses of the Greenlandic figurines of the mythical being of ill-wishing and revenge, tupilak (plural form: tupilait). It focuses on three tupilak figures, made in 1905/1906 by a shaman Mitsivarniannga on a request of a Danish ethnographer William Thalbitzer, which today are part of the Danish National Museum collections. In the early 20th century, Greenlandic tupilait (and Inuit cultural production in general) were an object of fascination among European collectors, artists, and the general public. Asking what these objects had come to mean in (and for) Europe, this article points to marginalized Greenlandic narratives of Mitsivarniannga’s tupilat, and builds a critical narrative of these objects as material effects of the disruptions of indigenous community and sustenance by Western colonialism. Drawing on critical insights from the current post-colonial restitution debates, it problematizes the differential political-economic conditions and relations of power, under which the colonial acquisitions and procurements took place. The article argues that cultural heritage items, such as the three tupilat, are mnemonic ‘boundary objects’ that can potentially forge links between disparate memories of colonialism in Denmark and Greenland.
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Voirol, Beatrice. "Decolonization in the Field?" TSANTSA – Journal of the Swiss Anthropological Association 24 (May 1, 2019): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/tsantsa.2019.24.6903.
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With regard to decolonization, ethnographic museums are special targets for criticism. For a long time they pursued "salvage ethnography", taking advantage of colonial structures to assemble their collections. The little island of Milingimbi in East Arnhem Land/ Australia first attracted the attention of the Museum der Kulturen Basel (MKB) in the early 1930s. Three different individuals were involved in compiling the collection as it is constituted today, one of the largest collections from Milingimbi outside of Australia. Taking this collection as an example, my contribution takes a closer look at decolonizing practices in the museum field. It retraces the transition from collecting under colonial conditions to current attempts within the MKB to decolonize the Milingimbi collection. The article describes the practical e orts not only of MKB as an institution, but particularly also of Milingimbi as a community.
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Wurzer, Markus. "The social lives of mass-produced images of the 1935–41 Italo-Ethiopian War." Modern Italy 27, no. 4 (November 2022): 351–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2022.33.
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AbstractFor the last 20 years, research on European colonialism has addressed private photo collections. Prior to that, interest was focused specifically on propaganda photography. In the hope that privately kept material could offer new, more ‘authentic’ insights into colonial everyday life, researchers have so far mostly ignored the mass-produced images which are often part of such private collections, too. But especially when the question arises of how mass-produced images functioned as consensus-building tools, of what impact they had on the ground, they seem to be a promising source. Therefore, this paper on mass-produced images of the 1935–41 Italo-Ethiopian War in private photography collections probes how ‘ordinary’ soldiers used images, what meanings they created in the process, and, thereby, how they positioned themselves relative to the Fascist regime's dominant colonial discourse. This article answers these questions by drawing on the private collections of four so-called ‘allogeni’, German-speaking Italian citizens from the province of Bozen/Bolzano, who took part in the 1935–41 Italo-Ethiopian War.
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Philp, Jude. "The more beautiful and gorgeous birds of British New Guinea." Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Culture 13 (2022): 75–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17082/j.2205-3239.13.1.2022.2022-03.
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This chapter describes the ways that collections were made in British New Guinea during Sir William MacGregor’s tenure (1888–1898) through a focus on the people employed in field collecting for bird specimens. It makes explicit the involvement of local peoples and other specialist collectors living in the region at the time. The creation of the collections was thus through two knowledge systems: that of western science and those of British New Guinean peoples. The influence of locals and other people is evident in the shape of the collection and the kinds of birds acquired. I argue that the curation of the bird specimens at Queensland Museum divorced specimens from the human contexts which contributed to reinforcing the hierarchical colonial structure. Despite this, examination of the collection’s composition shows the focus on ‘beautiful and gorgeous’ species which emphasises the knowledge of British New Guinea’s people and reveals the larger and more complex sphere of social relations that were a feature of MacGregor’s tenure.
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Weber, Andreas, and Esther Turnhout. "A Langur from Sumatra." Nuncius 39, no. 3 (October 25, 2024): 775–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-0390310114.
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Abstract Researchers interested in the colonial provenance of European natural history collections find themselves currently in an ambiguous position. On one hand, there is a fast-growing amount of digital services that provide them with statistics, names and lists of objects that have been accumulated in former colonial areas and are now stored in natural history museums in the Global North. On the other hand, these digital collection services fail to provide researchers with archival information on historical collection contexts, local names and meanings of animals and plants, and the labour, knowledges, colonial infrastructure and (epistemic) violence that were necessary to move tens of millions of natural objects across the globe. By zooming in on the digital representation of a black-crested Sumatran langur collected on the island of Sumatra (Indonesia) in the 1830s, this short paper reflects on the impact of these data absences on the further development of large-scale data infrastructures in the field. Inspired by earlier problematization of the digital turn in collection-based biodiversity sciences, this paper argues for the more sustained use of archival evidence so as to rethink what it means to infrastructure ‘biodiversity heritage’ collections in a digital age.
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Kuever, Jan. "Framing participatory methods in provenance research: From the restitution of objects to a collaborative production of knowledge." Decolonizing academic disciplines and collections 52-1 (2024): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/11zlt.
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Provenance research on European museum collections of colonial origin is a process of knowledge production from the reconstruction of collection items’ trajectories and the memories and meanings attached to them, often envisioning an eventual restitution to their supposed communities of origin. This paper examines how this process of examining and possibly returning physical relics of colonial extraction risks reproducing colonial knowledge and its accessibility. In order to counter this risk, it proposes a conceptual shift towards participatory approaches of engaging the scholarly as well as local communities on both sides in sharing and developing knowledge about and from the collections and creating equitable mutual access to the different layers of the produced knowledge. The thoughts presented here are supported with examples and experiences from collaborative field research on selected object collections from German museums in possible communities of origin in Tanzania.
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Thomas, Sara. "Vincent Toro’s Hurricane Formalism." MELUS: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States 48, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/melus/mlad077.
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Abstract Vincent Toro’s poetry and essays critique the ways that US actions in the wake of natural disasters damage Puerto Rican ecologies and culture. The entwinement of colonialism and natural disaster is the subject of Toro’s two collections, Stereo. Island. Mosaic. (2016) and Tertulia (2020). These collections instruct readers to toggle between close reading of language and formal analysis of genre and shape. In Stereo, Toro produces a geo-formal poetics that takes a Taíno hurricane zemi as its central organizing form, an aesthetic choice that foregrounds non-Western literary forms in communicating Puerto Rican economic and ecological atmospheres. In Toro’s collections, the air and atmosphere are sites where anti-colonial critique and aesthetic innovation merge.
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Siahaan, Pertiwih, and Budi Agustono. "The Development of Tarutung Into a City." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (May 24, 2021): 2676–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i2.1975.
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This article discusses the history of the formation of the city of Tarutung. This article answers the problem of how the city of Tarutung developed after the arrival of Western colonialism in the form of religion, military, administration and economy which encouraged the development of Tarutung City. This study uses the historical method through four stages: heuristics (collection of historical sources); verification (source criticism); interpretation (historical analysis and interpretation); and historiography (writing history). Sources as historical data obtained from a number of documents and literature from the colonial to post-colonial period. This study found that the existing Tarutung city was formed into a traditional city which was used as a trading center from a durian tree that grew in the middle of the village with the Batak Toba socio-culture that was implemented before the arrival of Western colonialism. The arrival and colonial influence made the identity of Tarutung City begin to develop both in terms of social, economic, and cultural aspects while maintaining the traditional cultural elements that still exist.
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King, Julia A. "Comparative Colonialism and Collections-Based Archaeological Research." Museum Worlds 4, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/armw.2016.040102.
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ABSTRACTLegacy collections are an increasingly valued source of information for researchers interested in the study and interpretation of colonialism in the Chesapeake Bay region of North America. Through the reexamination of 34 archaeological collections ranging in date from 1500 through 1720, researchers, including the author, have been able to document interactions among Europeans, Africans, and indigenous people in this part of the early modern Atlantic. We could do this only because we turned to existing collections; no single site could reveal this complex story. This article summarizes the major findings from this work and describes the pleasures and challenges of comparative analysis using existing collections. Collections-based research can also be used to inform fieldwork, so the legacy collections of tomorrow are in as good shape as possible. Indeed, collections-based work reveals the need for a critical dialogue concerning the methods, methodology, and ethics of both collections and field-based research.
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Akani, Eze Chris. "The Role of the Church in Iwhuruoha Development." JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND LEADERSHIP RESEARCH 9, no. 1 (September 26, 2023): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/jpslr.v9.no1.2023.pg60.74.
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Nigeria like other post-colonial states in Africa greatly suffered and suffocated from the pacification spree of colonialism. It was a most dreadful brutality which distorted and greatly disorganized the cultural bond of the people. All these were systematically orchestrated to achieve an economic objective. In fact, those who set out for colonialist imperialism in Africa and indeed Nigeria, were not engaged in an act of civilization nor the spread of enlightenment spirit. One of the lasting legacies of colonialism in Nigeria is the church. It was the handmaiden of colonialism that softened the mind of the people to embrace the values and ethos of capitalist imperialism. The spread of this consciousness was facilitated by western education. Education became a tool to enter and embrace the world of ‘civilization’. This study seeks to examine the role of the church in Nigeria, particularly in Iwhuruohna. It is a qualitative study and data collection relied solely on secondary sources. These include a review of existing literature, journals, magazines and visit to some research institutes like the Centre for Black and African Arts and Culture in Lagos and Claude Ake School of Government in University of Port Harcourt, Choba. It was discovered that contrary to ex isting position, the church has played significant roles in Nigeria and Iwhuruohna, especially in the production of human capital that have immensely facilitated, the development agenda in Iwhuruohna Ethnicity Nationality (IEN). Rt. Rev. V.A. Ogbonna, Bishop of Ikwerre Diocese of the Christ Army Church is one of such products of the church. We, therefore recommend that men like Bishop Ogbonna whose virtues served as building blocks for the development of their area should be emulated and cherished at all times.
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Falcucci, Beatrice. "Creating the empire." Journal of the History of Collections 32, no. 2 (April 2, 2019): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhz014.
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Abstract The Istituto Agricolo Coloniale Italiano was established in Florence in 1904 by Professor Gino Bartolommei Gioli, whose aim was to create a study centre that would support Italian colonial policy, contribute to the training of experts on tropical agriculture, and inspire admiration and love for Italy’s colonies. The nation's overseas empire was, in the opinion of many intellectuals, greatly neglected both by the Italian population at large and by the industrial leaders, who commonly disregarded the potential and richness of the colonies. The museum formed an essential part of the colonial project, displaying the material aspect of the African territories, presenting their economic potential, addressing the colonies as a place where Italians could invest and stimulating their imperial vocations. This article interrogates the museum and its evolution as an educational tool, from the first decade of the twentieth century to the post-colonial era, focusing on the history of the colonial collection and on how it was exhibited.
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Xepoleas, Lynda May, and Emily Hayflick. "Curating costumes from many lands: Addressing the colonial gaze in two university dress collections through digital curation." Critical Studies in Fashion & Beauty 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/csfb_00036_1.
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In this article we reflect on our engagement with a broad spectrum of dress- and textile-related artefacts housed within the Cornell Fashion + Textile Collection and Department of Anthropology Collections at Cornell University. In recent years, fashion critics and scholars have begun to address the biases and prejudices that continue to inform the collection and display of fashion within museums and academic institutions. In addition to museums of art, design, anthropology and history, universities have contributed to and influenced the public’s perceptions of fashion as an embodied material practice and a social phenomenon through the development and circulation of fashion- and dress-related teaching collections. Drawing upon our experiences co-curating a digital fashion exhibition about the development of two ethnological dress collections on Cornell’s campus, we discuss the opportunities and challenges that we faced working with these objects in a university setting. Our objective is to contextualize the formation of these collections and raise questions and critiques about the ways in which university dress collections have perpetuated – and continue to perpetuate – forms of discrimination like sexism, homophobia, transphobia, sizeism, classism, ageism and racism amidst an ongoing colonial context. We suggest possible steps for decentring the colonial gaze through digital curation.
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Sunjayadi, Achmad. "KHAZANAH ARSIP PARIWISATA KOLONIAL DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Kearsipan 14, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46836/jk.v14i1.131.
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In doing research of Indonesian historiography in the colonial period, primary sources in the form of colonial archives are important. That includes historiography of tourism in Indonesia. This article describes archival collection of the National Archives of Indonesia related to tourism in the colonial period of Indonesia and attempts to determine the related keywords. The results are information about the tourism activities was the history of the institution, namely Vereeniging Toeristenverkeer and the keywords that used, were 'Vereeniging toeristenverkeer' and 'toerisme'. The archival sources are mainly from the collection of Algemene Secretarie. There are many other collections, it is possible, considering that tourism activities are not only the concern of single institution. Tourism activities are also includes tourist attractions, infrastructure, transportation, accommodation and security.
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Price, Sophie, Lindy Allen, and Chantal Knowles. "‘The (Not-So) Sacred Ibis’ – Archibald Meston, The Colonial Collector, and the Queensland Museum." Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Culture 12 (2021): 73–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.17082/j.2205-3239.12.1.2021.2021-04.
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This paper focuses on Archibald Meston’s association with Queensland Museum through a detailed analysis of the collections and the transactions with Meston over six decades. The analysis gives key insights into the nature of Meston’s collecting, an aspect of his life not previously investigated. Consideration of items associated with Meston found in other collections at Queensland Museum has further allowed for a broader conceptualisation of what is the Archibald Meston collection. Meston’s relationship with the Queensland Museum is explored through the lens of the collections and reveals how the interests and policies of the museum may have shaped or even influenced Meston’s collecting at specific points in time. This paper further considers the history of a purportedly large collection of Aboriginal artefacts amassed by Meston that were used during performances and lectures for the Wild Australia Show tour (1892–1893). Reassembling what exactly is the Archibald Meston collection at the Queensland Museum has allowed for a reframing of our understanding of Meston the man, who, while neither serious or classic collector, nor scientist or scholar, was a self-proclaimed expert on Aboriginal ‘ethnography’, as well as a showman and entrepreneur.
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NAIR, SAVITHRI PREETHA. "Science and the politics of colonial collecting: the case of Indian meteorites, 1856–70." British Journal for the History of Science 39, no. 1 (February 23, 2006): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087405007624.
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The case of Indian meteorite collections shows how, during the production of science, knowledge-making institutions such as museums were sometimes strongly linked with coercive institutions such as the police. If geological collecting in India in the Company period was mainly geared towards satisfying the demands of metropolitan science, the period after the 1850s saw a dramatic shift in the nature of collecting and the practice of colonial science, with the emergence of public museums in India. These colonial museums, represented by the Indian Museum, Calcutta, began to compete with the British Museum for the possession of locally formed collections in an effort to form an exemplary ‘Indian’ scientific collection. This resulted in conflicts which changed the very nature of colonial science. This paper shows how the 1860s marked a break with the past. A new breed of colonial scientist arrived, prepared successfully to challenge the status of the British Museum as the ‘centre of all sciences’ and to defend scientific institutions in the land of their practice, the colony. Rather than being driven by a feeling of scientific dependence or independence, or even the patriotic aspiration to build a national collection in London, it was scientific internationalism backed by the strength of local knowledge that now determined their practice.
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Pedri-Spade, Celeste. "“But they were never only the master’s tools”: the use of photography in de-colonial praxis." AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 13, no. 2 (March 27, 2017): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177180117700796.
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The majority of anthropological literature around photography of Indigenous peoples has privileged the actions, agency, and intent of the Western photographer. While one cannot ignore the significant colonizing influences that photographs have had on Indigenous peoples, one cannot presume that these individuals were solely the silenced subject or victim in a one-sided, inferior relationship with the camera and its operator. Recent scholarship is now re-examining the relationship Indigenous peoples have had with photography as a culturally productive technology since its development. In this article, I will address the role of photography in a global context as an object and a method of decolonization in two ways: (a) through archived collections of colonial photography and (b) in the production of contemporary photographs by peoples who experience contemporary colonialism. In both of these contexts, I will explore how various populations or communities with a colonial history use photography to confront ongoing legacies of colonialism, particularly in agendas aimed at repairing and reconfiguring relationships with self, family and kin, colonizer, community, and the natural world. Drawing on examples from several countries and locales, I will address the potentials and challenges of reframing Indigenous peoples’ experience of, and relationship with, photography within the context of de-colonial praxis.
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MBU, DORA NYUYKIGHAN. "African Art and The Colonial Encounter: Commodification and Restitution of Sacred Objects in Linus Asong’s the Crown of Thorns." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 5, no. 2 (July 22, 2023): 400–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v5i2.1293.
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African art though dynamic has changed in form, function, and meaning over time. However, the concept of Indigenous African art has remained static. This paper aims at examining the complex relationship between African art and colonial encounter while interrogating the commodification and restitution of African artifacts which has become a topical issue. This is because pre-colonial sacred objects have an aura of untainted timeless past reflecting the way of life of the African people. The colonial encounter with Africa witnessed a rush for African traditional religious artifacts and antiquities which left indelible marks of hostilities and cultural clashes among the African people. Many African artifacts looted from their countries of origin during colonialism and are now housed in museums and private collections around the world. While most studies on Linus Asong’s the Crown of Thorns focus on feminist analysis, the paper is read from the perspective of New Historicists’ exegesis that interrogates the commodification and restitution of African sacred objects stolen from Africa during colonialism. The findings show that, although the issue of the commodification and restitution of African artifacts is a complex and controversial one, there is a growing recognition of the importance of acknowledging and rectifying the historical injustices associated with their commodification.
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Nacéra, Benseddik. "Histoire coloniale. Les tribulations des collections archéologiques de l'Algérie." Libyan Studies 50 (April 23, 2019): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2019.7.
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AbstractFrom the Musée Algérien established at the Louvre in Paris by Captain Delamare, to the Bibliothèque-musée created by A. Berbrugger in 1838 in the former Janissaries barracks in Algiers, to the short-lived Musée Africain, the archaeological collections of Algeria did not have a real museum space until 19 April 1897, when the Musée des Antiquités Algériennes et d'Art Musulman was inaugurated in the Parc de Galland (today the Parc de la Liberté). Independent Algeria placed the museum under the Ministère de l’éducation nationale until 1970, and then it was moved to the Ministère de l'information et de la culture, and the Musée Stéphane Gsell became the Musée National des Antiquités, financially autonomous in 1985 under the Ministère de la culture. Have the true missions of a museum been fulfilled? And what is the situation at the Louvre where only a few ancient Algerian works are now on display?
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Beurden, Jos van. "Colonial collections, restitution and issues of inequality." Decolonizing academic disciplines and collections 52-1 (2024): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/11zlr.
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This contribution raises three questions about collections from colonial regions. One is about the division of the power over the provenance research into such collections between the Global North and the Global South. A second is about the silence of art dealers and private collectors in the Global North about their possessions and how they were acquired, which makes it hard for former colonies to know about them. The third is about how governments in the Global South on the one hand and traditional royal houses, communities of origin and other sub-statal actors on the other deal with collections after their return.