Статті в журналах: "COLLAPSE ASSESSMENT"

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Thorson, James T., Trevor A. Branch, and Olaf P. Jensen. "Using model-based inference to evaluate global fisheries status from landings, location, and life history data." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 4 (April 2012): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2012-016.

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Assessing fishery collapses worldwide is hindered by the lack of biomass data for most stocks, leading to the use of landings-based proxies or the assumption that existing stock assessments are globally representative. We argue that the use of sparse assessments to evaluate fishery status requires model-based inference because assessment availability varies spatially and temporally, and we derive a model that extrapolates from assessment results to available landings, life history, and location data. This model uses logistic regression to classify stocks into different prediction bins and estimates the probability of collapse in each using cross-validation. Results show that landings, life history, and location are informative to discriminate among different probabilities of collapse. We find little evidence that regions with fewer assessments have a greater proportion of collapsed stocks, while acknowledging weak inferential support regarding regions with one or fewer assessments. Our extrapolation suggests that 4.5%–6.5% of stocks defined by landings data are collapsed, but that this proportion is increasing. Finally, we propose a research agenda that combines stock assessment and landings databases while overcoming limitations in each.

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Asnawi Subki, Nur Ezzaryn, Hazrina Mansor, Yazmin Sahol Hamid, and Gerard Parke. "Progressive Collapse Assessment: A review of the current energy-based Alternate Load Path (ALP) method." MATEC Web of Conferences 258 (2019): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925802012.

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The Alternate Load Path (ALP) is a useful method that has generated a considerable recent research interest for the assessment of progressive collapse. The outcome of the ALP analysis can be assessed either using the force-based approach or the energy-based approach. The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC- 4- 023-03) of progressive collapse guideline - have outlined that the force-based approach can either be analysed using static or dynamic analysis. The force-based approach using static analysis is preferable as it does not require a high level of skill and experience to operate the software plus no effort is required in scrutinising the validity of the analysis results output. However, utilising the static approach will eliminate the inertial effect in capturing the actual dynamic response of the collapsed structure. In recent years, the development of the energy-based progressive collapse assessment is attracting widespread interest from researchers in the field; as the approach can produce a similar structural response with the force-based dynamic analysis by only using static analysis. Most of the current energy-based progressive collapse assessments are developed following the requirements which are given in the progressive collapse guidelines provided by the Unified Facilities Criteria. However, little attention is given to the development of the energy-based approach using the Eurocode standards as a base guideline. This article highlights the merits of utilising the energy-based approach against the force-based approach for a collapsed structure and explains the collapse mechanism of a steel frame in the perspective of the energy concept. The state of the art of energy-based progressive collapse assessment for a structural steel frame is reviewed. The comprehensive review will include insights on the development of the energy-based method, assumptions, limitations, acceptance criterion and its applicability with the European standards. Finally, potential research gaps are discussed herein.

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Leite da Silva, A. M., I. P. Coutinho, A. C. Zambroni de Souza, R. B. Prada, and A. M. Rei. "Voltage collapse risk assessment." Electric Power Systems Research 54, no. 3 (June 2000): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7796(99)00087-5.

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Seyed Khoei, Amir, Reza Akbari, Shahrokh Maalek, and Alireza Gharighoran. "Assessment of Design and Retrofitting Solutions on the Progressive Collapse of Hongqi Bridge." Shock and Vibration 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4932721.

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In 2009, the Hongqi Bridge, a multispan reinforced concrete bridge located in Zhuzhou, Hunan Province, China, collapsed progressively in the form of domino, due to extreme effect of deck to pier, during demolition process of the bridge. In this study, progressive collapse of Hongqi Bridge was investigated using nonlinear dynamic analysis in the Applied Element Method, which has been proven as one of the best methods that can follow the collapse behavior of structures. Good agreements were obtained between numerical results and field observations as well as previously reported results. After verifying the bridge collapse procedure, the effects of different alternatives for superstructure and substructure systems on the progressive collapse procedure were investigated. In addition, application of restrainers at the connection of deck to abutment was studied as an effective solution in order to prevent collapse propagation and to minimize associated damages. The results of the study showed that all chosen methods and factors could be helpful and effective in the procedure of collapse propagation for this kind of bridge.

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Kouris, Emmanouil-Georgios, Leonidas-Alexandros S. Kouris, Avraam A. Konstantinidis, Chris G. Karayannis, and Elias C. Aifantis. "Assessment and Fragility of Byzantine Unreinforced Masonry Towers." Infrastructures 6, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6030040.

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The seismic response of five cultural heritage towers erected between the 10th and 19th century AD are investigated herein. Firstly, their architectural and modal characteristics were studied in the light of seismic events that hit the monuments. There exist several historical reports of strong earthquakes, as well as damaged structures and collapses. The limit analysis is adopted to examine the post-elastic behavior of the towers up to collapse due to out-of-plane failure. Recurrent damage modes were collected from recent earthquakes and a classification of four possible collapse mechanisms in towers and slender masonry structures is here proposed: overturning, separation of perpendicular walls, diagonal cracking, and dislocation of the belfry. A thorough examination of the towers under investigation verified the proposed damage classification. The capacity curves were derived combining the capacity curves of each of the collapse mechanisms. Damage thresholds were defined on these curves in correspondence with damage states. The studied group of structures is representative of a wider typology. A statistical approach was adopted to describe damage with seismic intensity, and vulnerability curves were generated. The results of this study will improve the understanding of the performance and the collapse mechanisms of slender masonry structures under seismic loading and provide a characterization of seismic vulnerability for the studied cultural heritage types of towers.

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Gesierich, Wolfgang, Konstantinos Samitas, Frank Reichenberger, and Juergen Behr. "Collapse phenomenon during Chartis collateral ventilation assessment." European Respiratory Journal 47, no. 6 (April 13, 2016): 1657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01973-2015.

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Chartis is increasingly used for bronchoscopic assessment of collateral ventilation before endobronchial valve (EBV) treatment for severe emphysema. Its prognostic value is, however, limited by the airway collapse phenomenon. The frequency and clinical significance of the collapse phenomenon remain largely unknown.We performed a retrospective analysis of 92 patients undergoing Chartis evaluation under spontaneous breathing (n=55) or jet ventilation (n=37) from May 2010 to November 2013. Collateral ventilation status (positive/negative/collapse phenomenon/unclear) was reassessed and correlated with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) fissure analysis and clinical response.In the absence of the collapse phenomenon, the predictive value of Chartis measurements and HRCT fissural analysis was comparable. The collapse phenomenon was observed in 31.5% of all assessments, and was more frequent in lower lobes (44.9% versus 16.9% in upper lobes) and under jet ventilation (41.4% versus 22.1% under spontaneous breathing). 69.8% of lobes with the collapse phenomenon had complete fissures. Most patients with the collapse phenomenon in the target lobe and complete fissures treated with EBVs were responders (n=11/15). All valve-treated collapse phenomenon patients with fissure defects were nonresponders (n=3).In the absence of the collapse phenomenon Chartis measurement is reliable to predict response to valve treatment. In patients with the collapse phenomenon, treatment decisions should be based on HRCT detection of fissure integrity. Chartis assessment should be performed under spontaneous breathing.

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7

Zareian, Farzin, and Helmut Krawinkler. "Assessment of probability of collapse and design for collapse safety." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 36, no. 13 (2007): 1901–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.702.

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Temelli, Uğur Emre, Cüneyt Öngören, and Baris Sayin. "Damage assessment of a cement plant partially collapsed depending on various causes." Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2022.02062076.

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This study aims at examining the possible causes of the brittle collapse of a tertiary air duct system under vertical loads. Problems related to the design and construction stages were examined. The entire process was illustrated using a tertiary air duct case study in a cement plant. In the plant, the tertiary air duct collapsed without any earthquake, blast, or impact effects. The current study includes a field study, examination of an original/revised design project, and numerical simulation. In the first stage of the study, the existing state of the collapsed system and its compliance with static and mechanical projects were examined. Secondly, a two-dimensional finite element analysis was performed to determine project eligibility. The causes of the system were determined based on the data obtained in the former stages. The results showed that the causes of partial collapse included project errors, construction faults, and project incompatibilities.

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9

Liu, Min. "Pulldown Analysis for Progressive Collapse Assessment." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 29, no. 1 (February 2015): 04014027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000459.

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10

Newton, Adrian C. "Strengthening the Scientific Basis of Ecosystem Collapse Risk Assessments." Land 10, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111252.

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Progress is being made in assessing the conservation status of ecosystems, notably through initiatives such as the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems (RLE) and the NatureServe Conservation Status Assessment (NCS). Both of these approaches consider conservation status in terms of the risk of ecosystem collapse. However, the scientific understanding of ecosystem collapse is still at a relatively early stage. Consequently, concerns have been raised regarding the scientific basis of ecosystem conservation assessments focusing on collapse risk. Here I explore how these concerns might potentially be addressed by considering how the concept is defined, and by briefly reviewing the theoretical basis of ecosystem collapse. I then examine the implications of recent research results for the design of ecosystem collapse risk assessments, and the challenges identified in those assessments conducted to date. Recommendations are made regarding how collapse risk assessments might be strengthened based on current scientific understanding, and how this understanding could be improved by further research. In addition, I examine the potential implications for conservation policy and practice if the scientific basis of collapse risk assessments is not strengthened in this way.

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11

Pan, Zengkai, Qiuling Lang, Yichen Zhang, Jiquan Zhang, Chenglong Yu, and Chenyang Wu. "Geological Hazard Assessment of Secondary Collapses Due to Volcanic Earthquakes on Changbai Mountain in China." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 12, no. 8 (July 28, 2023): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12080307.

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In recent years, the volcanic activity of Changbai Mountain has been accompanied by several earthquakes, and the frequent human engineering activities have led to a gradual increase in the number of collapses in the region, which severely impacts residents’ lives and property safety. In northeastern China, the Changbai Mountain area in the southeastern Jilin Province is a typical mountain environment. This paper selects 12 evaluation indicators to build a hazard assessment system, including slope, aspect, elevation, curvature, lithology, NDVI, land use type, distance from the fault, the river from the road, volcanic earthquake, and annual average precipitation. Using emotional weight (G1 method) and objective weight (WOE-CV method), the hazard due to collapses in the study area is evaluated too. Among them, the transcendence probability of volcanic earthquakes greater than VI degree represents the relationship between Changbai Mountain volcanic earthquakes and the assessment of geological collapse hazard. The results show that high- and very high-hazard areas are mainly distributed in densely populated areas and national and provincial trunk lines, with apparent spatial agglomeration characteristics. The low-hazard area, medium-hazard area, high-hazard area and very high-hazard area accounted for 19.33%, 44.19%, 33.85% and 2.63% of the total area of the study area, respectively. By comparing the previous geological hazard survey reports in the area with the collapse hazard zoning map in this paper, 87.72% of the known collapse hazard areas are distributed within high and very high hazard zones, indicating that the conclusions of the article are more accurate and in line with the actual situation. Results from collapse-related hazards can provide relevant guidance for preventing and controlling geological risks posed by volcanic earthquakes affecting Changbai Mountain.

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Vincent, R. F. "An Assessment of the Lancaster Sound Polynya Using Satellite Data 1979 to 2022." Remote Sensing 15, no. 4 (February 9, 2023): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15040954.

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Situated between Devon Island and Baffin Island, Lancaster Sound is part of Tallurutiup Imanga, which is in the process of becoming the largest marine conservation area in Canada. The cultural and ecological significance of the region is due, in part, to a recurring polynya in Lancaster Sound. The polynya is demarcated by an ice arch that generally forms in mid-winter and collapses in late spring or early summer. Advanced Very High Resolution imagery from 1979 to 2022 was analyzed to determine the position, formation and collapse of the Lancaster Sound ice arch. The location of the ice arch demonstrates high interannual variability, with 512 km between the eastern and western extremes, resulting in a polynya area that can fluctuate between 6000 km2 and 40,000 km2. The timing of the seasonal ice arch formation and collapse has implications with respect to ice transport through Lancaster Sound and the navigability of the Northwest Passage. The date of both the formation and collapse of the ice arch is variable from season to season, with the formation observed between November and April and collapse usually occurring in June or July. A linear trend from 1979 to 2022 indicates that seasonal ice arch duration has declined from 150 to 102 days. The reduction in ice arch duration is a result of earlier collapse dates over the study period and later formation dates, particularly from 1979 to 2000. Lancaster Sound normally freezes west to east each season until the ice arch is established, but there is no statistical relationship between the ice arch location and duration. Satellite surface temperature mapping of the region indicates that the polynya is characterized by sub-resolution leads during winter.

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13

Vidyasagar, Ramakrishnan, Michael Friedman, Hani Ibrahim, Darius Bliznikas, and Ninos J. Joseph. "Inspiratory and Fixed Nasal Valve Collapse: Clinical and Rhinometric Assessment." American Journal of Rhinology 19, no. 4 (July 2005): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194589240501900409.

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Background Acoustic rhinometry (AR) has been used to assess nasal valve obstruction. Standard AR measurement of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the nasal valve is done in the apneic phase, whereas collapse often occurs on inspiration. We used the ratio of the CSA obtained during active inspiration and during apnea to compute a more meaningful method of diagnosing nasal valve collapse. Methods AR was performed in 40 patients without nasal valve obstruction and 47 patients diagnosed with nasal valve obstruction. Patients with septal deflection or anterior inferior turbinate hypertrophy were excluded. The internal and external nasal valve area was observed during apnea and on active inspiration. AR measurement of the CSA of both nasal valves was performed during the apneic phase and during active inspiration and the CSA (inspiratory)/CSA (apneic) ratio was calculated. Results The CSA (inspiratory)/CSA (apneic) ratio was ≥1 in normal patients and in patients with fixed nasal valve collapse. The ratio was <1 in patients with inspiratory collapse. Data from history, physical examination, and dual-mode AR testing successfully differentiated patients into (1) normal valves, (2) fixed valve collapse, and (3) inspiratory valve collapse. A large number of patients with collapse had both internal and external valve obstruction and a large number also had a combination of inspiratory and fixed collapse. Conclusion Dual-mode AR testing is an effective tool in more precisely identifying nasal valve obstruction and is the first objective test shown to be highly diagnostic of inspiratory nasal valve collapse.

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Sanglikar, Sujaykumar R., R. Prasanna Kumar, and M. S. Bhandiwad. "Assessment of Progressive Collapse in Reinforced Concrete Framed Structures Subjected to Seismic Actions." Bonfring International Journal of Man Machine Interface 4, Special Issue (July 30, 2016): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/bijmmi.8174.

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Petrone, Floriana, Li Shan, and Sashi Kunnath. "Assessment of Building Robustness against Disproportionate Collapse." Journal of Structural Engineering 146, no. 12 (December 2020): 04020272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002820.

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Qi, Yongsheng, Qiang Gu, and Dong Li. "Efficient and automated method of collapse assessment." Steel & Composite structures 13, no. 6 (December 25, 2012): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2012.13.6.561.

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Sonwani, Jeet Kumar, Gaofeng Jia, Hussam N. Mahmoud, and Zhenqiang Wang. "Seismic Collapse Risk Assessment of Braced Frames under Near-Fault Earthquakes." Metals 11, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081271.

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Special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) located in regions close to earthquake faults may be subjected to near-fault ground motions, often characterized by pulses with long periods. These near-fault pulses could impose additional seismic demands on structures and increase the risk for structural collapse. Currently, there is limited research on the seismic collapse risk of SCBFs under near-fault earthquakes. This paper uses a general simulation-based framework to assess the seismic collapse risk of SCBFs under near-fault earthquakes. To quantify the large variability and uncertainty associated with the seismic hazard, a stochastic ground motion (SGM) model is used where the near-fault pulse characteristics are explicitly incorporated. The uncertainties in the SGM model parameters (including the near-fault pulse characteristics) are addressed through appropriate selection of probability distribution functions. To accurately predict the occurrence of collapse, numerical models capable of capturing the nonlinear and collapse behavior are established and used. Efficient stochastic simulation approaches are proposed to estimate the seismic collapse risk with or without considering the near-fault pulse. As an illustration, the seismic collapse risks of two SCBFs are investigated and compared. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis is also carried out to investigate the importance of uncertain model parameters within the SGM towards the seismic collapse risk.

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D’Angela, Danilo, Gennaro Magliulo, Francesca Celano, and Edoardo Cosenza. "Characterization of local and global capacity criteria for collapse assessment of code-conforming RC buildings." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 9 (May 19, 2021): 3701–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01115-y.

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AbstractThe paper investigates both local and global capacity criteria for collapse assessment of RC frame buildings. Both literature and regulations criteria are considered, also including the formulation recommended in the draft of the new Eurocode 8 (part 3) and other collapse criteria never investigated. The case studies consist of low-rise bare and infilled frame buildings, which are designed according to the Italian code provisions considering low-to-high seismicity sites in Italy. The seismic demand is estimated by performing multiple-stripe analysis based on inelastic modeling, also including the presence of the infills. The capacity assessment and the performance evaluation associated with the (building) collapse are carried out according to the latest approaches and methodologies of performance-based earthquake engineering. The investigated capacity criteria are characterized as a result of the collapse assessment in terms of (a) collapse demand to capacity ratios, (b) collapse fragility curves, (c) collapse margin ratios and probabilities, and (d) inter-capacity margin ratios. The findings provide novel information and technical insights into the influence of the collapse capacity criteria selection on the collapse features of the investigated buildings. In particular, the capacity criteria are quantitatively correlated to the building collapse performance, also outlining safety and economic considerations.

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Ehab, Mariam Mohammed, and Mina Mokhtar Maxi. "Assessment of SMC Frames under Different Column Removal Scenarios." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091471.

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Throughout the past decades, failure of structures threatening the lives of humans had been popular whether through structure failure due to human error such as Hyatt Regency walkway collapse, 1981, terrorist attacks on the American embassy attack in Nairobi, Kenya 1998 and the famous 9/11 attacks in 2001 and many more. As a result of these incidents, The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) was developed concerning the progressive collapse issues by analyzing different types of structures under column loss and studying the overall structural behavior. However, the (UFC) didn’t scope on the local behavior of the structural components and its connection under column loss. In this research, the main objective is to study the local behavior of the special moment frame connection (SMC) under column loss. A detailed study is conducted on a 3D model fully designed by adopting the strong-column weak-beam approach following the ACI318-14 regulations. Two frames are selected from the designed structure, interior and exterior frames, to apply the column loss scenario in different locations and different floor levels. The Applied Element Method is adopted in the study. Non-linear time-dependent dynamic analysis is implemented to apply the different column removal scenarios. Twelve case studies are modeled in detail using the Extreme Loading for Structures (ELS) software at which all elements are modeled and analyzed in a 3D model technique. After analyzing the different case studies, structure behavior is observed. Some cases encountered total collapse, other cases encountered partial /local collapse and finally, some survived the column loss scenario. Many parameters are involved and studied in the research. Failure pattern is observed for collapsed cases, the cause of failure is monitored and studied. Special moment connection behavior is studied concerning the shear connection capacity. The location of the column removal with the type of frame selected played an important role in changing the structural behavior from one case to another. As a result, it is not applicable to assume that due to the special moment connection ductility, the structure will be able to resist the column loss in all cases.

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Parnaby, Harry, Daniel Lunney, Ian Shannon, and Mike Fleming. "Collapse rates of hollow-bearing trees following low intensity prescription burns in the Pilliga forests, New South Wales." Pacific Conservation Biology 16, no. 3 (2010): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc100209.

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Hollows in trees are recognized as a critical and threatened resource for a wide range of fauna in Australian forests and woodlands, yet little data are available on the impact of fire on hollow-bearing trees. We report an opportunistic, post-fire assessment of the proportion of burnt, hollow-bearing trees that collapsed in stands near roads following low intensity prescription burns in three areas of mixed eucalypt forest in the Pilliga forests. Mean collapse rates on 29 plots (40 by 50m), separated by burn Area, ranged from 14?26% for a total of 329 burnt hollow-bearing trees. Collapse rates on individual plots ranged from 0?50%. Collapsed, hollow-bearing trees were predominantly older, with 40% of senescent trees and 44% of live stags collapsing. The best predictor in models of tree collapse was the presence of a basal fire entry point. We cannot determine the extent to which collapse rates on our plots are representative of burnt areas away from containment roads due to sampling limitations, but they appear to be higher than those reported from wildfire and more intense prescription burns in southern Australia. Our results point to an urgent need for comprehensively designed studies to address the impacts of prescribed burns on hollow-bearing trees.

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Kumar, Sonu, and Dr Gunjan Shrivastava. "Progressive Collapse Assessment of High-Rise Framed Structure Using ETABS Software." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 7 (July 31, 2023): 1564–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54863.

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Abstract: The structures generally get collapse due to the failure of one or a few structural components which then progresses over the successive of other components. This process is referred as progressive collapse of the structure. Local damage that initiates progressive collapse is called initiating damage. In order to study the collapse in analytical way, loading pattern or boundary conditions are required to be changed so that other structural elements within the structure are loaded beyond their capacity. This leads to development of alternative load paths to initiate the redistribution of loads.

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Verico, Kiki. "Economic Cooperation in Natural Rubber: The Impacts on Natural Rubber's World Supply and Indonesia's Economy." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 10, no. 2 (December 15, 2013): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2013.10.2.5.

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In 1999, the International Natural Rubber Agreement (INRA) which had regulated the world’s natural rubber since 1979 collapsed. This paper analyzed the impacts of this international agreement on both the global trade and supply of natural rubber as well as on Indonesia, a major producer of rubber. This study adopted two approaches in its assessment: (1) the Cournot-Nash Equilibrium, which analyzes the "external effects" or the global market conditions for natural rubber before and after the collapse of INRA; and (2) the Input-Output Table Simulation on rubber products, which assesses the "internal effects" or the economic conditions in Indonesia before and after the collapse of INRA.

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Zhu, Xian-Kui, and Brian N. Leis. "Plastic Collapse Assessment Method For Unequal Wall Transition Joints in Transmission Pipelines." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 127, no. 4 (June 1, 2005): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2043197.

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This paper investigates plastic collapse failure behavior and analytical assessment methods for unequal wall transition joints in transmission pipelines. The objective is to (i) validate the plastic-collapse-based code requirements that were determined by the early lower-strength pipes and (ii) develop an effective method for assessing plastic collapse failure of unequal wall joints involving modern high-strength pipes. Detailed finite element analysis was conducted to evaluate the failure behavior of transition joints and the effects of geometry, including weld taper angle, mismatched diameter and location, and material parameters, including the steel grade, mechanical property, yield-to-tensile strength (Y∕T) ratio, and anisotropy. Numerical results show that the wall-thickness mismatch and tensile-strength mismatch are the two first-order parameters that control the plastic collapse failure behavior of unequal wall transition joints. Based on these first-order parameters, an analytic solution is formulated to predict burst pressure at plastic collapse as a function of the pipe geometry, material tensile and hardening properties for both end-opened and end-capped pipes in reference to the plastic instability and finite strain theory. A plastic collapse criterion and the corresponding plastic collapse assessment diagram (PCAD) are then developed as a function of the wall-thickness mismatch and tensile-strength mismatch conditions to ensure that plastic collapse failure would occur in the thinner wall, with higher strength pipe. General procedures to use PCAD for assessing the plastic collapse failure of unequal wall joints are outlined. Application of PCAD indicates that high-strength pipeline grades with high Y∕T ratios can be safely used beyond current code limitations on the wall-thickness mismatch of transition joints for a wide range of strength mismatch.

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Eshghi, Sassan, and Mohammad Mahdi Maddah. "A study on influencing factors for simplified seismic collapse risk assessment of steel moment-resisting frames with intermediate ductility." International Journal of Structural Integrity 11, no. 6 (December 2, 2019): 833–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-07-2019-0076.

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Purpose Mid-rise steel moment-resisting frames (MRFs) with intermediate ductility are a major part of conventional residential buildings in Iran. According to Iranian seismic design codes, in this resisting system, considering the strong-column/weak-beam (SCWB) criterion is not mandatory. Where a metal deck ceiling system is used, the composite action of a concrete slab and steel beams could change the collapse mechanism of the structure, especially in the MRFs with intermediate ductility. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of the composite action in the seismic collapse risk of this type of structures. Seismic collapse risk assessment can be carried out by using simplified pushover-based methods. In these methods, the cyclic deterioration of an equivalent single degree of freedom (ESDoF) system must be considered when the modified Ibarra–Medina–Krawinkler is used for nonlinear modeling of MRFs. Accordingly, a modified method is developed to use in simplified collapse risk assessment process. For these purposes, two mid-rise MRFs with intermediate ductility located in Tehran have been selected as case studies. The results confirm that the composite action is very effective in collapse risk value in the steel MRFs in which their SCWB ratio is less than 1. Moreover, the proposed approach of considering the cyclic deterioration of ESDoF systems increases the accuracy of the simplified collapse assessment approaches. Design/methodology/approach Identifying seismically vulnerable buildings to collapse requires using robust methods. These methods can be simplified based on pushover analysis methods. An attempt was made to apply one of these approaches for steel MRFs with intermediate ductility. In these frames, the composite action of a concrete slab and steel beams could change the collapse mechanism. Here, two MRFs were investigated in order to assess this effect on collapse risk value. This process was done by modifying the SPO2IDA method as a simplified collapse capacity evaluation approach by developing a relationship to consider the cyclic deterioration effects for the ESDoF systems. Findings The results showed that it is necessary to consider the slab effects in the analytical model in the collapse assessment process of MRFs with intermediate ductility, especially in the condition in which the SCWB ratios of the frame are less than 1. Furthermore, by utilizing the proposed method of considering the ESDoF cyclic deterioration, the error values of the SPO2IDA program were reduced significantly. Moreover, estimating the collapse risk parameters shows that the utilized simplified method presents suitable accuracy and could be an acceptable approach to collapse risk assessment of mid-rise steel MRFs. Originality/value The influence of the composite action in seismic collapse risk of MRFs with intermediate ductility is investigated. Also, a modified relationship is developed to consider the deterioration effects on the ESDoF parameters used in simplified collapse risk assessment process. Also, a framework is presented for utilized methodology.

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Martin, AS, IA Edgar, and J. Walker. "The management of unexplained collapse in service age personnel." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 101, no. 2 (December 2015): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-101-160.

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AbstractUnexplained collapse is a common presentation to medical practitioners, with a wide range of differential diagnoses making assessment problematic. Without a methodical approach to the patient presenting with unexplained collapse, potentially life-threatening conditions may not be recognised, whilst benign presentations can be over-investigated. This article will review the assessment, differential diagnosis and management of unexplained collapse, whilst considering the impact in the military environment.

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26

Izzuddin, B. A., A. G. Vlassis, A. Y. Elghazouli, and D. A. Nethercot OBE. "Assessment of progressive collapse in multi-storey buildings." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 160, no. 4 (August 2007): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2007.160.4.197.

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UEMURA, Shoichi, Yasuyuki UJIHASHI, Shinya HIRAMATSU, and Hiroto SUZUKI. "ON THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF CUT SLOPE COLLAPSE." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 74, no. 5 (2018): I_1021—I_1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.74.5_i_1021.

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28

Maltman, Mark. "Self assessment: collapse in an English Springer Spaniel." Companion Animal 22, no. 4 (April 2, 2017): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2017.22.4.180.

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29

Wibowo, Ari, John L. Wilson, Nelson TK Lam, and Emad F. Gad. "Collapse Behaviour Assessment of Precast Soft Storey Building." Procedia Engineering 125 (2015): 1036–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.159.

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30

Dipova, Nihat, and Vedat Doyuran. "Assessment of the collapse mechanisms of tufa deposits." Engineering Geology 83, no. 4 (March 2006): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.11.003.

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Farahbakhshtooli, Armin, and Anjan Bhowmick. "Seismic Collapse Assessment of Composite Plate Shear Walls." Journal of Structural Engineering 146, no. 12 (December 2020): 04020266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002829.

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32

Wilkes, J., and T. Krauthammer. "An energy flow approach for progressive collapse assessment." Engineering Structures 190 (July 2019): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.04.001.

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33

Kazemi, Farzin, Benyamin Mohebi, and Mansoor Yakhchalian. "Evaluation the P-Delta Effect on Collapse Capacity of Adjacent Structures Subjected to Far-field Ground Motions." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 5 (June 3, 2018): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-0309156.

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In urban areas, adjacent structures can be seen in any insufficient distance from each other, because of economic and refusal of acquired minimum separation distance according to seismic previsions. Collapse capacity assessment of structures is one of the important objectives of performance-based seismic engineering. The purpose of this study is to consider the pounding phenomenon and P-Delta effect in seismic collapse capacity assessment of structures. For this purpose, 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-story adjacent structures with different conditions of separation distance among them, were modeled in the OpenSees software. Furthermore, Incremental Dynamic Analyses (IDAs) were performed using 78 far-field ground motion records to compute the collapse capacities of adjacent structures. The results obtained from IDAs for adjacent structures show that during pounding, taller structure reaches its collapse capacity earlier than shorter one. In addition, by considering the P-Delta effect and increasing the distance between adjacent structures, time of collapse and number of impacts increases. According to results, considering the P-Delta effect in modeling has significant influence in seismic collapse capacity assessment of pounding structures.

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34

Hu, Wentao, and Tandong Yao. "Geometric similarity of the twin collapsed glaciers in the west Tibet." Open Geosciences 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0316.

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Abstract Two adjacent glaciers collapsed consecutively in the Western Xizang Autonomous Region, China, on July 17 and September 21, 2016, presumably triggered by relatively intensive climate change in this region, leading to massive downstream ice and mud avalanches. After these twin glacier collapses, there have been many researches, which mainly focus on the physical characteristics of these two glaciers while lack the differences between them and the other glaciers. In this study, the geometric features and energy distribution along the glacier centerlines are investigated to identify the differences between these two collapsed glaciers and other glaciers in the western Tibetan Plateau. The anomaly of climate change is presumed to be the trigger of the twin glacier collapses in accordance with existing research results, whereas in this study, the striking geometric similarity between the centerlines of the twin glaciers, which is quantitatively interpreted by the Fréchet distance among the glacier centerlines, unearth some novel mechanisms. The essential point in these new mechanisms is the energy distribution along the glacier centerlines. A hypothesis based on the principle of energy conservation is derived to demonstrate the mechanisms and dynamic processes of the glacier collapses. Furthermore, on the basis of the geometric similarity and energy distribution of the glacier centerlines, a risk assessment of glacier collapse in the western Tibetan Plateau is implemented to facilitate glacier disaster prevention.

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Kovanič, Ľudovít, and Peter Blišťan. "Quarry Wall Stability Assessment Using TLS Method." Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (October 2014): 603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.603.

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The aim of this paper is to test the possibility of terrestrial laser scanning use to analyze the stability of quarry walls. In recent years the laser scanners started being tested and used for the documentation of geological structures and various phenomena such as landslides, rock collapses and observation of their morphological changes. The subject of our research was a quarry wall in the open-pit mine Brestov, with a significant bench or block disintegration of the andesite massif and therefore, there is a risk of rock blocks crashing. Selected quarry wall was repeatedly measured in the autumn and spring season by a terrestrial laser scanner and movements of rock blocks were evaluated. The observation results show that on the selected quarry wall there were no major movements or block collapse detected and the wall is stable after the winter shutdown.

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36

Yu, Yongyan, Xiaobin He, Fei Wan, Zhe Bai, and Chongtao Fu. "Dynamic Risk Assessment of Karst Tunnel Collapse Based on Fuzzy-AHP: A Case Study of the LianHuaShan Tunnel, China." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (May 6, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4426318.

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Tunnel collapse in the karst tunnel occurs suddenly. Dynamic risk assessment for tunnel collapse is more accurate than static analysis, which is not enough at the stage. The study designs a new questionnaire to establish dynamic risk assessment for karst tunnels collapse, by a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) method. The characteristics of the cave, dynamic monitoring, and prediction are fully considered in the assessment to strengthen the karst and dynamic characters: (1) the factors of dynamic risk assessment are selected based on advanced geological prediction, collapse investigation, and theoretical analysis as dynamic and static factors. Dynamic factors are classified as the rationality of advanced geological prediction method, reliability of data, the accuracy of data analysis, and timeliness and effectiveness of forecast information transmission. Karst cave characteristic factors are composed of cave scales, locations, and thickness of rock plate, based on collapse investigation and theoretical analysis to strengthen the character of karst. (2) A new questionnaire is designed in the consulting process to express the relative importance of factors by combining a Saaty scale method and a designed three-scale method. The judgment matrix by the new questionnaire can satisfy the consistency requirement, which is hard to satisfy in the traditional F-AHP method. (3) The dynamic risk assessment is carried out on different samples in the Lianhuashan tunnel. By comparing the dynamic assessment results with the occurrence of disasters, the rationality of the assessment is verified.

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37

Wang, Hao, Anqi Zhang, Yi Li, and Weiming Yan. "A Review on Progressive Collapse of Building Structures." Open Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (September 4, 2014): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501408010183.

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Progressive collapse of building structures is generally triggered by a local failure due to accidental actions, followed by subsequent chain effect of the structures which may result in wide range failure or even collapse of the entire buildings. Since the “911” event, progressive collapse of building structures has been widely concerned by engineers and researchers. This paper assesses the current researches on this issue from experimental study, numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. Given the limitation of costs and difficulties of experimental tests, the experimental studies investigate the collapse mechanism, such as development of stress/strain and damage/failure of materials, mainly via the scaled down specimens of structural components and substructures. On the other hand, the collapse behavior of entire building structures is analyzed via the numerical methods, such as the finite element method and the discrete element method. Further, the collapse resistance demand and the robustness assessment for building structures are theoretically studied in depth in which the simplified theoretical models of the collapse-resisting demand and the collapse risk assessment are proposed respectively. At last, the design method to prevent progressive collapse for building structures is also discussed.

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38

Tekgoz, Mesut, and Yordan Garbatov. "Collapse Strength of Intact Ship Structures." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101079.

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Ship structures are subjected to complex sea loading conditions, leading to a sophisticated structural design to withstand and avoid structural failure. Structural capacity assessment, particularly of the longitudinal strength, is crucial to ensure the safety of ships, crews, the marine environment, and the cargoes carried. This work aims to overview the ultimate strength assessment of intact ship structures in recent decades. Particular attention is paid to the ultimate strength of plates, stiffened panels, box girders, and entire ship hull structures. A discussion about numerical and experimental analyses is also provided. Finally, some conclusions and suggestions about potential future work are noted.

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39

Kishimoto, M., and T. Osaragi. "ACCESSIBILITY ASSESSMENT OF EMERGENCY VEHICLES IN TOKYO METROPOLITAN AREA AFTER A LARGE EARTHQUAKE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4 (September 19, 2018): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-303-2018.

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Abstract. At the time of a large earthquake, property collapse (e.g., building collapse and street blockage) will obstruct emergency activities (e.g., firefighting activity and ambulance service) and cause the expansion of secondary damage. For reducing the secondary damage of a large earthquake, it is important to assess the accessibility of emergency activity under property collapse. However, the accessibility index, which can evaluate the emergency activity considering the effect of property collapse, is not developed nor applied in actual urban area. In this paper, we propose the street network accessibility: indices of assessing the movement of emergency vehicles. Then, we construct a simulation model that describes property collapse and the movement of emergency vehicles. Performing the simulation in Tokyo Metropolitan Area, we evaluate the damage of each building/street and assess the street network accessibility after a large earthquake. Finally, analysing the relationships among indices, we indicate that it is important to evaluate the street network accessibility from multiple viewpoints.

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40

Wu, Bo, Weixing Qiu, Wei Huang, Guowang Meng, Jingsong Huang, and Shixiang Xu. "Dynamic risk evaluation method for collapse disasters of drill-and-blast tunnels: a case study." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 19, no. 1 (2022): 309–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022016.

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<abstract> The tunnel collapse is one of the most frequent and harmful geological hazards during the construction of highway rock tunnels. As for reducing the occurrence probability of tunnel collapse, a new dynamic risk assessment methodology for the tunnel collapse was established, which combines the Cloud model (CM), the Membership function, and the Bayesian network (BN). During the preparation phase, tunnel collapse risk factors are identified and an index system is constructed. Then, the proposed novel assessment method is used to evaluate the probability of tunnel collapse risk for on-site construction. The probability of tunnel collapse risk in the dynamic process of construction can provide real-time guidance for tunnel construction. Moreover, a typical case study of the Yutangxi tunnel is performed, which belongs to the Pu-Yan Highway Project (Fujian, China). The results show that the dynamic evaluation model is well validated and applied. The risk value of tunnel collapse in a construction cycle is predicted successfully, and on-site construction is guided to reduce the occurrence of tunnel collapse. Besides, it also proves the feasibility of the dynamic evaluation method and its application potential. </abstract>

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41

Wu, Yuan Yuan, Zhen Kun Cui, Qian Qian Gong, and Lei Zeng. "SRC Frame-RC Core Wall Hybrid Structures Collapse-Resistant Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 1708–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1708.

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To study Steel reinforced concrete frame-reinforced concrete core wall (SRC frame-RC core wall) hybrid structure earthquake damage evolution and collapse mechanism, this paper holds the earthquake collapse mechanism, seismic collapse analysis and collapse control strategies as the mainline, establishes performance degradation and collapse criterion characterization based on structure dynamic characteristics, adopts incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method to complete the prototype structure collapse-resistant test and quantitative assessment of seismic collapse analysis and determine the main factors that affect the structure collapse-resistant properties. Through numerical analysis to reveals the mechanism of the earthquake collapse and obtains optimal collapse model, and proposes methods and measures of collapse-resistant design for such structure, which has practical significance for enhancing the ability of high-level hybrid structure to earthquake.

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42

Cohn, Haldan. "After Core Collapse. What?" Symposium - International Astronomical Union 126 (1988): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900042613.

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As our understanding of core collapse in globular clusters has improved through detailed computer simulations, attention has naturally turned to dynamical evolution of globular clusters after core collapse. The results of recent simulations of post-collapse cluster evolution are reviewed. An assessment is given of progress towards the goal of developing astrophysically realistic models that cover all phases of globular cluster evolution. A focus of this review is the stability of the post-collapse expansion phase to the large amplitude core oscillations first observed in the simulations of Sugimoto and Bettwieser and now confirmed by several other studies. The implications of core oscillations for the observation of post-collapse clusters are discussed.

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43

Beheshti-Aval, S. B., E. Khojastehfar, M. Noori, and M. R. Zolfaghari. "A comprehensive collapse fragility assessment of moment resisting steel frames considering various sources of uncertainties." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 2 (February 2016): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2013-0491.

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Different sources of uncertainties contribute to the collapse and safety assessment of structures. In this paper, impact of construction quality (CQ) is considered in developing analytical collapse fragility curves for moment resisting steel frames. Furthermore, the interaction of this source of uncertainty with epistemic uncertainty inherent in modeling parameters, due to lack of knowledge and inaccuracy of predictor equations, is investigated. Beam strength, column strength, beam ductility, and column ductility meta-variables are defined as modeling parameters which are being suffered by informal uncertainty. Quadratic equations for the mean and the standard deviation of collapse fragility curves are derived by utilizing response surfaces, which are interpolated to analytically-derived values considering realizations for modeling variables and for various levels of construction quality. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, interaction of modeling and CQ uncertainty in analytical collapse fragility curve has not been considered in previous investigations. A fuzzy rule-based method is applied to employ the effects of uncertainty due to CQ. Using Monte Carlo simulation for the modeling variables and the construction quality index, and subsequently computing response surface coefficients via a fuzzy inference system, and finally deriving collapse fragility curve parameters through response surfaces, result in collapse fragility curves of structures. In developing these curves, different sources of uncertainties are involved, ranging from lexical to informal and stochastic types. It is concluded that neglecting the effects of these sources leads to the underestimation of collapse fragility probability. This shows the importance of considering modeling and construction quality uncertainty effects on collapse fragility curves. It is shown that for a sample moment resisting steel frame collapse probability is increased 53% and 60% for 10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years seismic hazard levels, respectively, while interaction of CQ and modeling uncertainties are considered in comparison with neglecting them. Otherwise, if only modeling uncertainty is involved, this increment is evaluated at 42% and 16%, respectively for the aforementioned probabilities of exceedance.

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44

Mohamed, Osama, and Rania Khattab. "Assessment of Progressive Collapse Resistance of Steel Structures with Moment Resisting Frames." Buildings 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9010019.

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This paper evaluates the practice of using moment connections in the perimeter of the structural system and shear connections within the interior connections of the three-dimensional structural system from the perspective of resistance to progressive collapse. The enhanced resistance to progressive collapse associated with using moment resisting connections at the perimeter as well as internal to the three-dimensional system is assessed. Progressive collapse occurrence and system resistance are determined using the alternate path method which presumes a primary load carrying-member is notionally removed. The paper compares the structural response determined using linear elastic, non-linear elastic and non-linear dynamic analyses. Linear and non-linear static analyses are found to be incapable of capturing the response pursuant to the loss of the primary load carrying member. The analysis procedures used in this study followed (for the most part) the United States Department of Defense Guide for Progressive Collapse Resistant Design of Structures.

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45

Deger, Zeynep Tuna, and John W. Wallace. "Collapse Assessment of the Alto Rio Building in the 2010 Chile Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 31, no. 3 (August 2015): 1397–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/060812eqs209m.

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The 2010 Mw = 8.8 earthquake in Chile subjected thousands of modern buildings to strong shaking. The 15-story, residential, Torre Alto Rio building was the only modern reinforced concrete building over ten stories to collapse. Since the concrete building code used in Chile is based on ACI 318-95, it is a valuable exercise to assess the performance of this building and to identify possible reasons for collapse. Potential reasons for collapse were studied using post-earthquake observed damage, structural drawings, and nonlinear static and dynamic response analyses. Analysis results indicate that collapse was likely influenced by a number of factors, including flexural-compression failure at the web boundary of T-shaped walls below discontinuities on the east side of the building, shear damage in walls across the central corridor at the first level, and tensile fracture and splice failure of the wall boundary and web vertical reinforcement at the ground line on the west side of the building.

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46

Choi, J., H. Dharmarajan, J. Yu, K. A. Dunsky, T. J. Vece, E. H. Chiou, and J. Ongkasuwan. "Diagnostic flexible versus rigid bronchoscopy for the assessment of tracheomalacia in children." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 132, no. 12 (December 2018): 1083–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215118002050.

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AbstractObjectiveThis project compares the degree of tracheal collapse determined by rigid and flexible bronchoscopy in paediatric patients with tracheomalacia.MethodsA total of nine patients with tracheomalacia underwent both rigid and flexible video bronchoscopy. All patients were breathing spontaneously. Cross-sectional images of the airway were processed using the ImageJ program and analysed via colour histogram mode technique in order to delineate the luminal area. Paired t-tests (conducted using Stata software version 13.0) quantified differences between rigid and flexible bronchoscopes regarding the ratios of luminal pixels at maximum airway collapse to expansion. Correlation between both techniques in terms of airway collapse to expansion ratios was determined by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient (R).ResultsThe difference in ratios of maximum collapse to expansion between rigid and flexible bronchoscopy was not statistically significant (p = 0.4656) and was positively correlated (R = 0.523).ConclusionThe ratios suggest that rigid and flexible bronchoscopy are equally efficacious in assessing tracheomalacia severity, and may be used interchangeably in a clinical setting.

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47

Chao, Feng, Li Yu, Jian Xun Huo, and Ming Nian Wang. "Risk Analysis of Collapse during Construction for a Subway Transfer Station with Large Span and Small Clearance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 2077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.2077.

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Collapse is a common accident during underground engineering construction. Risk analysis of collapse during construction for a subway transfer station with large span and small clearance is done by using theory of risk analysis, for preventing collapse accidents during construction effectively. Considering the difficulties of construction of the station, the risk assessment system is proposed. Using Analytic Hierarchy method (AHP) to analyze the collapse risk. Then it's major risk factors and collapse risk's level is gained, and some corresponding measures are proposed.

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Li, Zhi Gang, Shang De Xiao, Yi Heng Pan, and Shi Wei Lu. "The Hazard Assessment of Karst Surface Collapse Risk Zoning Based on BP Neural Network in Wuhan City." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 2376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2376.

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One of the main geological disasters in Wuhan City is karst surface collapse. Analytically the main elements affecting karst collapse contain Karst development, covering layer condition and hydrogeological condition. This paper aims to set up the risk zoning evaluation model about this disaster upon BP neural network theory. And then evaluate the risk zoning of karst collapse. The assessment result shows karst surface collapse of high risk in Wuhan City mainly distributes in Ruanjia Lane, Lujia Street, Justice School, Fenghuo Village,Zhongnan Steel Mill and Maotan Harbor.

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49

Boscato, Giosuè, Alessandra Dal Cin, and Salvatore Russo. "Collapse Mechanisms due to Earthquake in the Structural Typologies of Historic Constructions: The Case of Mirandola." Key Engineering Materials 624 (September 2014): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.624.59.

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During the seismic event of May 2012 in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy), several cultural heritage structures collapsed or were severely damaged. This paper gives a description of the damage/collapse mechanisms observed on some of these buildings. The Church of Gesù, the City Hall and the tower of the Cathedral in Mirandola (MO) were analyzed. In particular, this article focuses on the behavior analysis of a church, a palace and a bell-tower, mainly masonry construction, that are the most widespread types of protected monuments proposed in the Italian code as simplified models for the verifications on the entire cultural heritage of a prior assessment of the seismic risk. The survey permitted to detect the most significant damage, mainly related to the cracks of the masonry and to understand the different collapse mechanisms.

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50

Paik, Jeom Kee. "A Guide for the Ultimate Longitudinal Strength Assessment of Ships." Marine Technology and SNAME News 41, no. 03 (July 1, 2004): 122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2004.41.3.122.

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The aim of the present paper is to establish a practical guide for the ultimate longitudinal strength assessment of ships. The ultimate hull girder strength of a ship hull can be calculated using either the progressive collapse analysis method or closed-form design formulas. In the present paper, both the progressive collapse analysis method and the design formulas are presented. A comparison between the progressive collapse analysis results and the design formula solutions for merchant cargo ship hulls is undertaken. The total design (extreme) bending moment of a ship hull is estimated as the sum of the still-water and wave-induced bending moment components as usual. The safety measure of a ship hull is then defined as a ratio of the ultimate longitudinal strength to the total design bending moment. The developed guidelines are applied to safety measure calculations of merchant ship hulls with respect to hull girder collapse. It is concluded that the guidance and insights developed from the present study will be very useful for the ultimate limit state design of newly built ships as well as the safety measure calculations of existing ship hulls. The essence of the proposed guide shall form ISO code 18072-2: Ships and Marine Technology— Ship Structures—Part 2: Requirements of Their Ultimate Limit State Assessment.

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