Дисертації з теми "Coherence of international case-Law"
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1
Al-Louzi, Rawan. "A coherence perspective of bilateral investment treaties." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-coherence-perspective-of-bilateral-investment-treaties(289a0e95-5cd3-404b-90c3-c6870cc8d487).html.
Анотація:
Foreign investment is mainly protected through national laws. However the wide-spreading network of bilateral investment treaties aims to ensure a certain standard of protection. These treaties demonstrate far-reaching implications at both treaty level and international level. The implications raise an important question as to whether bilateral investment treaties are coherent or not. Coherence can be viewed as an attempt to prettify the law and minimise the effect of politics which may leave the law incoherent. It is obvious that bilateral investment treaties need to be coherent for a number of reasons. Firstly, incoherent treaties may create problems in relation to the development policy of member countries. Secondly, coherence reassures that negotiators of such treaties would not encounter possible contradictions and inconsistencies amongst the countries’ agreement network as well as between the treaties and domestic laws. Thirdly, coherence is critical to treaty interpretation as it is necessary to avoid further complications which may arise from contradictory awards. The aim of this thesis is mainly to elucidate the meaning of coherence and use it to provide an understanding as to how coherent these treaties are. The coherence of bilateral investment treaties will be evaluated in a number of aspects: coherence between bilateral investment treaties and the fundamental principles of international investment law; coherence between bilateral investment treaties and their objectives of investment promotion and investment liberalisation; coherence within the bilateral investment treaties network; coherence between bilateral investment treaties and customary international law on foreign investment; coherence between bilateral investment treaties and free trade agreements; coherence between bilateral investment treaties’ obligations and non-investment obligations of states.
2
Strindevall, Linda. "Coherence between National and International Environmental Policies – the case of Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353176.
Анотація:
Policy coherence is receiving increasing attention due to the interconnectedness, urgency and global character of the challenges that humanity faces today. Policy coherence provides an effective approach to tackle the complex macrochallenges of today since it entails achieving policies from different levels and sectors striving towards the same objectives in a supportive and reinforcing manner, producing an effective and long-lasting response to the challenges. Considering the broad, ambitious and universal Agenda 2030, policy coherence is of greater importance than ever before. This study investigates the policy coherence between Agenda 2030 and the national level looking into the case of Sweden with focus on the environmental dimension of sustainable development by evaluating the coherence between the environmental SDGs and Sweden’s national environmental quality objectives. Coherence between the two policy levels is evaluated using a qualitative data analysis by comparing official policy documents from respective policy agenda and applying the OECD’s (2016) Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development framework to Sweden. The conclusion indicates that the policy agendas fit together in a reasonable way but has the potential to be more coherent. Urgency is seldom addressed, but rather challenges are pointed out as critical and taking action is noted as significant. Both of the policy agendas address the interconnectedness of the challenges, the SDGs in a vague manner pointing out ‘links’ and the national environmental quality objectives in a more detailed manner pointing out more specific examples. The global character of the challenges is addressed in both of the policy agendas, more so in the SDGs than the national environmental quality targets. Incoherence is at times difficult to point out due to the vague terms used in Agenda 2030 compared to Sweden’s national policy. However, the vagueness of Agenda 2030 seems to serve a function whereas the country specific goals go into further detail according to the context. Despite the difficulty, results show that a broader perspective would benefit both policy agendas in addressing the global challenges coherently, since it consequently implies that the concept of policy coherence is applied at a larger scale.
3
Varis, Ozge. "Constitutionalisation and institutionalisation applied to the international investment regime : toward a uniform, consistent and coherent international investment law." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2018. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/9fdac2be-f33c-48c1-b299-39ba8464fb51.
Анотація:
International investment law has been developing for centuries. During the development process of international investment law, legal norms and principles of international investment law are evolved and shaped as sui generis nature, and separate legal regime as a branch of international law. The contemporary international investment law, according to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development data, currently, 2283 BITs and 280 other investment agreements are in force in international investment system, and high numbers of disputes are pending in different international dispute settlement bodies. These international investment agreements are interpreted and applied by arbitrators at different investor-state dispute settlement institutions or in ad-hoc arbitrations. Different interpretations and paradoxical arbitration awards cause critics regarding consistency, coherence and uniformity issues of the international investment law regime. Given the characteristics of international investment law regime, this thesis aims to study the institutionalisation and constitutionalisation processes of the international investment law regime. Moreover, the thesis attempts to ascertain consistent means by examining the nature of the international investment law regime and its institutionalisation and constitutionalisation processes to solve the issues associated with uniformity consistency and coherence. This thesis can also provide guidance and some recommendations that would have a chance of being carried out regarding new trends and developments of the international investment regime. Therefore, the major concern of this research is to understand the suitability of institutionalisation and constitutionalisation to sustain more consistent, coherent and uniform international investment law regime. In the first part of the research project, the nature of international investment law and its interaction with other international law systems, definitions and the necessity of uniformity, coherence and consistency are scrutinized. The second part starts with the solutions in the literature and their overview, and then institutionalisation and constitutionalisation are discussed. In the last part of this research, the energy sector and the Energy Charter Treaty are examine as case study, trying to understand the current creation of a uniform, coherent and consistent international investment regime in the energy sector. This thesis illustrates the nature of the international investment law regime and concepts of institutionalisation and constitutionalisation in legal perspective, as well as analysing coherence, consistency and uniformity issues of the international investment law regime. This project shows institutionalisation and constitutionalisation are developing processes in international investment law regime and they are consistent with the current global trends and developments of the international investment law regime as a branch of international law. The thesis suggests, despite the presence of the uniformity, consistency and coherence issues in international investment law regime, the international investment regime is the compulsory element of world globalisation, and those issues may be solved via applying new approaches that are consistent with the international investment regime’s sui generis nature and its evolving process. This thesis shows institutionalisation and constitutionalisation are congruent with the sui generis nature of international investment regime and contemporary trends and developments.
4
Wijesinghe, Sanath Sameera. "Towards global policy coherence for tobacco plain packaging: Examining the challenges for low-and middle-income countries." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/213227/1/Sanath%20Sameera%20Wijesinghe_Wijesinghe%20Arachchilage_Thesis.pdf.
Анотація:
This thesis examines the implementation gap of tobacco plain packaging measures between low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries, looking at the likely challenges that low- and middle-income countries face in implementing plain packaging measures. The thesis identifies three key challenges: resource constraints, intense tobacco industry interference and the threat of litigation for purported breaches of intellectual property rights. This thesis makes strong recommendations for how the global community and international law and policy can support low- and middle-income countries that want to implement tobacco plain packaging measures.
5
Moundounga, Ntsigou Serge. "La fragmentation du droit international public : l'oeuvre de codification à la lumière de la fragmentation du droit international." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAA005.
Анотація:
Le phénomène de fragmentation reste assez complexe et se trouve mêlé à celui d’internormativité en ce sens qu’il englobe l’étude de la relation entre droit et société et, notamment, le droit international en tant que système juridique. La présente étude constitue, de manière générale, un essai sur l’œuvre de codification et de développement du droit international, en prenant en compte les récentes évolutions du droit international symbolisés dans ce que l’on qualifie, de plus en plus, de fragmentation du droit international. L’hypothèse gravite autour de l’extraordinaire expansion que connait cette discipline depuis près de cinquante ans et des changements survenus au niveau de ce qu’on appelle communément la « Communauté internationale ». L’intérêt est suscité par l’évolution des méthodes d’élaboration des normes du droit international, notamment du fait de la multiplication des organes compétents de l’ONU et le besoin de trouver des solutions pratiques au phénomène des conflits normatifs au niveau international. Ce sont là les deux conséquences (législative et institutionnelle) du phénomène de fragmentation qui menacent aujourd’hui l’ordre juridique international et l’unité du droit international. Il semble donc normal, compte tenu de cette situation, que se produise un nouvel essor de l’idée de codification du droit internationalThe phenomenon of fragmentation is quite complex and is involved in the phenomenon of internormativity in so much as it includes the study of the relationship between law and society and, in particular, international law as a legal system. This study is, as a general, an essay on the work of codification and progressive development of international law as embodied in the practice of the International Law Commission, taking into account recent developments in international law symbolized in what is termed, increasingly, fragmentation of international law. The case revolves around the extraordinary expansion that this discipline has being knowing for nearly fifty years now and around the changes affecting what is commonly called the ‘international community’. The interest is generated by the evolution of methods for the development of international law, owing in particular to the multiplication of the competent organs of the UN and the need to find practical solutions to the phenomenon of normative conflicts at the international level. These are two consequences (legal and institutional) of the phenomenon of fragmentation that now has come to threaten the international legal order and the unity of international law. Therefore, given this situation, the need for a strengthening of the concept of codification of international
6
Escudey, Gaëtan. "Le couple en droit international privé : contribution à l’adaptation méthodologique du droit international privé du couple." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0301/document.
Анотація:
L’influence libérale en droit de la famille et l’essor de l’idéologie individualiste ont provoqué un pluralisme des formes de conjugalité et ont considérablement accru la diversité des règles et des méthodes applicables aux couples en droit international privé contemporain.L’analyse des couples en droit international privé nous a alors conduit à repenser le droit international privé du couple. La déconstruction de la matière met en lumière l’inadaptation actuelle de la méthode conflictuelle classique et l’insuffisance de la méthode de la reconnaissance. En effet, l’actuel droit international privé du couple ne permet pas de garantir la continuité internationale du lien conjugal, pas plus qu’elle ne permet d’assurer un traitement juridique cohérent des problèmes auxquels sont confrontés les couples internationaux. Une réflexion quant à une possible évolution méthodologique de la matière était donc nécessaire. Cette étude vise à démontrer qu’une adaptation de la méthode conflictuelle classique à l’aune des objectifs de la méthode de la reconnaissance et fondée sur un raisonnement en termes de conflit d’autorités est possible. Elle apporterait aux règles de droit international privé du couple une meilleure cohérence tout en assurant aux rapports conjugaux internationaux une réelle stabilitéThe liberal influence in Family Law and the rise of individualist ideology have led to a multiplication of conjugal life forms and considerably increased the diversity of laws and methods applicable to couples in International Private Law. To analyse couples under International Private Law leads us to rethink the International Private Law of the Couple. Deconstructing this subject brings to light the current non-adaptation of the classic conflict of laws method and the insufficiency of the recognition approach. In fact, current International Private Law as it pertains to couples neither guarantees the international recognition of theconjugal bond nor ensures a coherent legal treatment of legal problems faced by international couples. It is therefore necessary to examine a possible methodological evolution of thesubject. This study aims to demonstrate that it is possible to adapt the classic conflict of lawsmethod by taking into account the objectives of the recognition approach whilst founding iton the lex auctoritas rule. This would not only bring better coherence to International Private Law of the Couple but it would also assure a real legal stability for international conjugal relationships
7
Vasalou, Evangelia. "Les conflits d’obligations internationales devant la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0005.
Анотація:
Ayant comme axe principal la jurisprudence de la Cour EDH, la présente thèse est centrée sur les conflits entre la CEDH et les autres obligations internationales incombant aux États parties. L’approche de la Cour EDH témoigne de la nécessité de cohérence en droit et de l’harmonisation des conflits d’obligations. Visant à harmoniser les éventuelles contrariétés la Cour de Strasbourg ne s’est pas interrogée sur les causes de ces conflits. L’objet de cette thèse consiste ainsi à rechercher s’il y a des règles juridiques aptes à aménager les conflictualités en amont en générant pour les États l’obligation d’élaborer des normes créant des obligations concordantes. En outre, l’étude se fixe pour objectif de systématiser les cas des conflits entre la CEDH et les autres obligations internationales dans les affaires portées devant la Cour EDH, afin de mettre en relief les conditions d’émergence de ces conflits et de s’interroger sur les moyens de leur gestion. Une grande partie de la réflexion va au-delà de la critique de l’efficacité des moyens d’harmonisation employés par la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise pour proposer des solutions permettant d’éviter les conflits. L’analyse de l’applicabilité des moyens de résolution des conflits s’inscrit dans le cadre de la gestion des conflits dans lesquels sont impliquées les obligations issues de la CEDH. Dans ce contexte, la thèse met l’accent sur les moyens de résolution des conflits qui pourraient être appliqués dans le futur, dans l’hypothèse où la Cour EDH reconnaitrait explicitement une situation de conflit entre la CEDH et une autre obligation internationaleThis thesis explores the question of conflicts between the ECHR and other international obligations for State parties by focusing on the case law of the ECtHR. The ECtHR's approach reflects the need for consistency in law and harmonisation of conflicting obligations. Setting the objective of harmonising potential conflicts, the Court of Strasbourg did not raise the question about the causes of those conflicts. This thesis seeks to examine whether there are any legal rules that could prevent conflicts by obliging States to establish norms that createcompatible obligations. In addition, the study aims to systematise conflicts between the ECHR and other international obligations in cases which were lodged with the ECtHR, in order to highlight the conditions of emergence of these conflicts and to examine the means of their coordination. The overarching theme of the study goes beyond the criticism of the effectiveness of the means of harmonisation applied by the case-law of the Court of Strasbourg, proposing solutions for the avoidance of conflicts. The analysis of the applicability of the means of conflict resolution is part of the management of conflicts in which the obligations of the ECHRare involved. In this context, the thesis delves into the means of conflict resolution that could be applied in the future, should the ECtHR explicitly recognise a situation of conflict between the ECHR and another international obligation
8
Katsorchi, Panagiota. "Le réseau des règles de droit international européen de la concurrence." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3031.
Анотація:
Loin d’être une accumulation aléatoire de normes, les règles de droit international européen de la concurrence créées par les accords internationaux de l’Union européenne font partie d’un réseau normatif. Il s’agit d’un réseau de forme étoilée – au centre duquel se trouve l’Union européenne – composé de règles de droit de la concurrence adoptées par l’Union européenne et ses partenaires. L’étude de ces règles ainsi que des instruments internationaux qui les mettent en place, montre que ce réseau se développe de manière équilibrée autour de deux axes : les règles en matière de coopération entre autorités de la concurrence et les règles de fond. Ces règles peuvent être efficaces, en fonction de leur application à des litiges entre entreprises par les juridictions nationales, de la gestion des conflits et des possibilités de coopération entre autorités de la concurrence qu’elles ouvrent. L’objet de la présente étude est de démontrer que l’activité normative de l’Union européenne a conduit à la création d’un réseau de règles de droit international européen de la concurrence cohérent, à l’origine d’un espace juridique où existent des règles susceptibles d’appréhender les comportements anticoncurrentiels et les concentrations qui échappaient jusqu’ici au contrôle nationalFar from being a patchwork, the rules composing the international dimension of EU competition law and policy form part of a normative network. It is a star-shaped network – with the European Union in its centre – composed of rules of competition law adopted by the European Union and its partners. An analysis of those rules and of the international instruments that create them demonstrates that that network evolves in a way which balances rules on cooperation between competition authorities and rules on substance. Those rules can be effective, depending on the way they apply in litigation between undertakings by national courts and by the way they facilitate conflict management and incite cooperation between competition authorities. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that the normative activity undertaken by the European Union has led to the creation of a coherent network of rules and forms the basis of a judicial sphere including rules that can tackle anticompetitive behaviours and mergers that would otherwise have escaped national control
9
Tiba, Firew Kebede. "Multiplicity of international courts and tribunals implications for the coherent application of public internaional law /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/b40203591.
10
Busnardo, Anna <1989>. "International Refugee Law. The Case of Spain." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/4232.
Анотація:
Lo scopo di questa tesi di laurea magistrale è quello di trattare il ruolo del rifugiato nello scenario europeo, con particolare riferimento al caso spagnolo. Partendo da un’analisi di alcuni articoli della Convenzione di Ginevra del 1951 riguardante i rifugiati e l’annesso Protocollo si passerà all’analisi della situazione dei rifugiati e richiedenti d’asilo a livello europeo. Si terminerà con il riferimento al caso spagnolo, in particolare alla realtà di Ceuta. Verranno infine date alcune considerazioni riguardo alla situazione giuridica di questi soggetti cercando di apporre delle possibili idee di miglioramento in un periodo storico che vede il fenomeno dell’immigrazione al centro delle politiche mondiali.
11
Patrick, H. A. "Aspects of the Scots international private law of property : towards a coherent general theory of choice of law." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.660430.
Анотація:
Selected issues in the Scots international private law of sale, securities and insolvency are considered, with a view to establishing a tentative general theory of choice of law relative thereto, which could in turn be applied to further issues in the Scots international private law of property and that of other legal systems. The traditional analytical distinction between real and personal rights is applied in a specialised concrete manner in order to ascertain by each consecutive lex situs the real rights which have been created and extinguished in a given item of property. In a situation in which it becomes necessary to rank several rights in and to such an item of property, all extant rights therein and thereto are compared and evaluated relative to each other in accordance with the lex situs at that time, having been 'translated' for such purposes. This simple structure derives from the requirements of third party certainty in property law. The basic choice of law structure is qualified in situations in which it is appropriate to do so, without detracting significantly from requirements of third party certainty. Thus, for example, property issues arising between the parties to transactions are characterised in personal terms and subsidiary choice of law rules are suggested regarding 'mobile' property and in situations such as import transactions and in which several rights derive from the same legal system, concerning all of which the straightforward lex situs rule appears inappropriate. Such subsidiary rules preserve third party certainty by operating after initial permissive reference to the lex situs. Similar rules provide for coherent analysis of funds in an international context, and, in particular, funds arising on insolvency.
12
Restrepo, Marino Alejandro. "Privatization of international airports: the case of Bogota's Eldorado international airport." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32252.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Based on a new conception of airports, and recognizing the airport's preeminent role in strengthening a region's economy, this thesis centers on the positive and negative aspects of privatizing international airports. The core case study for the investigation is Eldorado International Airport, serving the city of Bogotá and port of entrance to the South American continent. It concludes that privatization of international airports has grown to be the best means by which large-scale aviation infrastructure projects are to be realized if airports are to not only attend rising traffic demand, but also as private enterprises that deliver users quality air transport services, and focal points of regional and national development facilitating a country's competition in world markets. In the case of Colombia, considerations and recommendations on specific matters that deserve special attention for the correct development of concession contracts are also indicated throughout the text.RÉSUMÉ Sur la base d'une nouvelle conception de l'aéroport, et tout en lui reconnaissant un rôle prépondérant dans l'économie de la région qu'il dessert, l'auteur examine les aspects positifs et négatifs de la privatisation des aéroports internationaux. L'étude de cas porte sur l'Aéroport international Eldorado qui dessert la ville de Bogotá et sert de port d'entrée du continent sud-américain. L'auteur conclut que la privatisation est le meilleur moyen de réaliser les projets d'infrastructure aéronautique à grande échelle. La privatisation permet aux aéroports de répondre aux exigences du trafic sans cesse croissant, d'offrir un service de qualité aux utilisateurs et de servir de point de mire dans les projets de développement régional et national conçus pour permettre aux pays de faire face à la concurrence mondiale. Dans le cas de la Colombie, l'auteur formule des recommandations spécifiques en vue de favoriser le bon développement des contrats de concession.
13
Tiba, Firew Kebede. "Multiplicity of international courts and tribunals: implications for the coherent application of publicinternaional law." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40203591.
14
Bortoletto, Roberto <1989>. "The Marò case: a challenge for international law?" Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/4177.
Анотація:
Il caso dei due membri di Marina Italiani (Marò) coinvolti nell'incidente dell'Enrica Lexie del 15 febbraio 2012 rappresenta una sfida per il diritto internazionale in quanto coinvolge diversi aspetti della materia. Innanzitutto, riguarda l'efficacia delle azioni intraprese a contrasto della pirateria nell'Oceano Indiano. In secondo luogo, coinvolge la delimitazione degli spazi marittimi e la rispettiva giurisdizione degli Stati su di essi. Un altro argomento di grande importanza riguarda l'assegnazione o meno dell'immunità funzionale ai due militari di Marina da parte dell'India. Come ultimo aspetto vengono analizzati i diversi metodi di risoluzione di controversie internazionali, e viene data un'interpretazione personale per una possibile soluzione.
15
Higa, Silva César, and Chung Víctor Saco. "Constitutionalization of international investment law: Indirect expropriation cases, fair and equitable treatment." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115320.
Анотація:
The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of international investment law rules in the Economic Constitutional Law, especially those included in investment chapters of Peruvian’s Free Trade Treaties. In particular, it is expected to demonstrate the following (i) International Investment Law is part of Peruvian Legal System; (ii) provisions of these laws are mandatory and should be applied domestically; and (iii) interpretation and implementation of this legal right should be executed consistently with domestic legal system and Peruvian international obligations. This agreed Interpretation between Investment Law and Economic Constitution will have a positive effect in rationalization of public entities actions avoiding abuses and maltreatment to investors, in order to improve investment climate as a key element forachieving country’s sustainable development.Este trabajo tiene como objeto explorar el impacto que tienen las normas del derecho internacional de las inversiones, en específico aquellas de los capítulos de inversiones de los Tratados de Libre Comercio celebrados por el Perú, en el derecho constitucional económico. En concreto, se pretende demostrar lo siguiente: (i) el derecho internacional de las inversiones es parte del Ordenamiento Jurídico del Perú; (ii) las disposiciones de este derecho son obligatorias y deben aplicarse a nivel interno, y (iii) este derecho debe interpretarse e implementarse de manera coherente con el resto del ordenamiento interno y con las obligaciones internacionales del Perú. Esta interpretación concordada del derecho de inversiones y la Constitución económica tendrá un impacto positivo en la racionalización de la actuaciónde los órganos estatales, evitando arbitrariedades cuando sus medidas puedan afectar a un inversionista. De esta manera mejorará el clima de inversiones, el cual es un elemento necesario para lograr el desarrollo sostenible del país.
16
Sharom, Azmi. "Compliance with International Environmental Law : three Malaysian case studies." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398939.
17
STEVIS, DEMETRIOS. "THE EXPANSION OF STATE JURISDICTION AND INTERNATIONAL ORDER: THE CASE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED AREA." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184099.
Анотація:
In 1982 the USA and other major industrial states refused to sign the Convention on the Law of the Sea--the result of the Conference on the Law of the Sea--because of objections to its provisions on the seabed beyond state jurisdiction--the International Seabed Area. According to them the system set up by the Convention is favorable to the third world and inimical to the material and ideological interests of these industrial states. Concurrently, however, the US and its allies argue that the remaining provisions of the Convention are generally accepted and part of International Law. These provisions include, among other, transit passage through straits, the 12nm Territorial Sea, the 200nm Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf. In opposition to the Convention's seabed system the US has promoted efforts at a Reciprocating States' Agreement which, thus far, has resulted in a Provisional Understanding among eight western states. In this work I argue that the limits of state jurisdiction are not conclusively set and that both the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf are subject to political and legal challenges. Moreover, these challenges will grow stronger because of competition, primarily among the major industrial states, over the resources and the military and waste disposal uses of the seabed and because of the inconsistencies of major maritime states in their defense of narrow zones of coastal jurisdiction. With respect to the argument of the US and some of its allies that the deep seabed provisions of the Convention are beneficial to the third world and inimical to the major industrial states I suggest that this is not the case. In fact, the major industrial states are the primary beneficiaries of the Convention's seabed resource system, as they are the beneficiaries of the systems regulating the military and waste disposal uses of the High Seas and the international seabed. The core characteristic of the resource system, however, is the protection it offers to the less endowed among these industrial states and to the major industrializing states. Inasmuch as the Provisional Understanding does not protect these states--most of which are in a position to challenge a variety of the Convention's remaining provisions--the Reciprocating States' Agreement strategy is conflictual and destabilizing.
18
Burzo, Stefano. "On the relevance of international law, theories of international relations and the Crimean case." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55166.
Анотація:
The Russian Federation claims the 2014 Crimea reunification is legal. Ukraine, together with NATO countries and others, deems the annexation illegal. Both states agree on most of the facts, with a few significant exceptions, and both states argue their case in terms of international law, on which they both generally agree. Hence, what is the point of international law? Does it have a discernible and independent effect on international politics? If so, is it in principle possible to observe it? This work attempts to be an analysis of these questions in the reunification/annexation of Crimea by Russia of 2014, to see whether an answer can in fact be given. The aim is to address the position of the Russian legal arguments within current international law, together with its implications for two of the currently most credited theories of international politics.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
19
Gray, J. A. (John Andrew). "Vessel source pollution and key international conventions: a case for change." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2868.
Анотація:
Pollution from vessels cannot be controlled effectively without the involvement of flag States. They have the primary responsibility for ensuring that the vessels which fly their flags comply with all applicable international rules and standards relating to vessel source pollution. Compliance with such rules and standards involves additional operating costs for ship-owners. Thus, in the highly competitive international maritime transport industry, there are many incentives for flag States not to prejudice their pursuit of comparative advantage by ensuring that their flag vessels comply with the applicable rules and standards. Enforcing their flag vessels to comply is not a rational choice. Accordingly, flag States must be given reasons to ensure that their flag vessels do comply with pollution control rules and standards if the problem of vessel source pollution is to be resolved. Neither of the two international Conventions which regulate the control of vessel source pollution, namely MARPOL and UNCLOS III, gives flag States reasons to ensure the compliant operation of their flag vessels. For that reason, neither Convention can claim to be an effective means for controlling pollution from vessels. There is, however, emerging evidence of flag State commitment to the control of vessel source pollution in response to the application of regional Port State Control measures. From the perspective of flag States, one aspect of the application of the concept of Port State Control is of concern - that is the legal basis of the control measures which are being taken against their flag vessels for violations of MARPOL's rules and standards.
20
Loomer, Geoffrey T. "Reformulating corporate residence : a coherent response to international tax avoidance." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1f515456-3d87-4942-9600-b9cfe73c6662.
Анотація:
This thesis analyzes the concept of corporate residence, with particular reference to the law in the UK and Canada. It explores why corporate residence is relevant in tax policy, how corporate residence is understood in law, and how revenue authorities respond to the use and alleged 'abuse' of residence rules. Part I argues that the residence of taxpayers generally (individual or corporate) remains a relevant factor in international tax design, that taxation of corporations on the basis of residence has some justification, but that there is a disjunction between meaningful residence-based taxation and current definitions of corporate residence in domestic law and tax treaties. The formulations of residence based on incorporation, central management and control, and place of effective management, particularly as applied to multinational enterprises, are considered and are found to be deficient. Part II critically analyzes the major policy responses of the UK and Canadian governments to the exploitation of corporate residence. It argues that key legislative and administrative responses to international tax avoidance activities, for both outbound and inbound investment, are purportedly based on the acceptance of formal corporate residence yet undermine that concept in an effort to impose tax or refuse treaty relief based on where economic interests actually exist. The responses considered are the application of controlled foreign companies legislation to offshore subsidiaries, the invocation of treaty anti-abuse rules with respect to offshore intermediaries, and the use of overarching general anti-avoidance measures to challenge varied structures that rely on offshore entities. These haphazard anti-avoidance rules are overlaid with revenue authorities' indignation at the motivations that underlie many corporate relocations. It is argued that a more coherent approach would be to focus on the objective reality or unreality of corporate establishment, by reformulating corporate residence in domestic law and tax treaties.
21
Dodgson, Kate. "Victim participation in practice at the International Criminal Court: Kenya 2 case study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15209.
Анотація:
This minor dissertation examines victim participation at the International Criminal Court in practice, focusing on the Kenya 2 proceedings. Victim participation has always been a significant part of the mandate of the International Criminal Court, however, the actual practice of victim participation is not well expounded upon in the Rome Statute or through the legal texts of the Court. It has largely been left up to individual chambers to determine and design what modality of victim participation is suitable for the circumstances of the case before it. The Kenya situation presented a number of novel circumstances that required the Court and Counsel to implement new and innovative victim participation practices. The failures and successes of the Kenya victim participation methods deserve to be documented so that lessons can be learnt for current and future victim participation practices.
22
Lidbeck, Nadja. "The Lundin case in Sudan according to the UN Guiding Principles." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-140693.
23
Okemuo, Gloria. "The requirement of coherence in EU external relations law and the coherence of EU external action towards Sub-Saharan Africa : Mali as a case study." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7521/.
Анотація:
The principal aim of the Lisbon Treaty is to address the pre-Lisbon concerns about the coherence of EU action. In this regard, coherence is the simple litmus test for EU external action in the post-Lisbon era. This thesis investigates the coherence of EU external action towards Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in the post-Lisbon era in light of the requirement of coherence in EU external relations law and the introduction of the HR/VP and the EEAS in her service with the aim of enhancing coherence in EU external action. The principle of coherence governs the interaction between various policy strands of EU external action (horizontal coherence). The importance of coherence is linked to visibility and efficiency based on the effective use of EU resources, as well as to the credibility of the Union. This thesis concentrates on coherence in the interaction between EU policies towards SSA using the key EU policies towards the region namely development policy, trade policy, the CFSP and the CSDP. The regional context facilitates the analysis of the different strands of external action policies where, despite of or perhaps due to the Treaty of Lisbon, the different instruments of EU foreign policy and lines of competence demarcation between their institutions are still mired in complexity. Although the focus is on coherence, the specialised regional focus of the thesis also facilitates a broader understanding of the nuances in the implementation of EU external relations law and EU external policies in different contexts especially in the post-Lisbon era. Using Mali as a case study, the thesis submits that while it can be argued that policy coherence for development (which is a key requirement in EU external action towards SSA) cannot be certainly determined, Mali clearly illustrates incoherence vis-à-vis synergy in the sequencing of available policy options in EU external action towards SSA. The thesis also discussed the limits and prospects of coherence in EU external action despite the changes made at Lisbon.
24
Kheroua, Ahmed. "The cultural dimension in international law : "the case of the Arab world" : a theoretical essay in the sociology of international law." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1994. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6632/.
25
Teklehaimanot, Kibrom Isaak. "Tragedies of unsafe abortion in international law, the case of Eritrea." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63092.pdf.
26
Nersessian, David L. "The case for a crime of political genocide under international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424779.
27
Iqbal, Khurshid. "The right to development in international law : the case of Pakistan." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443563.
28
Quinn-Butler, Rosalind M. "The case for special protection for older people in international law." Thesis, Swansea University, 2018. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa43238.
Анотація:
The thesis makes the case for special protection of older people in international human rights law. This begins with an approach to human rights combining concepts of Human Dignity and Vulnerability. An interdependent relationship is identified, promoting grounds for both to underpin human rights. From this, a vulnerability framework is devised directing findings of research into the “vulnerability position” of older people, and examination of existing international rights. The overarching theme is the fulfilment of interests of older people in human rights. Such interests are examined using principles of Interest Theory. Research method into threats to dignity and related vulnerabilities comprises Theories of Ageing and lived experiences. The findings assist in identification of older people as a vulnerable group, predominantly by reference to academic literature, standards defined by the European Court of Human Rights, and the vulnerabilities framework. The central hypothesis is the potential inadequacy of the existing international framework of human rights to protect the inherent dignity and vulnerable position of older people. Existing international human rights are examined from normative and implementation perspectives. Normative results are discussed and recorded in relation to the vulnerability framework. These results are also employed, using a modified version of the Capabilities Approach, to create a unique listing of Fundamental Capabilities to underpin normative content and capabilities outcomes. Aimed at fulfilling interests of older people in human rights, the listing grounds the examination of implementation of the existing rights construct, and directs indicators of special protection rights. The outcome of all research proves a need for special protection of older people in international human rights. Therefore, progress by the UN OEWG1 is surveyed; the result demonstrating a preference for improved implementation of the existing international framework. To date, the position of older people in international human rights has stagnated in OEWG discussions.
29
Montezuma, Panez Oscar. "TV formats and copyright: a peruvian and international case law approach." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116588.
Анотація:
TV formats are one of the most used mechanisms in the audiovisual industry. Their protection by copyright is a subject of academic debate which reflects in the diverse international and national jurisprudence on the matter. This article aims to give a brief review of some theoretical aspects regarding the type of protection provided by copyright to audiovisual productions, providinga case law approach on recent Peruvian and international jurisprudence.Los formatos televisivos son uno de los mecanismos más utilizados en la industria audiovisual. Su protección por el derecho de autor es un tema de mucho debate académico que se refleja en la diversa jurisprudencia internacional y nacional que existe sobre la materia. El presente artículo tiene por objeto hacer un breve repaso por algunos aspectos de orden conceptual relativos al tipo de protección que ofrece el derecho de autor a las producciones audiovisuales y luego una revisión de la jurisprudencia nacional y comparada relevante que permitirá complementar dicha visión.
30
Proverbio, Martina <1993>. "The Whaling Issue in International Law: the contentious case of Japan." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12565.
Анотація:
Whaling represents one of the most controversial contemporary issues in international ocean governance and the conservation of marine living resources. This thesis examines the whaling issue within the legal context of international law and analyzes the treaties and conventions created for the protection of whales.
The first chapter provides a brief history of whaling and describes its early attempts of regulation through the establishment of the ICRW. The following chapter is focused on the role of the IWC in developing meaningful protective measures for whales, with particular reference to the moratorium on commercial whaling (1982) and the ongoing debate between pro-whaling and anti-whaling countries. The third chapter analyzes the Whaling in the Antarctic case (2014) where Australia instituted proceedings against Japan denouncing JARPA II scientific-research program before the ICJ. The analysis of the case will mainly focus on the significance and implications of the ICJ judgment.
Since Japan persists as the most prominent whaling country in the world, the dissertation will follow with the analysis of the pro-whaling policies of the Japanese Government and the country's position in the current international discourse of the "whaling problem". The paper offers a deeper focus on the traditional "whale-eating culture" of Japan and the anti-whaling campaigns born to oppose the continuation of this practice. Eventually, the final chapter discusses about the future of whaling offering different possible scenarios for the conservation of whales and reflecting over the emergence of whale protection as a moral and juridical concept that could influence its possible evolution into a norm of customary law.
31
Robertson, Barbara Allen. "Judicial reform and the expansion of international society : the case of Egypt." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299884.
32
John-Langba, Vivian Nasaka. "The role of national human rights institutions in promoting and protecting the rights of refugees: the case of South Africa and Kenya." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32499.
Анотація:
The apparent normative and implementation gaps within the international refugee protection regime suggest the need to reform its implementation and accountability processes. Increasingly, the focus is being shifted to local or domestic actors to attempt to address the challenges faced in realising refugee rights effectively. Among the key domestic accountability actors for the realisation of rights, are national human rights institutions (NHRIs). NHRIs are considered a bridge between the international and domestic human rights systems. NHRIs act as entities that facilitate the diffusion of international human rights norms and standards, including those with respect to refugee rights, into the national spheres. Notwithstanding this, there is paucity in empirical evidence within the refugee rights discourse on the role that NHRIs can play to promote the effective realisation of refugee rights. This study explores the role that NHRIs in South Africa and Kenya play in promoting and protecting refugee rights. It utilises a non-doctrinal and qualitative research approach, to examine the extent to which the NHRIs engage with refugee rights and to explore their capacity to do so effectively. It situates NHRIs within the nexus between international human rights law and international refugee law to frame the understanding for their role within the refugee protection regime. The findings indicate that the NHRIs in South Africa and Kenya that are compliant with the Paris Principles display significant engagement with refugee rights promotion and protection. As accountability mechanisms, they have contributed to the development and implementation of domestic refugee law and policy in accordance with international norms and standards. This has occurred despite the lack of an explicit refugee rights' promotion and protection mandate, but they face barriers and challenges. Various underlying factors that impede their effectiveness to address refugee rights were identified. These included the sociopolitical contexts within which they operate, capacity constraints and invisibility within the refugee protection regime. The socio-political challenges included xenophobia and the securitisation of the asylum space. These compounded organisational and operational weaknesses such as scarce specialist skills in refugee law, limited financial resources, and the absence of strategic and sustained partnerships for refugee rights protection. The overall absence of norms for NHRI engagement with refugee rights was identified as a contributory factor for the lack of a coherent approach for promoting and protecting these rights. Possible avenues to enhance NHRI engagement with refugee rights were identified. For instance, NHRIs building partnerships for refugee rights promotion and protection with CSOs, the UNHCR and regional institutions based on a clear understanding of an NHRI's role as accountability mechanisms. For NHRIs, the imperative lies in building their capacity to address refugee rights to ensure a clear understanding of what the promotion and protection of these rights entails.
33
Hagelüken, Alexandra. "The impact of EC law and WTO law on domestic law : a critical analysis of the case law of the European Court of Justice." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21683.
Анотація:
The relationship between, on the one hand, European Community Law and World Trade Organization Law and, on the other hand, domestic law lies at the heart of this thesis The European Treaty and the World Trade Organization Agreements have far reaching impacts not only on their Member States, but also on individuals. It is of crucial importance for the protection of individual rights and for the effective enforcement of these treaties whether individuals can invoke them before their national courts. After giving an overview of the general theories, which exist in international law with respect to the impact of international treaties on domestic law, this thesis analyzes the case law of the European Court of Justice regarding the impact of EC Law on domestic law and the impact of GATT 1947/WTO Law on the European Community. A review of this case law will demonstrate that the European Court has effectively promoted European integration by the doctrines of direct applicability, direct effect and supremacy. In contrast, the European Court has so far denied that individuals or Member States can challenge the validity of EC Law by invoking provisions of the GATT 1947. It is not clear whether the Court will change its attitude with respect to the WTO Agreements. This thesis will demonstrate that the general denial of direct effect to GATT/WTO Law is not based on legal reasons. With respect to the European Community, individuals must be allowed to rely at least on some of the provisions.
34
Allen, Sara-Ruth. "International trade rules: a case of imperialism at work?" University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Анотація:
This study explored whether there is an inherent inequitable nature of the liberalization process with respect to the World Trade Organization Agreements, namely TRIMs (Trade-related Investment Measures), TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) and the Agreement on Agriculture.
35
Pichyakorn, Bantita. "Sustainable development of international watercourses in international law : a case study of the Mekong River Basin." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2003. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13520/.
Анотація:
The conflicts between environmental protection and the need to promote developmental growth are becoming increasingly imperative. The concept of sustainable development was created to reconcile the above conflict between these two extremes in order to ensure that an adequate quantity of natural resources and a good quality of environment are preserved for longer term purposes and for the uses of future generations. This study examines the development of this concept at international level and its impacts upon international law governing the use of international watercourses in particular. The Mekong River Basin is analysed as a case study in order to illustrate that this concept has given rise to development of the legal framework of this region. To examine these issues, this study is divided into five chapters. It begins by dealing with development of the concept of sustainable development at international level and issues arising from the law in the field of sustainable development after Rio. Chapter 2 focuses on the impact of this concept upon international watercourses law. Chapter 3 emphasises the significance of the effects of sustainable development upon the legal framework of the Mekong River Basin as indicated in the 1995 Mekong Agreement. Mechanisms adopted in this instrument to implement the above concept are also analysed. Chapter 4 illustrates problems and prospects regarding implementation of the concept of sustainable development and operation of the 1995 Mekong Agreement. Chapter 5 presents a conclusion of the study. This thesis shows that sustainable development is a difficult concept to define and implement. The Mekong Agreement makes an attempt, a laudable one, to implement certain aspects of it in relation to an international watercourse. Some aspects are successfully implemented but some are not. The Mekong Agreement is an important treaty from environmental, sustainable development and water resources points of view.
36
Musiba, Ephraim. "Developing a suitable competition law and policy for developing countries: a case study of Tanzania." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12895.
Анотація:
Includes bibliographical references.This dissertation aims to examine one major issue: namely, the most appropriate competition law for developing countries from the perspective of ‘looking from the inside out’.1 Reference is made particularly to Tanzania, with a close evaluation of its Fair Competition Act, 2003 and some case law, so as to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of competition policy and law within its Tanzanian context. This involves taking into consideration the inherent characteristics of the Tanzanian economy since it is necessary that Tanzania have a competition law that reflects and addresses its particular needs. So the basis of this dissertation is to analyse the efficacy of the Fair Competition Act to deal with the specific requirements of Tanzanian society; and if the result is found to be in the negative, then the dissertation goes on to suggest what type of competition law model Tanzania should develop that will best suit the country’s needs.
37
Al-Harbi, Ibrahim Sulaiman. "Democracy in Islamic and international law : a case study of Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Brunel University, 2010. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4522.
Анотація:
Following the rise of Islamic fundamentalism, Muslim nations have been placed in the spotlight of international debate; the prevailing understanding is that democracy and Islam are fundamentally incompatible. This verdict is particularly damning in light of the trend in International Law which, since the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, has equated democracy with human rights. Yet, a thorough analysis of the debate, taking into account the historical and theoretical bases of liberal democracy — the cultural, legal, and political development of Islam, and the extent to which the politics of Islamic countries represents the politics of Islam — reveals that democracy and Islam are, in fact, fundamentally compatible. In practice, Islamic Law can be applied alongside developments in democratic representations and human rights, whilst popular perceptions of Islam as inhibiting development in human rights are often unfounded, as can be demonstrated by examining the case of Saudi Arabia.
38
Rajamony, Christu. "Sacred sites and international law : a case study of the Ayodhya dispute." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2007. http://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/af334158-c4d1-c639-9d01-7eef1742cd76/1.
Анотація:
Sacred sites fonn a vital component in manifesting the right to freedom of religion. They also function as identity icons for the religious communities in a multi-religious state like India. Protecting them therefore, from aggression, or demolition by states and non-state actors is fundamental to guaranteeing such freedom. The consequences of attacking a sacred site are obvious from the Ayodhya dispute, in which all three organs of the Indian state failed to protect the Babri Masjid from illegal demolition, and to prevent the subsequent nationwide riots. However, the legal failure of the judiciary is quite apparent from the fact that it could not adjudicate an ongoing dispute for more than forty-two years. This protracted delay helped the religious militant groups to transfonn a local issue into a national dispute which has affected the secular and democratic fabric of contemporary India. This presents a further challenge to the pluralistic nature of Indian society and threatens peace and security in the South Asian region. The inadequacy of domestic legal mechanisms to settle disputes and provide remedy for violation of human rights warrants intervention at the level of international law. The existing international law provisions, namely, the right to freedom of religion, rights of the minorities, right to property and protection of cultural rights, have failed to include the protection of sacred sites as a right to a religious community. The global human rights mechanisms are mostly monitoring bodies and lack the judicial power. In promoting and protecting human rights, the regional human rights mechanisms, particularly the regional courts, have made use of their ability to deliver binding decisions on member states. The inadequacies in international law are best addressed by a regional convention for the protection of sacred sites, embedded in the existing structures of SAARC.
39
Miggiani, Mark Anthony. "War remnants : a case study in the progressive development of international law /." Genève : Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36643222n.
40
Jiang, Ying. "Étude comparée de la responsabilité délictuelle du fait d’autrui en France et en Chine." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST2005/document.
Анотація:
Cette étude traite de la comparaison du régime de la responsabilité délictuelle du fait d’autrui en droit français et en droit chinois.Dans une première partie, plutôt micro-vision, la thèse se consacre à une étude au cas par cas des responsabilités du fait d’autrui dans les deux systèmes juridiques. Il s’agit précisément de la responsabilité du fait des mineurs (la responsabilité des parents en droit français et des tuteurs en droit chinois ainsi que la responsabilité des instituteurs en droit français et des établissements scolaires en droit chinois), de la responsabilité des employeurs du fait des personnes qu’ils emploient dans les deux droits et de la responsabilité générale du fait d’autrui qui est admise particulièrement en droit français, à la différence du droit chinois.La deuxième partie apporte une vision d’ensemble et propose au sein des deux systèmes de droit une étude des rapports internes du régime entre les différentes hypothèses de cette responsabilité ainsi qu’un examen des rapports externes de ce régime avec les responsabilités personnelles de droit commun et les mécanismes d’indemnisation collective.Pourtant, de ce mécanisme appliqué aux deux systèmes, l’analyse révèle un inconvénient commun : une harmonisation du régime fait défaut. A cet égard, sous la condition préalable de ne pas nuire à la particularité de chaque cas de figure, l’étude tente de restaurer une cohérence tant dans les rapports « internes » du régime de responsabilité du fait d’autrui, que dans ses rapports « externes » avec d’autres régimesThis study is about a comparison of vicarious liability in French juridical system and in Chinese juridical system.In first part of this article, a more micro-vision, it is analyzed case by case of specific vicarious liability in two judicial systems. It is precisely about the acts of minors (the liability of parents in French law and liability of guardians in Chinese law, also the liability of teachers in French law and liability of school in Chinese law), the liability of employers and masters in two juridical systems and the general vicarious liability that is accepted particularly in French law, while the latter is different in Chinese law.The second part of this article concerns a whole vision and proposes a study of internal relations of two systems between different hypotheses of vicarious liability, and also an investigation of external relations of this system with the personal responsibility of “common law” and the mechanisms of collective compensation.However, of this mechanism applied at two systems, analysis reveals a common disadvantage: a lack of harmonization. In this aspect, considering the precondition of avoiding doing harm to particularity of each case of figure, the study tries to restore coherence both “internal” relations in systems of vicarious liability and “external” relations with other systems
41
Hildebrand, Philipp Michael. "Compliance in the international environmental politics : the case of the European Union." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259981.
42
Sedki, Mirco. "The Role of Good Faith: A Case Study on the Application of Good Faith in the CISG." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29714.
Анотація:
The work at hand discusses the role of ‘good faith’ in the meaning of Article 7 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods (CISG). The CISG is a sales convention developed by UNCITRAL with the objective to provide a uniform and fair regime for the international sale of goods. As a consequence, the uniform application of the Convention is main concern of the CISG. Art. 7 provides a method to ensure that the Convention is applied in such uniform way. The provision lays down the three principles of interpretation of the CISG: ‘its international character’, ‘uniformity in its application’ and the ‘observance of good faith in international trade’.
43
Cunha, Ricardo Sousa da. "Enmity and hegemony in the normative processes of international constitutionalism : the case of the international legal action against terrorism." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637075.
44
Santos, Aurora C. R. "Guidelines for drafting bilateral air transport agreements : the case of Macau." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26218.
Анотація:
The primary intention of this research is to elaborate guidelines for bilateral air transport agreements which can be entered into by Macau, a Chinese territory under Portuguese administration.In order to achieve this, a comprehensive comparative study of other countries' bilateral air transport agreements is undertaken. This involves carrying out a detailed examination of, inter alia, the theoretical, doctrinal and institutional features of the said agreements in general, and a practical study of various concrete agreements.
Macau's current and future political and legal status is outlined with special consideration being paid to the unique status of the Territory vis-a-vis Portugal and the People's Republic of China. Macau's recently created civil aviation structure is presented along with the Territory's trading policy in general and more specifically, the international air policy to be adopted.
Finally, based on the above research, a proposal is presented, in the conclusion, for a standard bilateral air transport agreement which Macau can use in its expanding civil aviation links with other countries.
45
Feakes, Michael Jonathan. "Formative influences on the evolution of international law : a case study of territorial waters (1550-1650)." Thesis, University of Hull, 1994. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5720.
Анотація:
The aim of this study is to examine the formative influences on the evolution of international law. One particular aspect of international law - the breadth of territorial waters (that is, the belt of sea adjacent to the coast) - has been selected, and the creation and development of the international legal rules pertaining to it will be traced and set in the context of political, cultural and other influences which may have had some bearing on that process. Through this contextual/historical analysis, an account will emerge of the extent to which international law is moulded by factors which might be supposed prima facie to have very little influence. This will then go towards an understanding of how international law was, and is, formed.
46
Magaisa, Alex Tawanda. "Knowledge protection in indigenous communities : the case of indigenous medical knowledge systems in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2004. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2630/.
Анотація:
This study examines the contentious issues relating to the exploitation of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) within the context of the expanding regime of intellectual property law (IP law). The study focuses specifically on the area of indigenous medical knowledge (IMK) within the geographical context of Zimbabwe as a country case study. The study examines the centrality of knowledge in the global economy and using international political economic theory and practice, demonstrates why it is a key site of struggles between and among nations and various stakeholders. While it considers the narrow issue of the applicability or otherwise of IP law to IKS, this study takes the approach that it is necessary to understand the socio-historical developments that account for the peripheral status of IKS in relation to the dominant western knowledge systems (WKS). A key argument of this study is that the lack of legal protection of IKS is directly connected to their marginal status in social, intellectual, cultural and economic terms arising from the dominance of the predominantly WKS. It is argued that far from being a narrow legalistic debate, the matter of the protection of IKS is a wider socio-cultural, economic and political issue that centres on the power relations between and among people, corporations and states. Through a combination of theoretical and field investigations, the study seeks to explore the factors that account for the marginalisation of IKS generally and IMK systems in particular. The “struggle thesis” demonstrates that from an historical viewpoint knowledge systems are in a state of constant interaction and struggle resulting in problems. The key to resolving the problems is to acknowledge difference and accept the legitimacy and validity of different knowledge systems and to democratise the regime of knowledge protection both nationally and globally. It proposes that solutions lie in not only reconstructing the legal architecture but also in ensuring that the social, economic and political structures are reconstructed to safeguard and nurture the IKS. The study investigates the needs and expectations of the indigenous communities including their rationale for the protection of their knowledge systems. Finally, it also contributes to the development of indigenous research methodologies.
47
Denecke, Jan. "The admissibility of a case before the International Criminal Court : an analysis of jurisdiction and complementarity." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53084.
Анотація:
Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The permanent International Criminal Court (ICC) will come into operation after the 60th ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 1998. The ICC will have jurisdiction over the most serious international crimes, namely war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. The focus of this thesis is the difficulties surrounding the admissibility of a case before the ICC. There are basically two legs to this analysis: jurisdiction and complementarity .. Jurisdiction of the ICC is analysed in historical and theoretical context. This comprises an overview of the international tribunals since the First World War, and more specifically their impact on the development of jurisdiction in international criminal law. Secondly, the thesis is examining the jurisdiction of the ICC in terms of the specific provisions of the Rome Statute. This analysis comprises a detailed analysis of all the provisions of the Rome Statute that have an impact on the exercise of the ICC's jurisdiction. The relationship between the ICC and national courts is a difficult relationship based on a compromise at the Rome Conference in 1998. The principle underlying this relationship is known as "complementarity". This : means that the ICC will only exercise its jurisdiction if a national court is "unwilling" or "unable" to exercise its jurisdiction. A detailed analysis of the different provisions of the Rome Statute, as well as some references to other international tribunals, serve to analyse the impact of complementarity on the eventual ambit of the ICC's jurisdiction. In conclusion, some suggestions regarding the admissibility of cases and the difficult relationship between the ICC and national courts are made.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die permanente Internasionale Strafhof (ISH) sal met sy werksaamhede begin na die 60ste ratifikasie van die Statuut van Rome van 1998. Die ISH sal jurisdiksie uitoefen oor die ernstigste internasionale misdade, tewete oorlogsmisdade, volksmoord en misdade teen die mensdom. Hierdie tesis fokus op die probleme rondom die toelaatbaarheid van 'n saak voor die ISH. Hierdie ontleding het basies twee bene: jurisdiksie en komplementariteit. Die jurisdiksie van die ISH word in historiese en teoretiese konteks ontleed. Dit behels 'n oorsig van die internasionale tribunale sedert die Eerste Wêreldoorlog, en meer spesifiek die impak wat hierdie tribunale op die ontwikkeling van jurisdiksie in die internasionale strafreg gehad het. In die tweede plek word jurisdiksie ontleed aan die hand van die spesifieke bepalings van die Statuut van Rome. Hierdie ontleding behels 'n gedetaileerde ontleding van al die bepalings van die Statuut van Rome wat 'n impak het op die uitoefening van die ISH se jurisdiksie. Die verhouding tussen die ISH en nasionale howe is 'n komplekse verhouding, gebaseer op 'n kompromie wat by die Rome Konferensie van 1998 aangegaan is. Die beginselonderliggend aan hierdie verhouding staan bekend as "komplementariteit". Dit beteken dat die ISH slegs sy jurisdiksie sal uitoefen indien 'n nasionale hof "onwillig" of "nie in staat is" om jurisdiksie uit te oefen nie. 'n Gedetaileerde ontleding van die verskillende bepalings van die Statuut van Rome, sowel as verwysings na ander internasionale tribunale, dien om die impak van komplementariteit op die omvang van die ISH se jurisdiksie, te ontleed. Ten slotte word sekere voorstelle aangaande die toelaatbaarheid van sake en die verhouding tussen die ISH en nasionale howe gemaak.
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Penkalla, Michaela. "Is there a universally acknowledged human right to water? : an analysis of obligations under international, regional and national law : a case study of Germany and South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20865.
Анотація:
The purpose of this dissertation is to assess whether or not there is a universal human right to water. The problem of water scarcity and high death rates due to a lack of access to clean water is still prevalent across the globe today, making it hard to believe that a human right to water is still not codified in international law. This dissertation analyses international as well as national law to assess whether a human right to water is universally acknowledged by the international community despite not being codified. It is argued, that there is still no explicit universal human right to water in international law. However, this dissertation acknowledges that a human right to water does exist as a derivate right, which is almost universally acknowledged. As a derivative right, it is, however, not as equally strong as explicitly acknowledged rights in the core international human rights instruments. This dissertation also provides a brief overview of corporate involvement under the human right to water. An assessment is made as to whether or not international law imposes direct obligations and responsibilities on companies. It is argued in this dissertation that companies have a particular responsibility for the implementation of the human right to water despite states remaining the primary subjects responsible.
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Feng, Ruo Han. "Conflict and coordination between trademark retriction and public health :a study on the case of Australian tobacco plain packaging act." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3952292.
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Negm, Namira Nabil. "Transfer of nuclear technology under international law : case study : Iraq, Iran and Israel." Thesis, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435472.