Дисертації з теми "Cognitive subtypes"
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1
Chan, Ka-po, and 陳嘉寶. "Cognitive profiles and subtypes of epilepsy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43894537.
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Chan, Ka-po. "Cognitive profiles and subtypes of epilepsy." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2250560x.
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3
O'Leary, Emily. "Cognitive processing characteristics in obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1359.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is classified as an anxiety disorder characterized by distressing persistent unwanted ideas or impulses (obsessions) and urges and/or compulsion to do something to relieve the associated anxiety caused by the obsession. The thematic content of the obsessions are highly variable, ranging from symmetry, contamination to aggressive concerns. Compulsions tend to be linked to the obsessions, but can also be idiosyncratic to the intrusive thought. According to the cognitive model, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is maintained by various belief factors such as an inflated sense of responsibility, overestimation of threat and the over-control of thoughts. Despite much support for this hypothesis, there is a lack of specificity. This series of studies sought to determine the relationship between a number of cognitive beliefs and appraisal processes and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. This thesis presents the results of three studies. The first study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that certain beliefs are more prevalent in OCD, compared with other anxiety disorders. The second study expands on earlier findings by examining whether the six metacognitive beliefs proposed by the Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, (OCCWG; 1997, 2001, & 2003) correlate with specific symptom-based OCD subtypes. The final study addresses some of the methodological weaknesses inherent in retrospective self-report measures by replicating the study using experimental techniques. Most importantly, this research was conducted from within the theoretical framework of Rachman (1993) and Salkovskis (1989) models which emphasise the misinterpretation of significance of the intrusive thoughts. The first study explored the relationship between thought-action fusion (TAF) and inflated responsibility beliefs across individuals diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), an anxiety disorder other than OCD (anxious controls; AC), and a non-anxious control group (NAC). It was hypothesized that the OCD group would evidence significantly higher inflated responsibility and TAF scores, compared to the AC and NAC groups. In this study, non-clinical and clinical participants were recruited for research. The non-clinical group was comprised of undergraduate students (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2). The clinical groups included 20 participants with OCD as their primary diagnosis (mean age = 32.1; SD = 11.9) and 21 individuals diagnosed with another anxiety disorder (mean age = 32.2; SD = 10.9). To measure inflated responsibility beliefs and thought action fusion, self-report questionnaires were administered to the participants. The results of this study demonstrated that inflated responsibility beliefs, while present in other anxiety disorders, were significantly higher in participants with OCD, even after controlling for depressed mood and TAF levels. No group differences emerged between the OCD and anxious groups on measures of TAF. Thus, it can be tentatively concluded that inflated responsibility beliefs may have a more robust relationship with OCD than TAF beliefs, which appear to act as a general vulnerability factor occurring along a continuum of anxiety disorders. The second study examined the associations between the six OCD-related beliefs: control of thoughts, importance of thoughts, responsibility, intolerance of uncertainty, overestimation of threat and perfectionism and five empirically derived OCD subgroups. Clinical participants with a primary diagnosis with OCD (n = 67: mean age = 38.0; SD = 11.7) were recruited over a period of two years from the Anxiety Disorders Unit. Participant responses were cluster analysed to form five stable groups: aggressive obsessions-checking compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); contamination obsessions-cleaning compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); symmetry concerns-ordering/arranging compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); hoarding obsessions-hoarding compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); and miscellaneous obsessions -miscellaneous compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2). The second found that intolerance of uncertainty was significantly related to the contamination subgroup. While responsibility and threat estimation beliefs were higher in the aggressive-checking subgroup, these differences did not reach statistical significance. No other significant results were found, however, there was a non-significant trend for perfectionism beliefs to be higher in symmetry-ordering and hoarding subgroup. Following the results of this study, questions remained about whether the lack of significant findings reflected the generality of these beliefs or were due to methodological differences. This led to the development of the final study presented in this thesis. The purpose of the final study was to investigate whether the second study was limited by the method of assessment (e.g. self-report questionnaires). This study was unique, as it was the first of its kind to experimentally manipulate all six beliefs in empirically derived OCD subtypes. Twenty participants (mean age = 45.0; SD = 11.0) were chosen from the second study to form the following priori groups: contamination (n = 4: mean age = 44.5; SD = 9.5); aggressive (n = 6: mean age = 46.5; SD = 7.2); hoarding (n = 4: mean age = 47.2; SD = 6.9); and symmetry (n = 6: mean age = 41.8; SD = 17.4). Six behavioural experiments designed to reflect one of the six OCCWG beliefs were specifically developed and administered to the groups. Baseline scores were obtained using self-report questionnaires. The study found strong support for the use of experimental paradigms over self-report measures, as several significant interactions between cognitive beliefs and OCD symptom-based subtypes were found. Specifically, the hoarding subgroup evidenced significantly higher overall thought action fusion scores compared to those in the contamination group. The symmetry subgroup exhibited significantly higher anxiety than the aggressive group during the perfectionism task and demonstrated significantly higher scores on several items measuring perfectionism compared to the contamination group. Finally, over-estimation of threat beliefs was significantly higher in the contamination thoughts. No statistically significant group differences were found for controllability of thoughts, responsibility and intolerance of uncertainty. In conclusion, these studies collectively showed that in some cases of OCD certain beliefs appear highly applicable, whereas in others they are not. This finding may explain why some OCD patients have poor treatment outcomes as the beliefs and appraisals were highly variable across groups. These findings are of both theoretical and clinical significance because they add to the growing understanding that OCD may consist of distinct clusters of symptoms with different underlying motivations and beliefs. This finding is of clinical significance because treatment guidelines for OCD can become more specific, factoring into the therapy situation these underlying beliefs and appraisal processes. Lastly, the findings regarding inflated responsibility deserve special mention, given the significance of this construct in contemporary cognitive models. The results of the present studies were mixed with regard to responsibility as only the first study found a significant result. It appears that, like the other belief domains proposed by the OCCWG, responsibility may not be specific to all types of OCD and current cognitive models may benefit was shifting the emphasis to other belief domains.
4
Caswell, Amy J. "Clarifying the subtypes of impulsivity and their cognitive and behavioural underpinnings." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/47023/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Investigators have suggested impulsivity consists of several behavioural subtypes including ‘reflection'- (decision-making without evaluation of information), ‘temporal'- (failure to delay gratification) and ‘motor'- (failure to inhibit a motor response) impulsivity. These facets of impulsivity are thought to be dissociable, but to share some common underlying processes. The current studies investigated such processes. Study 1 investigated speed and accuracy biases, using instructions and cognitive priming to challenge impulsivity. Study 2 & 3 challenged inhibitory control resources, via a dual task and alcohol challenge, to investigate the effect on impulsivity. Study 3 also investigated the effect of alcohol outcome expectancies on impulsivity. The factor structure of impulsivity was also investigated using exploratory factor analysis (study 4), to establish whether the primary measures of the proposed subtypes can indeed be categorised into these three factors. Study 4 also investigated the relationship of participant demographics to impulsivity. The studies support the suggestion of a distinct subtype of reflection-impulsivity. Inhibitory control processes do not appear to underlie performance, however biases in speed/accuracy trade-offs have implications for this subtype. Behavioural inhibitory control was found to be the primary process underlying motor-impulsivity whilst biases for speed/accuracy have implications for Go-responses. The factor analysis provided preliminary evidence that there may be two distinct facets of motor-impulsivity: action cancellation and action restraint. Inhibitory control processes were not found to underlie temporal-impulsivity on an experiential task. Biases for speed/accuracy were found to contribute to performance on pen-and-paper measures. However, subsequent factor analysis provided evidence that experiential tasks may actually be more closely related to a form of cognitive control, instead of temporal-impulsivity. In conclusion, the studies found that the three proposed factors of impulsivity differentially rely on inhibitory control processes and biases for speed/accuracy. However, factor analysis indicated that additional factors may be required to fully characterise impulsivity.
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Cooke, Megan E. "Integrating Genetics and Neuroimaging to study Subtypes of Binge Drinkers." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5167.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Risky alcohol use is a major health concern among college students, with 40.1% reporting binge drinking (5 or more drinks in one occasion) and 14.4% reporting heavy drinking (binge drinking on 5 or more occasions) in the past month. Risky alcohol use is thought to be the result of a complex interplay between genes, biological processes, and other phenotypic characteristics. Understanding this complex relationship is further complicated by known phenotypic heterogeneity in the development of alcohol use. Developmental studies have suggested two pathways to risky alcohol use, characterized by externalizing and internalizing characteristics, respectively. However, the underlying biological processes that differentiate these pathways are not fully understood. Neuroimaging studies have assessed reward sensitivity, emotion reactivity, and behavioral inhibition using fMRI and separately demonstrate associations in externalizing and internalizing disorders more broadly. In addition, previous genetic studies have found associations between specific polymorphisms and these externalizing and internalizing subtypes. Therefore, we sought further characterize the biological influences on binge drinking subtypes through the following specific aims: 1) determine the genetic relationship between externalizing and internalizing characteristics in binge drinkers, 2) test whether externalizing and internalizing binge drinkers show differences in brain activation in response to tasks measuring emotion reactivity, reward sensitivity, and behavioral inhibition. In order to achieve these aims, we conducted a series of genetic analyses assessing differences in overall SNP-based heritability and specific associated variants between the externalizing and internalizing subtypes. There were a few variants that reached genome-wide significance, the most notable being a cluster of SNPs associated with internalizing characteristics that were located in the RP3AL gene. In a subset of these binge drinking young adults, brain activation was measured on tasks assessing behavioral inhibition, reward sensitivity, and emotion reactivity. We found some preliminary differences with regard to emotion reactivity, that suggest internalizing binge drinkers are more reactive to faces overall but have blunted reaction to sad faces compared to externalizers. These findings provide an initial step to better understanding the underlying biology between the classic externalizing and internalizing alcohol use subtypes, which has the potential to elucidate new subtype specific targets for prevention and intervention.
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Pottinger, Lindy Sylvan. "Identifying AD/HD subtypes using the cognitive assessment system and the NEPSY." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2874/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS) and the NEPSY, A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, to differentiate between the subtypes of Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). The CAS and NEPSY are neuropsychological instruments which provide norms for AD/HD children in general. This study examined the performance of the two subtypes of AD/HD on the CAS and NEPSY. In addition, this study examined the performance of the two AD/HD groups on the Screening Test for Auditory Processing Disorders (SCAN). Since AD/HD children tend to have difficulty with language, the SCAN was used to determine if any of the AD/HD subjects had auditory processing difficulties that might impact their performance on the CAS and/or NEPSY subtests. The sample consisted of 118 children between the ages of 8 and 12 years of age. Using the DSM-IV criteria, the children were diagnosed as having three types of AD/HD: A Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type (AD/HD-HI), a Predominantly Inattentive Type (AD/HD-I) and a Combined Type The subtypes were also identified by the Attention Deficit Disorders Evaluation Scale-Home Version (ADDES-H). Only two subtypes, AD/HD-I and AD/HD-C, were identified by the ADDES-H. There were not enough AD/HD-HI subjects to include in the study. Therefore, this study focused on the AD/HD-I and AD/HD-C subtypes. A binomial logistic regression analysis was conducted on the AD/HD-I and AD/HD-C subtypes with selected subtests of the NEPSY and the four PASS Scales of the CAS. Results indicated a significant difference between the AD/HD-I and AD/HD-C groups on the Tower subtest of the NEPSY and the Planning Scale of the CAS. The Tower and the Planning Scale are both purported measures of executive functioning; however, results of the Planning Scale were in an unexpected direction. No significant difference was found between the two AD/HD groups on the other subtests examined. The results of the SCAN analysis suggested there were no significant differences in auditory processing between the two AD/HD groups. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
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Longhorn, Alison J. (Alison Jane). "Depressive Subtypes and Dysfunctional Attitudes: a Personal Construct View." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504344/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The influence of cognitive organization, dysfunctional attitudes, and depressive "subtype" on the perceptions of negative life events is explored. BDI scores are used to delineate symptomatic and non-symptomatic groups. Construct content (sociotropic versus autonomous, as first defined by Beck) is used to identify predominant schema-type. Subjects completed a Problematic Situations Questionnaire with Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale. Results indicate that depressed individuals display more dysfunctional attitudes and negative affect in all types of negative situations; further the endorsement of dysfunctional attitudes is significantly more likely to occur in the context of schema-congruent situations. Findings are discussed a) in terms of the utility of personal constructs in the assessment of schema-type and b) in accordance with a person-event interactional model of depression.
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Summerfeldt, Laura J. "Cognitive processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder, alternate models and the role of subtypes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0023/NQ39312.pdf.
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Summerfeldt, Laura J. "Cognitive processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder : alternative models and the role of subtypes /." Connect, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ39312.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 1998. Graduate Programme in Psychology.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 188-213). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ39312.
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Runyan, Caroline A. (Caroline Anne). "Distinct roles for inhibitory neuron subtypes in cortical circuits : an examination of their structure, function, and connectivity." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73772.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 2012."June 2012." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Parvalbumin-containing (PV+) neurons and somatostatin-containing (SOM+) neurons are two key cortical inhibitory cell classes that are poised to play distinct computational roles in cortical circuits: PV+ neurons form synapses on the perisomatic region near the spike initiation zone of target cells, while SOM+ neurons form synapses on distal dendrites. The goals of this thesis are to better understand the functional roles of these two cell types with four major lines of questioning. 1) When and how do PV+ and SOM+ neurons respond to visual stimuli? 2) How do inhibitory neurons obtain their response selectivity? 3) How do PV+ and SOM+ neurons affect the responses of their targets? and 4) What are the targets of PV+ and SOM+ neurons? We used Cre-lox recombination to introduce either fluorescent protein or channelrhodopsin to PV+ or SOM+ neurons, targeting these cells for two-photon targeted physiological recording and morphological reconstruction, or selectively stimulating the population of PV+ or SOM+ neurons or stimulating single PV+ or SOM+ neurons. We find diverse response properties within both groups, suggesting that further functional subclasses of PV+ and SOM+ neurons may exist. Furthermore, orientation selectivity was strongly correlated to dendritic length in PV+ neurons, whose orientation preferences matched the preferences of neighboring cells, implying that inhibitory neurons may obtain selectivity by spatially limiting their sampling of the local network. When we stimulated PV+ and SOM+ neurons, we found that they perform distinct inhibitory operations on their targets: PV+ neurons divide responses while SOM+ neurons subtract. Even single PV+ and SOM+ neurons were capable of suppressing responses of other cells in the local network, but their functional targeting was sparse and followed different rules of wiring: PV+ neurons functionally suppressed a higher percentage of cells that shared their own tuning, while SOM+ neurons seemed to target other neurons independently of their preferred orientations. By studying the response properties and functional impacts of PV+ and SOM+ neurons in the intact primary visual cortex, we have gained insight into what information these cells are carrying and how they contribute to the response properties of other cells, which apply to cortical circuits in general.
by Caroline A. Runyan.
Ph.D.
11
Augustin, Dyona. "PTSD Subtypes, Depressive Presentation, Dissociation, and Cognitive Appraisals and Their Impact on Cardiovascular Reactivity Responses to Stress." Diss., NSUWorks, 2017. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are related to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), with links to ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac mortality, and other cardiac conditions. Given that these disorders are associated with increased medical costs, disability, and employer burden, research has investigated which factors increase the likelihood that one will develop CVD. While one hypothesis suggests that individuals who exhibit exaggerated responses to stress are at greater risk of developing CVD, individuals with PTSD/depression have been shown to exhibit both exaggerated and blunted stress responses. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether differing PTSD symptomatology, depressive presentation, dissociation, or cognitive appraisals of stressful events can predict the nature of one’s cardiovascular response to stress. It was hypothesized that: (1) PTSD arousal would be positively related to cardiac reactivity and PTSD avoidance negatively related to cardiac reactivity; (2) depressive activation would be positively related to cardiovascular reactivity and depressive withdrawal negatively related to cardiovascular reactivity; (3) dissociative symptoms would be negatively related to cardiovascular reactivity; and (4) challenge appraisals would be related to greater cardiac reactivity and threat appraisals to greater peripheral resistance. Female participants (N = 57) were administered the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID) by graduate research assistants. Participants subsequently completed a demographic questionnaire and the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Dissociative Experiences Scale II (DES II), and Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM) to assess traumatic life events, depression, dissociation, and cognitive appraisals, respectively. Participants’ cardiovascular reactivity (HR, CO, SBP, DBP, and TPR) in response to two stress tasks‒mental arithmetic and public speaking‒were assessed via impedance cardiography and an automated blood pressure cuff. Multivariate regression revealed support for some hypotheses as significant relationships were found between reactivity and PTSD avoidance, PTSD arousal, and depressive withdrawal. No significant relationships were found between reactivity and dissociation, depressive activation, or threat appraisals. This study provides preliminary support for the idea that differing psychological presentations can predict the type of cardiovascular response one exhibits in response to stress.
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Devlin, Kathryn Noel. "EMPIRICALLY IDENTIFIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL SUBTYPES IN HIV INFECTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR ETIOLOGY AND PROGNOSIS." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/521261.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PsychologyPh.D.
Heterogeneity in the profile of HIV-associated neuropsychological disorder (HAND) may obscure understanding of its etiology and prognosis. Despite longstanding acknowledgement of this heterogeneity, HAND diagnostic approaches such as the Frascati criteria characterize neuropsychological function based on the level of impairment, without regard to the pattern of strengths and weaknesses. Attention to these patterns may enhance etiologic and prognostic specificity. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify relatively homogeneous subtypes of neurocognitive function in adults with well-treated HIV infection. We compared the diagnostic agreement of latent classes and Frascati categories, as well as their associations with demographics, HIV markers and antiretroviral factors, comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions, and everyday functioning. LCA identified four classes, whose cognitive profiles are depicted in Figure 1: cognitively intact, mild-to-moderate motor/speed impairment, mild-to-moderate memory/visuoconstruction impairment, and moderate mixed impairment. Latent classes and Frascati categories demonstrated good agreement in the overall classification of impaired cognition but more disagreement regarding subtypes of impairment. Both latent classes and Frascati categories demonstrated unique associations with etiologic factors and significant associations with functional outcomes. However, only latent classes, not Frascati categories, were associated with HIV variables. Additionally, functional difficulties were significantly elevated in the motor impairment class but not the memory impairment class despite similar levels of cognitive impairment in the two groups. Findings support the utility of a diagnostic approach that accounts for both the level and pattern of neurocognitive impairment. Future research should examine the neuropathological mechanisms, longitudinal trajectories, and treatments of empirically identified HAND subtypes.
Temple University--Theses
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Muskin, Ryan M. "Age Differences in Emotional Reactivity to Subtypes of Sadness and Anger." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu162421148394513.
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Coates, Aubrey A. "Understanding the Impact of Specific Subtypes of Psychological Maltreatment: An Examination of Mechanisms Related to Depressive Symptoms in College Women." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1303957413.
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Johnson, Holly. "Investigating the cognitive heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorder : comparing Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism and exploring subtypes within the spectrum." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6231/.
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Devignes, Quentin. "The dual cognitive syndrome hypothesis in Parkinson’s disease : MRI studies of structural and functional correlates." Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDBSL/2021/2021LILUS064.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La maladie de Parkinson (MP) est une pathologie neurodégénérative caractérisée par des troubles moteurs. Cependant, des symptômes non-moteurs tels que les troubles cognitifs font partie intégrante du tableau clinique de la maladie. Trois grandes présentations cliniques des troubles cognitifs dans la MP peuvent être distinguées : (a) l’absence de troubles significatifs malgré d’éventuels symptômes, (b) les troubles cognitifs légers et (c) la démence de la maladie de Parkinson. Les troubles cognitifs légers renvoient à des déficits cognitifs significatifs en l’absence de déclin cognitif global et d’impact sur les principales activités de la vie quotidienne. Ces troubles, communs dans la maladie de Parkinson, peuvent affecter diverses fonctions cognitives. L’hypothèse du double syndrome suggère l’existence de deux sous-types cognitifs : frontostriatal, caractérisé par des déficits attentionnels et/ou exécutifs, et cortical postérieur, caractérisé par des déficits visuospatiaux, mnésiques et/ou langagiers. Ce dernier a été associé avec un risque accru d’évolution précoce vers la démence. À ce jour, peu d’études ont pris en compte l’hétérogénéité des troubles cognitifs légers observés dans la MP et aucune étude n’a déterminé des sous-types sur la base de l’hypothèse du double syndrome. Par ailleurs, nous manquons de biomarqueurs in-vivo associés à ces sous-types cognitifs.Les objectifs principaux de cette thèse étaient (a) de proposer un état de l’art concernant les résultats en neuroimagerie associés à des sous-types cognitifs distincts de troubles cognitifs légers dans la maladie de Parkinson et (b) d’identifier en IRM des changements structuraux et fonctionnels du cerveau associés aux sous-types frontostriatal et cortical postérieur.Par conséquent, nous avons réalisé une revue systématique qui a montré un manque dans la littérature scientifique étant donné que seules dix études de neuroimagerie considérant des sous-types de troubles cognitifs légers dans la maladie de Parkinson ont été identifiées. Par la suite, nous avons conduit deux études en IRM pour identifier des modifications structurales et fonctionnelles de repos dans des sous-types cognitifs de troubles cognitifs légers. Nous avons utilisé les données issues d’un groupe de patients non-déments présentant une maladie de Parkinson (n=114) dont le sous-type cognitif a été déterminé sur la base de leurs performances à une batterie de tests neuropsychologiques : (a) avec une cognition normale (PD-NC) (n=41), (b) avec un sous-type frontostriatal (PD-FS) (n=16), (c) avec un sous-type cortical postérieur (PD-PC) (n=25) et (d) avec un sous-type mixte (PD-MS), c’est-à-dire une combinaison de déficits frontostriataux et corticaux postérieurs (n=32). Pour les analyses fonctionnelles, des données issues de 24 sujets sains appariés en âge ont également été utilisées.Nos résultats ont montré (a) des altérations structurales plus abondantes et plus étendues chez les patients avec des déficits corticaux postérieurs (PD-PC et PD-MS), (b) une augmentation de la connectivité fonctionnelle au sein des ganglions de la base chez les patients PD-PC et (c) une diminution de la connectivité fonctionnelle dans divers réseaux de repos chez les patients avec des déficits frontostriataux (PD-FS et PD-MS). De futures études longitudinales seront nécessaires pour évaluer la progression de ces modifications structurales et fonctionnelles et pour déterminer le potentiel prédictif de ces marqueurs au regard du risque d’évoluer vers la démenceParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor disorders. However, non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairment, are also part of the clinical presentation. According to the severity of cognitive impairment, three presentations are usually distinguished in PD: (a) the absence of significant cognitive impairment despite possible symptoms, (b) mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and (c) PD dementia. MCI refers to significant cognitive deficits without global cognitive decline nor impact on activities of daily living. This condition is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD-MCI), can affect one or several cognitive functions and is heterogenous. According to the dual syndrome hypothesis, PD-MCI can be subdivided into two cognitive subtypes: a frontostriatal one, characterized by attentional and/or executive deficits, and a posterior cortical one, characterized by visuospatial, memory and/or language deficits. The latter has been associated with a higher risk of developing dementia earlier. To date, only few studies have considered the cognitive heterogeneity in PD-MCI and no study defined PD-MCI subtypes based on the dual syndrome hypothesis. Besides, in-vivo biomarkers of these cognitive subtypes are lacking.The main objectives of this thesis were (a) to propose a state-of-the-art on neuroimaging outcomes associated with distinct PD-MCI cognitive subtypes, and (b) to identify structural and functional MRI brain changes associated with the frontostriatal and posterior cortical subtypes.Therefore, we performed a systematic review which showed a gap in the scientific literature given that only ten neuroimaging studies considering PD-MCI subtypes were identified. Thereafter, we conducted two studies to identify structural and resting-state functional MRI modifications in PD-MCI subtypes. We used data from non-demented PD patients (n=114) whose cognitive subtype was determined by their cognitive performance at a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery: (a) patients with normal cognition (PD-NC) (n=41), (b) patients with a frontostriatal subtype (PD-FS) (n=16), (c) patients with a posterior cortical subtype (PD-PC) (n=25) and (d) patients with a mixed subtype (PD-MS) (i.e. combination of frontostriatal and posterior cortical deficits) (n=32). For functional analyses, data from 24 age-matched healthy controls were also used.Our results showed (a) more abundant and more extensive structural alterations in patients with posterior cortical deficits (PD-PC and PD-MS), (b) increased functional connectivity within the basal ganglia in PD-PC patients and (c) decreased functional connectivity in various resting-state networks in patients with frontostriatal deficits (PD-FS and PD-MS). Further longitudinal studies are needed to assess the progression of these structural and functional modifications and to determine the predictive potential of these markers regarding the risk of developing dementia
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Ging-Jehli, Nadja Rita. "On the implementation of Computational Psychiatry within the framework of Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555338342285251.
Повний текст джерела
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White, Sarah Jane. "Subtypes in the autism spectrum : relating cognition to behaviour." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445183/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Three main theories have attempted to characterise autism at the cognitive level: theory of mind, executive function and central coherence but none are able to account for all the behavioural manifestations seen across different children. This thesis is concerned with heterogeneity within the autism spectrum that might exist at the cognitive level and how this relates to behaviour. 57 high-functioning 7-12 year olds with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 28 normally-developing children participated in tasks tapping into these three cognitive domains, as well as intelligence and head size. Their parents completed interviews concerning their behavioural symptoms. Support for the relevance of all three theories to ASD was found, with significant group differences between the ASD and control groups. Approximately 50% of the children with ASD displayed a detectable theory of mind impairment, 33% executive dysfunction and 20% weak central coherence, and all possible combinations of impairment were found. A further puzzling 40% of children displayed no detectable impairment, indicating either a misdiagnosis, that the tests were not sensitive enough, or that there was an additional cause not investigated here. Theory of mind and executive function abilities were found to be closely related, whilst central coherence was independent of these skills, indicating that at least two cognitive subtypes were present in the current sample. The emerging hypothesis was that theory of mind impairment adversely affected performance in unstructured executive function tests through a lack of understanding of implicit task demands. Only theory of mind and verbal ability were found to predict specific aspects of the behavioural triad. In addition, the presence of weak central coherence was related to the increased head size found in 20% of ASD cases, providing a possible endophenotype for this cognitive skill.
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Bluschke, A., V. Roessner, and C. Beste. "Specific cognitive–neurophysiological processes predict impulsivity in the childhood attention-deficit: hyperactivity disorder combined subtype." Cambridge University Press, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70744.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood. Besides inattention and hyperactivity, impulsivity is the third core symptom leading to diverse and serious problems. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying impulsivity in ADHD are still not fully understood. This is all the more the case when patients with the ADHD combined subtype (ADHD-C) are considered who are characterized by both symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.
Method. Combining high-density electroencephalography (EEG) recordings with source localization analyses, we examined what information processing stages are dysfunctional in ADHD-C (n = 20) compared with controls (n = 18).
Results. Patients with ADHD-C made more impulsive errors in a Go/No-go task than healthy controls. Neurophysiologically, different subprocesses from perceptual gating to attentional selection, resource allocation and response selection processes are altered in this patient group. Perceptual gating, stimulus-driven attention selection and resource allocation processes were more pronounced in ADHD-C, are related to activation differences in parieto-occipital networks and suggest attentional filtering deficits. However, only response selection processes, associated with medial prefrontal networks, predicted impulsive errors in ADHD-C.
Conclusions. Although the clinical picture of ADHD-C is complex and a multitude of processing steps are altered, only a subset of processes seems to directly modulate impulsive behaviour. The present findings improve the understanding of mechanisms underlying impulsivity in patients with ADHD-C and might help to refine treatment algorithms focusing on impulsivity.
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Robson, Stacey. "Maladaptive cognitive processes during exposure in people with OCD (checking subtype)." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2048/.
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Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is regarded as one of the most efficacious psychological treatments of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and is recommended in the recent National Institute for Clinical Excellence guidelines (NICE, 2006). Despite this, comparative studies have consistently shown CBT to be no more effective than Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP; McLean et al., 2001). Recently, cognitive theories of OCD have identified specific cognitive mechanisms involved in symptom-based subtypes of OCD (OCCWG, 1997,2005). It is possible that specifically targeting these mechanisms may increase the efficacy of the cognitive component of treatment (McKay et al., 2004). This study aims to expand on recent research that suggests that repeated checking behaviours are maladaptive coping strategies that serve to maintain the difficulty (Rachman, 2002). Because previous research suggests that individuals with checking rituals are more likely to have an intolerance of uncertainty (Tolin et al., 2003), it is possible that they will also use specific cognitive safety behaviours to try to manage their anxiety during exposure. The current study hypothesized that the use of a memory search and a reasoning task during exposure would lead to a decrease in memory detail and confidence,and an increase in urge to check and anxiety. Data were collected from five participants currently on the waiting list for clinical psychology services. A single case experimental design with counterbalancing was used to test each hypothesis. The results of the study were mixed and showed little change in all four experimental conditions. Furthermore, mean change scores were inconsistent with the research hypotheses. That is, the use of a memory search and a reasoning task did not appear to have a maladaptive effect. The clinical and research implications of the results are discussed along with several limitations of the study. On the basis of the findings, it was concluded that OCD is a heterogeneousd isorder and that further research is needed to examine the suitability of subtyping in OCD and the implications this has for treatment.
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Seichepine, Daniel Ryon. "Vision, perception, visuospatial cognition and everyday function in subtypes of Parkinson's disease." Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/31598.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityPLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
Parkinson's disease (PD) has traditionally been viewed as a movement disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity, akinesia, and impaired posture and gait, but more recent work documents a range of concomitant non-motor symptoms including changes in sensation, perception, and visuospatial cognition. PD subtypes are defined by characteristics of motor symptoms at disease onset, such as type of symptom (tremor, non-tremor) and body side of symptom onset, but the nature of the non-motor symptoms accompanying these subtypes is relatively unknown. The first two studies explored visual perceptual and spatial function in relation to PD subtypes. PD patients with non-tremor symptoms at onset were hypothesized to perform more poorly than those with tremor onset because of greater cortical and subcortical neuropathology. Patients with symptoms starting on the left side of the body were hypothesized to perform more poorly than right-onset patients on visuospatial functioning, reflecting hemispheric asymmetries in dopamine levels. The third study examined an intervention to counteract visual deficits relevant to activities of daily living (ADLs) in PD in general. Study 1 used a self-report measure to identify which visual domains are most affected in PD subtypes, as well as objective measures of visual functioning. Patients with non-tremor onset, but not those with tremor onset, had impairments in contrast sensitivity and specific visual ADLs. Study 2 used a standard neuropsychological measure to assess visuospatial functioning in PD subtypes. Patients with left-side motor symptoms at onset and non-tremor symptoms at onset performed significantly more poorly than the control group. Study 3 examined the effect of visually-based environmental enhancements on five instrumental ADLs in PD and control participants. These enhancements improved performance on specific ADLs in both groups. The present studies provided evidence for reduced contrast sensitivity, worse visuospatial functioning, and more self-reported problems with visual ADLs in the nontremor PD subtype than in those with tremor at onset, and worse visuospatial functioning in patients with left than right motor symptoms at onset. Characterizing perceptual and cognitive changes in PD subtypes provides a more complete picture of the disorder. Future studies should focus on the relation between these changes and ADLs in PD subtypes.
2031-01-01
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Ter-Stepanian, Mariam. "Executive functioning in children diagnosed with ADHD : examining DSM-IV subtypes and comorbid disorders." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111520.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective. To examine the profile of executive function (EF) performance in children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as function of their subtypes and comorbid disorders. Methods. Two hundred and eighteen, 6-12 year old children clinically diagnosed with ADHD were characterised according to their clinical profile. Various EF domains were assessed while children were not on medication. General cognitive performance was assessed using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Results. 54.1% of children were diagnosed with combined subtype, 34.9% with inattentive subtype and 11% with hyperactive subtype. Significant age difference was found in ADHD subtype distribution and significant age and IQ difference was found in EF performance. After controlling for age and IQ no association was found between EF and ADHD subtypes or EF and comorbid disorders. Conclusion. These results indicate that age and IQ play an important role in cognitive task performance.
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MacLeod, Jaclyn. "How social problem-solving, meta-cognition and autobiographical memory differ in negative subtypes of psychosis." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8461/.
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Background: Negative symptoms in schizophrenia are an important area of research due to their relationship with reduced quality of life. Interventions targeting defeatist beliefs have been found to improve negative symptoms, which are also associated with poor meta-cognition and autobiographical memory. Understanding metacognition may help us to understand the processes that affect social problem-solving (SPS) and negative symptoms, and together this information may help focus newer, more effective interventions. Aims: The aims of this study were to examine how negative symptoms experienced by people with schizophrenia interact with meta-cognitive, autobiographical memory and social problem-solving deficits. Method: This was a cross-sectional study of 14 inpatients from the community mental health inpatient and forensic directorate wards across GGandC who had a diagnosis of schizophrenia and were experiencing difficulties with negative symptoms. Participants were asked to complete measures of social problem-solving, mood and negative symptoms. They were then asked to complete four social problem-solving scenarios, then asked questions about their life using the Indiana Psychiatric Illness Inventory (IPII) and finally they were presented with the AM task which consisted of 15 words and each required the participant to attribute the word to a specific memory. Finally, participants were categorized into predominant or prominent symptom profiles for comparison between groups. Results: Participants were found to have lower levels of avolition and alogia if they have a positive orientation to solving problems and are able to consider various options when trying to solve a problem. In addition the meta-cognition subscale of mastery was positively related to actual problem-solving performance and effectiveness. Conclusion: Post hoc analysis found that the negative symptoms of avolition and alogia are positively associated with the functional problem-solving constructs of rational problem-solving and positive problem orientation. Whilst this study experienced major methodological limitations the findings could guide future studies to focus on attitudes and actual problem-solving ability, which could be important factors in relation to interventions for negative symptoms.
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Borden, Michael Christopher. "Social subtypes in autism : an examination of their validity and relations to measures of social cognition /." Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-135801/.
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Lau, Katherine S. L. "Big Five Personality Traits, Pathological Personality Traits, and Psychological Dysregulation: Predicting Aggression and Antisocial Behaviors in Detained Adolescents." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1747.
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This study tested the utility of three different models of personality, namely the social and personality model, the pathological personality traits model, and the psychological dysregulation model, in predicting overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency in a sample of detained boys (ages 12 to 18; M age = 15.31; SD = 1.16). Results indicated that the three personality approaches demonstrated different unique associations with aggression and delinquency. The psychological dysregulation approach, composed of behavioral dysregulation, emotional dysregulation, and cognitive dysregulation, emerged as the overall best predictor of overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency. After controlling for the Big Five personality traits, psychological dysregulation accounted for significant variance in overt aggression and delinquency, but not relational aggression. After controlling for callous-unemotional traits and narcissistic traits, psychological dysregulation also accounted for significant variance in overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency. Psychological dysregulation did not account for significant variance in aggression or delinquency after controlling for borderline traits. The pathological personality traits approach, comprised of callous-unemotional traits, narcissistic traits, and borderline traits performed second best. In particular, within this approach borderline traits accounted for the most unique variance, followed by narcissistic traits, then callous-unemotional traits. Borderline traits accounted for significant variance in overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency when controlling for the Big Five traits, but not after controlling for psychological dysregulation. Narcissistic traits only accounted for significant variance in overt aggression and relational aggression after controlling for the Big Five personality traits, but not after controlling for psychological dysregulation. CU traits only accounted for significant variance in overt aggression after controlling for the Big Five personality traits, but not after controlling for psychological dysregulation. The social and personality model, represented by the Big Five personality traits accounted for the least amount of variance in the prediction of aggression and delinquency, on its own, and when pitted against the other two personality approaches. The exception was that the Big Five personality traits accounted for significant variance in relational aggression beyond narcissistic traits, as well as psychological dysregulation. These findings have implications for assessment and intervention with aggressive and antisocial youth.
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Lüttgen, Maria. "Serotonergic receptor subtypes in learning and memory : focus on 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT2A receptors /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-628-6148-4/.
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Jekel, Katrin [Verfasser], and Lutz [Akademischer Betreuer] Frölich. "Herausforderungen des 'Mild Cognitive Impairment'-Konzepts: Die Beeinträchtigung von Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens und die Klassifikation von Subtypen / Katrin Jekel ; Betreuer: Lutz Frölich." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1180614755/34.
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Müller, Stephan [Verfasser], and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Hautzinger. "Cognitive Impairment and Autobiographical Memory in Elderly Patients with Multiple Sclerosis – Subtype Classification and Comparison with Alzheimer’s Disease / Stephan Müller ; Betreuer: Martin Hautzinger." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1162843632/34.
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Auphan, Pauline. "Evaluation et entraînements informatisés de la compréhention en lecture chez des enfants et adolescents autistes sans déficience intellectuelle (HFASD)." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2011.
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La lecture est une compétence complexe du fait de la multiplicité des processus sousjacents. Il est couramment admis une vue simple de la lecture (Simple View of Reading-SVR, Hoover & Gough, 1990) regroupant ces processus en deux composantes : l’identification de mots écrits et la compréhension. Des difficultés dans l’une, l’autre ou dans les deuxcomposantes entraineraient des difficultés pour accéder à une lecture fonctionnelle (Cain & Oakhill, 2006).Les enfants et adolescents autistes sans déficience intellectuelle (high-functioning with autism spectrum disorders – HFASD) semblent particulièrement affectés par les difficultés en lecture, notamment au niveau des processus de compréhension (Huemer & Mann, 2010). Toutefois, la présence spécifique d’un profil de faible compreneur chez les sujets HFASD ne fait pas consensus et requiert de préciser leurs performances en lecture à partir d’évaluations détaillées pour proposer ensuite des stratégies remédiatives ciblées. L’expansion des nouvelles technologies offre pour cela des perspectives prometteuses.Les thèmes de la lecture, de l’autisme et des technologies informatisées sont ainsi abordés à travers les questions de l’évaluation et de l’entrainement. D’une part, peut-on évaluer simplement mais efficacement la lecture à l’aide d’épreuves informatisées reprenant le cadre de la SVR ? Une telle évaluation peut-elle être pertinente pour comprendre lesdifficultés en lecture des élèves HFASD ? D’autre part, un entrainement informatisé ciblé sur les processus de compréhension, en situation écologique, peut-il être efficace pour remédier aux difficultés en lecture des sujets HFASD ? Comment évaluer l’efficacité et la qualité d’un outil informatisé d’entrainement des processus de compréhension ?Premièrement, un outil informatisé d’évaluation construit sur la base de l’approche SVR a été proposé à 485 élèves du CE1 à la 3ème dans le but d’identifier des profils de lecteurs. Les résultats révèlent la présence de profils de lecteurs variés avec une majorité de bons lecteurs et sept profils de lecteurs en difficultés dont quatre ne sont pas prédits par la SVR remettant ainsi en question la simplicité de cette approche pour modéliser précisément l’habileté en lecture. L’évaluation informatisée a ensuite été proposée à 22 élèves HFASD. Les résultats révèlent des profils variés avec une majorité de lecteurs ayant des difficultés pas nécessairement spécifiques aux processus de compréhension. Ces résultats semblent cohérents avec la forte hétérogénéité de l’échantillon et renvoient à l’exigence d’une évaluation basée sur un cadre de la lecture plus étendu pour ces enfants.Deuxièmement, un outil informatisé d’entrainement de la compréhension ayant fait l’objet d’une validation expérimentale a été proposé à 13 élèves HFASD du CM1 à la 3ème. Une première étude a évalué l’efficacité du logiciel à partir d’un protocole pré-test/entrainement/post-test conçu pour combiner des analyses de groupes et de cas multiples. Les résultats soulignent la nécessité d’utiliser des protocoles spécifiques aux études de cas pour cette population particulière afin de limiter l’impact de l’hétérogénéité intra-individuelle. Les conditions de mises en œuvre de cet entrainement en situation écologique sont discutées. Une dernière étude a examiné les qualités ergonomiques du logiciel d’entrainement à l’aide dequestionnaires complétés par des utilisateurs. Les réponses soulignent la simplicité d’utilisation du logiciel mais également un manque de flexibilité limitant les possibilités de l’adapter à un maximum d’utilisateurs dont les élèves HFASD. Des suggestions d’améliorations sont discutéesReading is a complex skill due to the multiplicity of underlying processes. A Simple View of Reading (SVR, Hoover & Gough, 1990) is commonly considered, combining these processes into two components: word reading and comprehension. Difficulties in one, the other, or both, would lead to difficulties in reaching functional reading (Cain & Oakhill, 2006).Children and adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD) appear to be particularly affected by reading difficulties especially considering comprehension processes (Huemer & Mann, 2010). However, the presence of a specific low comprehender subtype in students with HFASD is not consensus-based and requires to clearly specifying their reading ability on the basis of a detailed assessment in order to provide targeted remediation strategies. The expansion of new technologies offers promising prospects for this.Themes of reading, autism and computerized technologies are thus addressed through the questions of assessment and training. On the one hand, can one simply and efficiently evaluate the reading using computer-based assessment that incorporates the framework of the SVR? Can such an assessment be relevant to understand the reading difficulties of subjects with HFASD? On the other hand, can computer-based training targeting comprehension processes, in an ecological situation, be effective in remedying the reading difficulties of children and adolescents with HFASD? How to evaluate the effectiveness and quality of such a computer-based training tool for comprehension?First, a computer-based assessment tool built on the basis of the SVR framework was proposed to 485 students from grade 2 to grade 9 in order to identify reader subtypes within this population. Results reveal various reader subtypes with a majority of good readers and seven subtypes of readers with difficulties. Four of those seven are not predicted by the SVRthus questioning the simplicity of this framework to accurately model reading skills. The computer-based assessment was then proposed to 22 children and adolescent with HFASD. Results reveal varied subtypes with a majority of readers experiencing difficulties not necessarily specific to comprehension processes. These results seem consistent with thestrong heterogeneity of the sample and call for the need to provide an assessment based on a wider reading framework for these children.Secondly, a computer-based training tool for comprehension was proposed to 13 HFASD students from grade 1 to grade 3. This tool has already been validated experimentally with typically developing children and adolescents exhibiting specific low comprehender subtype. A first study investigated the effectiveness of the software from a pretest/training/post-test protocol designed to combine group and case study analyzes. The results emphasize the need to use protocols specific to case study for this particular population in order to limit the impact of intra-individual heterogeneity. The conditions for implementing this training in an ecological situation are discussed. A final study examined the ergonomic qualities of the training tool using questionnaires completed by users. Answers emphasize the tool’s simplicity of use but also a lack of flexibility limiting the possibilities to adapt it to a maximum of users of which the subjects with HFASD. Suggestions for improvements are discussed
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Carail, Emilie. "Modélisation bayésienne et étude expérimentale du rôle de l'attention visuelle dans l'acquisition des connaissances lexicales orthographiques Modeling the length effect for words in lexical decision : The role of visual attention Lexical orthographic knowledge acquisition in adults : the whole-word visual processing impact Comprendre l’apprentissage orthographique et ses difficultés : apports et critiques des dernières modélisations computationnelles Variety of cognitive profiles in poor readers : Evidence for a VAS-impaired subtype. Incidental learning of novel words in adults : Effects of exposure and visual attention on eye movements The role of attention in visual word recognition : A Bayesian modeling approach From the eye to the page : Where we look when we’re reading." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS032.
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Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le rôle de l’attention visuelle lors de l’acquisition, par un lecteur expert, de nouvelles connaissances lexicales orthographiques. Notre contribution est double. D'une part, nous développons un nouveau modèle computationnel, probabiliste d’apprentissage orthographique. Notre modèle, nommé BRAID-Learn, est une extension de BRAID, un modèle probabiliste hiérarchique de la reconnaissance visuelle de mots et de décision lexicale. D'autre part, nous apportons des données expérimentales originales sur l’évolution des mouvements oculaires lors de l’apprentissage incident de formes orthographiques nouvelles et démontrons la capacité du modèle à rendre compte de ces observations. Notre contribution est décrite dans trois articles.Dans le premier article, nous simulons l’effet de longueur tel qu'observé expérimentalement pour les mots en décision lexicale dans le French Lexicon Project. À travers 5 simulations, nous montrons que l’attention visuelle module l’effet de longueur et que réaliser plusieurs fixations attentionnelles lors du traitement des mots longs (à partir de 7 lettres) réduit l’effet de longueur au lieu de l’accentuer. Cette étude nous permet de calibrer les paramètres du sous-module de décision lexicale de notre modèle d’apprentissage.Le second article porte sur l'étude expérimentale du comportement oculomoteur de lecteurs adultes experts lors de l’apprentissage incident de mots nouveaux. Nous montrons que le nombre de fixation et la durée de traitement évoluent en fonction du nombre d'exposition avec un nouveau mot, témoignant du renforcement progressif de sa représentation orthographique en mémoire. Des données exploratoires suggèrent qu’apprentissage orthographique et comportements oculomoteurs sont également modulés par les capacités visuo-attentionnelles des participants.Dans le troisième et dernier article, nous présentons le modèle d’apprentissage BRAID-Learn et testons sa capacité à rendre compte des données oculomotrices précédemment décrites en condition d’apprentissage orthographique. Le modèle repose sur deux hypothèses originales. La première est que le système contrôle les paramètres visuo-attentionnels afin d'optimiser l'accumulation d'informations perceptives sur l’identité des lettres du stimulus et, donc, de construire efficacement une nouvelle trace orthographique pendant l’apprentissage. La seconde hypothèse est que la familiarité lexicale, c'est-à-dire, la probabilité que le stimulus présenté soit un mot connu, module l’influence descendante des représentations lexicales sur la perception des lettres. Nous montrons que le modèle reproduit avec succès les observations, c'est-à-dire la diminution du nombre de fixations et du temps de traitement pour les mots nouveaux au fil des répétitions.BRAID-Learn est le premier modèle d’apprentissage orthographique à établir un lien explicite entre acquisition orthographique et mouvements oculomoteurs en condition d’apprentissage incident. Une autre contribution importante de cette thèse est de montrer et préciser le rôle de l’attention visuelle dans l’apprentissage orthographique, suggérant que cette dimension pourrait être fortement impliquée dans le passage du mode de lecture analytique caractéristique de l’apprenant au mode de lecture global qui caractérise le lecteur expertIn this thesis, we study the role of visual attention when an expert reader acquires new orthographic lexical knowledge. Our contribution is twofold. On the one hand, we develop an original computational, probabilistic model of orthographic learning. Our model, named BRAID-Learn, is an extension of BRAID, a hierarchical probabilistic model of visual word recognition and lexical decision. On the other hand, we gather original experimental data on the evolution of eye movements during incidental learning of new orthographic forms and demonstrate the ability of the model to account for these observations. Our contribution is described in three articles.In the first article, we simulate the length effect as experimentally observed for words in lexical decision in the French Lexicon Project. Through 5 simulations, we show that visual attention modulates the length effect and that several attentional fixations during the processing of long words (7 letters or more) reduces the length effect, instead of accentuating it. This study allows us to calibrate the parameters of the lexical decision sub-model of our learning model.The second article focuses on the experimental study of oculomotor behavior of expert adult readers during the incidental learning of new words. We show that the number of fixations and processing duration vary according to the number of exposures to a novel word, testifying to the progressive strengthening of its orthographic representation in memory. Exploratory data suggest that orthographic learning and oculomotor behaviors are also modulated by the visual-attentional abilities of the participants.In the third and final article, we present the learning model BRAID-Learn and test its ability to account for previously described oculomotor data in orthographic learning conditions. The model is based on two original hypotheses. The first is that the system controls the visual-attentional parameters in order to optimize the accumulation of perceptual information on letters of the stimulus and, therefore, to efficiently build a new orthographic trace during learning. The second hypothesis is that lexical familiarity, that is, the probability that the stimulus presented is a known word, modulates the top-down influence of lexical representations on letter perception. We show that the model successfully reproduces the observations, namely the decrease of the number of fixations as well as processing duration for novel words across exposures.BRAID-Learn is the first orthographic learning model to establish an explicit link between orthographic learning and eye movements observed during the incidental orthographic learning. Another contribution of this thesis is to show and clarify the role of visual attention in orthographic learning, suggesting that this dimension could be strongly involved in the transition from serial reading, that characterizes learning readers, to global reading, that characterizes expert readers
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O'Donnell, Louise Semrud-Clikeman Margaret. "Cognitive and memory performance patterns associated with ADHD subtypes." 2004. http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/2146/odonnelll042.pdf.
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O'Donnell, Louise. "Cognitive and memory performance patterns associated with ADHD subtypes." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2146.
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Booth, Jane Elizabeth. "Cognitive processes of inattention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/468.
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Booth, Jane Elizabeth Carlson Caryn L. "Cognitive processes of inattention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes." 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3117856.
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王淳弘. "The relationship between cognitive function and behavior performance in ADHD subtypes." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01155403014115826191.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立政治大學
心理學研究所
94
The purpose of this study is to explore that if ADHD subtypes which are discriminated by behavioral symptoms could reflect the same discriminance on cognitive functions. In this study, the performance of inattention and hyperactive/impulsive behavioral symptoms are measured by the behavioral symptom scale, DBRS; and the performance of inattention and hyperactive/impulsive cognitive functions are measured by the neuropsychological testing, GDS. The hypotheses of this study are that the different ADHD subtypes which are measured by behavioral symptom scale, DBRS, should have different performance pattern of cognitive functions in GDS. This study sorts 63 male subjects, aged from 6 to 9 years old, into 4 subtypes and compares the differences by one way ANOVA and explores the relationships by Pearson product-moment correlation, so as to exam the cognitive differences and the relationships between subtypes on neuropsychological test, GDS. The results show that the subtypes which is discriminated by DBRS have no significant differences on most related cognitive-functioning indexes of GDS. Most testing indexes do not support the hypothese in this study. From the samples of this study the results show that the performance of behavioral symptoms on DBRS, based on mother's evaluation of subject's behavior, and subjects’ performance of cognitive functions on GDS do not have consistent or matched patern. The probabilistic explanation and related suggestion will be proposed in discussion.
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O'Leary, Emily Marie McHugh. "Cognitive processing characteristics in obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Canterbury /." 2005. http://library.canterbury.ac.nz/etd/adt-NZCU20070328.155843.
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Yen, Miao-Ni, and 顏妙倪. "The Effects of Depressed Mood and Subtypes of Rumination on Cognitive Control and Memory Efficacy during/after Postperceptual Reflective Processes." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70624718571968260841.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
心理學研究所
100
The present study investigated the relation between depressed mood and cognitive efficacy. Prior research has indicated that depressive ruminators demonstrate attentional bias and impaired disengagement of attention for negative emotional stimuli when these stimuli are present. However, it remains unclear as to their cognitive efficacy when they are cued to mentally refresh these no-longer present stimuli. With sub-clinical depression individuals as participants, this pilot study used Refresh task (Johnson & Raye, 2002) and Surprise Recognition task to explore the cognitive control and memory efficacy during/after postperceptual reflective processes. It was predicted that the disphorics would show lower efficacy in cognitive control, especially for negative emotional stimuli. Besides, the associations with mental-rubbernecking would differ for brooding and reflection, the two subtypes of rumination. Moreover, this study also explored if memory efficacy after refreshing would differ in different disphoric groups. Ninety-eight participants completed inventories (including BDI, BAI, and RRS-short form) and participated in the Refresh task and Surprise Recognition task. The results showed that for cognitive control, with reaction time as dependent variable, a three-way ANOVA of 2 (group: dysphoric/non-dysphoric) × 2 (trial condition: repeat/refresh) × 2 (target word: neutral/depressive) mixed design indicated that the three way interaction was not significant, whereas it was significant when the groups were divided by brooding. Specifically, the high brooders showed lower cognitive control over refreshing the depressive words. For memory efficacy after refreshing, with sensitivity(d’) and response bias(c) as dependent variables, the three-way ANOVA of 2 (group: dysphoric/non-dysphoric) × 2 (word condition: repeated/refreshed) × 2 (word valence: neutral/depressive) mixed design indicated that a significant three way interaction for both the two measures. Specifically, the memory accuracy of the non-dysphorics was not influenced by modes of information processing or valence of stimulus, while the dysphorics showed overall poor performance, except for the refreshed depressive words. Meanwhile, the dysphorics preferred to response to the refreshed depressive words. Furthermore, while reflection was not associated with mental-rubbernecking, brooding was correlated with the latter negatively. Taken together, the results revealed that there were different effects for depression and rumination on cognitive control. Moreover, brooding was a maladaptive subtype of rumination. What’s more, the dysphorics had preference and memory bias to refreshed negative emotional representations, which might result in difficulties using neutral and positive materials to regulate their negative self-concept, remission from suffering emotions, or engaging in problem solving. As to clinical implications, these findings indicated the possibility of prevention or treatment of depression through such cognitive control training.
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Shepard, Katherine Noelle. "Sluggish cognitive tempo : a unique subtype of ADHD-PI or just a symptom?" 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/6649.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly
diagnosed of child clinical syndromes and is associated with poor academic achievement,
poor peer and family relations, and an elevated risk for anxiety, depression, and conduct
disorder (Barkley ,1990; Barkley, Guevremont, Anastopoulos, DuPaul, & Shelton, 1993;
Barkley, Murphy, & Kwasnik, 1996; Beiderman, Faraone, & Lapey, 1992; Fischer,
Fischer, et al., 1990; Hinshaw, 1994; Nadeau 1995; Weiss & Hechtman, 1993).
Although ADHD is one of the most commonly diagnosed and widely researched
disorders, the diagnostic criteria and defining characteristics of ADHD remain
controversial (Wolraich, 1999).
The current diagnostic formulation, as specified by the DSM-IV-TR, includes
three distinct subtypes: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder- Predominantly
Hyperactive Impulsive Type (ADHD-H), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Predominantly
Inattentive Type (ADHD-PI) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder- Combined Typed (ADHD-C). Perhaps the most controversial aspect of the current nosology is the
inclusion of the inattention symptoms within the family of ADHD diagnoses (Milich,
Balentine, Lynam, 2001). Researchers and clinicians have further posited that ADHD-PI
represents a distinct disorder with two subtypes: inattentive-disorganized and sluggish
cognitive tempo. This study explored the relation between reading fluency, sluggish
cognitive tempo symptoms, disorganized symptoms, processing speed and ADHD
diagnosis.
This study examined performance of children diagnosed 77 children diagnosed
with ADHD (i.e. 53 participants met criteria for ADHD-PI and 24 participants met
criteria for ADHD-C) on measures of cognitive functioning, processing speed, behavioral
reports, sluggish cognitive tempo, disorganization and reading fluency. Significant group
differences did not emerge on measures of processing speed, sluggish cognitive tempo
symptoms or disorganized symptoms.
Path analysis was employed to examine the simultaneous effects of processing
speed on inattention symptoms, hyperactive/impulsive symptoms, SCT symptoms, DO
symptoms, reading fluency, and internalizing symptoms. In addition, the paths from SCT
symptoms, DO symptoms, inattention symptoms, and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms
to reading fluency and internalizing symptoms were also be examined. Processing speed
had a significant direct effect on SCT symptoms, Inattention Symptoms and Reading
Fluency. In addition, SCT symptoms had a significant direct effect on anxiety symptoms.
In summary, findings from the study provide important information about the link
between processing speed, attention written, and reading fluency. Limitations of the study
and implications for future research and practice are discussed.text
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Kerne, Valerie Van Horn. "Social functioning, social cognition, and executive functioning differences associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder subtypes." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-08-6099.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ADHD is a well researched disorder in children and is associated with impairments in social functioning (Barkley, 2006). However, little is known about the etiology of social difficulties. An emerging body of literature is beginning to address the possible role social cognition may share in the social functioning outcomes in children with ADHD (Buitelaar et al., 1999; Corbett & Glidden, 2000; DaFonseca et al., 2009; Rapport et al., 2002; Sibley et al., 2010; Yuill & Lyon, 2007). Yet, research focusing on social cognition deficits in ADHD that accounts for subtype differences is limited. Some studies evaluated social cognition in CT children only (Corbett & Glidden, 2000; DaFonseca et al., 2009; Rapport et al., 2002) while other research utilized behavior ratings or sociometric studies (Matthys et al., 1999; Zentall et al., 2001). Another body of literature has examined the impact executive functioning deficits may have on social functioning (Barkley, 1997; Charman et al., 2001; Chhabildas et al., 2001). The purpose of the current study was to identify factors that predict social functioning impairments in children with ADHD as well as differentiate between ADHD subtypes. Participants included 89 youth with ages ranging from 6 to 16 years (M = 10.19, SD = 2.76). Forty-nine children met the diagnostic criteria for ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Subtype (PI) and 40 for ADHD, Combined Type (CT). Results indicated CT youth demonstrated more aggressive and rule-breaking behavior than PI youth. Measures of social cognition did not predict ADHD subtype, and when compared to a normative sample, participants performed in the average range on affect recognition and theory of mind tasks. Performance-based measures of executive functioning largely associated with inattention (i.e., vigilance, processing speed, and working memory) best predicted subtype differences with CT youth being more impaired.
Executive functioning, not social cognition, was predictive of social maladjustment in CT and PI youth. For CT youth, deficits in emotion control, shift, and initiate were related to anxiety, aggressive behavior, and depressed mood. Similarly, emotion control and shift were predictors of aggressive behavior, anxiety, and depressed mood in PI youth with deficits in self-monitoring, initiate, and inhibit as secondary predictors.text
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Tsai, Yun-Ching, and 蔡韻晴. "Examination of the Double-Deficit Hypothesis in Chinese Reading Disabilities: Comparison of Cognitive abilities among Each Subtype." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97236163970220820235.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士臺東師範學院
教育研究所
90
ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to classify the school children with reading disabilities in Chinese according to the double-deficit hypothesis of Wolf and to compare the differences of cognitive abilities and of school performance among the children of each subtype with reading disabilities. The subjects of this research are 4-year, 5-year and 6-year school children from Yung Pin Elementary School in Taipei County, Wen Shan Elementary School in Kaohsiung County, Feng Rong Elementary School and Jen Ai Elementary School in Taitung City. According to six standards, I choose 66 children with reading disabilities as my research testees. Then I use “the Phonological Awareness Test, the Naming Speed Test, the Working Memory Span Test, the Vocabulary Test, the Memory Range Test, the Symbol Substitute Test and the Basic Mathematical Concept Evaluation as my research instruments to test the cognitive abilities of the children. This research classifies the children with reading disabilities into the subtypes according to the double-deficit hypothesis of Wolf, and then these children were classified into two methods. One of classification method is “Consonants” and “Naming-Speed” and the other is “Tone and Consonants” and “Naming-Speed”. The results of such two methods are very similar. The 66 childern were classified into four subtypes, and the results of this research are below: A. Subtype I: “Normal Group on Phonology and Naming-Speed” Because all testees of this research come into existence through a series of standards for children with reading disabilities, the number of this group is the minimum. Although it is difficult for the Subtype I to do well on the variable of school performance: Word Recognition and Reading Comprehension； the school performance of this group is still the best among four groups. And the performance of the children of the Subtype I on the cognitive variable is better than other three groups. B. Subtype II: “Deficient Group on Phonology” In two methods for classifying the group with reading disabilities, the number of the Subtype II is the maximum. It is difficult for the Subtype II to do well on the phonological awareness ability. Especially, the variable of “Consonants” is one standard deviation lower than the average. This research also shows that most of the children with reading disabilities have difficulties in the phonology. C. Subtype III: “Deficient Group on Naming-Speed” The performance of this group on the naming speed is the worst. Almost of all performances on the naming speed test is one standard deviation lower than the average. This research finds that the performance on the naming speed of the phonetic notation is the worst and the second worst is the naming speed of numbers among seven naming tests. D. Subtype IV: “Double-Deficit Group” The performance of this group on the cognitive abilities is worse than other three groups and the school performance on the word recognition and the reading comprehension is the worst among four groups. The results of this research are consistent with the double-deficit hypothesis of Wolf, representing that it is very difficult for the double-deficits group to do well on the phonological abilities and the naming speed abilities. Besides, the children of this subtype are the worst in the reading disabilities. This research provides suggestions on education, research limits and future researches according such results. Key Words: Reading Disabilities, Double-deficit Hypothesis, Phonological Awareness, and Naming Speed
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Julien, Dominic. "Étude des intrusions cognitives et des croyances dysfonctionnelles reliées au trouble obsessionnel-compulsif." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6376.
Повний текст джерела