Дисертації з теми "Cognitics"

The most representative models of cognitive development following the new outcomes of psychological theories are presented. Then a brief analysis of the models in terms of six factors related to different areas in psychology and social sciences (importance of each stage, processes, knowledge, individual differences, context and limits in the cognitive development) is developed. Finally, an integration of the model developed by Sincoff and Sternberg (1989) is presented.
Se presentan los modelos más representativos del desarrollo cognitivo según los avances en las teorías psicológicas. Luego se realiza un breve análisis de los modelos en función a seis factores relacionados con diferentes áreas de la psicología y las ciencias sociales (importancia de cada etapa, procesos, conocimiento, diferencias individuales, contexto y limitaciones en el desarrollo cognitivo). Finalmente se presenta una propuesta de integración de los modelos actuales del desarrollo cognitivo desarrollado por Sincoff y Sternberg (1989)

L’industrie aéronautique poursuit depuis de nombreuses années l’objectif d’un niveau optimal de sécurité dans le cadre du transport aérien. En ce qui concerne l’aviation militaire, plus exactement tactique, cette priorité se double d’une recherche de performance de plus en plus élevée et polymorphe. Ce qui caractérise ce type d’aviation, c’est le rapport entre la performance poursuivie et les risques acceptés. Il dépend essentiellement du contexte et des enjeux des missions à réaliser.L’approche facteur humain constitue un levier d’action majeur pour permettre la réalisation de cet enjeu. Ainsi, dans le cadre contraint de l’aéronautique, la conception et la mise au point d’outils permettant d’assister la cognition des équipages demeure une perspective d’avenir même si la formation des pilotes devient également un enjeu majeur pour les prochaines années. Dans ce contexte, la gestion des ressources cognitives, et plus particulièrement les stratégies spécifiques de gestion mises en place par les pilotes, sont centrales au processus de prise de décision sous contraintes.Dans une démarche de recherche et d’ingénierie en cognitique, nous avons entrepris une étude impliquant des pilotes et permettant la compréhension de ces mécanismes ainsi que la production de recommandations pour la conception d’outil d’aide à la gestion de leurs ressources cognitives. A partir de l’analyse du retour d’expériences, et sur la base des résultats d’une approche expérimentale préliminaire, nous avons construit un protocole pour mettre en évidence les stratégies mises en place par les pilotes, dans le cadre d’une activité réelle, lors de la descente et de l’approche finale sur l’aéroport de Clermont-Ferrand avec une panne critique. Les résultats expérimentaux conciliés à nos hypothèses de compréhension sur la gestion des ressources cognitives et les stratégies de gestion, achèvent notre analyse et nos recommandations pour un outil d’aide à la gestion des ressources des pilotes.14 équipages d’Airbus A400M de l’armée de l’air ont participés à cette évaluation en simulateur
The aviation industry has for many years pursued the objective of an optimum level of safetyin the air transport sector. With regard to military aviation, more precisely tactical, thispriority is coupled with an increasingly high and polymorphic search for performance. Whatcharacterize this type of aviation is the relationship between the performance pursued and theaccepted risks. It depends essentially on the context and the stakes of the missions to becarried out.The human factor approach is a major leverage for achieving this challenge. Thus, within theconstrained domain of aeronautics, the design and development of tools to assist crewcognition remains a prospect for the future, even if pilot training also becomes a majorchallenge for the coming years. In this context, the management of cognitive resources, and inparticular the specific management strategies put in place by the pilots, are central to thedecision-making process under constraints.In a research and engineering approach in cognition, we undertook a study involving pilotsand allowing the understanding of these mechanisms as well as the production ofrecommendations for the design of tools to help manage their cognitive resources. On thebasis of the analysis of feedback, and results of a preliminary experimental approach, we havebuilt a protocol to highlight the strategies implemented by the pilots in the context of anactivity during the descent and the final approach on the Clermont-Ferrand airport with acritical breakdown. The experimental results reconciled with our understanding hypotheseson the management of cognitive resources and management strategies, complete our analysisand recommendations for a tool to help manage the resources of the pilots

Les double-tâches consistant à effectuer simultanément une tâche motrice et une tâche cognitive sont fréquemment utilisées pour étudier les relations entre la cognition et la motricité. L’interaction cognitivo-motrice se définit par une modification de performance dans l’une ou l’autre tâche lorsqu’elles sont réalisées conjointement. Un premier postulat est la présence d’une interaction lorsque la réalisation des deux tâches implique l’activation de structures cérébrales et/ou processus cognitifs similaires. D’autre part, une altération de la performance dans l’une ou l’autre tâche peut également s’expliquer par l’utilisation de l’ensemble des ressources centrales disponibles pour les deux tâches. Plusieurs études rapportent une diminution des capacités en double-tâche avec l’avancée en âgé et plus spécifiquement encore chez des patients âgés présentant un un trouble cognitif léger (MCI) Cependant, les facteurs comme la nature de la tâche cognitive ou de la tâche motrice influençant l’interaction cognitivo-motrice et permettant d’isoler l’effet du vieillissement sain ainsi que l’effet d’un trouble cognitif léger (MCI) n’ont pas encore été établis. Cette dissertation doctorale a mis en évidence que l’interaction cognitivo-motrice n’était pas systématiquement présente et dépendait des caractéristiques des tâches cognitives et motrices. Nos données ont également montré qu’une tâche de locomotion dans un escalier, considérée comme plus complexe, était plus à même de générer une interaction cognitivo-motrice. De plus, si cette dernière s’associe à une tâche cognitive de type exécutive, les performances en double-tâche sont d’autant plus diminuées chez les seniors sains comparativement à des jeunes. De la même manière, nos résultats montrent aussi qu’une double-tâche comprenant une tâche de montée ou de descente d’un escalier et une tâche cognitive sollicitant le fonctionnement exécutif permettrait de différencier les patients présentant un MCI des seniors sains.Néanmoins, les améliorations des performances cognitives observées au moyen d’une stimulation transcranienne à courant continu chez des seniors sains, indique qu’il est possible de minimiser la magnitude de l’interaction cognitivo-motrice.En conclusion, le développement de double-tâches cognitivo-motrices écologiques et fonctionnelles, requérant le fonctionnement exécutif apparait pertinent pour distinguer le vieillissement sain du pathologique et ainsi améliorer encore le dépistage des troubles cognitifs précoces chez les patients MCI. Enfin, étant donné les améliorations observées au moyen d’une stimulation transcranienne chez des seniors, cette méthode pourrait représenter un outil intéressant pour minimiser le déclin cognitif chez les patients présentant un MCI.
Doctorat en Sciences de la motricité
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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In Brazil the number of elderly people is increasing and this transformation in the age structure is taking place without an improvement of the living conditions. With increased life expectancy there is a greater probability of chronic and degenerative diseases, such as Mild Cognitive Disorder (MCD). The use of cognitive stimuli through cognitive stimulation therapies (CST) causes them to regress and / or interfere with advancement. The objective was to analyze changes in cognitive profile, with emphasis on memory, before and after the execution of cognitive stimulation workshops, as well as to identify socioeconomic characteristics of sedentary elderly people who attend the Mixed Health Unit of Taguatinga, Federal District (UMS-DF). It was a descriptive experimental quantitative study, with elderly (≥60 years), diagnosed with MCD. The composite sample of 9 elderly of the OEC in the experimental group (G1) and 10 elderly did not undergo intervention in the control group (G2). The data collection was done by structured interview, application in the first and last meeting of the mini mental state examination, verbal fluency, clock, memory of figures and list of words. The CST offered to the G1, stimulation techniques were used, for one hour, weekly, in 10 meetings. In G2, daily life activities were reported for the same period, without cognitive stimulation. The descriptive data were evaluated by means of descriptive measures: means, standard deviations, median, absolute and relative frequency, with p <= 0,05. The chi-square test and t-test were applied using the SPSS 20.0 program and the R. software. Results showed mean age of 75 ± years, 84.2% female, 89.5% retired and 89.5% widowed. 17 elderly (89.5%) reported better memory a year ago. After CST, 8 (88.9%) elderly of the G1 considered their current memory as good. Although the G1 elderly had higher scores in all tests after the CST, the difference between the tests was not significant (p = 1.0). No significant differences were found in the Miniexame of the Mental State (p = 0.436). The test of the clock design evidenced the low level of schooling. G1 (p> 1) and G2 (p = 0.621), the tests were not statistically significant, affirming no or almost no change in the cognitive profile. In the tests of verbal fluency (p = 0.367), word memory and figures (p = 0.351), G2 showed no recovery in recall, despite reporting an increase in group sociability. It was concluded that although the CST do not have significant results, they have a visible effect on social integration, exchange of experiences and personal empowerment. This method can help nursing to design more effective methods and implementations for the treatment and rehabilitation of not only elderly people with MCD, but with different cognitive conditions. Perhaps longer-term studies can improve such outcomes and encompass the positive aspects of physical activity in the cognitive area.
No Brasil, é crescente o número de idosos e essa transformação na estrutura etária dá-se sem que haja um melhoramento das condições de vida. Com o aumento da expectativa de vida, há maior probabilidade de doenças crônicas e degenerativas, como o Transtorno Cognitivo Leve (TCL). A utilização de estímulos cognitivos, através de oficinas de estimulação cognitiva (OEC), causa seu retrocesso e/ou interfere no avanço. O objetivo foi analisar modificações no perfil cognitivo, com ênfase na memória, antes e após a execução das oficinas de estimulação cognitiva, assim como identificar características socioeconômicas de idosos sedentários que frequentam a Unidade Mista de Saúde de Taguatinga do Distrito Federal (UMST-DF). Foi um estudo quantitativo experimental descritivo, com idosos (≥60 anos), diagnosticados com TCL. A amostra composta de nove idosos das OEC no grupo experimental (G1) e dez idosos que não sofreram intervenção no grupo controle (G2). A coleta de dados foi feita por entrevista estruturada, aplicação no primeiro e último encontro do Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM), fluência verbal, relógio, memória de figuras e lista de palavras. As OEC oferecidas ao G1 utilizaram técnicas de estimulação, por uma hora, semanalmente, em dez encontros. No G2, foram feitos relatos das atividades da vida diária, pelo mesmo período, sem estimulação cognitiva. Os dados descritivos foram avaliados pelas medidas descritivas: médias, desvios padrões, mediana, frequência absoluta e relativa, com p<=0,05. Foram aplicados teste de qui-quadrado e teste t pelo programa SPSS 20.0 e software R. Resultados mostraram idade média de 75± anos, 84,2% feminino, 89,5% aposentados e 89,5% viúvos. 17 idosos (89,5%) relataram memória melhor há um ano. Após as OEC, oito (88,9%) idosos do G1 consideraram sua memória atual como boa. Apesar dos idosos do G1 terem pontuações maiores em todos os testes após as OEC, a diferença entre os testes não foram significativas (p= 1,0). No MEEM não surgiu diferença significativa (p=0,436). O teste do desenho do relógio evidenciou o baixo nível de escolaridade: G1 (p>1) e G2 (p= 0,621); os testes não foram significativos, afirmando nenhuma ou quase nenhuma mudança no perfil cognitivo. Nos testes de fluência verbal (p=0,367), de memória de palavras e o de figuras (p=,0,351), o G2 não mostrou recuperação na evocação da memória, apesar de relatar aumento na sociabilidade em grupo. Concluiu-se que, apesar das OEC não terem resultados estatisticamente significativos, possuem efeito visível na integração social, troca de experiências e empoderamento pessoal. Esse método pode auxiliar a enfermagem a traçar métodos e implementações mais eficazes para o tratamento e reabilitação, não só pessoas idosas com TCL, mas com diversas condições cognitivas. Talvez estudos com prazos maiores possam aprimorar tais resultados e abranger os aspectos positivos das atividades físicas na área cognitiva.

Les règles européennes Facile à Lire et à Comprendre ou FALC ont pour objectif de rendre l’information accessible à tous (Inclusion Europe, 2009). En Allemagne (Bock et al., 2017) ou en Suède (Engblom, 2019) le FALC est notamment utilisé pour l’apprentissage de la langue ou pour aider les enfants en difficulté de compréhension ou de lecture. En France, les règles du FALC sont surtout utilisées dans le domaine du handicap mental et peinent à dépasser ces frontières. Cependant, elles pourraient être intéressantes pour adapter les textes aux élèves ayant une faible maîtrise de la langue afin de les aider à comprendre un texte (Mazeau et Loty, 2020). Cette réflexion s’inscrit dans le contexte d’école inclusive en France qui garantit « l’inclusion scolaire de tous les enfants, sans aucune distinction. » (J.O 8 juillet 2013, article L. 111-1) et dont l’objectif est d’offrir à la fois une intégration physique, sociale et pédagogique aux élèves (Thomazet, 2008). Cependant, les enseignants peuvent se retrouver en difficulté : manque de ressources adaptées, charge supplémentaire de travail et manque de formation (Lavoie et al., 2013). Le FALC pourrait donc être un moyen pertinent pour aider les enseignants en école élémentaire française afin de favoriser l’inclusion des élèves à besoins spécifiques. Plusieurs problématiques émergent alors : Le FALC est-il connu et utilisé par les enseignants en école élémentaire? Peut-il s’adapter à des problématiques d’enseignement en France? Comment favoriser l’usage du FALC par les enseignants ? Au regard de la littérature, les objectifs de cette thèse sont donc les suivants : 1. S’interroger sur la place du Facile à Lire et Comprendre dans l’éducation. 2. Co-construire une méthode d’application du FALC avec les enseignants. 3. Évaluer l’apport des règles FALC pour une école inclusive. 4. Accompagner l’intégration du FALC dans les pratiques professionnelles des enseignants. Pour y répondre, nous avons réalisé une enquête préliminaire par questionnaire (Balssa et Lespinet, 2022) complétée par des entretiens. L’analyse des résultats nous a permis de créer des personas illustrant une pluralité d’enseignants confrontés à des situations variées, mais aussi d’identifier des facteurs pouvant impacter l’acceptabilité du FALC. Nous avons donc défini un modèle d’acceptabilité, à priori, du FALC par les enseignants (Balssa et Lespinet, 2023). Dérivé de l’UTAUT-2 (Venkatesh et al., 2012), il permet de s’interroger sur les freins et les leviers à prendre en compte pour concevoir une solution en FALC. Basé sur l’intention d’usage, c’est un support pour adapter le FALC et préparer le terrain à son usage, mais il ne garantit pas son acceptation en situation réelle ni son adoption à long terme (Bobillier Chaumon, 2016). Sur un principe de Recherche-Action-Formation (Gay et Prud’homme, 2011), deux enseignantes volontaires ont expérimenté le FALC en classe. L’objectif était de co-construire avec elles un projet de recherche autour du FALC, qui soit adapté à leur pédagogie et aux besoins de leurs élèves afin d’évaluer l’apport des règles du FALC en contexte scolaire. L’analyse des données recueillies se base sur les évaluations réalisées par l’enseignante, sur son expérience mais aussi sur les retours des élèves (Balssa et al., 2023b; Balssa et al., 2024 ). Ce travail a mis en lumière l’intérêt du FALC pour offrir aux élèves en difficulté une aide à la lecture, à la compréhension et plus largement à l’inclusion. Il souligne aussi la nécessité de moduler le FALC pour qu’il puisse s’adapter au contexte scolaire. La dernière partie de la thèse nous a permis de développer la première version d’une plateforme afin d’accompagner les enseignants dans l’usage du FALC. Elle s’articule autour de vidéos de formation, d’un guide pour l’usage des règles et d’un outil d’aide à la traduction en FALC afin d’adapter le FALC aux besoins pédagogiques
The European Facile à Lire et à Comprendre or Easy-to-read rules aim to make information accessible to all (Inclusion Europe, 2009). In Germany (Bock et al., 2017) and Sweden (Engblom, 2019), Easy-to-read is used for language learning and to help children with reading and comprehension difficulties. In France, Easy-to-read rules are mainly used in the field of mental disabilities, and are struggling to transcend these boundaries. However, these rules could be useful to adapt texts for students with poor language skills in order to help them in understanding a text (Mazeau and Loty, 2020). This reflection is part of the inclusive school context in France, which guarantees "the inclusion in school of all children, without any distinction." (J.O July 8, 2013, article L. 111-1) and whose aim is to offer pupils physical, social and educational integration at the same time (Thomazet, 2008). However, teachers can find themselves in difficulty: lack of relevant resources, additional workload and lack of training (Lavoie et al., 2013). Easy-to-read could therefore be a relevant means of helping teachers in French elementary schools to promote the inclusion of students with special needs. Several issues emerge: Is Easy-to-read known and used by elementary school teachers? Can it be adapted to teaching issues in France? How can we encourage teachers to use Easy-to-read ? In terms of literature, the aims of this thesis are as follows: 1. Examine the place of Facile à Lire et Comprendre in education. 2. To co-construct a method for applying Easy-to-read with teachers. 3. Assess the contribution of Easy-to-read rules to an inclusive school. 4. Support the integration of Easy-to-read into teachers’ professional practices. To answer this question, we carried out a preliminary questionnaire survey (Balssa and Lespinet, 2022), supplemented by interviews. Analysis of the results enabled us to create personas illustrating a plurality of teachers confronted with a variety of situations, but also to identify factors that could impact on the acceptability of Easy-to-read. We have therefore defined a model for the a priori acceptability of Easy-to-read to teachers (Balssa and Lespinet, 2023). Derived from UTAUT-2 (Venkatesh et al., 2012), it allows us to consider the obstacles and levers to be taken into account when designing a Easy-to-read solution. Based on the intention to use, it is a support for adapting Easy-to-read and preparing the ground for its use, but it does not guarantee its acceptance in real-life situations or its long-term adoption (Bobillier Chaumon, 2016). Based on the principle of Research-Action-Formation (Gay and Prud’homme,2011), two volunteer teachers experimented with Easy-to-read in their classroom. The aim was to co-construct with them a research project around Easy-to-read, adapted to their pedagogy and the needs of their students, in order to evaluate the contribution of Easy-to-read rules in the school context. The analysis of the data collected is based on evaluations carried out by the teacher, on the experience of but also on feedback from (Balssa et al., 2023b ; Balssa et al., 2024 ). This work has highlighted the value of Easy-to-read in helping students with difficulties to read, understand and, more broadly, to be included. It also highlights the need to modulate Easy-to-read so that it can be adapted to the school context. The last part of the thesis enabled us to develop the first version of a platform to support teachers in the use of Easy-to-read. It includes training videos, a guide to using the rules, and a Easy-to-read translation tool to adapt Easy-to-read to pedagogical needs

Cette these se situe dans le cadre d'une approche cognitive de l'activite de redaction de textes. Elle a pour objectif d'evaluer le role de la memoire de travail (baddeley, 1986) et plus particulierement celui de ces deux systemes de stockage (la boucle phonologique et le calepin visuo-spatial) dans une activite redactionnelle a partir des propositions faites par kellogg (1996). Pour mettre en evidence comment le redacteur attribue ses ressources attentionnelles aux differents processus redactionnels, le paradigme de la double tache a ete utilise. Les effets d'une tache d'appariement differe a choix multiples soit phonologique, soit visuel sur la realisation d'une tache principale de production originale de recit et de rappel de recit, ont ete etudies. De plus les redacteurs devaient utiliser un materiel verbal ou un materiel image afin de realiser leur tache principale. Les resultats des deux experiences de cette these permettent de completer les propositions de kellogg (1996) quant aux composants de stockage de la memoire de travail. L'implication du calepin visuospatial ne se limiterait pas a soutenir la seule activite du processus de planification. Dans certaines conditions, l'activation du processus de traduction impliquerait le fonctionnement du calepin visuo-spatial. Ces resultats supposent que les deux systemes esclaves de la memoire de travail opereraient bien simultanement au sein de l'activite redactionnelle et donc que des formats differents de representations sont engages dans l'activite redactionnelle.

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Objective: The aim of this study is to correlate the cognitive impairment with a severity symptoms in young adults with mood disorder, as well, to analyze the difference between the groups with diagnostic and healthy controls population- based. Methods: Cross-sectional study with young adults of 21 to 30 years old who participated from a population-base sample. The impairment cognitive were assessed using Wechsler Scale of Intelligence (WAIS-III). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), while the manic symptoms were assessed using the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Results: The total sample consisted of 83 participants which were distributed in: 13 with bipolar disorder, 34 with depressive symptoms and 36 healthy controls. The cognitive performance was not associated with severity of mood symptoms. In this sample of young adults, it was also found cognitive impairment between subjects with bipolar disorder and major depression when compared the controls. Conclusion: The results suggest that the young adults with bipolar disorder or depression don t come up with cognitive impairment when measured at WAIS III
Objetivo: Correlacionar o desempenho cognitivo com a severidade de sintomas maníacos e depressivos em adultos jovens com transtornos de humor, bem como, verificar a diferença entre os grupos com diagnóstico e controles populacionais. Método: Estudo transversal aninhado a um estudo de base populacional com jovens de 21 a 30 anos. Para avaliação do desempenho cognitivo foi utilizado a Escala Wechsler de Inteligência para Adultos (WAIS-III). Os sintomas depressivos foram avaliados através da Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), enquanto os sintomas maníacos por meio da Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Resultados: A amostra total contou com 83 participantes, os quais estavam distribuídos em: 13 com transtorno bipolar, 34 com sintomas depressivos e 36 controles saudáveis. O desempenho cognitivo não foi associado à severidade dos sintomas de humor. Nesta amostra de adultos jovens, também não foi encontrado prejuízo cognitivo entre os indivíduos com diagnóstico de transtorno bipolar e depressão quando comparados aos controles. Conclusão: Os achados sugerem que adultos jovens com transtorno bipolar ou depressão não apresentam comprometimento cognitivo quando mensurado pelo WAIS III

Depuis plusieurs années, la réalité virtuelle est largement utilisée en neuropsychologie, notamment dans le domaine de l'étude de la cognition spatiale. Son utilisation grandissante a pour but de répondre à la fois au manque de validité écologique des tests classiques et au manque de contrôle des évaluations en conditions réelles. Les études dans le domaine de la cognition spatiale ont permis de montrer la complexité de l'apprentissage et de la navigation dans les grands espaces et suggèrent également une origine cognitive multifactorielle des difficultés de navigation chez les personnes âgées. Le but de cette thèse sera tout d'abord de vérifier la validité écologique de notre application utilisant la réalité virtuelle par une comparaison directe des performances d'apprentissage et de navigation, entre apprentissages réels et virtuels chez des adultes jeunes et âgés. Il s'agira ensuite de confirmer les hypothèses sur l'origine à la fois mnésique et exécutive des difficultés de navigation liées au vieillissement. Enfin, le rôle du contrôle sensorimoteur dans l'apprentissage de grands espaces, peu étudiée pour le moment dans le cas du vieillissement sera abordé. A l'aide d'une application en réalité virtuelle, nécessitant de mémoriser un parcours dans un quartier virtuel, réplique d'un quartier de Bordeaux, nous avons étudiés les effets du vieillissement en termes de mémoire spatiale et de performance de navigation. Nous avons comparé directement les apprentissages en conditions réelles et virtuelles, en conditions actives (joystick) et passives, et nous avons mis en relation ces indicateurs avec des mesures neurocognitives et des questionnaires d'estimation des difficultés quotidiennes. Nos principaux résultats ont permis de montrer un effet négatif de l'âge sur les performances dans notre application avec des patterns équivalents entre apprentissages réels et virtuels chez les jeunes et les âgés. Nous avons obtenu une bonne relation entre les mesures obtenues grâce à notre application virtuelle et les difficultés rapportées par les jeunes mais pas de différences entre jeunes et âgés concernant les difficultés de navigation au quotidien. Ces résultats confirment la bonne validité écologique de notre application virtuelle chez les personnes âgées et favorisent ainsi l'utilisation de mesures directes de mémoire spatiale et de navigation plutôt que des questionnaires chez les personnes âgées. Ils ont également permis de montrer de manière directe le rôle des déclins mnésiques et exécutifs dans leurs difficultés de navigation. Contrairement à ce qui avait été obtenu chez les jeunes, le contrôle moteur a eu un effet négatif sur les performances de navigation chez les personnes âgées. Nous discuterons alors les hypothèses neurocognitives concernant l'origine des difficultés de navigation chez les personnes âgées, ainsi que le rôle de la dimension actif (joystick) vs. passif dans les performances de navigation des jeunes et des âgés.

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A presente pesquisa procura elencar os estudos da tradução relacionando-os aos campos da psicologia, antropologia, biologia, linguística cognitiva e literatura. Nosso objetivo é o de demonstrar a relação que existe entre a teoria do protótipo e a tradução. Ao início, explicitamos as correntes teóricas que versam sobre aquisição e aprendizagem de primeira e segunda línguas, bilinguismo, formação do tradutor, tipos de tradução, competências linguísticas relacionadas à tradução. O texto aborda e relaciona os processos psicológicos cognitivos ao ato de traduzir: introspecção, percepção, abstração, memória, pensamento, conceptualização. Apresentamos os papéis do efeito prototípico e da equivalência tradutiva, relacionando-os e conceituando-os, concluindo que há níveis de equivalência mais ou menos aceitáveis (efeito de gradiência/ prototípico) segundo o julgamento do tradutor e que há traços invariáveis (protótipos) que são percebidos e perpetuados por leitores e tradutores. Para corroborar a hipótese, analisamos textos traduzidos, buscando o efeito e a presença do protótipo e concluímos que este é o de maior ocorrência, o que reflete a rede de construções conceituais que norteia os processos de pensamento e de memória do tradutor.
This research attempts to relate translation studies to psychology, anthropology, biology, cognitive linguistics and literature. Our objective is to demonstrate the relationship between the theory of prototype and translation. To do so, we discuss the current theoretical focus on the acquisition and learning of the first and second languages, bilingualism, the training of the translator, types of translation, and the linguistic competence related to translation. We also present the psychological cognitive processes in the act of translate: introspection, perception, abstraction, memory, thought, conceptualizing. We present the role of the prototype effect and of equivalence in translation, relating them and evaluating them, concluding that there are levels of equivalence more or less acceptable (gradient effect / prototypical) according to the judgment of the translator and that there are invariable lines (prototypes) that are perceived and perpetuated by readers and translators. So as to corroborate with the hypothesis, we analyze translated texts, seeking the effect and the presence of the prototype and we conclude that the basic level is of the highest occurrence, and reflects the net of constructions that guide the translator’s thought and memory.

Introdução: O comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) constitui possivelmente uma fase prodrômica das demências e consequentemente é um alvo importante no diagnóstico precoce e em futuras estratégias terapêuticas. Paralelamente, a síndrome da fragilidade (SF) constitui uma morbidade comum entre idosos e está relacionada com baixo desempenho cognitivo e maior incidência de CCL. Desta forma, espera-se que os idosos com CCL apresentem um maior número de critérios para fragilidade quando comparados aos controles. Objetivo: identificar e caracterizar a SF por meio de instrumentos validados em idosos com CCL. Métodos: desenho transversal, observacional e descritivo. No estudo, 40 idosos com CCL amnéstico e 26 controles sem doenças neuropsiquiátricas, acompanhados em uma coorte de transtornos cognitivos com avaliação de parâmetros clínicos, neurológicos, psiquiátricos, neuropsicológicos e funcionais. A SF foi avaliada através dos critérios de Fried e colaboradores (CHS), da Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS) e da escala FRAIL. Os dados coletados foram analisados através do software R. Resultados: a prevalência da SF variou sobre os critérios utilizados (EFS 7,5%; CHS 30%) e foi significativamente maior no grupo CCL quando avaliada pela EFS (p = 0,047), mas não com o de CHS (p = 0,255) ou FRAIL (p = 0,155). A variável fadiga em CHS (p = 0,036) e as variáveis humor (p = 0,019) e independência funcional (p = 0,042) da EFS foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos. A função visuo-espacial (OR = 2,405, p = 0,042) foi associada aos critérios CHS. Observou-se correlação significativa entre o parâmetro peso do CHS com independência funcional (p = 0,034), nutrição (p = 0,002) e continência (p = 0,035) da EFS; entre marcha do CHS com independência funcional (p = 0,001), medicamento (p = 0,015) e desempenho funcional (p < 0,001) da EFS; e entre fadiga do CHS com estado geral de saúde (p = 0,032), medicamento (p = 0,038) e desempenho funcional (p = 0,016) da EFS. Conclusão: a identificação de características de fragilidade em CCL depende do protocolo utilizado para avaliação. A função visuo-espacial esteve relacionada com maior risco para fragilidade segundo o CHS
Introduction: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a possibly prodromal phase of dementia and therefore is an important target in the early diagnosis and future treatment strategy. At the same time, the fragility syndrome (FS) is a common disease among the elderly and is associated with low cognitive performance and higher incidence of MCI. Thus, it is expected that the elderly with MCI show a greater number of criteria for frailty when compared to controls. Objective: To identify and characterize the FS through validated instruments in elderly patients with MCI and evaluate cognitive performance according to the frailty phenotype. Methods: cross-sectional, observational and descriptive design. In the study, 40 subjects with amnestic MCI and 26 controls without neuropsychiatric disorders, follow-up in a cohort of cognitive disorders with clinical, neurological, psychiatric, neuropsychological and functional evaluation. The FS was assessed by the Fried criteria (CHS), the Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS), and the FRAIL scale. Data were analyzed using the software R. Results: the prevalence of SF varied on the criteria used (EFS 7.5%, CHS 30%) and was significantly higher in the MCI group when assessed by EFS (p = 0.047), but not with the CHS (p = 0.255) or FRAIL (p = 0.155). The variable fatigue of CHS (p = 0.036) and variables mood (p = 0.019) and functional independence (p = 0.042) from EFS were significantly different among groups. The visuospatial function (OR = 2.405, p = 0.042) was associated with CHS criteria. There was a significant correlation between the CHS weight parameter with functional independence (p = 0.034), nutrition (p = 0.002) and continence (p = 0.035) of EFS; between gait in CHS with functional independence (p = 0.001), medicine (p = 0,015) and functional performance (p < 0.001) of EFS; and between fatigue from CHS with general health (p = 0.032), medication (p = 0.038) and functional performance (p = 0.016) of EFS. Conclusion: The identification of frailty features in MCI depends on the protocol used for evaluation. The visuospatial function was related to higher risk of frailty according to CHS

El presente trabajo aborda, desde un punto de vista histórico, el lugar que el estudio de la conciencia subjetiva ocupa y cómo puede ser descrito en términos de los problemas que presenta para el paradigma científico cognitivista. Para tal propósito, la teoría del desarrollo científico de Thomas Kuhn (1971) constituye un enfoque fundamental por su profunda comprensión de las características de la investigación científica. Según Kuhn, el estado de una disciplina científica, en un momento dado, no se constituye sobre la base de la suma de los descubrimientos y teorías anteriores. Es decir, desde su punto de vista no hay un desarrollo acumulativo de los hallazgos y teorías, como desde una concepción tradicional podría entenderse. Por el contrario, la ciencia se desarrolla a través de la sucesión de modos incompatibles de investigación, fenómeno denominado revolución científica. Además, cada disciplina ejerce su actividad en el marco de un paradigma, término que se refiere a la “constelación de creencias, valores, técnicas, etc., que comparten los miembros de una comunidad dada” (Kuhn, 1971: 269). El paradigma determina los problemas a estudiarse así como las teorías y reglas para resolverlos. En este sentido, se pretende aplicar estas nociones en el análisis histórico de la Ciencia Cognitiva como disciplina científica conformada bajo un paradigma.

Cognitive Radio (CR) is one possible option for mitigating the inefficient wireless spectrum distribution that occurs as a result of fixed spectrum allocation. The use of Dynamic Spectrum Access capabilities will potentially enable secondary users to utilize available and unoccupied frequency slots (channels) whenever the licensed users for those channels are absent. In Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs), whenever users access the spectrum in an opportunistic manner, control messaging is a crucial issue to ensure that secondary users, i.e. Cognitive Radio Users (CRUs), do not interfere with the licensed users, i.e. Primary Users. In CRNs, where not all CRUs share the same set of channels, i.e. CRUs with Heterogeneous Frequency Devices (HFD), a set of channels must be chosen with care to allow all CRUs in the network to be able to transmit and receive control information. The thesis considers how Control Messaging Schemes (CMSs) can be used within CRNs and proposes a novel CMS for a CRN supporting HFDs. The thesis starts by classifying the CMSs; generating a new taxonomy and identifying the main characteristics for an efficient CRN with HFD. Then, different mathematical approaches for choosing the set of channels used for control information are presented. Next, a CMS for a CRN with HFDs model based upon the aforementioned characteristics and calculating the minimum number of channels for transmitting control information is proposed. Finally the thesis concludes with a number of CMS being presented and evaluated in terms of their impact upon transmission efficiency.

A Sociedade e o mercado de trabalho exigem de cidadãos e trabalhadores, nos últimos tempos, um perfil de desempenho diferente daquele até então aceito. As principais carências do trabalhador dizem respeito, dentre outras necessidades, ao desempenho de certas competências pessoais e a melhoria do funcionamento cognitivo. As escolas, responsáveis pela preparação dessas pessoas para viver em Sociedade - o que inclui a preparação para o mundo do trabalho - não costumam realizar ações educacionais intencionais na direção da melhoria do desenvolvimento cognitivo de seus alunos. O foco do presente estudo está na possibilidade da Escola realizar intencionalmente o desenvolvimento cognitivo de estudantes, futuros trabalhadores. utilizando um programa já existente, criado e estruturado para essa finalidade por Reuven Feuerstein. No final da década de 1940, coube a Feuerstein a tarefa de educar centenas de crianças e jovens, órfãos da guerra, para que se tornassem cidadãos autônomos e produtivos. Diante da necessidade real de modificar o desempenho cognitivo e resgatar a cidadania dessas pessoas, Feuerstein criou - a partir de sua visão de mundo, de um conjunto de crenças por ele estabelecido e de sua experiência - duas teorias: Modificabilidade Cognitiva Estrutural e Experiência de Aprendizagem Mediada e três sistemas inter-relacionados, ou seja, um sistema de avaliação: Avaliação Dinâmica do Potencial de Aprendizagem, um sistema de intervenção: Programa de Enriquecimento Instrumental e um sistema de manutenção: Modelagem de Ambientes Modificadores. Avaliar o efeito do primeiro nível do Programa de Enriquecimento Instrumental (PEI I) no desenvolvimento cognitivo de estudantes da 3ª série de Escolas pública ou privada de Ensino Médio é o objetivo amplo desse trabalho. Em resumo, foram envolvidos no projeto 96 estudantes (54 rapazes e 42 moças) de duas Escolas de Ensino Médio: uma privada e outra pública. Sessenta e sete desses alunos participaram dos grupos experimentais que se submeteram ao PEI I e as outras 29 pessoas integraram grupos de controle, não participando, portanto, da aplicação do Programa. Todos os estudantes participaram de uma avaliação inicial diante de seis instrumentos, sendo que alguns deles permitiam avaliação dinâmica. Da análise dos resultados dos instrumentos, que envolviam avaliação dinâmica, foram levantadas necessidades e estabelecidos procedimentos de intervenção. Os alunos dos grupos experimentais foram submetidos ao primeiro nível do Programa de Enriquecimento Instrumental (PEI I). Durante a aplicação do PEI I, alunos participaram de avaliação intermediária, realizada a partir da aplicação de instrumento de avaliação e ou de questionário para levantamento da percepção dos estudantes sobre o PEI. Finalmente, todos os participantes foram submetidos a uma avaliação final. Os resultados foram analisados de forma descritiva e estatística. Os testes U ou de Mann- Whitney e o teste t de Student foram utilizados para indicar semelhanças e diferenças prováveis entre os desempenhos dos grupos de alunos. A partir da discussão desses resultados foram montadas proposições que justificaram as seguintes conclusões: A modificabilidade cognitiva estrutural dos estudantes dos grupos experimentais foi ampliada. O desenvolvimento cognitivo demonstrado pelos estudantes dos grupos experimentais foi maior que o desempenho cognitivo demonstrado pelos alunos do grupo de controle.
In the recent past, both society and labour market are demanding from citizens a performance far different from those accept until then. The major lacks of workers may concern, among others, to the development of specific personal competences and to the improve of the cognitive process. Schools, responsible for the preparation for life in society - including the life in the labour market - don\'t usually take intentional educational actions aiming the improve of the cognitive development of their students. The focus of the present study is mainly on analyzing the possibility of Schools to make an intentional effort to develop student\'s cognitive habilities, future workers, using a preexisting program created and structured for this meaning by Reuven Feuerstein. In the late 40\'s, Feurstein took the task of teaching hundreds of children and teenagers, war orphan children, to become autonomous and productive citizens. Facing the real need of improving their cognitive habilities and rescuing their citizenship, Feuerstein came up - using his own wide world perception, personal beliefs and experience - with two theories: Structural Cognitive Modifiability (SCM) and Mediated Learning Experience (MLE) and three interrelated systems, or an evaluation system: Learning Potential Assesment Device (LPAD), an interventional system: Feuerstein Instrumental Enrichment (FIE) and a maintenance system: Shaping Modifying Environments (ME). The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the first level of the Feuerstein Instrumental Enrichment (FIE I) on 3rd grade public or private High School student\'s cognitive development. Summing up, there were 96 students involved in this project (54 boys and 42 girls) from two different High Schools: one private and one public. Sixty seven of these students were placed on experimental groups that were submitted to FIE I and the other 29 kids took part on control groups, staying away from the program application. All the students participated on an initial evaluation, facing six instruments, some of then allowing a dynamic evaluation. From the instrument result analysys, needs were raised and intervention procedures were established. The students\'s experimental group was submitted to the first level of the Feuerstein Instrumental Enrichment (FIE I). During its application, the students had an intermediary evaluation, made by the application of the evaluation instrument and by a questionnaire to measure the student\'s level of perception about the (FIE I). Finally, all the participants were submitted to a final evaluation. The results were analyzed in a descriptive statistical way. The U or Mann-Whitney tests and the t for Student test were used to indicate probable similarities and differences among the student\'s groups performances. From its discussion were put together propositions to justify the following conclusions: The student\'s experimental group structural cognitive modifiability was raised. The cognitive development shown by the student\'s experimental group was higher than the cognitive performance shown by the student\'s control group.

This Thesis describes our work at the boundary between Computer Science and Cognitive (Neuro)Science. In particular, (1) we have worked on methodological improvements to clustering-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging data, which is a technique that allows to collectively assess, in a quantitative way, activation peaks from several functional imaging studies, in order to extract the most robust results in the cognitive domain of interest. Hierarchical clustering is often used in this context, yet it is prone to the problem of non-uniqueness of the solution: a different permutation of the same input data might result in a different clustering result. In this Thesis, we propose a new version of hierarchical clustering that solves this problem. We also show the results of a meta-analysis, carried out using this algorithm, aimed at identifying specific cerebral circuits involved in single word reading. Moreover, (2) we describe preliminary work on a new connectionist model of single word reading, named the two-component model because it postulates a cascaded information flow from a more cognitive component that computes a distributed internal representation for the input word, to an articulatory component that translates this code into the corresponding sequence of phonemes. Output production is started when the internal code, which evolves in time, reaches a sufficient degree of clarity; this mechanism has been advanced as a possible explanation for behavioral effects consistently reported in the literature on reading, with a specific focus on the so called serial effects. This model is here discussed in its strength and weaknesses. Finally, (3) we have turned to consider how features that are typical of human cognition can inform the design of improved artificial agents; here, we have focused on modelling concepts inspired by emotion theory. A model of emotional interaction between artificial agents, based on probabilistic finite state automata, is presented: in this model, agents have personalities and attitudes that can change through the course of interaction (e.g. by reinforcement learning) to achieve autonomous adaptation to the interaction partner. Markov chain properties are then applied to derive reliable predictions of the outcome of an interaction. Taken together, these works show how the interplay between Cognitive Science and Computer Science can be fruitful, both for advancing our knowledge of the human brain and for designing more and more intelligent artificial systems.

O transtorno cognitivo no idoso acarreta repercussões na sua vida, na família e na relação com a sociedade. Um instrumento de avaliação cognitiva amplamente utilizado é o MEEM - Mini Exame do Estado Mental - que é um teste de rastreamento com o objetivo de selecionar pessoas com provável déficit cognitivo. Uma amostra representativa da população de 394 idosos do município de Batatais SP foi avaliada através de inquérito domiciliar em relação às condições socioeconômicas e de saúde, e foi feito rastreamento dos sintomas depressivos e do desempenho cognitivo através de um instrumento baseado no MEEM. A maioria dos entrevistados era do sexo feminino (66%), sendo que 75,4% dos idosos pertenciam a uma faixa etária de 60-74 anos, chamada idoso jovem. Com relação à escolaridade a grande maioria (62.2%) cursou o primeiro grau. Com relação aos analfabetos 77,1% eram mulheres e 22,9% eram homens. Para o estado conjugal a diferença foi na proporção da viuvez 80.2% para o sexo feminino e 19.8% para o masculino. Quanto à renda familiar, 43.7% da população recebiam menos de 2,5 salários mínimos. Para avaliação do desempenho cognitivo usou um ponto de corte ? a 23 para o MEEM. Observou-se que 81.7% ficaram acima deste ponto e 18.3% ficaram abaixo. Os idosos que tiveram os escores mais elevados foram associados aos fatores como idade (60-69 anos), maior nível escolaridade, ter hábito de leitura, ter boa relação social principalmente com parentes, não ter hipertensão arterial, diabete, incontinência urinária, catarata e ausência de sintomas depressivos.
The cognitive impairment in the old has its effects on their lives, families and relationships with society. A widely used instrument of cognitive assessment is the MMSE- Mini Mental State - that is a screening test whose aim is to select people with probable cognitive deficiency. A significant sample of the population of 394 old people from Batatais - SP, was evaluated through a home survey considering the socioeconomic and health conditions and a screening of depressive symptoms and cognitive performance was done through an instrument based on MMSE. The great majority of people who were interviewed were female (66%) and 75.4% of the old belonged to an age group from 60 to 74 years old, being considered \"younger old\". Regarding scholarship, most of them had attended primary school (62.2%). Considering the illiterate 77.1% were women and 22.9% were men. Concerning marital status a huge difference between the proportion of widows (80.2%) and widowers (19.8%) was found. With reference to familiar income 43.7% of the population earned less than 2.5 minimum wages. To evaluate the cognitive performance a cut off ? 23 for MMSE was used. It was observed that 81.7% of the old were above and 18.3% were under this point. The old who achieved the highest scores had factors such as age (60-69 years old), better scholarship level, reading habits, a good social relationship (mainly with relatives), no high blood pressure, no diabetes, no urinary incontinence, no cataract and absence of depressive symptoms.

BARRETO, Dulcilene Rodrigues da Silva. A conceitualização de educação à luz da teoria dos modelos cognitivos idealizados: percorrendo veredas entre mente e linguagem dos alunos da educação básica. 2011. 142f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguistica) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernaculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2011.
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This research aimed to analyze, through the structured principals of Idealized Cognitive Models Theory (LAKOFF, 1987), embodied, socio cognitive situated meanings attributed to the concept of EDUCATION by thirty-three final year high school students of a government school in Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, who participated of the research as unpaid volunteers. In order to achieve the mentioned aim, it was analyzed the responses provided by the students in answering two tasks – a questionnaire and a writing task aimed at eliciting data which allowed to explore the category prototypical nature and its metaphoric and metonymic extensions. The methodological approach follows the principals proposed by lakofian Cognitive Semantics which posits that people concepts are not arbitrary but emerge from the nature of their bodies in dynamic interactions with the ecological and social cultural world. The qualitative data analysis was supported by Lakoff’s (1987) Idealized Cognitive Models Theory (ICMT) and Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980/[2002]) Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). The texts produced by the participants made possible the analysis of the ORIGIN – TRAJECTORY – TARGET and CONTAINER image schemas in the structuring of the EDUCATION concept, the most salient proposition models (frame and scripts) to represent the school routine and the EDUCATION metaphors. The data gathered were organized in table and graphs in order to allow for comparisons between semantically close expressions and the distribution of the analyses about the EDUCATION concept structuring cognitive models. Such organization has also facilitated the metaphoric projections and their entailments. The most relevant metaphors were EDUCATION IS AN ACQUIRED, VALUABLE ASSET and EDUCATION IS A JOURNEY. The results obtained have also allowed to propose a radial category for the concept of EDUCATION as it emerges from embodied social culturally beliefs and values shared by the participants.
Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar, por meio dos princípios estruturadores dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados(LAKOFF, 1987), os significados sociocognitivamente situados atribuídos ao conceito de EDUCAÇÃO por trinta e três alunos concludentes do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil,que participaram da pesquisa como voluntários não remunerados. Para se atingir o objetivo proposto, foram analisadas as respostas fornecidas pelos alunos em duas tarefas - um questionário e uma atividade escrita destinadas a obter dados que permitiram explorar a natureza prototípica da categoria e suas extensões metafóricas e metonímicas. A abordagem metodológica segue os princípios propostos pela Semântica Cognitiva de Lakoff que postula que os conceitos das pessoas não são arbitrários, mas emergem da natureza de seus corpos em interações dinâmicas com o mundo ecológico e sociocultural.A análise de dados qualitativos apoiou-sena Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (TMCI), de George Lakoff (1987) e na Teoria da Metáfora Conceitual (CMT), de Lakoff e Johnson (1980/[2002]). Os textos produzidos pelos participantes tornaram possível a análise os modelos de esquemas de imagem ORIGEM-PERCURSO-META E CONTEINER na estruturação do conceito EDUCAÇÃO, os modelos proposicionais frames e scripts que se sobressaíram para representar o cotidiano escolar e as metáforas sobre EDUCAÇÃO.Os dados colhidos foram organizados em tabelas e gráficos de modo a permitir o estabelecimento de comparações entre as expressões semanticamente afins coletadas nos questionários e a distribuição das análises sobre os modelos cognitivos estruturantes. Essa organização também facilitou as análises de projeções metafóricas e seus acarretamentos. As mais relevantes metáforas foram EDUCAÇÃO É BEM ADQUIRIDO, VALIOSO e EDUCAÇÃO É VIAGEM.Os resultados obtidos também permitiram propor uma categoria radial para o conceito de EDUCAÇÃO no modo como ele emerge das crenças social e culturalmente consagradas e dos valores compartilhados pelos participantes.

INTRODUÇÃO: A Mini-Addenbrooke\'s Cognitive Examination (M-ACE) consiste em um teste de avaliação cognitiva breve composta de cinco itens que visam avaliar quatro domínios cognitivos principais (orientação, memória, linguagem e função viso-espacial) com pontuação máxima de 30 pontos e um tempo de administração de cinco minutos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o desempenho de idosos cognitivamente saudáveis, com CCL e DA leve na versão brasileira da M-ACE. MÉTODOS: o teste foi aplicado um grupo de 23 pacientes com DA provável leve, 36 CCL e 25 idosos cognitivamente saudáveis. Todos os participantes incluídos tinham idade >= 60 anos. Foram excluídos pacientes com demência de intensidade moderada ou grave, demência de outra etiologia, comorbidades graves com potencial de comprometer a cognição e uso de medicação psicotrópica. A acurácia do teste foi avaliada por meio da análise das curvas ROC. Para analisar a relação entre os escores da M-ACE e os demais testes cognitivos aplicados foram utilizados os coeficientes de correlação de Spearman. Para analisar a consistência interna da M-ACE e suas três versões foi utilizado o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: Houve um predomínio do gênero feminino, a média de idade foi de 73 anos, com faixa etária predominante de 60-69 anos. A média de escolaridade obtida foi de 11 anos. A M-ACE apresentou alta consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach > 0,8; IC 95% 0,776 a 0,869) e mostrou ser extremamente capaz de diferenciar o grupo DA dos demais participantes, com uma acurácia superior ao MEEM. O ponto de corte de 20 foi o de maior sensibilidade e especificidade (95,6% e 90,16% respectivamente), com área sob a curva considerada alta (ASC = 0,805; IC 95% 0,705 -0,904). A M-ACE apresentou melhor precisão em diferenciar os três grupos quando comparado com o MEEM (71,43 versus 60,71). Observou-se ainda uma precisão mais robusta em diferenciar DA de CCL com a M-ACE (63,89 versus 30,56 no MEEM). O escore total da M-ACE não sofreu considerável influência da idade e escolaridade. A M-ACE apresentou forte correlação com MEEM (cor = 0,78), bem como todos os itens (exceto percepção) da BBRC e QAF (cor = -0,76). CONCLUSÃO: A M-ACE pode ser considerada um teste rápido de rastreio com elevada acurácia no diagnóstico de DA. O ponto de corte sugerido neste estudo é de 20 para DA e 27 para CCL
INTRODUCTION: The Mini-Addenbrooke\'s Cognitive Examination (M-ACE) consists of a brief cognitive assessment test composed of five items that aim to evaluate four main cognitive domains (orientation, memory, language and visuospatial function) with a maximum score of 30 points and a time of administration of five minutes. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the performance of cognitively healthy elderly, MCI and mild AD in the Brazilian version of M-ACE. METHODS: The test was applied to a group of 23 patients with mild probable AD, 36 MCI and 25 cognitively healthy elderly. All included participants were aged >= 60 years. Patients with moderate or severe dementia, dementia of another etiology, severe comorbidities with potential to compromise cognition and use of psychotropic medication were excluded. The accuracy of the test was evaluated by analyzing the ROC curves. Spearman\'s correlation coefficients were used to analyze the relationship between the M-ACE scores and the other cognitive tests applied. In order to analyze the internal consistency of the M-ACE, the Cronbach\'s alpha coefficient was used. RESULTS: There was a predominance of females, mean age was 73 years, with a predominant age range of 60-69 years. The average level of schooling was 11 years. MACE presented high internal consistency (Cronbach\'s alpha > 0.8, 95% CI 0.776 to 0.869) and showed to be extremely capable of differentiating the AD group from the other participants, with a higher accuracy than the MMSE. The cutoff point of 20 was the one with the highest sensitivity and specificity (95.6% and 90.16%, respectively), with an AUC considered to be high (AUC = 0.805, 95% CI 0.705-0.904). The M-ACE presented better accuracy in differentiating the three groups when compared to the MMSE (71.43 versus 60.71). It was also observed a more robust precision in differentiating DA of MCI with M-ACE (63.89 versus 30.56 in MMSE). The total M-ACE score was not very influenced by age and schooling. M-ACE showed a strong correlation with MMSE (spearman = 0.78), as well as all items (except perception) of BBRC and QAF (spearman = -0.76). CONCLUSIONS: M-ACE can be considered a brief screening tool with high accuracy in the diagnosis of AD. The cutoff point suggested in this study is 20 for AD and 27 for MCI

Daytime cognitive performance and sleep/wake cycles are strongly interrelated, and cognitive dysfunction has been extensively investigated in relation to insomnia. However, methods and outcomes vary widely by study, making comparison difficult without more systematic evaluation. Review of the literature reveals discrepant findings for the relationship between both subjective and objective measures of cognitive performance and insomnia. The current meta-analysis included 42 studies investigating the relationship between insomnia and cognitive performance. Results confirmed the discrepant nature of previous findings and suggest that type of cognitive performance (e.g., simple attention, procedural memory, verbal functions) is important to consider when discussing the impact of insomnia. Mixed-effect meta-analysis of aggregate effect sizes suggest impairments in working memory, complex attention, and episodic memory are significantly associated with insomnia. Analysis of the grouped subjective cognitive performance effect size revealed no significant impact of insomnia. Average age and gender makeup of the sample, study quality, and type of insomnia measure (i.e., clinical or diagnostic criteria, validated scale, or single unvalidated item) did not consistently moderate findings. These results confirm the equivocal nature of the relationship between insomnia and cognitive performance. Overall, about 44% of the studies included in the analysis failed to use DSM or ICSD criteria when categorizing insomnia. Additionally, the cognitive measures used varied widely and certain measures may not be sensitive enough to detect the degree of cognitive deficit that may be present for individuals with insomnia. This indicates a need for the standardization of methods used when assessing both insomnia and cognitive performance to elucidate these relationships.

Ce travail vise à rechercher des méthodes didactiques activant systématiquement les processus d'acquisition et de mobilisation des connaissances scolaires. Une lecture critique des travaux cognitivistes et connexionnistes aboutit à l'idée que la forme d'un souvenir et sa probabilité de rappel varient en fonction du contexte perçu par le sujet. L'analyse de l'organisation de la mémoire sémantique et l'étude de sa construction montrent qu'elle est le résultat de quatre processus vicariants. Sachant que les résultats scolaires dépendent des performances en mémoire sémantique, nous avons conduit une analyse des relations entre des profils scolaires, des styles cognitifs (qui sont des prototypes de combinaison des processus en jeu) et des performances en mémoire de travail. On peut rapprocher deux profils stables, le littéraire et le scientifique, et deux styles d'organisation du langage, les styles "substitution" et "combinaison". En sixième et cinquième, le style substitution est associe au profil littéraire, il correspond à une supériorité relative du fonctionnement du calepin visuo-spatial et à une domination des codages lexicaux et figuratifs. Il semble en relation avec le style "indépendance du champ" dans des apprentissages nouveaux et se traduit par une faiblesse relative des performances en rappel épisodique. Le style combinaison est associé au profil scientifique, à une supériorité relative de l'empan en mémoire de travail et à une domination des codages fonctionnels. Il se traduit par une pauvreté de la mémoire sémantique. Comme les codages dominants en mémoire sémantique provoquent de l'oubli en mémoire épisodique, il faut trouver des méthodes didactiques permettant de construire du premier coup des notions correctes et facilitant l'association des connaissances à des contextes pertinents pour la réussite scolaire. La méthode du rappel extensif améliore les performances scolaires en associant les connaissances à leur utilisation. Une méthode de comparaison systématique d'exemples permet de dégager l'ensemble des traits pertinents d'un concept et des structures générales. Ces méthodes associées permettent de construire de bons plans de récupération pour réussir en classe
This work aims to research into those methods of teaching which activate, in a systematic way, the processes involved in the acquisition and mobilisation of what is learnt at school. A critical review of cognitivist and connexionist literature leads to the idea that the form in which a memory is stored and the likelihood of its recall vary according to the way the context is perceived by the subject. An analysis of the organisation of the semantic memory and the study of its construction show that it is the result of four vicarious processes. Working from the knowledge that academic results depend on the performance of the semantic memory, we have carried out an analysis of the links between school profiles, cognitives styles (which are prototypes of the processes working together in combination) and performance of the working memory. One can compare two stable profiles, the literary and the scientific, and two ways of organising language, one involving "substitution" and the other "combination" in the first and second year of secondary school the substitution approach is associated with the literary profile and corresponds to a relative superiority in the functioning of the visuo-spatial pad and a dominant role for lexical and figurative coding. It seems to be linked to an approach one could call "field independence" in the learning of new material and is characterized by a relative weakness in episodic recall. The combination approach is linked with the scientific profile, with a relative superiority in the span of the working memory and with the dominant role played by functional coding. It is characterized by a weakness of the semantic memory. Since it is the case that the coding which plays the dominant role in the semantic memory leads to loss from the episodic memory, it is necessary to find teaching methods which allow the learner to formulate correct notions from the outset and which make it easy for him her to make associations between knowledge and contexts which are

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INTRODUÇÃO: Declínio cognitivo (DC) é comum no paciente com doença renal crônica (DRC), podendo impactar desfavoravelmente na qualidade de vida e na aderência medicamentosa. Vários fatores contribuem para o DC na DRC, sendo a deficiência de ferro, comum em pacientes com diminuição da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG), uma delas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a deficiência de ferro se associa com o DC em paciente com DRC não dialítico. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 54 pacientes não idosos com DRC pré-dialítica através de avaliação laboratorial, triagem cognitiva completa (um teste de rastreio de cognição global: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) e bateria de testes de memória, atenção, velocidade de processamento, fluência verbal e funções executivas), escalas de sono (Escala de Sonolência Diurna de Epworth, Questionário Clínico de Apnéia Obstrutiva do Sono de Berlin, Questionário de cinco perguntas de sintomas de Pernas Inquietas), depressão (Inventário de depressão de Beck, Mini-Plus para Episódio Depressivo Maior (DSM-IV) e funcionalidade (Questionário de Atividades Funcionais de Pfeffer). RESULTADOS: O DC, avaliado pelo Montreal Cognitive Assessment (ajustado para escolaridade) foi identificado em 59,3% dos pacientes, e se relacionou com hemoglobina <11,0 g/dL, ferritina <100 ng/mL, saturação da transferrina <20%, com anos de escolaridade, depressão e com a diminuição da TFG. Adicionalmente, observou-se frequência aumentada de sintomas de apnéia obstrutiva do sono (76,9%), de pernas inquietas e sonolência diurna (35,2%) e sintomas depressivos avaliados pelo BDI (34,7%). CONCLUSÃO: Nos pacientes não idosos com DRC pré-dialítica avaliados, o DC e os sintomas depressivos foram frequentes e, em parte, explicado por níveis inadequados da reserva de ferro e de hemoglobina.
INTRODUCTION: Cognitive decline (CD) is common in chronic kidney patients, yet little investigated. Several factors contribute to such decline, with iron deficiency being a frequent and treatable occurrence, with an impact on quality of life and adherence to treatment. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate whether iron deficiency influences cognitive decline in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. METHOD: A cross-sectional evaluation of 54 patients was performed, including laboratory evaluation, complete cognitive screening, and sleep, depression and functionality scales. RESULTS: There was an increased frequency of obstructive sleep apnea symptoms (76.9%), restless legs and daytime sleepiness (35.2%) and depressive symptoms (BDI) (34.7%). The screening test with the highest significance was the MoCA (59.3%), even after the scores were adjusted regarding the level of schooling, as it is associated with ferritin<100ng/mL, with hemoglobin <11g/dL and transferrin saturation <20%, as well as with the level of schooling, depression and loss of kidney function. CONCLUSION: CD and depressive symptoms were frequent and partially explained by inadequate levels of iron and hemoglobin.

A number of models of cognitive architecture have been advanced with the intention of providing some sense of the psychological processes that subserve a range of behaviours. For instance, Sober & Wilson (1998), C. Daniel Batson (1988) and Robert Frank (1988 and 1990) attempt to account for contrasting (if not contradictory) behaviours respectively, hedonistic and altruistic behaviour, self-oriented behaviour and other-oriented behaviour marked by empathetic reactions, and behaviour that reflects rational self-interest in material incentives and behaviour that tends to produce long-term benefits in social interactions. However, the approaches that I have examined encounter difficulties. One difficulty in basing psychological models on empirical data is that the mental states that precede and accompany motivations may be ambiguous or obscure. Those states may be composite states consisting of components that are inextricably linked. For instance, it is not clear whether an altruistic act has some desire for pleasure lurking in the shadows. In Sober & Wilsons approach, cognitive structure is predicted largely on the basis of general factors in the natural selection of cognitive devices, e.g., their availability for selection, energetic efficiency, and reliability. However, the particular factors that play a role in the aetiology of traits depend upon the function that those traits evolved to perform. For instance, while the reliability of a physical system component may certainly be an important general factor in natural selection, it may be a detriment for a device that has as a particular biological function the production of phenotypic flexibility. To avoid the problems that I identified in these approaches, I derived a model of cognitive architecture that is intended to predict motivations and actions that are consistent with aspects of evolutionary theory about the function of cognition. The theory upon which I depended is advanced in Peter Godfrey-Smiths book Complexity and the Function of Mind if Nature. He proposes that there is a single overarching adaptive function for the mind: to subserve adaptive plasticity. Accordingly, my model suggests a general pattern in the sequencing of human mental states that would tend to maximize behavioural flexibility as a means of maximizing inclusive fitness.
Graduate

The majority of cognitive scientists today view the mind as a computer, instantiating some function mapping the inputs it gets from the environment to the gross behaviors of the organism. As a result, the emphasis in most ongoing research programmes is on finding that function, or some part of that function. Moreover, the types of functions considered are limited somewhat by the preconception that the mind must be instantiating a function that can be expressed as a computer program. I argue that research done in the last two decades suggests that we should approach cognition with as much consideration to the environment as to the inner workings of the mind. Our cognition is often shaped by the constraints the environment places on us, not just by the "inputs" we receive from it. I argue also that there is a new approach to cognitive science, viewing the mind not as a computer but as a dynamical system, which captures the shift in perspective while eliminating the requirement that cognitive functions be expressable as computer programs. Unfortunately, some advocates of this dynamical perspective have argued that we should replace all of traditional psychology and neuroscience with their new approach. In response to these advocates, I argue that we cannot develop an adequate dynamical picture of the mind without engaging in precisely those sorts of research and hypothesizing that traditional neuroscience and psychology engage in. In short, I argue that we require certain types of explanations in order to get our dynamical (or computational) theories off the ground, and we cannot get those from other dynamical (or computational) theories.
Master of Arts

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FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Esta é uma pesquisa descritiva que investiga a estrutura e o funcionamento do website educacional Portal do Professor, seção Espaço da Aula, tomando como unidades de análise sua ferramenta de criação de planos de aula (Criar Aula) e as páginas resultantes do trabalho de criação de aulas (disponíveis em Sugestões de Aula). Para isso, considera-se que: 1) websites (e suas páginas) podem ser caracterizados pelos meios de representação que utilizam (texto, imagem, animação, som, vídeo etc.) e pelas conexões/interligações que realizam com suas páginas internas ou com outras páginas na Web e 2) websites podem ser entendidos como Nichos Cognitivos, que são constituídos por diversos artefatos, que, além de cognitivos, apresentam propriedades semióticas específicas, concebidas ou oportunisticamente usadas para melhorar, ou simplesmente alterar, certas competências cognitivas. Durante a pesquisa, foi definida uma amostra aleatória de 70 aulas para aplicação de um instrumento quantitativo. Após isso, analisando o mapeamento resultante, foram listadas 7 aulas para a análise qualitativa. A discussão dos resultados levou a algumas afirmações: 1) a criação de uma aula online é um processo educacional, cognitivamente desenvolvido e apoiado por um nicho já construído (o Criar Aula); 2) as aulas já prontas são produtos educacionais que são publicadas no Sugestões de Aula, compondo um repositório que opera como um nicho cognitivo à medida que oferece possibilidades de ação (escolha de aulas diversas) mediante determinadas contingências educacionais; 3) a colaboração docente em um website, como um processo de cognição distribuída, é (ou possui condições de ser) potencializada, visto a facilidade de interconexão entre diversos artefatos e pessoas, formando nichos cognitivos específicos.
This is a descriptive study that investigates the structure and functioning of the educational website Portal do Professor section Espaço da Aula, taking as their units of analysis the tool for creating lesson plans (Criar Aula) and the resulting pages of the work of creating lesson plans (available at Sugestões de Aula). For this, it is considered that: 1) websites (and its pages) can be characterized by means of representation used (text, image, animation, sound, video, etc.) and the connections/interconnections that carry out with your internal pages or with other Web pages and 2) websites can be understood as Cognitive Niche, which consist of various artifacts, which, in addition to cognitive, have specific, designed or used opportunistically semiotic properties to improve, or simply change certain cognitive skills. During the research, was set a random sample of 70 lesson plans to application of a quantitative instrument. After that, analyzing the resulting mapping, 7 lesson plans were listed for qualitative analysis. The discussion led to some statements: 1) the creation of an online lesson plan is an educational process, cognitively developed and supported by a niche already built (the Criar Aula), 2) the ready lesson plans are educational products that are published in Sugestões de Aulas, composing a repository that operates as a cognitive niche as offering possibilities for action (choice of several lesson plans) under certain educational contingencies, 3) teacher collaboration on a website as a process of distributed cognition, is (or is able to be) potentiated, because facilitates the interconnection between various artifacts and people forming specific cognitive niches.

Les Déficits Cognitifs Légers (DCL) constituent un syndrome reconnu au sein des différents milieux cliniques et scientifiques. Bien que plusieurs critères diagnostiques aient été proposés au fil des ans, les principaux incluent une plainte mnésique accompagnée d 'un trouble de mémoire objectivable en fonction de l 'âge et ce, en l'absence de démence, d' impact significatif au plan fonctionnel ou d 'une diminution globale du fonctionnement cognitif. L'intérêt premier d ' identifier les individus présentant des DCL réside dans le fait qu'ils soient particulièrement à risque de développer un syndrome démentiel dans les années subséquentes comparativement à des gens sans atteinte cognitive. Une fois identifiés, il devient donc possible de développer et de mettre en place des stratégies d'intervention visant spécifiquement cette population, tel qu'en avait pour objectif principal la présente thèse. Plusieurs chapitres adressant chacun un objectif bien défini composent ce travail doctoral. Après une introduction présentée au Chapitre l, le Chapitre II se veut une revue systématique des études ayant appliqué des programmes d'intervention cognitive auprès d'individus avec DCL et conclue en outre à une certaine efficacité des programmes analysées. Une critique méthodologique de même que des recommandations pour les études futures sur le sujet s'en dégagent. Ensuite, le Chapitre III constitue une étude pilote testant la faisabilité et l'acceptabilité d'un programme d'entraînement cognitif basé sur un paradigme d'apprentissage sans erreur. Deux individus présentant des DCL ont pris part à cette étude d'où ressortent des résultats positifs appuyant l'évaluation à plus grande échelle de ce type de protocole. C'est d'ailleurs ce que propose le Chapitre IV où une étude randomisée et contrôlée réalisée en simple aveugle auprès de 22 personnes âgées de 50 ans et plus avec DCL est présentée. Après six sessions d'entraînement cognitif, les résultats obtenus montrent que l~s deux groupes de participants s'améliorent de façon similaire sur une tâche d'associations noms-visages et ce, peu importe qu'ils soient soumis à une procédure d'apprentissage sans erreur combinée au rappel espacé ou bien à un apprentissage par essais et erreurs. Finalement, le Chapitre V analyse et critique l' enselnble des données recueillies dans le cadre de la présente thèse et discute en outre des perspectives de recherches futures.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar, por meio dos princÃpios estruturadores dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados(LAKOFF, 1987), os significados sociocognitivamente situados atribuÃdos ao conceito de EDUCAÃÃO por trinta e trÃs alunos concludentes do Ensino MÃdio de uma escola pÃblica em Fortaleza, CearÃ, Brasil,que participaram da pesquisa como voluntÃrios nÃo remunerados. Para se atingir o objetivo proposto, foram analisadas as respostas fornecidas pelos alunos em duas tarefas - um questionÃrio e uma atividade escrita destinadas a obter dados que permitiram explorar a natureza prototÃpica da categoria e suas extensÃes metafÃricas e metonÃmicas. A abordagem metodolÃgica segue os princÃpios propostos pela SemÃntica Cognitiva de Lakoff que postula que os conceitos das pessoas nÃo sÃo arbitrÃrios, mas emergem da natureza de seus corpos em interaÃÃes dinÃmicas com o mundo ecolÃgico e sociocultural.A anÃlise de dados qualitativos apoiou-sena Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (TMCI), de George Lakoff (1987) e na Teoria da MetÃfora Conceitual (CMT), de Lakoff e Johnson (1980/[2002]). Os textos produzidos pelos participantes tornaram possÃvel a anÃlise os modelos de esquemas de imagem ORIGEM-PERCURSO-META E CONTEINER na estruturaÃÃo do conceito EDUCAÃÃO, os modelos proposicionais frames e scripts que se sobressaÃram para representar o cotidiano escolar e as metÃforas sobre EDUCAÃÃO.Os dados colhidos foram organizados em tabelas e grÃficos de modo a permitir o estabelecimento de comparaÃÃes entre as expressÃes semanticamente afins coletadas nos questionÃrios e a distribuiÃÃo das anÃlises sobre os modelos cognitivos estruturantes. Essa organizaÃÃo tambÃm facilitou as anÃlises de projeÃÃes metafÃricas e seus acarretamentos. As mais relevantes metÃforas foram EDUCAÃÃO Ã BEM ADQUIRIDO, VALIOSO e EDUCAÃÃO Ã VIAGEM.Os resultados obtidos tambÃm permitiram propor uma categoria radial para o conceito de EDUCAÃÃO no modo como ele emerge das crenÃas social e culturalmente consagradas e dos valores compartilhados pelos participantes.
This research aimed to analyze, through the structured principals of Idealized Cognitive Models Theory (LAKOFF, 1987), embodied, socio cognitive situated meanings attributed to the concept of EDUCATION by thirty-three final year high school students of a government school in Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, who participated of the research as unpaid volunteers. In order to achieve the mentioned aim, it was analyzed the responses provided by the students in answering two tasks â a questionnaire and a writing task aimed at eliciting data which allowed to explore the category prototypical nature and its metaphoric and metonymic extensions. The methodological approach follows the principals proposed by lakofian Cognitive Semantics which posits that people concepts are not arbitrary but emerge from the nature of their bodies in dynamic interactions with the ecological and social cultural world. The qualitative data analysis was supported by Lakoffâs (1987) Idealized Cognitive Models Theory (ICMT) and Lakoff and Johnsonâs (1980/[2002]) Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). The texts produced by the participants made possible the analysis of the ORIGIN â TRAJECTORY â TARGET and CONTAINER image schemas in the structuring of the EDUCATION concept, the most salient proposition models (frame and scripts) to represent the school routine and the EDUCATION metaphors. The data gathered were organized in table and graphs in order to allow for comparisons between semantically close expressions and the distribution of the analyses about the EDUCATION concept structuring cognitive models. Such organization has also facilitated the metaphoric projections and their entailments. The most relevant metaphors were EDUCATION IS AN ACQUIRED, VALUABLE ASSET and EDUCATION IS A JOURNEY. The results obtained have also allowed to propose a radial category for the concept of EDUCATION as it emerges from embodied social culturally beliefs and values shared by the participants.

Introdução: O declínio cognitivo relacionado à neurocisticercose (NC) ainda permanece mal caracterizado e pouco diagnosticado. Recentemente, nosso grupo mostrou que uma significativa parcela de pacientes com NC na fase cística ativa apresenta-se com declínio cognitivo e comprometimento funcional (Ciampi de Andrade et al., 2010). Não existem estudos controlados que avaliem essas alterações em pacientes com NC na fase calcificada na literatura até presente momento. Objetivos: Avaliar o desempenho cognitivo do maior subgrupo de NC, constituído de pacientes com NC na fase estritamente calcificada (C-NC). Verificar a presença de demência e comprometimento cognitivo sem demência (CCSD) nesses pacientes e tentar correlacionar os resultados obtidos a achados de neuroimagem. Investigar se existe presença de um espectro de anormalidade cognitiva na NC conforme a fase da doença. Metódos e Casuística: Quarenta pacientes (média de idade = 37,6+ 11,3 anos e escolaridade média= 7,0+ 3,5 anos), com critérios diagnósticos absolutos de C-NC foram submetidos à avaliação cognitiva e funcional, sendo comparados a 40 pacientes controles saudáveis (CS) e 40 pacientes com NC ativa (A-NC), emparelhados por idade e nível educacional. Todos os pacientes do grupo C-NC foram submetidos a estudo de RM de encéfalo, a fim de excluir outras causas de epilepsia e sinais de atividade inflamatória. Resultados: Os doentes C-NC apresentaram uma média de 9,40 ± 3,13 testes alterados dos 30 da bateria de avaliação cognitiva quando comparados aos CS. Nenhum paciente C-NC mostrou critérios para demência e 10 (25%) tiveram critérios para CCSD. O grupo ANC tinha 5 pacientes (12,5%) com demência e 11 (27,5%) com CCSD. Mais de 50% dos doentes C-NC apresentaram desempenho inferior em memória verbal, atenção e função executiva em comparação aos CS. Não se encontrou correlação entre as alterações nos testes cognitivos nos pacientes C-NC e A-NC e os achados de neuroimagem e a frequência de crises epilépticas. Dos 4 pacientes reavaliados com demência do grupo A-NC após 2 anos, 3 deles ainda mantinham critérios de demência e na reavaliação por neuroimagem ainda apresentavam cistos. O único que não mais preenchia critérios para demência ou CCSD, exibia apenas calcificações na neuroimagem controle. Conclusões: Os resultados do presente estudo controlado indicaram que a NC independente de sua fase leva a um espectro de alterações cognitivas que varia de comprometimento em um simples domínio, CCSD até, ocasionalmente, demência. Estes achados parecem ser mais intensos durante a fase ativa cística da doença e menos proeminentes no estágio calcificado
Introduction: Cognitive decline related to neurocysticercosis (NC) remains poorly characterized and underdiagnosed. We have previously shown that a significant proportion of active NC patients (A-NC) present cognitive and functional impairment. Until now, there is no control study that have evaluated cognitive abnormalities in patients in the calcified phase of NC. Objective: To evaluate the cognitive performance of the largest subgroup of NC, the strict calcified patients (C-NC). Check the presence of dementia and cognitive impairment no-dementia (CIND) and correlate the results with neuroimaging findings. To investigate whether there is a spectrum of cognitive abnormalities in the disease according to disease phase. Methods and participants: Forty treatment-naive patients with C-NC aged 37.6 ± 11.3 years and fulfilling absolute criteria for definitive C-NC were submitted to a comprehensive cognitive and functional evaluation and were compared with 40 active NC patients (A-NC) and 40 healthy controls (HC) matched for age and education. All patients of C-NC group underwent brain MRI study in order to exclude other causes of epilepsy and signs of inflammatory activity. Results: Patients with C-NC presented 9.4 ± 3.1 altered test scores out of the 30 from the cognitive battery when compared to HC. No C-NC patient had dementia and 10 patients (25%) presented CIND. The A-NCYST group had five patients (12.5%) with dementia and 11 patients (27.5%) with CIND. More than 50% of C-NC patients had low performance in verbal memory, attention and executive functions in comparison to CS. No significant correlation was found between cognitive performance and the number of lesions and seizure frequency. On follow-up, three out of five previously demented A-NCYST patients still presented cystic lesions with scolex on MRI and were still demented. One patient died and the remaining patient no longer fulfilled criteria for neither dementia nor CIND, presenting exclusively calcified lesions on neuroimaging. Conclusion: The results of our controlled study shows that NC, independently of its phase, leads to a spectrum of cognitive abnormalities, ranging from impairment in a single domain, to CIND and, occasionally, to dementia. These findings are more conspicuous during active vesicular phase and less prominent in calcified stages

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Currently there is a wide range of applications in Artificial Intelligence, but progress goes in short steps regarding the development of a strong artificial intelligence. This thesis aims to elucidate the multidisciplinary character of cognitive science to which the studies of artificial intelligence are linked. The objective is to describe succinctly, but panoramically, the history of each area such as cognitive neuroscience, philosophy of mind, cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, among others) as well as to describe the main questions and barriers of actual researches. The major effort of this project is to make explicit the state of the art of artificial intelligence focusing on the goals of cognitive science towards strong artificial intelligence. Therefore, this dissertation includes a bibliography of evolutionary concepts, and the role of the various disciplines involved in current developments of strong artificial intelligence. It will also highlight the great contribution that is being given in cognitive sciences to the study of cognitive semiotics. As much as the area is evolving, it is noted the need for a new doctrine to develop an "artificial being". Algorithmic issues, new architectural arrangements of machine and interpretations of signs / symbols could be useful to achieve this goal
Atualmente existe uma vasta gama de aplicações na área da Inteligência Artificial, porém os progressos caminham a passos curtos no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de uma inteligência artificial forte. Esta dissertação busca elucidar a multidisciplinaridade das ciências cognitivas, à qual os estudos da inteligência artificial estão atrelados, por meio da apresentação sucinta, porém panorâmica, do histórico de cada especialidade ou área: neurociência cognitiva, filosofia da mente, psicologia cognitiva, a própria inteligência artificial, entre outras. Visa também levantar os principais questionamentos e entraves existentes nas pesquisas atuais. Focado nos objetivos das ciências cognitivas, o esforço maior deste projeto é deixar explícito o estado da arte da inteligência artificial e seu propósito de desenvolvimento de uma inteligência artificial forte. Portanto esta dissertação contempla a bibliografia evolutiva dos conceitos implicados, assim como o papel das diversas disciplinas envolvidas nos desenvolvimentos atuais da inteligência artificial forte. Será também destacada a grande contribuição que está sendo dada às ciências cognitivas com o estudo da semiótica cognitiva. Por mais que a área esteja evoluindo, nota-se a necessidade de uma nova doutrina para a questão de se desenvolver um ser artificial , de modo que questões algorítmicas, novos arranjos arquitetônicos de máquina e interpretações dos signos / símbolos poderiam ser úteis para atingir esse objetivo

La necessitat d'un replantejament del Programa Integrat d'Exploració Neuropsicològica-Test Barcelona (PIEN-TB) justifica la creació d'una segona versió que s'enmarqui en una aproximació d'exploració modular en etapes. La present Tesi Doctoral té com a objectius principals desenvolupar, normalitzar i validar la versió estàndard de la segona versió del Test Barcelona (PIEN-TB II) i aportar per tant, un instrument d'exploració neuropsicològica fiable, vàlid i amb una adequada capacitat per diferenciar entre envelliment normal i diversos graus de deteriorament cognitiu. La Tesi està constituïda per tres parts: el procés de desenvolupament de la prova, l'estudi normatiu, i l'estudi de validació. El procés de desenvolupament es va portar a terme realitzant una revisió de les tècniques d'exploració actuals i una crítica rigorosa de la versió vigent del test, per a obtenir finalment una versió formada per quaranta-set subtests per avaluar orientació, llenguatge, lectura i escriptura, memòria, atenció-concentració, funcions executives, praxi i gnosi. Per portar a terme l'estudi normatiu, es va administrar la prova a 249 subjectes sans d'entre 20 i 86 anys, estratificats en set grups d'edat i escolaritat. Presentem les mitjanes, desviacions estàndard i taules de percentils de les cinquanta-cinc variables de la prova i el procés de construcció de la puntuació normalitzada (PN). Vàrem portar a terme l'estudi de validació comparant el rendiment de tres grups de pacients amb deteriorament cognitiu lleu, demència tipus Alzheimer en fase inicial i malaltia de Parkinson sense demència amb un grup de subjectes sans. Presentem el perfil cognitiu obtingut de cada un dels grups de pacients, així com les diferències més importants pel que fa al rendiment en els subtests. Presentem un punt de tall de 84 en la PN per discriminar amb un alt valor predictiu entre subjecte control i demència tipus Alzheimer. Pel que fa a la fiabilitat test-retest, vàrem obtenir un quocient de correlació intraclasse (QCI) de 0.79 de la PN. Respecte a la fiabilitat interavaluadors, vam obtenir un QCI global de la PN de 0.99 entre dotze avaluadors i presentem a més, el grau d'acord entre els diferents avaluadors i els diferents subtests. Finalment, per aportar dades sobre la validesa convergent, discriminant i concurrent de la prova, vàrem realitzar estudis correlacionals de les variables del test amb proves de cribratge cognitiu, la versió abreviada del PIEN-TB i diverses proves neuropsicològiques d'ús habitual en la pràctica clínica. Com a conclusions, considerem que la versió estàndard del PIEN-TB II constitueix un instrument d'exploració neuropsicològica que inclou proves per avaluar un ampli ventall de funcions cognitives d'una manera fiable, vàlida i amb una adequada capacitat per discriminar entre l'estat cognitiu de subjectes sans i el de pacients amb malaltia d'Alzheimer.
La necesidad de un replanteamiento del Programa Integrado de Exploración Neuropsicológica-Test Barcelona (PIEN-TB) justifica la creación de una segunda versión que se enmarque en una aproximación de exploración neuropsicológica modular en etapas. La presente Tesis Doctoral tiene como objetivos principales desarrollar, normalizar y validar la versión estándar de la segunda versión del Test Barcelona (PIEN-TB II) y por lo tanto aportar un instrumento de exploración neuropsicológica fiable, válido y con una adecuada capacidad para diferenciar entre envejecimiento normal y diversos grados de deterioro cognitivo. La Tesi se divide en tres partes: el proceso de desarrollo de la prueba, el estudio normativo y el estudio de validación. El proceso de desarrollo se llevó a cabo mediante una revisión de las técnicas de exploración actuales y una crítica rigurosa de la versión vigente del test, para finalmente obtener una versión formada por cuarenta y siete subtests para evaluar orientación, lenguaje, lectura y escritura, memoria, atención-concentración, funciones ejecutivas, praxis y gnosis. En el estudio normativo, se administró la prueba a 249 sujetos sanos de entre 20 y 86 años, estratificados en siete grupos de edad y escolaridad. Presentamos las medias, desviaciones estándar y tablas de percentiles de las cincuenta y cinco variables de la prueba, así como el proceso de construcción de la puntuación normalizada (PN).En el estudio de validación, comparamos el rendimento de un grupo de pacientes con deterioro cognitivo leve, demencia tipo Alzheimer en fase inicial y enfermedad de Parkinson sin demencia con un grupo de sujetos sanos. Presentamos el perfil cognitivo obtenido de cada uno de los grupos de pacientes, así como las diferencias más importantes respecto al rendimiento en los subtests. Presentamos un punto de corte de 84 en la PN para discriminar con un alto valor predictivo entre sujetos control y demencia tipo Alzheimer. En referencia a fiabilitdad test-retest, obtuvimos un coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) de 0.79 de la PN. Respecto a la fiabilidad interevaluadores, obtuvimos un CCI global de la PN de 0.99 entre doce evaluadores y presentamos además, el grado de acuerdo entre los diferentes evaluadores y los diferentes subtests. Finalmente, para aportar datos sobre la validez convergente, discriminante y concurrente de la prueba, realizamos estudios correlacionales de las variables del test con pruebas de cribaje cognitivo, la versión abreviada del PIEN-TB y diversas pruebas neuropsicológicas de uso habitual. A modo de conclusión, consideramos que la versión estándar del PIEN-TB II constituye un instrumento de exploración neuropsicológica que incluye pruebas para evaluar diferentes funciones cognitivas de una forma fiable, válida y con una capacidad para discriminar entre el estado cognitivo de sujetos sanos y el de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer.
The main objective of this work is to develop, normalize and validate the standar version of the second version of Test Barcelona (PIEN-TB II) and thus provide a reliable, valid and highly diagnostic accurate neuropsychological instrument that could describe the cognitive differeances between healthy aging and cognitive impairment. Our project is constituted by three specific parts. First of all, the test development process, secondly the normative study and finally the validation study. Critical analysis of the previous versions of the Test Barcelona and a literature search to analyze the current neuropsychological techniques were conducted to carry out the development of this instrument. At the end of the development process, a forty-seven subtest instrument was created to assess orientation, language, reading and writing, memory, attention, executive function, praxis and gnosis. Secondly, 249 healthy controls (from 20 to 86 years old) were tested to obtain normative data of the PIEN-TB II. Means, standar deviations and percentils tables of seven age and education groups of the sample are provided. Moreover, process of the standar score development is included the normative study section. The validation of the PIEN-TB II included the performance of three groups of patients (mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease without dementia) compared to a healthy control group. Cognitive profile of each patients group and the most important differeances between them are provided. A cutt-off of 84 on the standar score is presented as a high sensitive and specific score to distinguish Alzheimer disease from healthy controls. The test-retest and inter-rater reliability of the standar score were 0.79 and 0.99 (intraclass correlation coefficient). Twelve raters agreement in all the PIEN-TB II items is also provided. Construct, discriminant and convergent validity of the test was supported by the expected correlations with screening tests, the abbreviated version of Barcelona Test and some neuropsychological tests often utilized in clinical practice. In summary, PIEN-TB II is a complete neuropsichological battery that includes a wide number of cognitve domains, and a reliable, valid and highly accurate test to discriminate between cognitive status of healthy controls and patients with Alzheimer disease.

Le travail comprend deux parties, s'articulant pour la premiere autour d'un developpement theorique du champ aborde et pour la seconde, autour de trois recherches experimentales. Ces parties ont un double objet, celui de verifier d'une part, la pertinence a concevoir la lecture comme une activite finalisee et dependante d'objectifs plus ou moins propres au sujet - lecteur et d'autre part, l'incidence des objectifs de recuperation / production sur la << mise en texte >> et sur le recouvrement de la representation mentale elaboree en lecture. Dans la partie theorique sont exposes les modeles et travaux experimentaux qui permettent d'appuyer le fait que les activites de lecture et de production s'instaurent dans un dispositif complexe incluant les caracteristiques des textes, celles de la tache, celles des lecteurs -scripteurs et celles de la situation de communication et de conclure a l'incidence de leur interaction dans les declenchements inferentiels et strategiques. La partie experimentale a en particulier pour projet d'expliciter les relations existants entre les caracteristiques discursives et normatives des textes, les connaissances communicatives et discursives des lecteurs, leurs attitudes a l'egard d'un referent donne et leurs competences cognitives a lire et produire des textes conformement a des objectifs imposes. Elle tente plus generalement, d'expliquer les proces d'encodage et de recuperation des donnees textuelles et de montrer la pertinence de l'hypothese contractuelle ainsi que ses limites.

La thèse étudie les effets modérateurs des expériences cognitives et non-cognitives de travail sur le vieillissement cognitif. Elle repose sur 4 études empiriques dont 3 utilisent les données (n=3237) de la cohorte VISAT (vieillissement, santé, travail). Les deux premières portent sur les effets de la stimulation cognitive au travail et l'hypothèse de la préservation différentielle (expériences cognitives). Les deux autres sont consacrées aux effets à court et à long terme du travail posté, des altérations du sommeil et d'autres conditions de travail sur l'efficience cognitive (expériences non-cognitives). Plusieurs résultats suggèrent que certaines expériences peuvent soit altérer le fonctionnement cognitif à long terme (travail posté), soit atténuer les effets du vieillissement (environnements de travail cognitivement riches). La discussion souligne l'importance de l'amélioration des conditions de travail dans une perspective de prévention du vieillissement
The work deals with the moderator effects of cognitive and non-cognitive job experiences on cognitive ageing. It includes 4 empirical studies from which 3 are based on data coming from the VISAT study (n=3237 ; ageing, health and work). The first two investigate the effects of cognitive stimulation at work or test the maintenance hypothesis (cognitive experiences). The other two are about the short -and long- term effects of shift work, sleep troubles and other work conditions on cognitive efficiency. Several results show that some job experiences may either impair the cognitive functioning in the long term (shift work) or moderate the ageing effects (cognitive stimulation at work). The discussion emphasizes the need of improving working conditions as a way of contributing to successful ageing

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Considering the importance of the inclusion of the visually impaired regarding issues investigated by Psychology, this research had the objective of continuing a process of building a battery to assess cognitive abilities of visually impaired children. The instrument, consisting of four subtests (verbal reasoning, logical, numerical and memory) which belong to the Intelligence Assessment Battery for Visually Impaired Children (PAIC-DV) and the scale of Teacher?s Perception of Visually Impaired Children?s Intelligence (EPIC-DV), was the target of a series of studies aiming for the investigation of its psychometric qualities. Different samples were used to achieve these goals: 195 children, with 30 visually impaired (type: acquired n = 8; congenital n = 12; degree: low vision n = 23; blindness n = 7) aged between seven and 12 years (M = 9.76; DP = 1.81) and 165 normal vision children, aged between seven and 12 years (M = 11.57; DP = 0.41); 15 teachers, with 10 specialized in service to the visually impaired and 5 regular education teachers, which responded to scale evaluating each of the 195 children. The results of the PAIC-DV pointed to psychometric suitability of the instrument?s factorial structure, inside a model with second-order factor (General Intelligence) and three specific factors related to the subtests Verbal Reasoning, Logical and Numeric (the Memory subtest was not inserted in the analysis). Significant differences were also found related to total scores of each subtest within the group, and normal vision children showed better results in all subtests when compared to children with visual impairment. Significant positive correlations were found in moderate magnitude and weak for most of the results in the comparison between PAIC-DV and BPR-5, as well as between the PAIC-DV and school grades and levels of internal consistency amongst 0.85 and 0.88 for each factor, indicating good precision of the instrument. EPIC-DV results showed content evidence validity through the analysis of judges and construct validity evidence by means of a model with second-order factor (General Intelligence) and four specific factors related to the subtests Verbal Reasoning, Logical, Numerical and Memory. Significant differences were found regarding the performance subtests at all, with the exception of numerical reasoning. The evaluations carried out by the teachers showed better performance of children with visual impairment in all factors (with the exception of numerical reasoning), compared to the evaluations carried out for normal vision children. Regarding the type of disability, a significant difference was found only for verbal reasoning, with better performance of children with congenital deficiency and, in relation to the degree, no significant differences were found for any factor. Considering school grades, few correlations and low magnitude have been found. The reliability, by means of internal consistency ranged from 0.94 to 0.97 for each factor, indicating good accuracy of the instrument. Supplementary analysis made through the investigation of convergent validity evidence, used the BPR-5 that indicated significant negative correlations and weak magnitude from the PAIC-DV with Logical Reasoning and Numerical Reasoning, as well as of the total score of the EPIC-DV with Numerical Reasoning test. Finally, congruence analysis was applied concerning the instruments that structure the battery, whose results indicated significant correlations as moderate positive and weak among the instruments, indicating the possibility that both are used as complements when assessing cognitive aspects of children with visual impairment. We conclude that the studies developed with the instruments brought relevant data about the importance of a specific intelligence assessment instrument for children with visual impairment, and studies with larger samples can enrich and contribute to the expansion in use of the built instrument.
Teniendo en cuenta la importancia de la inclusi?n de la discapacidad visual en las cuestiones investigadas por la psicolog?a, esta investigaci?n tuvo como objetivo continuar con el proceso de construcci?n de una bater?a de pruebas para evaluar las capacidades cognitivas de los ni?os con discapacidad visual. El instrumento consta de cuatro pruebas de rendimiento (razonamiento verbal, l?gico, num?rico y memoria) que pertenece a la Bater?a de Evaluaci?n de Inteligencia para ni?os con discapacidad visual (PAIC-DV) y la Escala de Percepci?n de Maestros acerca de la inteligencia de ni?os con discapacidad visual (EPIC -DV), que fue objeto de una serie de estudios para investigar sus cualidades psicom?tricas. Diferentes muestras se utilizaron para alcanzar estas metas: 195 ni?os, 30 discapacitados visuales (tipo: Adquirida n = 8; cong?nita n = 12; grado: baja visi?n n = 23; ceguera n = 7) con edades comprendidas entre siete y 12 a?os ( M = 9.76, SD = 1.81) y 165 ni?os videntes, con edades comprendidas entre siete y 12 a?os (M = 11,57, SD = 0,41); 15 profesores, 10 especializados en el servicio a personas con discapacidad visual y 5 maestros de escuelas regulares, que respondieron a la escala de evaluaci?n de cada uno de los 195 ni?os. Los resultados de la PAIC-DV se?alaron adecuaci?n psicom?trica de la estructura factorial del instrumento dentro de un modelo con un factor de segundo orden (inteligencia general) y tres factores espec?ficos relacionados con las pruebas de razonamiento verbal, l?gico y num?rico (prueba memoria no fue insertado en el an?lisis). Tambi?n se encontraron diferencias significativas en relaci?n al total de cada prueba en relaci?n con el grupo. Los ni?os con visi?n han obtenido mejores resultados en todas las pruebas en comparaci?n con los ni?os con discapacidad visual. En cuanto al tipo de discapacidad, no se encontraron diferencias significativas, y s?lo la prueba de la memoria mostr? diferencias significativas a favor de los ni?os con baja visi?n. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas positivas de magnitud moderada y baja para la mayor?a de los resultados en comparaci?n entre PAIC-DV y BPR-5, as? como entre PAIC-DV y los a?os escolares. Los ?ndices de consistencia interna estuvieron entre 0,85 y 0,88 para cada factor, lo que indica buen instrumento de precisi?n. Los resultados de EPIC-DV mostraron evidencia de la validez de contenido, a trav?s del an?lisis de los jueces y validez de contenido de pruebas por medio de un modelo con un factor de segundo orden (inteligencia general) y cuatro factores espec?ficos relacionados con las pruebas razonamiento verbal, l?gico, num?rico y la memoria. No se encontraron diferencias significativas con respecto al rendimiento en todas las pruebas, excepto por el razonamiento num?rico. La evaluaci?n hecha por los profesores indicaron un mejor rendimiento de los ni?os con discapacidad visual en todos los factores (excepto para el razonamiento num?rico), en comparaci?n con las evaluaciones para los ni?os videntes. En cuanto al tipo de discapacidad, no se encontraron diferencias significativas, s?lo para el razonamiento verbal, con un mejor rendimiento de los ni?os con discapacidad cong?nita y en relaci?n al grado, no hubo diferencias significativas para cualquier factor. En cuanto a los a?os escolares, se encontraron pocas correlaciones y baja magnitud. La precisi?n a trav?s de la consistencia interna vari? de 0,94 a la 0,97 para cada factor, lo que indica buen instrumento de precisi?n. Posterior an?lisis de investigaci?n de validez convergente con la BPR-5 ha indicado correlaciones significativas negativas y de baja magnitud de PAIC-DV con el Razonamiento L?gico y el factor de Razonamiento Num?rico, as? como el total de la EPIC -DV con la prueba de Razonamiento Num?rico. Por ?ltimo, se realiz? un an?lisis de congruencia entre los instrumentos que componen la bater?a y la escala. Los resultados mostraron correlaciones significativas moderadas y d?biles positivas entre los instrumentos de forma que indique la posibilidad de que ambos se utilizan de manera complementaria en la evaluaci?n cognitiva de los ni?os con discapacidades visual. Se concluye que los estudios llevados a cabo con el instrumento trajeron datos relevantes sobre la importancia de un instrumento espec?fico para evaluar la inteligencia de los ni?os con discapacidad visual y que los estudios con muestras m?s grandes pueden enriquecer y contribuir a la expansi?n del uso del instrumento construido.
Considerando a necessidade da inclus?o do deficiente visual nas quest?es investigadas pela Psicologia, bem como a garantia de igualdade nas avalia??es psicol?gicas realizadas, essa pesquisa teve como objetivo a continua??o do processo de constru??o de uma bateria de testes para avalia??o das habilidades cognitivas de crian?as deficientes visuais. O instrumento, composto por quatro subtestes de execu??o (racioc?nio verbal, l?gico, num?rico e mem?ria) pertencentes ? Provas de Avalia??o da Intelig?ncia para Crian?as Deficientes Visuais (PAIC- DV) e pela Escala de Percep??o de Professores da Intelig?ncia de Crian?as deficientes visuais (EPIC-DV), foi alvo de uma s?rie de estudos visando a investiga??o das suas qualidades psicom?tricas. Diferentes amostras foram utilizadas para alcan?ar esses objetivos: 195 crian?as, sendo 30 deficientes visuais (tipo: adquirida n= 8; cong?nita n=12; grau: baixa vis?o n= 23; cegueira n= 7) com idades entre sete e 12 anos (M= 9,76; DP= 1,81) e 165 crian?as normovisuais, com idades entre sete e 12 anos (M= 11,57; DP= 0,41); 15 professores, sendo 10 especializados no atendimento a deficientes visuais e 5 professores de ensino regular, os quais responderam a escala avaliando cada uma das 195 crian?as, assim como um grupo de ju?zes especialistas na ?rea de avalia??o psicol?gica. Os resultados do conjunto PAIC-DV apontaram adequa??o psicom?trica da estrutura fatorial do instrumento, dentro de um modelo com fator de segunda ordem (intelig?ncia geral) e tr?s fatores espec?ficos relacionados aos subtestes Racioc?nio Verbal, L?gico e Num?rico. Foram encontradas diferen?as significativas em rela??o ao total de acertos de cada subteste em rela??o a grupo (crian?as normovisuais apresentaram melhores resultados em todos os subtestes em compara??o com as crian?as com defici?ncia visual), o mesmo n?o ocorrendo em rela??o ao tipo de defici?ncia (somente o subteste de Mem?ria apresentou diferen?as significativas a favor das crian?as com baixa vis?o). Foram encontradas correla??es significativas positivas de magnitude moderada e fraca para a maioria dos resultados na compara??o entre PAIC-DV e BPR-5, bem como entre o conjunto PAIC-DV e as notas escolares, tomados como crit?rio externo. ?ndices de consist?ncia interna entre 0,85 e 0,88 foram encontrados para cada fator, indicando boa precis?o do instrumento. Os resultados da EPIC-DV, por sua vez, apresentaram evid?ncias de validade de conte?do, por meio da an?lise de ju?zes e evid?ncias de validade de construto por meio de um modelo com fator de segunda ordem (intelig?ncia geral) e quatro fatores espec?ficos relacionados aos subtestes Racioc?nio Verbal, L?gico, Num?rico e Mem?ria. Diferen?as significativas em rela??o ao desempenho em todos os subtestes, com exce??o do racioc?nio num?rico, a favor das crian?as com defici?ncia visual em todos os fatores (com exce??o do racioc?nio num?rico). Em rela??o ao tipo de defici?ncia, diferen?a significativa foi encontrada apenas para o racioc?nio verbal, com melhor desempenho das crian?as com defici?ncia cong?nita e, em rela??o ao grau, n?o foram encontradas diferen?as significativas para nenhum fator. Em rela??o ?s notas escolares, poucas correla??es e de baixa magnitude foram encontradas. A precis?o, por meio da consist?ncia interna variou entre 0,94 e 0,97 para cada fator, indicando boa precis?o do instrumento. An?lise complementar, por meio da investiga??o de evid?ncias de validade convergente, usando-se a Bateria de Provas de Racioc?nio 5 indicou correla??es significativas negativas e de magnitude fraca da PAIC-DV com o fator Racioc?nio L?gico e Racioc?nio Num?rico, bem como do Total da EPIC-DV com a prova de Racioc?nio Num?rico. Por fim, foi realizada an?lise de congru?ncia entre os instrumentos que comp?em a bateria, cujos resultados indicaram correla??es significativas positivas moderadas e fracas entre os instrumentos, de modo a indicar a possibilidade de que ambos sejam usados de forma complementar na avalia??o cognitiva de crian?as com defici?ncia visual. Conclui-se que os estudos desenvolvidos com o instrumental trouxeram dados relevantes quanto ? import?ncia de um instrumento espec?fico de avalia??o da intelig?ncia para crian?as com defici?ncia visual e que, estudos com amostras maiores podem enriquecer e contribuir para a expans?o do uso do instrumento constru?do.

El model cognitiu de la psicosi planteja que les persones amb esquizofrènia tendeixen a presentar diferents biaixos cognitius que tenen un paper central en els processos d’avaluació, raonament i metacognició que donen lloc a la formació i manteniment dels deliris. Aquesta tesi té com objectiu caracteritzar la rellevància dels biaixos cognitius en la psicosi. S’avalua la seva presència i intensitat, així com la seva relació amb símptomes psicòtics positius i negatius, símptomes depressius i funcionalitat, en tres mostres de participants: un grup de pacients amb psicosi d’inici recent (N = 43), un grup de pacients crònics amb esquizofrènia (N = 63) i un grup no clínic format per adolescents sans (N=45). Per avaluar els biaixos cognitius es va utilitzar l’escala CBQ (Cognitive Biases Questionnaire) en les tres mostres. En la mostra clínica es va utilitzar l’escala PANSS i l’escala Calgary per mesurar els símptomes psicòtics i depressius respectivament. A la mostra de subjectes sans es va utilitzar l’escala d’experiències psíquiques CAPE-42 per mesurar experiències de tipus psicòtic positives, negatives i símptomes depressius. L’associació entre biaixos cognitius i psicopatologia es va analitzar mitjançant anàlisi de regressió múltiple. Com a conclusió general es va obtenir que els biaixos cognitius contribueixen a l’expressió dels símptomes positius i depressius en persones amb psicosi i subjectes sans. D’altra banda també s’estudia la modificació dels biaixos cognitius mitjançant el programa d’entrenament metacognitiu (EMC) grupal de Moritz en comparació a un grup psicoeducatiu, en un grup de pacients amb psicosi d’inici recent. Així mateix es planteja si l’ordre d’administració dels tractaments influeix en els resultats. La mostra d’estudi va estar formada per 49 pacients estables amb psicosi d’inici recent aleatoritzats en dos seqüències diferents d’intervencions: EMC + psicoeducació vs psicoeducació + EMC. Es van avaluar biaixos cognitius, símptomes psicopatològics, insight cognitiu i funcionament. Respecte als resultats, els biaixos cognitius i els símptomes depressius van millorar amb les dues intervencions grupals, sense efectes diferencials entre les dues seqüències. Es conclou que el EMC i la psicoeducació són útils per millorar els biaixos cognitius i els símptomes depressius en la psicosi d’inici recent.
El modelo cognitivo de la psicosis plantea que las personas con esquizofrenia tienden a presentar diferentes sesgos cognitivos que juegan un papel central en los procesos de evaluación, razonamiento y metacognición que dan lugar a la formación y mantenimiento de los delirios. Esta tesis pretende caracterizar la relevancia de los sesgos cognitivos en la psicosis. Para ello se evalúa su presencia e intensidad, así como su relación con síntomas psicóticos positivos y negativos, síntomas depresivos y funcionalidad, en tres muestras de participantes: un grupo de pacientes con psicosis de inicio reciente (N=43), un grupo de pacientes crónicos con esquizofrenia (N=63) y un grupo no clínico formado por adolescentes sanos (N=45). Para evaluar los sesgos cognitivos se utilizó la escala CBQ (Cognitive Biases Questionnaire) en las tres muestras. En la muestra clínica se utilizó la escala PANSS y la escala Calgary para medir los síntomas psicóticos y depresivos respectivamente. En la muestra de sujetos sanos se utilizó la escala de experiencias psíquicas CAPE-42 para medir experiencias de tipo psicótico positivas, negativas y síntomas depresivos. La asociación entre sesgos cognitivos y psicopatología se analizó mediantes análisis de regresión múltiple. Como conclusión general se obtuvo que los sesgos cognitivos contribuyen a la expresión de los síntomas positivos y depresivos en personas con psicosis y sujetos sanos. Por otro lado también se estudia la modificación de los sesgos cognitivos mediante el programa de entrenamiento metacognitivo (EMC) grupal de Moritz en comparación a un grupo psiceducativo, en un grupo de pacientes con psicosis de inicio reciente. Así mismo se plantea si el orden de administración de los tratamientos es relevante en los resultados. La muestra de estudio estuvo formada por 49 pacientes estables con psicosis de inicio reciente que fueron aleatorizados en dos secuencias diferentes de intervenciones: EMC + psicoeducación vs psicoeducación + EMC. Se evaluaron sesgos cognitivos, síntomas psicopatológicos, insight cognitivo y funcionamiento. Como resultados, los sesgos cognitivos y los síntomas depresivos mejoraron con ambas intervenciones grupales, sin efectos diferenciales entre ambas secuencias. Se concluye que el EMC y la psicoeducación son útiles para mejorar los sesgos cognitivos y los síntomas depresivos en la psicosis de inicio reciente.
The cognitive model of psychosis states that people with schizophrenia tend to present different cognitive biases that play a central role in the evaluation, reasoning and metacognition processes that give rise to the formation and maintenance of delusions. This thesis aims to characterize the relevance of cognitive biases in psychosis. For this, its presence and intensity, as well as its relationship with positive and negative psychotic symptoms, depressive symptoms and functionality, are evaluated in three samples of participants: a group of patients with recent-onset psychosis (N = 43), a group of chronic patients with schizophrenia (N = 63) and a non-clinical group consisting of healthy adolescents (N = 45). To assess cognitive biases, the CBQ scale (Cognitive Biases Questionnaire) was used in the three samples. In the clinical sample, the PANSS scale and the Calgary scale were used to measure psychotic and depressive symptoms respectively. In the sample of healthy subjects, the CAPE-42 scale of psychic experiences was used to measure positive and negative psychotic-like experiences and depressive symptoms. The association between cognitive biases and psychopathology was analyzed using multiple regression analysis. As a general conclusion, it was obtained that cognitive biases contribute to the expression of positive and depressive symptoms in people with psychosis and healthy subjects. On the other hand, the modification of cognitive biases is also studied using Moritz's group metacognitive training program (MCT) in comparison to a psychoeducation, in a group of patients with recent-onset psychosis. Likewise, it is asked whether the order of administration of the treatments is relevant in the results. The study sample consisted of 49 stable patients with recent-onset psychosis who were randomized into two different sequences of interventions: MCT + psychoeducation vs psychoeducation + MCT. Cognitive biases, psychopathological symptoms, cognitive insight and functioning were assessed. As results, cognitive biases and depressive symptoms improved with both group interventions, with no differential effects between both sequences. It is concluded that MCT and psychoeducation are useful to improve cognitive biases and depressive symptoms in recent-onset psychosis.

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Automatic thoughts, emotions, behaviors and physiological responses have relationships with each other and are directly linked to the attribution of the causes, beliefs, values, attitudes and expectations in the relationship of couples and are associated with marital satisfaction and psychological distress. The aim of this study was to identify cognitive distortions couples and intervene from cognitive-behavioral therapy and increase levels of marital satisfaction. The sample consisted of 16 heteroafetivos couples, Brazilian, 18 years, literate and at least one year of marriage. Thus, the average age of the sample was 30.4 (SD=4,13) years and the majority (37.5%) reported having completed high school. The following instruments were used: Marital Satisfaction Scale (ESC); Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS); Relationship Belief Inventory (RBI); Marital Social Skills Inventory (IHSC); Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ); Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (EAD); Back Depression Inventory - (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) applied before and after cognitive behavioral intervention, and a Questionnaire Sociodemographic. In the procedure, the couples came by 12 therapy sessions for 50-minutes weekly with cognitive-behavioral approach. Only the second session was individual. However, the first and the other sessions were combined. The results discloused as the most frenquentes cognitive distortions have the Mind Reading 34.4% (n = 11) and Hipergeneralization 31.3% (n = 10). In terms of final considerations it was observed that the cognitive behavioral intervention showed its effective, and then, corroborating improvement in marital satisfaction of most couples. Thus, the correlations of paired samples showed statistical significance (p=0,00) in the improvement of the levels of marital satisfaction, depression, anxiety, marital social skills and automatic thought compared to before and after the intervention.
Os pensamentos automáticos, as emoções, os comportamentos e as respostas fisiológicas têm relações entre si e estão diretamente ligados às atribuição das causas, crenças, valores, atitudes e expectativas na relação dos casais e estão associados à satisfação conjugal e sofrimento psíquico. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar distorções cognitivas em casais e intervir a partir da terapia cognitivo-comportamental e aumentar os níveis de satisfação conjugal. A amostra foi composta por 16 casais heteroafetivos, brasileiros, maiores de 18 anos, alfabetizados e com no mínimo um ano de união. Assim, a idade média da amostra foi de 30,4 (DP=4,13) anos e a maioria (37,5%) relatou ter ensino médio completo. Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Escala de Satisfação Conjugal (ESC); Escala de Ajustamento Diádico (DAS); Inventário de Crença Sobre Relacionamento (RBI); Inventário de Habilidades Sociais Conjugais (IHSC); Questionário de Pensamentos Automáticos (ATQ); Escala de Atitudes Disfuncionais (EAD); Inventário Back de Depressão – (BDI) e Inventário Beck de Ansiedade (BAI) aplicados antes e depois da intervenção cognitivo comportamental, além de um Questionário Sociodemográfico. Quanto ao procedimento, os casais passaram por 12 sessões de terapia de 50 minutos com base cognitivo-comportamental. Somente a segunda sessão foi individual. No entanto, a primeira e as demais sessões foram conjuntas. Os resultados mostraram que as distorções cognitivas mais frenquentes foram a Leitura de pensamento 34,4% (n=11) e de hipergeneralização 31,3% (n=10). Foi possível observar que a intervenção cognitivo comportamental se mostou eficaz, corroborando melhora nas satisfação conjugal da maioria dos casais. As correlações de amostras emparelhadas apresentaram significância estatística (p=0,00) na melhora dos níveis de satisfação conjugal, depressão, ansiedade, habilidades sociais conjugais e pensamentos automáticos comparado com o antes e depois da intervenção.

Cette recherche porte sur l’étude des spécificités liées à l’apprentissage, dans un contexte interculturel. Elle se situe à l’intersection des réflexions menées sur les champs conceptuels traitant du lexique mental de l’adolescent et de l’existence de deux grandes orientations cognitives, en liaison avec la culture locale et la culture scolaire en lycée professionnel à La Réunion. Le contexte de cette étude réside dans le constat que les apprenants activeraient préférentiellement un certain type de logique selon les contextes d’enculturation. Il existe deux systèmes de développement parallèles. L’un conditionne l’autre en fonction de sa localisation. Ainsi, il y aurait une relation entre les codes linguistiques utilisés et les performances scolaires. Deux groupes d’adolescents, scolarisés dans un lycée professionnel au Nord de l’île acceptent de se soumettre aux tests. Ce panel de données est en nombre suffisant pour décrire et observer le comportement et les relations existantes au sein de notre population. Un certain nombre d’épreuves proviennent des évaluations de l’Éducation Nationale (ce2) et (6e). Pour compléter notre étude, nous comparons celles-ci avec les épreuves de Jean Piaget et des épreuves du Binet-Simon. Les résultats montrent des différences interculturelles. Ils suggèrent une perte des performances d’environ 40 % entre le niveau ce2 et l’entrée en 6e. Moins de 1 élève sur 2 réussit les épreuves de fin de primaire. Les épreuves tirées des différentes théories (Jean Piaget et Binet-Simon) sont significatives et indiquent un âge cognitif de 9-10 ans concernant la population étudiée
This research work is about the specific characteristics linked to learning in a multicultural context. It takes place at the crossroads between reflections on the conceptual fields dealing with the teenagers’ mental lexis and the two great existing cognitive orientations, in relation with local culture in vocational schools in Reunion Island. The context of this study lies in observing that learners might preferentially activate a certain kind of logic: whether it be an abstract logic or a natural logic depending on the contexts of integration. There exist two systems of development, which are parallel. One conditions the other according to its localization. Thus, there might be a relation between the linguistic codes used on the island and the learners’ performances at school. Two groups of teenagers attending the same vocational school in the island agreed to submit themselves to a battery of tests. This sample of data stands as numerically sufficient to describe and observe behavior and existing relations inside our population. Concerning of tests, were taken in the assessment-diagnosis implemented by the French Ministry of Education – their levels are: entering the consolidation of knowledge and the end of them. Then some Piaget’s evaluations as well as evaluations Binet-Simon were used. They suggest a loss in performance of around 40% between the level of the second year of primary school and the level at entering the first of secondary school. Less than one pupil out of two succeeds at the evaluations. The Piaget’s evaluations and the evaluation on verbal thinking linked with cognitive age would be that of a 9 year old

Les cadres interactionnels actuels pour les communications entre agents (protocoles, stratégies de conversation, jeux de dialogue, ...) garantissent la cohérence structurelle des conversations tenues. Pourtant, ce n'est pas tant l'habilité des agents à structurer leurs conversations qui nous intéresse que leurs aptitudes à tenir des conversations utiles quant à leurs objectifs individuels et collectifs. Pour traiter cette problématique, nous avons défini et implanté un modèle complet de la communication entre agents qui couvre les quatre dimensions classiques de la communication : syntaxe, structure, sémantique et pragmatique. Au niveau syntaxique, nous proposons le langage DIAGAL[DIAlogue Game based Agent communication Language] qui se présente comme un ensemble de jeux de dialogue qui permettent la manipulation conjointe d'engagements sociaux. Du point de vue de la structuration des dialogues, les jeux de dialogue que nous proposons offrent une alternative à la rigidité des protocoles tout en capturant les aspects conventionnels de la communication, absents des approches considérant des actes de langages isolés. Dans notre approche, le niveau sémantique de la communication repose, quant à lui, sur les engagements sociaux qui capturent les interdépendances contractées par les agents lors des communications. Dans ce contexte, notre contribution principale concerne les aspects cognitifs de la pragmatique. À cet effet, nous proposons une théorie cognitive de l'utilisation de ce cadre interactionnel basée sur la notion de cohérence cognitive et fondée sur des résultats non encore formalisés de sciences cognitives. Issue d'une unification de la théorie de la dissonance cognitive (une des théories majeures de psychologie cognitive) avec la théorie de cohérence cognitive (développée en philosophie de l'esprit), notre approche est formulée en termes d'éléments et de contraintes, notions familières en informatique. La théorie motivationnelle résultante est ensuite étendue afin de traiter la communication entre agents cognitifs. Sous les hypothèses de notre théorie, nous définissons alors une métrique de l'utilité des conversations entre agents. Nous montrons comment cette théorie permet de résoudre en pratique de nombreux problèmes fondamentaux des aspects cognitifs de la pragmatique des communications entre agents. En particulier, nous proposons une première application de notre théorie pour l'utilisation automatique par des agents de type BDI [Beliefs, Desires and Intentions] des jeux de dialogue du langage DIAGAL. Ce faisant, nous introduisons un certain nombre d'outils techniques pour l'automatisation des communications entre agents tout en précisant quels sont nos apports théoriques pour les SMAs et plus généralement pour les sciences cognitives.

Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta os principais resultados de uma pesquisa que se dedicou a comparar e confrontar as concepções de linguagem e significado da linguística cognitiva com as formulações da segunda fase da filosofia de Ludwig Wittgenstein. A partir da leitura e interpretação de textos fundamentais da linguística cognitiva e de importantes publicações de Wittgenstein, e do cotejo das ideias extraídas daí, esta dissertação pretende salientar as semelhanças e colocar em evidência as diferenças dessas linhas de pensamento, para indicar caminhos promissores de diálogo. Além disso, esta dissertação pretende comunicar-se com um domínio mais amplo de pensamento, incluindo no debate outras correntes e disciplinas das ciências cognitivas, o que respeita a vocação interdisciplinar dessas concepções de linguagem e que orientou esta pesquisa. Embora as discussões desta dissertação se deem, principalmente, em torno da noção de significado e linguagem, elas dizem respeito a concepções de racionalidade e cognição que tocam em temas largamente presentes no pensamento ocidental. Por isso, elas são apresentadas, nos primeiros capítulos, em um contexto mais amplo de pensamento, posicionadas no mesmo lado de um debate entre amplos paradigmas de pensamento, o paradigma objetivista e o paradigma experiencialista. A linguística cognitiva e Wittgenstein, assim como esta pesquisa, assumem, igualmente, que a linguagem humana não deve ser abordada como algo isolado do seu uso concreto. O confronto entre elas se dá a partir do momento que temos, de um lado, uma concepção de significado ancorada na experiência com o corpo enquanto organismo biológico, e, de outro lado, uma abordagem da linguagem que exclui a preocupação com qualquer fundamento causal do uso da linguagem. Essa diferença foi abordada em termos, em parte, de uma diferença entre ciência, mas principalmente levando em conta o aspecto internalista da concepção da linguística cognitiva e externalista da de Wittgenstein. Depois de aproximar os modelos explicativos da linguística cognitiva e particularidades do uso da linguagem cotidiana notadas por Wittgenstein, no capítulo 3, eu investigo as noções de jogo-de-linguagem e de forma de vida de Wittgenstein, propondo uma interpretação com foco na ideia do uso da linguagem como uma ação humana. Essa interpretação conduz à proposta de que a noção de forma de vida deve ser abordada com referência à ideia de interação, o que tem consequências para a concepção de significado trazida de Wittgenstein e para a aproximação a ser feita com a linguística cognitiva. As perspectivas de diálogo que a linguística cognitiva tem com Wittgenstein são delineadas no capítulo 6, a partir da posição teórica assumida por correntes recentes das ciências cognitivas. Por fim, as questões de pesquisa são recolocadas e abordadas com novo foco: os problemas sugeridos pela diferença entre filosofia e ciência são deixados de lado e a oposição entre significado corporeado e significado público é reformulada para aquela que dá título a este trabalho: significado corporeado e significado como uso. Essa reformulação chama a atenção para a necessidade de não colocar em oposição uma concepção de significado corporeada com uma visão interacional e focada na ação, como é o caso daquela encontrada na segunda filosofia de Wittgenstein.
This thesis presents the main results of a research dedicated to comparing and confronting Cognitive Linguistics conceptions of language and meaning with the formulations of the second phase of Ludwig Wittgensteins philosophy. Based on the reading and interpretation of fundamental texts in Cognitive Linguistics and of important publications of Wittgenstein, this thesis aims at highlighting the similarities and differences between these two lines of thought, in order to suggest promising lines of dialogue between them. It also intends to include in the debate other trends of Cognitive Sciences, respecting the interdisciplinary view of the language conceptions which have oriented this research. Although the discussions especially concern the notions of meaning and language, they also involve conceptions of rationality and cognition that touch several contemporary themes of relevance in western thought. In the early chapters, these notions appear in a wider context of thought, side by side in a debate between two paradigms: the objectivist and the experientialist paradigms. Cognitive Linguistics and late Wittgensteins philosophy likewise assume that human language cannot be considered as something isolated from its concrete use. The conflict between them begins when we have, on the one hand, a conception of meaning grounded in the experience with the body as a biological organism, and, on the other hand, an approach to language that excludes the concern with any causal fundament of language use. This difference has been partially presented in terms of a difference between Science and Philosophy, but mainly taking into account the internalist aspect of Cognitive Linguistics and the externalist aspect of Wittgensteins conceptions. After discussing the models of Cognitive Linguistics to explain certain particularities of language use, which Wittgenstein has likewise noted, the notions of language-game and form of life are investigated; an interpretation focused on the idea of language as human action has been proposed. This interpretation suggests that the notion of form of life should be seen from an interactionist point of view, which has consequences to the conception of meaning brought from Wittgenstein and to its approximation with Cognitive Linguistics. Finally, the original research questions are reset with a new focus: the problems suggested by the difference between Science and Philosophy are left aside and the opposition between embodied meaning and public meaning is reformulated to the one that gives title of this thesis: embodied meaning and meaning as use. This reformulation points to the necessity of not opposing an embodied conception of meaning and an interactional and action oriented view, as found in the second philosophy of Wittgenstein.

Perseverative cognition is the repetitive cognitive representation of a stressor, which includes the concepts of worry and rumination. These thoughts delay post-stress cardiovascular recovery, which may lead to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. This may be due to the negative emotional content of perseverative cognition or because it involves cognitive effort. The aim of this study was to identify the unique influences of negative emotional content and cognitive effort during recovery. Participants (N = 120) were given a demanding task purportedly as a measure of intelligence and then given false negative feedback. Immediately following, participants engaged in one of four recovery instruction conditions: think about task performance, perform a cognitive load task, watch a distracting video, or remain quietly seated. EKG, impedance cardiography, and blood pressure were recorded throughout. Perseverative cognition and cognitive load both resulted in significantly less heart rate recovery compared to the distracting video. Higher test motivation and anxiety were related to more blunted reactivity and delayed recovery of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Reduced recovery during perseverative cognition and cognitive effort indicate that the cognitive load produced by perseveration is the pernicious component that explains its link to increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Further, the relationship between motivation/anxiety and blunted reactivity and recovery suggest effort may be important in the link between perseverative cognition and cardiovascular disease.

Cognitive science has been beset for thirty years by foundational disputes about the nature and extension of cognition—e.g. whether cognition is necessarily representational, whether cognitive processes extend outside the brain or body, and whether plants or microbes have them. Whereas previous philosophical work aimed to settle these disputes, I aim to understand what conception of cognition scientists could share given that they disagree so fundamentally. To this end, I develop a number of variations on traditional conceptual explication, and defend a novel explication of cognition called the sensitive management hypothesis.

Since expert judgments about the extension of “cognition” vary so much, I argue that there is value in explication that accurately models the variance in judgments rather than taking sides or treating that variance as noise. I say of explications that accomplish this that they are ecumenically extensionally adequate. Thus, rather than adjudicating whether, say, plants can have cognitive processes like humans, an ecumenically adequate explication should classify these cases differently: human cognitive processes as paradigmatically cognitive, and plant processes as controversially cognitive.

I achieve ecumenical adequacy by articulating conceptual explications with parameters, or terms that can be assigned a number of distinct interpretations based on the background commitments of participants in a discourse. For example, an explication might require that cognition cause “behavior,” and imply that plant processes are cognitive or not depending on whether anything plants do can be considered “behavior.” Parameterization provides a unified treatment of embattled concepts by isolating topics of disagreement in a small number of parameters.

I incorporate these innovations into an account on which cognition is the “sensitive management of organismal behavior.” The sensitive management hypothesis is ecumenically extensionally adequate, accurately classifying a broad variety of cases as paradigmatically or controversially cognitive phenomena. I also describe an extremely permissive version of the sensitive management hypothesis, arguing that it has the potential to explain several features of cognitive scientific discourse, including various facts about the way cognitive scientists ascribe representations to cognitive systems.

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This dissertation aims at researching the concepts of habit that emerged in philosophy, and then introduce it in the Cognitive Science program through a nondualistic approach. After discussions on methodologies and the researcher´s motivations, the first chapter starts with a survey of the most important philosophers from medieval philosophy that dealt with the theme: Aristotle, Thomas de Aquinas and mainly Duns Scotus. After exploring and identifying the concepts of intentionality and habit, it advances to the twentieth century philosophy into Husserl´s studies, who is recognized as the founder of phenomenology. Afterwards, in order to seek for an alternative to the dualism that underlies Husserl´s research of mind, chapter two engages in the understanding of Merleau-Ponty´s works and mainly his phenomenology of perception. The next step is to link M-Ponty´s philosophy and the Cognitive Science program. This is done in chapter three which contextualizes Varela´s research and how it constrains both fields. Finally, the conclusion suggests a definition of the concept of habit as a cognitive operator, and shows possible future paths for the present work
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo de pesquisa examinar os conceitos filosóficos do hábito, introduzi-lo no campo das Ciências Cognitivas dentro de uma abordagem não-dualista e defini-lo como operador cognitivo. Após introdução metodológica e apresentação das reflexões e motivações do trabalho, começa no primeiro capítulo com um levantamento dos principais autores que abordaram o tema na filosofia medieval, observando Aristóteles, Tomás de Aquino e enfatizando Duns Scotus. Destacados os entendimentos e conceitos chaves do hábito e da intencionalidade, avança para a filosofia do século XX através dos estudos de Husserl, autor compreendido como sendo o pai da fenomenologia. Em seguida, com o intuito de buscar uma alternativa ao dualismo característico dos estudos da mente de Husserl, o capítulo dois aplica-se na compreensão fenomenológica de Merleau-Ponty, da noção do corpo como mente e do hábito incorporado. Como ponte entre a filosofia e as Ciências Cognitivas, o capítulo três apresenta o trabalho de Varela contextualizado na filosofia de M-Ponty e na história e paradigmas das Ciências Cognitivas. Por final, sugere na conclusão uma definição para o hábito como operador cognitivo e possíveis caminhos de desenvolvimento futuro da pesquisa

Human spatial strategies are heuristics that allocate cognitive and behavioural resources for navigation tasks. These spatial strategies help the individual optimize its interactions with the surrounding space through functional trade-offs between the memory costs of planning routes and the cost involved in actually travelling that distance. These trade-offs result in visitation patterns of initial exploration of the space and subsequently determine navigation efficiency. The purpose of this thesis was to observe, identify and describe patterns of spatial exploration, understand the trade-offs and strategy optimizations they encompass and empirically quantify their performance both in physical and abstract (i.e., virtual, computational model and informational) spaces. The first study presented a novel methodology of identifying spatial exploration patterns based on cluster analyses in a physical room and measured navigation efficiencies according to a spatial strategy trade-off between memory demands and distances travelled. Two exploration patterns were found that determined subsequent navigation. Explorers with an ‘axial’ pattern were more memory efficient and followed a fixed route sequence to find objects; whereas ‘circular’ pattern explorers were more distance efficient with less overall travel on more flexible route choices. The following two studies used the same experimental design and methodology to further examine the effect of spatial constraints on cognitive and behavioural resource optimization, specifically looking at the issues of exploration on forced routes in a physical space and in an effortless virtual space. In both spaces, the efficiency trade-off observed in the first study was affected. On the one hand, forced physical exploration reduced navigational control and overwrote individually preferred spatial strategy optimizations. On the other hand, effortless virtual exploration resulted in preference towards optimization of cognitive resources over distances travelled. These presented examples of spatial environmental biases. Following the three behavioural studies, an agent-based model is presented. It formalized the main hypothesis of this thesis that human spatial cognition is optimized by spatial strategies via simulating exploration patterns with memory and distance heuristics. The model also replicated the behavioural findings and allowed further insights into the trade-off observed in the first study. The lessons learnt from the model and the three behavioural studies were then tested in a practical e-learning environment. The application of the theoretical findings provides further understanding into human spatial cognition. In the study, three different spatial layout website designs were analysed for their navigational and learning utilities both immediately and 2-weeks post exploration. This web based navigational study revealed the role of spatial control in long-term retention and other cognitive benefits. Together these studies present important insights to human spatial cognition and its implications.

Ce travail a pour objectif de dresser une généalogie de la cognition en tant que partie prenante de l'expérience esthétique, domaine qui se ne cesse de se constituer depuis la naissance de la discipline elle-même. L'hypothèse que nous défendons est que l'expérience esthétique, comme toute expérience ordinaire, est un processus de traitement de l'information qui se caractérise par une dynamique susceptible d'être comprise avec les outils de la psychologie cognitive. Parmi les questions qui sont posées au fil de ce travail, dont les enjeux se situent également à l'échelle de l'esthétique philosophique et de l'histoire des idées, les principales peuvent être formulées comme suit : quels sont les processus de traitement qui participent de l'expérience esthétique ? Comment est-ce que l'information a modifié la compréhension traditionnelle de l'expérience esthétique ? Que nous apprend-t-elle de plus sur la phénoménologie de ce type d'expérience ? La thèse est organisée en deux parties, dont la première porte essentiellement sur l'archéologie de la présence de la cognition au sein du discours esthétique, notamment au siècle des Lumières et à l'époque de la naissance officielle de la psychologie expérimentale, tandis que la seconde repose sur l'examen de la structure architecturale des modèles esthétiques informationnels qui se développent à partir de la seconde moitié du vingtième siècle. L'approche généalogique que nous privilégions permet de mettre en valeur la continuité des problèmes qui touchent aux constantes de l'esprit humain manifestées dans les conduites esthétiques
The purpose of this thesis is to draw a genealogy of cognition as a constitutive part of aesthetic experience, considering that this field has been developing ever since the birth of the discipline of aesthetics itself. More specifically, we argue that aesthetic experience, as any ordinary experience, is an information-processing activity whose dynamics car be accounted for by using the conceptual tools of cognitive psychology. The main questions that we ask throughout this work, that also concern the philosophical aesthetics as well as the history of ideas, are the following : what are the informational processes involved in aesthetic experience ? In what respect did the concept of information modify the classical approaches to aesthetic experience ? In what way does it contribute to understanding the phenomenology of this particular type of experience ? In order to give an answer to these questions, we have organized this work into two parts : Part I deals with the archeology or the prehistory of cognition and its presence in aesthetic discourse, namely in the enlightenment period and at the birth of experimental psychology, while Part II comprises a close analysis of the architectural structure of informational aesthetic models that are being developed starting with the second half of the twentieth century. The genealogical approach that we favor allows us to emphasize the continuing relevance of questions related to invariants of mental reality engaged in aesthetic encounters

Participants with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) do not inevitably show cognitive decline or convert to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) supporting the hypothesis that secondary events are crucial in the conversion process. Research suggests that psychological stress is a risk factor for AD. Therefore, we proposed psychological stress will be associated with worsened cognitive decline, a clinical marker of advancing neurodegeneration. This was a longitudinal observational study assessing the association between the degree of psychological stress and cognitive decline in 134 aMCI participants and 69 control participants. We hypothesised that stress, as measured by the Recent Life Change Questionnaire (RLCQ), would be associated with worsened cognitive decline, as measured by the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test with Immediate Recall (FCSRT-IR), over an 18 month follow-up period. Other secondary cognitive outcomes included the difference in change of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score and the Trail Making Test Part B. Exploratory measures of stress included the Perceived Stress Scale and the presence of physical stressors. Hypothesised modulators of the stress response were assessed including mood, neuroticism, social support, and favoured coping style. Biological outcomes included changes in blood levels of inflammatory markers and salivary cortisol. Objective stressful life events occurring during the course of the study were associated with increased rates of cognitive decline across a range of measures in the aMCI group. Whereas, as predicted, psychological stress was not associated with cognitive decline in the control group. Presence of the ApoE ε4 allele was associated with an increased rate of cognitive decline and increased serum levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGFβ was associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline in the aMCI group. We found that neither measures of mood nor potential modulators of stress exerted a consistent significant influence over rates of cognitive decline in the aMCI group.

La psicomotricitat s’ha anat construint, des de les aportacions de la medicina i la neuropsicologia, com una disciplina que busca crear un entorn adient per atendre als infants dins d’un espai que afavoreix l’acompanyament del seu itinerari maduratiu des de la vivència del seu cos i des del moviment. Amb independència de les línies d’abordatge i del camp concret d’actuació, són moltes i molt variades les contribucions a partir de les quals s’ha anat construint aquesta disciplina (Lapierre (1977); Aucouturier (1977); Muniáin (1977); Le Bouch (1984); Franc (1993); Berruezo (2000); Arnaiz et al., (2001); Serrabona (2002); Martínez-Mínguez et al., (2017)). Per la seva vinculació amb aquesta Tesi, hem cregut necessari centrar-nos en les aportacions de Lapierre i Aucouturier (1985). Aquests autors han destacat la importància de l’acompanyament i la consideració de la dimensió afectiva i fantasmàtica de l’infant en les sessions de psicomotricitat, proporcionant, d’aquesta manera, un dispositiu mitjançant el qual l’adult articula estratègies pedagògiques respecte a aquesta intervenció en l’àmbit educatiu. Tanmateix, és l’obra d’Aucouturier (2004) la que ens ha servit com a marc específic del nostre treball. Efectivament, és dins la Pràctica Psicomotriu d’Aucoutourier (PPA) que s’ha situat la nostra recerca. Concretament, hem volgut explorar la correlació existent entre la fase de representació, entesa com el moment en el qual es mobilitzen les emocions i els afectes, i la millora dels processos cognitius en infants de tres anys. D’altra banda, el doble paper de l’autora (com a psicomotricista i com a investigadora) ens va fer optar pel paradigma ecològic per a la recerca sobre la pròpia pràctica, en un intent d’explorar els efectes reals de la pràctica educativa tal com succeeix a la sala de psicomotricitat. Així, es va optar per situar la recerca en el centre a on exercia com a psicomotricista l’autora (una escola concertada del centre de Barcelona). Més concretament, el programa de psicomotricitat del nivell de P3 durant el curs 2017-2018 va ser l’escenari a on es va aplicar un disseny quasiexperimental en el que cadascun dels tres grups classe (A, B i C) va constituir-se com a grup experimental independent, segons el criteri que s’explica més endavant. A partir d’aquí, a l’inici del curs (i fent funcions de pretest) es va passar la Bateria Cognitiva del Test de Merrill-Palmer, que es va repetir (com a posttest) al final del període docent. Durant les dinou setmanes que van separar aquests dos moments, es va desenvolupar el programa d’intervenció, que consistia en la aplicació del programa de psicomotricitat pels tres grups. Aquest programa es va desenvolupar de manera idèntica, amb l’excepció de la freqüència amb la qual es va dur a terme la fase de representació: 0%, 50% i 100% als grups A, B i C respectivament. De manera paral·lela i per poder disposar de dades qualitatives, es va dur a terme una bitàcola de representacions que va recollir i organitzar tots els productes realitzats durant les fases de representació. Igualment, i per tal de tenir constància del desenvolupament de les sessions i dels incidents crítics que es poguessin haver generat, es va elaborar un diari de sessions. Els resultats obtinguts mitjançant els diferents instruments semblen indicar que una freqüència del 100% en la realització de la representació a les sessions de psicomotricitat, ha tingut efectes positius, tant sobre bona part dels processos cognitius, com sobre la qualitat de les representacions fetes i el seu grau de correspondència amb la realitat.
La psicomotricidad se ha ido construyendo, desde las aportaciones de la medicina y la neuropsicología, como una disciplina que busca crear un entorno adecuado para atender a los niños dentro de un espacio que favorece el acompañamiento de su itinerario madurativo desde la vivencia de su cuerpo y desde el movimiento. Con independencia de las líneas de abordaje y del campo concreto de actuación, son muchas y muy variadas las contribuciones a partir de las que se ha ido construyendo esta disciplina (Lapierre (1977); Aucouturier (1977); Muniáin (1977) ; Le Bouch (1984); Franco (1993); Berruezo (2000); Arnaiz et al., (2001); Serrabona (2002); Martínez-Mínguez et al., (2017)). Por su vinculación a esta Tesis, hemos creído necesario centrarnos en las aportaciones de Lapierre y Aucouturier (1985). Estos autores han destacado la importancia del acompañamiento y la consideración de la dimensión afectiva y fantasmática del niño en las sesiones de psicomotricidad, proporcionando, de esta manera, un dispositivo mediante el cual el adulto articula estrategias pedagógicas respecto a esta intervención en el ámbito educativo. Sin embargo, es la obra de Aucouturier (2004) la que nos ha servido como marco específico de nuestro trabajo. Efectivamente, es en la Práctica Psicomotriz de Aucoutourier (PPA) que se ha situado nuestra investigación. Concretamente, hemos querido explorar la correlación existente entre la fase de representación, entendida como el momento en el que se movilizan las emociones y los afectos, y la mejora de los procesos cognitivos en niños de tres años. Por otro lado, el doble papel de la autora (como psicomotricista y como investigadora) nos hizo optar por el paradigma ecológico para la investigación sobre la propia práctica, en un intento de explorar los efectos reales de la práctica educativa tal como sucede en la sala de psicomotricidad. Así, se optó por situar la investigación en el centro dónde ejercía como psicomotricista la autora (una escuela concertada del centro de Barcelona). Más concretamente, el programa de psicomotricidad del nivel de P3 durante el curso 2017 hasta 2018 fue el escenario donde se aplicó un diseño cuasiexperimental en el que cada uno de los tres grupos clase (A, B y C) se constituyó como grupo experimental independiente, según el criterio que se explica más adelante. A partir de aquí, al inicio del curso (y haciendo funciones de pre-test) se pasó la Batería Cognitiva del Test de Merrill-Palmer, que se repitió (como post-test) al final del periodo docente. Durante las diecinueve semanas que separar estos dos momentos, se desarrolló el programa de intervención, que consistía en la aplicación del programa de psicomotricidad para los tres grupos. Este programa se desarrolló de manera idéntica, con la excepción de la frecuencia con la que se llevó a cabo la fase de representación: 0%, 50% y 100% a los grupos A, B y C respectivamente. De manera paralela y para poder disponer de datos cualitativos, se llevó a cabo una bitácora de representaciones en la que se recogió y se organizaron todos los productos realizados durante las fases de representación. Igualmente, y para tener constancia del desarrollo de las sesiones y los incidentes críticos que pudieran haberse generado, se elaboró un diario de sesiones. Los resultados obtenidos mediante los diferentes instrumentos parecen indicar que una frecuencia del 100% en la realización de la representación en las sesiones de psicomotricidad, ha tenido efectos positivos, tanto sobre buena parte de los procesos cognitivos, como sobre la calidad de las representaciones hechas y el su grado de correspondencia con la realidad.
Psychomotricity has been built, from the contributions of medicine and neuropsychology, as a discipline that seeks to create a suitable environment to care for children within a space that favors the accompaniment of their journey of maturity from the experience of their body and movement. Independently of the lines of approach and the specific field of action, there are many and very varied contributions from which this discipline has been built (Lapierre (1977); Aucouturier (1977); Muniáin (1977) ; Le Bouch (1984); Franco (1993); Berruezo (2000); Arnaiz et al., (2001); Serrabona (2002); Martínez-Minguez et al., (2017)). Because of their link to this Thesis, we have thought necessary to focus on the contributions of Lapierre and Aucouturier (1985). These authors have highlighted the importance of accompaniment and the consideration of the affective and phantasmatic dimension of the child in psychomotricity sessions, providing, in this way, a device through which the adult articulates pedagogical strategies with respect to this intervention in the educational field. However, it is the work of Aucouturier (2004) that has served as the specific framework for our work. Indeed, it is in Aucoutourier’s Psychomotor Practice (PPA) that our research has been situated. Specifically, we wanted to explore the correlation between the representation phase, understood as the moment when emotions and affects are mobilised, and the improvement of cognitive processes in three-year-old children. On the other hand, the author’s double role (as a psychomotorist and as a researcher) made us opt for the ecological paradigm for researching practice itself, in an attempt to explore the real effects of educational practice as it happens in the psychomotor room. Thus, we chose to situate the research in the centre where the author worked as a psychomotricist (a state-subsidised school in the centre of Barcelona). More specifically, the psychomotricity programme at P3 level during the 2017 to 2018 academic year was the setting where a quasi-experimental design was applied in which each of the three class groups (A, B and C) was constituted as an independent experimental group, according to the criteria explained below. From here, at the beginning of the course (and doing pre-test functions) the Cognitive Battery of the Merrill-Palmer Test was passed, which was repeated (as a post-test) at the end of the teaching period. During the nineteen weeks that separate these two moments, the intervention programme was developed, which consisted of the application of the Psychomotricity programme for the three groups. This programme was developed in an identical way, with the exception of the frequency with which the representation phase was carried out: 0%, 50% and 100% to groups A, B and C respectively. In parallel and in order to have qualitative data, a representation log was carried out in which all the products made during the representation phases were collected and organized. Likewise, and in order to have a record of the development of the sessions and the critical incidents that may have been generated, a session diary was drawn up. The results obtained by means of the different instruments seem to indicate that a frequency of 100% in the performance of the representation in the psychomotricity sessions has had positive effects, both on a good part of the cognitive processes, as well as on the quality of the representations made and their degree of correspondence with reality.