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Статті в журналах з теми "COEFFICIENTS FOR DISCHARGE"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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1

Hong, Moongeun, Jaehyoung Jeon, and Soo Yong Lee. "Discharge Coefficient of Pressure-Swirl Atomizers with Low Nozzle Opening Coefficients." Journal of Propulsion and Power 28, no. 1 (January 2012): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.b34168.

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2

Chen, Yuejun, Zongfu Fu, Qingsheng Chen, and Zhen Cui. "Discharge Coefficient of Rectangular Short-Crested Weir with Varying Slope Coefficients." Water 10, no. 2 (February 14, 2018): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10020204.

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3

Mishra, P. K., Wernher Brevis, and Cornelia Lang. "Discharge Coefficients for Baffle-Sluice Gates." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 139, no. 4 (April 2013): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000550.

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4

Darrel M. Temple. "Discharge Coefficients for Vegetated Earth Embankments." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 4, no. 1 (1988): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26579.

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5

Fox, T. A., and J. Stark. "Discharge Coefficients for Miniature Fuel Injectors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 203, no. 1 (January 1989): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_056_01.

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This technical note presents experimentally determined discharge coefficients for miniature, sharp-edged, short-tube orifice injectors operating under quasi-steady conditions in the pre and post-hydraulic flip stages.

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6

Burm, K. T. A. L. "Calculation of the Townsend Discharge Coefficients and the Paschen Curve Coefficients." Contributions to Plasma Physics 47, no. 3 (May 2007): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.200710025.

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7

Rio-Cano, Carlos, Navid M. Tousi, Josep M. Bergada, and Angel Comas. "Discharge Coefficients of a Heavy Suspension Nozzle." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 2619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062619.

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The suspensions used in heavy vehicles often consist of several oil and two gas chambers. In order to perform an analytical study of the mass flow transferred between two gas chambers separated by a nozzle, and when considering the gas as compressible and real, it is usually needed to determine the discharge coefficient of the nozzle. The nozzle configuration analyzed in the present study consists of a T shape, and it is used to separate two nitrogen chambers employed in heavy vehicle suspensions. In the present study, under compressible dynamic real flow conditions and at operating pressures, discharge coefficients were determined based on experimental data. A test rig was constructed for this purpose, and air was used as working fluid. The study clarifies that discharge coefficients for the T shape nozzle studied not only depend on the pressure gradient between chambers but also on the flow direction. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations, using air as working fluid and when flowing in both nozzle directions, were undertaken, as well, and the fluid was considered as compressible and ideal. The CFD results deeply helped in understanding why the dynamic discharge coefficients were dependent on both the pressure ratio and flow direction, clarifying at which nozzle location, and for how long, chocked flow was to be expected. Experimentally-based results were compared with the CFD ones, validating both the experimental procedure and numerical methodologies presented. The information gathered in the present study is aimed to be used to mathematically characterize the dynamic performance of a real suspension.

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8

Savage, Bruce M., Bryan Heiner, and Steven L. Barfuss. "Parshall flume discharge correction coefficients through modelling." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 167, no. 5 (May 2014): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wama.12.00112.

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9

Lefebvre, Arthur H., and S. Kevin Chen. "DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR PLAIN-ORIFICE EFFERVESCENT ATOMIZERS." Atomization and Sprays 4, no. 3 (1994): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.v4.i3.30.

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10

Spencer, Adrian. "Discharge Coefficients of Ports with Stepped Inlets." Aerospace 5, no. 3 (September 19, 2018): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5030097.

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Components of aeronautical gas turbines are increasingly being constructed from two layers, including a pressure containing skin, which is then protected by a thermal tile. Between them, pedestals and/or other heat transfer enhancing features are often employed. This results in air admission ports through the dual skin having a step feature at the inlet. Experimental data have been captured for stepped ports with a cross flow approach, which show a marked increase of 20% to 25% in discharge coefficient due to inlet step sizes typical of combustion chamber configurations. In this respect, the step behaves in a fashion comparable to ports with inlet chamfering or radiusing; the discharge coefficient is increased as a result of a reduction in the size of the vena contracta brought about by changes to the flow at inlet to the port. Radiused and chamfered ports have been the subject of previous studies, and empirical correlations exist to predict their discharge coefficient as used in many one-dimensional flow network tools. A method to predict the discharge coefficient change due to a step is suggested: converting the effect of the step into an equivalent radius to diameter ratio available in existing correlation approaches. An additional factor of eccentricity between the hole in the two skins is also considered. Eccentricity is shown to reduce discharge coefficient by up to 10% for some configurations, which is more pronounced at higher port mass flow ingestion fraction.

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11

Burd, S. W., and T. W. Simon. "Measurements of Discharge Coefficients in Film Cooling." Journal of Turbomachinery 121, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2841307.

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Measurements of discharge coefficients for several film cooling configurations having hole length-to-diameter ratios of 2.3, 4.6, 6.6, and 7.0 are presented. Recently, it was documented that the velocity distributions over the hole exit plane vary significantly with changes in hole length-to-diameter ratio. This paper documents the effects of such variations on coolant discharge coefficients. Due to the short holes, injection in engines is with a substantial amount of coolant departing the upstream portions of the hole exit plane. This results in a higher rate of momentum exchange with the free stream at that location than for longer holes, which permits more uniform exit flows. Discharge coefficient measurements are discussed in terms of this distribution of velocity. This paper also documents the effects of the hole supply plenum geometry on discharge coefficients. When the coolant flow is delivered to the holes with significant momentum either in the direction of the free stream or opposite to that direction, significant changes in discharge coefficient values are observed.

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12

SALAS-VALERIO, WALTER F., and JAMES F. STEFFE. "ORIFICE DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR POWER-LAW FLUIDS." Journal of Food Process Engineering 12, no. 2 (February 1990): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4530.1990.tb00043.x.

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13

Cho, Jin, Krystal Place, Rebecca Salstrand, Monireh Rahmat, Misagh Mansouri, Nancy Fell, and Mina Sartipi. "Developing a Predictive Tool for Hospital Discharge Disposition of Patients Poststroke with 30-Day Readmission Validation." Stroke Research and Treatment 2021 (August 19, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5546766.

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After short-term, acute-care hospitalization for stroke, patients may be discharged home or other facilities for continued medical or rehabilitative management. The site of postacute care affects overall mortality and functional outcomes. Determining discharge disposition is a complex decision by the healthcare team. Early prediction of discharge destination can optimize poststroke care and improve outcomes. Previous attempts to predict discharge disposition outcome after stroke have limited clinical validations. In this study, readmission status was used as a measure of the clinical significance and effectiveness of a discharge disposition prediction. Low readmission rates indicate proper and thorough care with appropriate discharge disposition. We used Medicare beneficiary data taken from a subset of base claims in the years of 2014 and 2015 in our analyses. A predictive tool was created to determine discharge disposition based on risk scores derived from the coefficients of multivariable logistic regression related to an adjusted odds ratio. The top five risk scores were admission from a skilled nursing facility, acute heart attack, intracerebral hemorrhage, admission from “other” source, and an age of 75 or older. Validation of the predictive tool was accomplished using the readmission rates. A 75% probability for facility discharge corresponded with a risk score of greater than 9. The prediction was then compared to actual discharge disposition. Each cohort was further analyzed to determine how many readmissions occurred in each group. Of the actual home discharges, 95.7% were predicted to be there. However, only 47.8% of predictions for home discharge were actually discharged home. Predicted discharge to facility had 15.9% match to the actual facility discharge. The scenario of actual discharge home and predicted discharge to facility showed that 186 patients were readmitted. Following the algorithm in this scenario would have recommended continued medical management of these patients, potentially preventing these readmissions.

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14

Tellez-Alvarez, Jackson, Manuel Gómez, Beniamino Russo, and Marko Amezaga-Kutija. "Numerical and Experimental Approaches to Estimate Discharge Coefficients and Energy Loss Coefficients in Pressurized Grated Inlets." Hydrology 8, no. 4 (October 26, 2021): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8040162.

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Numerical models concerning inlet systems are run to assess the hydraulic performance of existing or new systems and estimate the flow interchanges between the surface overland and sewer flows. In most programs, these interactions are modelled using the orifice equation, with estimated discharge coefficients around 0.6. In this paper, discharge values and energy loss coefficients for several pressurized grated inlets were obtained by experimental and numerical approaches and compared. To achieve these goals, a numerical model replicating several experimental tests carried out at the hydraulic laboratory of Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) was produced using a CFD model (Flow 3D). This numerical model was found to be highly sensitive to the mesh size used; however, it was able to accurately simulate the experimental processes. The comparison considered different combinations of pressurized flow though the grate, between 10 to 50 l/s, and different longitudinal gradients. The experimental discharge coefficient was found to increase with surcharging flowrate (ranging from 0.14 and 0.41), whereas the longitudinal gradient was found to have no effect. The discharge coefficients obtained in this study show that the standard 0.6 value commonly used by practitioners should be revised to a range between 0.14 to 0.41, depending on circulating flow and inlet type. In addition, the loss coefficient values range from 0.25 to 3.41.

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15

Kuschel, Thomas, Ilija Stefanović, Gordana Malović, Dragana Marić, and Zoran Lj Petrović. "Ionization coefficients for argon in a micro-discharge." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 22, no. 4 (June 10, 2013): 045001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/22/4/045001.

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16

Gregg, Walter Boyd, David E. Werth, and Carl Frizzell. "Determination of Discharge Coefficients for Hydraulic Sparger Design." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 126, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1762902.

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This paper provides design examples and summarizes a study on the determination of multiple free discharge orifice coefficients in a circular walled manifold for a variety of shapes and area projections. A simplified design procedure is presented which allows engineers to accurately maintain a given pressure and flow at the entrance to the sparger. The design provides for uniform flow across the cooling tower basin, and prevents an increase in back pressure or open channel flow within the sparger, minimizing the effect of surging or pressure fluctuations on upstream performance.

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17

Tullis, B. P. "Behavior of Submerged Ogee Crest Weir Discharge Coefficients." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 137, no. 10 (October 2011): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000330.

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18

McLemore, Alex J., John S. Tyner, Daniel C. Yoder, and John R. Buchanan. "Discharge Coefficients for Orifices Cut into Round Pipes." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 139, no. 11 (November 2013): 947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000641.

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19

Rayer, Q. "CFD Validation of Incompressible Cross-Flow Discharge Coefficients." NAFEMS International Journal of CFD Case Studies 2 (February 2000): 19–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.59972/5xber0cm.

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Validation against air systems problems is required to enable Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes to be confidently used in the design of turbine cooling air systems. CFD calculations of orifice cross-flow discharge coefficients (Cd) have been compared with measurements by Rohde et al [1]. Simulations have been carried out for cases with a low main duct Mach number (Md ~ 0.25) using incompressible flow modelling. Comparisons have been made of cross-flow discharge coefficients for a range of pressure-head ratios and Mach numbers. Results at a main duct Mach number of 0.07 were obtained using the standard k-ε.: turbulence model which gave agreement to better than 5% for absolute values of pressure-head ratios and discharge coefficients. The trends in the data for pressure-head ratios and Mach numbers were also reproduced. At a higher main duct Mach number of 0.25, the Mach number in the vicinity of the orifice reached 0.8. As expected this rendered incompressible flow modelling unsuitable, resulting in inaccurate determinations of orifice pressure-drops. Work is already in progress to simulate high Mach number cases using a more suitable compressible flow model. The results obtained so far give confidence that CFD will become a valuable tool for evaluating air system losses in novel configurations.

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20

Hussain, Rukaia A., and Sahar A. Mohammed. "Discharge Coefficient for Cylindrical Weirs." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2006): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.13.1.05.

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The hydraulic characteristics of cylindrical weirs under free flow conditions were studied experimentally in order to investigate the discharge coefficient (Cd) and the influence of some significant factors and performance of weirs for discharge measuring. The experimental tests were carried out on three models of weirs in which the diameter of weir (D) was varied three times as: 8.0, 10.0 and 12.0 cm. For each model, a series of measurements were taken to measure coefficients of discharge. Results showed that the coefficient of discharge (Cd) increase with increasing the ratio of head to weir diameter (h/D),and for the same ratio (h/D), the discharge coefficient (Cd) increases with increasing weir diameter.

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21

Albright, Lydia T., and Gregory Springer. "Empirical roughness coefficients for moderate floods in an open conduit cave: Fullers stream canyon, Culverson Creek Cave System, West Virginia." International Journal of Speleology 51, no. 2 (August 2022): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.51.2.2436.

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Open conduit modeling of cave stream floods can yield useful information about water velocities and shear stresses, which can in turn be used to estimate sediment transport capabilities. All such calculations require roughness coefficients for estimating energy losses and a priori knowledge of either discharge or flow depths to set model boundary conditions. However, the difficulties associated with observing in-cave floods generally preclude measuring discharge; roughness coefficients must be assumed based on channel properties. To overcome these challenges, we monitored stream flow depths in Fullers Cave, Greenbrier County, West Virginia using pressure transducers, and simultaneously measured stage and discharge in a karst window immediately upstream of the cave. Five pressure transducers were deployed opportunistically along a 93-meter-long reach in a 10+ meter high canyon averaging 1.5 to 3 meters wide. Stage-discharge relationships were determined for the karst window using an electromagnetic flow meter for floods with peak discharges of 1.66 m3 s-1 or less. The collected data was used to obtain the empirical Manning’s n roughness values, head losses, and energy gradients. Calculated floodwater velocities are comparable to values obtained from scallops on passage walls. Major energy losses were observed where breakdown partially occludes the passage. At peak flow, Manning n values average 0.053 for reaches typified as cobble-floored canyons, but n was 0.069 in the breakdown reach. Roughness values declined exponentially with increasing discharge, but friction slopes calculated using head losses show more complex relationships with discharge. Notably, n values back calculated using bed gradients differ from those calculated using measured head losses by as little as 12%, so the use of bed gradients in roughness estimations will generally yield reasonable approximations of flow conditions. Fullers Cave experiences significantly larger open conduit floods than we observed, so additional work is needed to estimate roughness coefficients for higher discharges. Our empirical roughness coefficients can be applied to similar cave passages in other caves and contexts, including modeling slot canyon-like channels, and our methods demonstrate a technique for measuring hard to obtain data. The addition of data for open conduit conduits significantly expands the range of environments that can be modeled using empirical data beyond pipe-full caves. Applications include studying flooding, sediment transport, and bedrock erosion process. All of these topics will be addressed in Fullers in the future.

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22

Sudhaus, D., J. Seidel, K. Bürger, P. Dostal, F. Imbery, H. Mayer, R. Glaser, and W. Konold. "Discharges of past flood events based on historical river profiles." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 5, no. 1 (February 12, 2008): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-5-323-2008.

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Abstract. This paper presents a case study to estimate peak discharges of extreme flood events of Neckar River in south-western Germany during the 19th century. It was carried out within the BMBF research project RIMAX (Risk Management of Extreme Flood Events). The discharge estimations were made for the flood events of 1824 and 1882 based on historical cross profiles. The 1-D model Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) was applied with different roughness coefficients. The results are compared (i) with contemporary historical calculations and (ii) in the case of a flood event in 1824 with the discharge simulation by the water balance model LARSIM (Large Area Runoff Simulation Model). These calculations are matched by the HEC-RAS simulation based on the standard roughness coefficients.

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23

McNeil, D. A., and A. D. Stuart. "Highly viscous liquid flow in pipeline components." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 219, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440605x16875.

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Water and an aqueous glycerine solution were used to obtain liquids with nominal viscosities of 1 and 550 mPa s. These fluids were used to obtain friction factors for pipe flows, discharge coefficients for orifice plates and nozzles, and loss coefficients for an abrupt enlargement, a nozzle, an orifice plate, and a globe valve in the Reynolds number range 10-200. Existing methods are shown to be adequate for the prediction of friction factors and discharge coefficients, but inadequate for the prediction of loss coefficients. Insight is given into the flow behaviour that is associated with the loss coefficients.

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24

Kasischke, Kimberley, and Mario Oertel. "Discharge Coefficients of a Specific Vertical Slot Fishway Geometry—New Fitting Parameters." Water 15, no. 6 (March 19, 2023): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15061193.

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Fishways are essential hydraulic structures to ensure the migration of fish and other aquatic organisms in the area of cross structures in river systems. In this context, the present study focuses on vertical slot fishways with specific geometries and their discharge coefficients. A comprehensive data analysis was performed, aiming on the development of new fitting parameters in conjunction with their respective approaches for practical design procedures. In addition, validity ranges and parameter dependencies were defined. Using the new fitting equations, it is possible to determine accurate discharge coefficients to design functional strutures for a defined validity range. Results show that discharge coefficients are highly dependent on the basin geometry. Comparing newly developed fitting parameters have shown that investigated fitting equations can be used to determine discharge coefficients. However, it should be noted that newly developed fittings can only be applied in practice for the defined range of validity for investigated exemplary geometries.

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25

Vaheddoost, Babak, Mir Jafar Sadegh Safari, and Rasoul Ilkhanipour Zeynali. "Discharge coefficient for vertical sluice gate under submerged condition using contraction and energy loss coefficients." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 80 (August 2021): 102007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2021.102007.

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26

Min, Byungchae, Sangkyung Na, Jangsik Yang, and Gyungmin Choi. "Geometric correlation of discharge coefficients for discharge valve system in rolling piston rotary compressor." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32, no. 8 (August 2018): 3943–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-018-0745-0.

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27

Rezazadeh, Shiva, Mohammad Manafpour, and Hamze Ebrahimnejadian. "Three-Dimensional Simulation of Flow Over Sharp-Crested Weirs Using Volume of Fluid Method." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 10, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2020-0012.

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AbstractIn sharp crested weirs, significant changes occur in the hydraulic characteristics of the flow past the weirs with different geometry. A detailed investigation and better understanding of hydraulic behavior will help practically to choose an appropriate geometry for weir. The purpose of this research is simulate the flow over sharp crested weir and investigate the effect of geometric shapes of sharp crested weirs on hydraulic characteristics of the flow such as pressure, velocity, water level profiles and discharge coefficients. Thus the limitation and usage range of sharp crested weirs are clarified. In this research OpenFOAM open source 3D software with RNG K-ε turbulence model and Volume of Fluid method (VOF) was used to analyze the hydraulic flow passing through sharp crested weir. The correlation coefficient for flow Surface profiles and discharge coefficients among numerical and experimental data is obtained 0.96 for different discharge rates. In the present research, discharge coefficients for rectangular weirs with compression coefficient 0%, trapezoidal and triangular weirs are determined 1.20, 0.68 and 0.51 respectively using discharge rate of 0.05183m3/s. The maximum discharge coefficient is obtained for rectangular sharp crested weir while the triangular sharp crested weir has minimum discharge coefficient.

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28

Morrison, Gerald L. "Euler Number Based Orifice Discharge Coefficient Relationship." Journal of Fluids Engineering 125, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1521955.

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A new relationship for orifice flow meter discharge coefficients has been developed which replaces the Reynolds number dependence with the Euler number. Both relationships have the same accuracy for the calculation of the discharge coefficient but the new relationship eliminates the need to know fluid viscosity.

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29

Nakao, Shinichi, Hiroshi Asano, and Takeshi Yakuwa. "Behaviors of discharge coefficients of small diameter critical nozzles." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 80 (August 2021): 101994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2021.101994.

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30

Montero, J. I., P. Muñoz, and A. Antón. "DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS OF GREENHOUSE WINDOWS WITH INSECT-PROOF SCREENS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 443 (April 1997): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1997.443.8.

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31

Gritsch, Michael, Achmed Schulz, and Sigmar Wittig. "Method for Correlating Discharge Coefficients of Film-Cooling Holes." AIAA Journal 36, no. 6 (June 1998): 976–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.467.

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32

Ohrn, T. R., Dwight W. Senser, and Arthur H. Lefebvre. "GEOMETRICAL EFFECTS ON DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR PLAIN-ORIFICE ATOMIZERS." Atomization and Sprays 1, no. 2 (1991): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.v1.i2.10.

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33

Ahmad, Rashid A. "Discharge Coefficients and Heat Transfer for Axisymmetric Supersonic Nozzles." Heat Transfer Engineering 22, no. 6 (November 2001): 40–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014576301317048424.

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34

Flourentzou, F., J. Van der Maas, and C. A. Roulet. "Natural ventilation for passive cooling: measurement of discharge coefficients." Energy and Buildings 27, no. 3 (June 1998): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7788(97)00043-1.

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35

Belforte, G., T. Raparelli, V. Viktorov, and A. Trivella. "Discharge coefficients of orifice-type restrictor for aerostatic bearings." Tribology International 40, no. 3 (March 2007): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2006.05.003.

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36

Stening, Mikael, Juha Järvelä, Pekka Ruponen, and Risto Jalonen. "Determination of discharge coefficients for a cross-flooding duct." Ocean Engineering 38, no. 4 (March 2011): 570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2010.12.004.

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37

Dayev, Zh А., and N. Z. Sultanov. "Comparative Analysis of the Discharge Coefficients of Critical Nozzles." Measurement Techniques 61, no. 7 (October 2018): 718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-018-1490-6.

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38

Gritsch, Michael, Achmed Schulz, and Sigmar Wittig. "Method for correlating discharge coefficients of film-cooling holes." AIAA Journal 36 (January 1998): 976–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.13921.

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39

Hay, N., S. E. Henshall, and A. Manning. "Discharge Coefficients of Holes Angled to the Flow Direction." Journal of Turbomachinery 116, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2928282.

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Анотація:

In the cooling passages of gas turbine blades, branches are often angled to the direction of the internal flow. This is particularly the case with film cooling holes. Accurate knowledge of the discharge coefficient of such holes at the design stage is vital so that the holes are correctly sized, thus avoiding wastage of coolant and the formation of hot spots on the blade. This paper describes an experimental investigation to determine the discharge coefficient of 30 deg inclined holes with various degrees of inlet radiusing and with the axis of the hole at various orientation angles to the direction of the flow. Results are given for nominal main flow Mach numbers of 0, 0.15, and 0.3. The effects of radiusing, orientation, and crossflow Mach number are quantified in the paper, the general trends are described, and the criteria for optimum performance are identified.

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40

Hooke, C. J., M. A. Hajihosseinloo, and D. Walton. "A note on the discharge coefficients of annular orifices." Aeronautical Journal 93, no. 925 (May 1989): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000016973.

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Discharge coefficients for annular orifices formed between pistons and a cylindrical bore are reported for twelve pistons having orifice length to gap ratios in the range 12 to 50. Square-edged, radiused and tapered orifices are examined at high fluid pressure differentials with Reynolds number varying in the range 500-4000. The radial gaps were determined by examining the flow for each piston geometry at low Reynolds numbers.

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41

Dittmann, M., T. Geis, V. Schramm, S. Kim, and S. Wittig. "Discharge Coefficients of a Preswirl System in Secondary Air Systems." Journal of Turbomachinery 124, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1413474.

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The discharge behavior of a “direct-transfer” preswirl system has been investigated experimentally. The influences of the pressure ratio and the swirl ratio as well as the influence of the receiver and stator geometry were investigated. The discharge coefficients of the preswirl nozzles are given in the absolute frame of reference. The definition of the discharge coefficient of the receiver holes is applied to the rotating system in order to consider the work done by the rotor. Numerical calculations carried out for a free expansion through the stationary preswirl nozzles show very good agreement with experimental data.

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42

Gritsch, M., C. Saumweber, A. Schulz, S. Wittig, and E. Sharp. "Effect of Internal Coolant Crossflow Orientation on the Discharge Coefficient of Shaped Film-Cooling Holes." Journal of Turbomachinery 122, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.555436.

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Discharge coefficients of three film-cooling hole geometries are presented over a wide range of engine like conditions. The hole geometries comprise a cylindrical hole and two holes with a diffuser-shaped exit portion (a fanshaped and a laidback fanshaped hole). For all three hole geometries the hole axis was inclined 30 deg with respect to the direction of the external (hot gas) flow. The flow conditions considered were the hot gas crossflow Mach number (up to 0.6), the coolant crossflow Mach number (up to 0.6) and the pressure ratio across the hole (up to 2). The effect of internal crossflow approach direction, perpendicular or parallel to the main flow direction, is particularly addressed in the present study. Comparison is made of the results for a parallel and perpendicular orientation, showing that the coolant crossflow orientation has a strong impact on the discharge behavior of the different hole geometries. The discharge coefficients were found to strongly depend on both hole geometry and crossflow conditions. Furthermore, the effects of internal and external crossflow on the discharge coefficients were described by means of correlations used to derive a predicting scheme for discharge coefficients. A comparison between predictions and measurements reveals the capability of the method proposed. [S0889-504X(00)01601-9]

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43

Petrovi, Zoran Lj, Slobodan B. Vrhovac, Jasmina V. Jovanovi, Zoran M. Raspopovi, and Svetlan A. Bzeni. "Influence of Excited Molecules on Electron Swarm Transport Coefficients and Gas Discharge Kinetics." Australian Journal of Physics 50, no. 3 (1997): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/p96069.

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In this paper we study different effects of excited molecules on swarm parameters, electron energy distribution functions and gas discharge modeling. First we discuss a possible experiment in parahydrogen to resolve the discrepancy in hydrogen vibrational excitation cross section data. Negative differential conductivity (NDC) is a kinetic phenomenon which manifests itself in a particular dependence of the drift velocity on E/N and it is affected by superelastic collisions with excited states. A complete kinetic scheme for argon required to model excited state densities in gas discharges is also described. These results are used to explain experiments in capacitively and inductively coupled RF plasmas used for processing. The paper illustrates the application of atomic and molecular collision data, swarm data and the theoretical techniques in modeling of gas discharges with large abundances of excited molecules. It is pointed out that swarm experiments with excited molecules are lacking and that there is a shortage of reliable data, while the numerical procedures are sufficiently developed to include all the important effects.

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44

Sudhaus, D., J. Seidel, K. Bürger, P. Dostal, F. Imbery, H. Mayer, R. Glaser, and W. Konold. "Discharges of past flood events based on historical river profiles." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 5 (October 8, 2008): 1201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-1201-2008.

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Abstract. This paper presents a case study on the estimation of peak discharges of extreme flood events during the 19th century of the Neckar River located in south-western Germany. It was carried out as part of the BMBF (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research) research project RIMAX (Risk Management of Extreme Flood Events). The discharge estimations were made for the 1824 and 1882 flood events, and are based on historical cross profiles. The 1-D model Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) was applied with different roughness coefficients to determine these estimations. The results are compared (i) with contemporary historical calculations for the 1824 and 1882 flood events and (ii) in the case of the flood event in 1824, with the discharge simulation by the water balance model LARSIM (Large Area Runoff Simulation Model). These calculations are matched by the HEC-RAS simulation based on the standard roughness coefficients.

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45

Kulkarni, Ketaki H., and Ganesh A. Hinge. "Comparative study of experimental and CFD analysis for predicting discharge coefficient of compound broad crested weir." Water Supply 22, no. 3 (November 22, 2021): 3283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.403.

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Abstract Present study highlights the behavior of the weir crest head and width parameter on the discharge coefficient of a compound broad crested (CBC) weir. Computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) is validated with laboratory experimental investigations. In the discharge analysis through broad crested weirs, the upstream head over the weir crest (h) is crucial, where the result is mainly dependent upon the weir crest length (L) in the transverse direction to flow, water depth from channel bed. Currently, minimal investigations are known for CFD validations on compound broad crested weirs. The hydraulic research for measuring discharge numerically is carried out using FLOW 3D software. The model applies renormalized group (RNG) using the volume of fluid (VOF) method for improved accuracy in free surface simulations. Structured hexagonal meshes of cubic elements define discretized meshing. The comparative analysis of the numerical simulations and experimental observations confirm the performance of the CBC weir for precise measurement of a wide range of discharges. Series of CFD model studies and experimental validation have led to constant range of discharge coefficients for various heads over the weir crest. The correlation coefficient of discharge predictions is 0.999 with mean error of 0.28%.

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46

Basuki, Tyas Mutiara, Rahardyan Nugroho Adi, and Wahyu Wisnu Wijaya. "Specific Peak Discharge of Two Catchments Covered by Teak Forest with Different Area Percentages." Forum Geografi 31, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v31i1.3236.

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In watershed area, forest has important roles in relation with peak discharge. This research was conducted to study the impacts of teak forest on peak discharge. On-screen digitizing of IKONOS imagery was done to classify the land cover of the study area. Kejalen and Gagakan catchments covered by old teak forests by 74% and 53% respectively, were chosen as the study area. These catchments are located in Blora Regency. Automatic streamflow recorder was set at the outlet of each catchment and subsequently, peak discharges were examined from the recorded data. During the observation, there were 36 evidences of specific peak discharge. The results showed that a trend of lower peak discharges occurred in Kejalen catchment which has the higher percentage of teak forest area in compared to Gagakan catchment with lower percentage of teak forest area, except when extreme rainfalls happened. At rainfall of 163 mm/day, specific peak discharge in Kejalen was higher than in Gagakan catchment. Although there is a relationship between specific peak discharge and the percentage of forest cover area, the increase of specific peak discharge is not only affected by forest cover, but also affected by daily rainfall, antecedent soil moisture, and rainfall intensity. Coefficients of determination between specific peak discharge and daily rainfall are 0.64 and 0.61 for Kejalen and Gagakan catchments, respectively.

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47

Iqbal, Muhammad, Akihito Ozaki, Younhee Choi, Yusuke Arima, and Tomoyuki Hamashima. "Investigation of discharge coefficient of louvre openings in naturally ventilated buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 396 (2023): 02030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339602030.

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Louvre openings are widely used for ventilation in residences at tropical regions. Traditional households rely primarily on natural ventilation for cooling instead of using air conditioners throughout the year. Hence, a design strategy that maximizes the natural ventilation rate with an accurate discharge coefficient is necessary. The discharge coefficient for a traditional window without a louvre is 0.6. However, studies on discharge coefficients for louvre openings with sashes are lacking. Discharge coefficient will differ according to the installed sash owing to increased contraction and friction losses. Therefore, we determined the discharge coefficient value for various sash angles and the impact of the louvre geometric parameter on the discharge coefficient. To investigate the effects of geometry on the discharge coefficient, real-time natural ventilation rate was quantified using the tracer gas (constant concentration) method. Pressure difference, outdoor wind velocity, and temperature difference were also measured. The opening types were divided into three cases: louvres with a sash angle of 0°, 15°, and 30° with similar opening areas. The results show that discharge coefficients for louvres with sash angles of 0°, 15°, and 30° are 0.80, 0.62, and 0.41, respectively, indicating that the coefficient decreases with increasing sash opening angle.

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48

Dittmann, M., K. Dullenkopf, and S. Wittig. "Discharge Coefficients of Rotating Short Orifices With Radiused and Chamfered Inlets." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1771685.

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The secondary air system of modern gas turbine engines consists of numerous stationary or rotating passages to transport the cooling air, taken from the compressor, to thermally high loaded components that need cooling. Thereby the cooling air has to be metered by orifices to control the mass flow rate. Especially the discharge behavior of rotating holes may vary in a wide range depending on the actual geometry and the operating point. The exact knowledge of the discharge coefficients of these orifices is essential during the design process in order to guarantee a well adapted distribution of the cooling air inside the engine. This is crucial not only for a safe and efficient operation but also fundamental to predict the component’s life and reliability. In this paper two different methods to correlate discharge coefficients of rotating orifices are described and compared, both in the stationary and rotating frame of reference. The benefits of defining the discharge coefficient in the relative frame of reference will be pointed out. Measurements were conducted for two different length-to-diameter ratios of the orifices with varying inlet geometries. The pressure ratio across the rotor was varied for rotational Reynolds numbers up to ReΦ=8.6×105. The results demonstrate the strong influence of rotation on the discharge coefficient. An analysis of the complete data shows significant optimizing capabilities depending on the orifice geometry.

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49

Lauria, Agostino, Francesco Calomino, Giancarlo Alfonsi, and Antonino D’Ippolito. "Discharge Coefficients for Sluice Gates Set in Weirs at Different Upstream Wall Inclinations." Water 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010245.

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Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations are performed to measure discharge coefficients in the case of a gate located on the upstream wall of a weir for flood storage. The effect of the gate slope and the side contraction have been taken into account. The study was first performed experimentally, when three series of tests were carried out with (and without) a broad crested weir located under the gate, at different values of the inclination angle of the weir upstream wall, and at different values of the shape ratio and the relative opening. In order to provide useful suggestions for those involved in sluice gate construction and management, three equations were obtained based on multiple regression, relating the discharge coefficient to different parameters that characterize the phenomenon at hand, separating the case when the broad-crested weir was present. Then numerical simulations were executed by means of the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations with the k-ε turbulence closure model and in conjunction with the volume of fluid (VOF) method, to validate the numerical results against the experimental and to possibly investigate phenomena not caught by the experimental measurements. Simulated discharges were very close to the observed ones showing that the proposed three-dimensional numerical procedure is a favorable option to correctly reproduce the phenomenon.

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50

Di Bacco, Mario, and Anna Rita Scorzini. "Are We Correctly Using Discharge Coefficients for Side Weirs? Insights from a Numerical Investigation." Water 11, no. 12 (December 7, 2019): 2585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122585.

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Анотація:

A key issue in the design of side weirs is the experimental assessment of the discharge coefficient. This can be determined by laboratory measurements of discharge and water depths at the up- and downstream ends of the weir by using De Marchi’s approach, consisting in the solution of the 1D dynamic equation of spatially varied steady flow with non-uniform discharge, under the assumption of energy conservation. This study originates from a recent alarming proliferation of works that evaluate the discharge coefficient for side weirs without clearly explaining the experimental methodology and/or even incorrectly applying modelling approaches, thus generating possible misinterpretations of the results. In this context, the present paper aims to highlight the effects of using oversimplified and/or heterogenous models (relying on different assumptions) for the experimental determination of the discharge coefficient for side weirs. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is performed to detect the most influencing hydraulic and geometric parameters on each considered model. The overall results clearly indicate the wrongness of using or building not homogeneous discharge coefficient datasets to obtain and/or compare predictive experimental discharge coefficient formulas. We finally show how neural networks could provide a possible solution to these heterogeneity issues.

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