Дисертації: "COCOMO MODEL"

1

Hjalmarsson, Alexander. "Software Development Cost Estimation Using COCOMO II Based Meta Model." Thesis, KTH, Industriella informations- och styrsystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-123367.

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Large amounts of software are running on what is considered to be legacy platforms. These systems are often business critical and cannot be phased out without a proper replacement. The generations of developers that have developed, maintained and supported these systems are leaving the workforce leaving an estimated shortfall of developers in the near time. Migration of these legacy applications can be troublesome due poor documentation and estimating the sizes of the projects is nontrivial. Expert estimates are the most common method of estimation when it comes to software projects but the method is heavily relying on the experience, knowledge and intuition of the estimator. The use of a complementary estimation method can increase the accuracy of the estimation. This thesis constructs a meta model that combines enterprise architecture concepts with the COCOMO II estimation model in order to utilize the benefits of architectural overviews and tested models with the purpose of supporting the migration process. The study proposes a method combining expert cost estimation with model based estimation which increases the estimation accuracy. The combination method on the four project samples resulted in a mean magnitude of relative error of 10%.

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2

Alshathry, Omar. "A regression-based model for optimising cost of software quality assurance." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4536.

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3

Chakraverti, Sugandha, Sheo Kumar, S. C. Agarwal, and Ashish Kumar Chakraverti. "Modified Cocomo Model For Maintenance cost Estimation of Real Time System Software." IJCSN, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219511.

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Software maintenance is an important activity in software engineering. Over the decades, software maintenance costs have been continually reported to account for a large majority of software costs [Zelkowitz 1979, Boehm 1981, McKee 1984, Boehm 1988, Erlikh 2000]. This fact is not surprising. On the one hand, software environments and requirements are constantly changing, which lead to new software system upgrades to keep pace with the changes. On the other hand, the economic benefits of software reuse have encouraged the software industry to reuse and enhance the existing systems rather than to build new ones [Boehm 1981, 1999]. Thus, it is crucial for project managers to estimate and manage the software maintenance costs effectively.
Accurate cost estimation of software projects is one of the most desired capabilities in software development Process. Accurate cost estimates not only help the customer make successful investments but also assist the software project manager in coming up with appropriate plans for the project and making reasonable decisions during the project execution. Although there have been reports that software maintenance accounts for the majority of the software total cost, the software estimation research has focused considerably on new development and much less on maintenance. Now if we talk about real time software system(RTSS) development cost estimation and maintenance cost estimation is not much differ from simple software but some critical factor are considered for RTSS development and maintenance like response time of software for input and processing time to give correct output. As like simple software maintenance cost estimation existing models (i.e. Modified COCOMO-II) can be used but after inclusion of some critical parameters related to RTSS. A Hypothetical Expert input and an industry data set of eighty completed software maintenance projects were used to build the model for RTSS maintenance cost. The full model, which was derived through the Bayesian analysis, yields effort estimates within 30% of the actual 51% of the time,outperforming the original COCOMO II model when it was used to estimate theseprojects by 34%. Further performance improvement was obtained when calibrating the full model to each individual program, generating effort estimates within 30% of the actual 80% of the time.

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4

Douglas, Michael Jay. "The impacts of the handoffs on software development : a cost estimation model." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001692.

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5

Lipkin, Ilya. "Testing Software Development Project Productivity Model." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1321593577.

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6

Fonseca, Filho José Raimundo dos Santos. "ESTIMAÇÃO DE MÉTRICAS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO AUXILIADA POR REDES NEURAIS ARTIFICIAIS." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2003. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/324.

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Several modeling approaches for the process of development in software engineering able of subsidizing decision making in the management of project are being searched. Metric of softwares, process modeling and estimation techniques have been independently considered either taking into consideration the intrinsic characteristic of softwares or their constructive process. This research proposes a complete, simple and efficient model for representing the whole process of development which, based on a set of features of the process and basic attributes of softwares, yields good estimation metrics (time and effort) of the development of the software still at the beginning of the process. The model relates constructive characteristics of the process to each type of organization, for identifying classes of homogeneous behavior based on Kohonen Neural Network. Directly, from this classification, according to the basic attributes of each software being developed, metrics may be estimated supported by Feedforward Neural Networks. A prototype is specified in Unified Model Language (UML) and implemented to estimate metrics for the development of softwares. Comparisons of the obtained results with those available in literature are presented.
Diversas representações do processo de desenvolvimento na Engenharia de softwares capazes de, eficientemente, subsidiar a tomada de decisões no gerenciamento de projetos, vêm sendo arduamente pesquisadas. Métricas de softwares, modelos de processo e técnicas de estimação têm sido propostos em grande quantidade, tanto devido a características intrínsecas dos softwares quanto a características do próprio processo construtivo. Buscando superar algumas das dificuldades de estimação de métricas relacionadas ao processo de desenvolvimento, este trabalho realiza, inicialmente, um estudo de ferramentas voltadas para tal objetivo e que estão disponíveis no mercado. Em seguida, um conjunto de descritores do processo em questão e também um conjunto de atributos básicos dos softwares será levantado. A partir de então, é proposto um modelo que represente o processo de desenvolvimento de maneira simples e eficiente. O modelo de processo do desenvolvimento na Engenharia de softwares relaciona as características desse processo construtivo a classes de entidades desenvolvedoras, tal que se possa estabelecer um comportamento homogêneo ao processo. Baseado nessa classificação, são relacionados, de maneira direta, métricas (tempo e esforço) de desenvolvimento com os atributos básicos dos softwares, definidos por Albrecht, visando a estimação de métricas. O modelo de processo é baseado no mapa de Kohonen e o estimador de métricas será auxiliado por redes neurais feed forward. Uma ferramenta de software (protótipo) é especificado em Linguagem de modelamento unificada (UML). Esta ferramenta auxiliará a produção de estimativas de tempo e de esforço de desenvolvimento de softwares. Comparações de resultados obtidos serão realizadas com os disponibilizados na literatura consultada.

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7

Dufour, Partanen Bianca. "On the Valuation of Contingent Convertibles (CoCos): Analytically Tractable First Passage Time Model for Pricing AT1 CoCos." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188792.

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Contingent Convertibles (CoCos) are a new type of hybrid debt instrument characterized by forced equity conversion or write-down under a specified trigger event, usually indicating a state of near non-viability of the Additional Tier 1 capital category, giving them additional features such as possible coupon cancellation. In this thesis, the structure of CoCos is presented and different pricing approaches are introduced. A special focus is put on structural models with the Analytically Tractable First Passage Time(AT1P) Model and its extensions. Two models are applied on the write-down CoCo issued by Svenska Handelsbanken, starting with the equity derivative model and followed by the AT1P model.
Contingent Convertibles (Cocos) - villkorade konvertibla obligationer, är en ny typ av hybridinstrument som kännetecknas av konvertering till eget kapital eller nedskrivning av lånet vid en viss utlösande händelse, som vanligtvis indikerar ett tillstånd där den emitterande banken har behov av att absorbera förluster. Under strikta villkor kan dessa CoCo obligationer tillhöra primärkapital, där de kännetecknas av bland annat möjlig inställning av kuponger. I denna avhandling presenteras CoCons struktur och olika prissättningsmodeller läggs fram. Ett särskilt fokus läggs på strukturella modeller med “Analytically Tractable First Passage Time (AT1P) Model” och dess utvidgningar. Två modeller tillämpas på CoCon emitterad av Svenska Handelsbanken: “equity derivative” modellen och AT1P modellen.

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8

FARIAS, Lourival Antonio Simões de. "Estudo da viabilidade de agroindustrialização do coco (cocos nucifera L.) em São Gonçalo, Sousa-PB." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/787.

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O semiárido brasileiro é caracterizado por chuvas irregulares, alta evapotranspiração, elevadas temperaturas e baixa pluviometria, fenômenos que assolam grande parte do território brasileiro, sendo visualizado com maior intensidade na região Nordeste. Dentro deste espaço, localiza-se o estado da Paraíba, que periodicamente vivencia o fenômeno da seca, a qual é causadora das irregularidades de safras agrícolas e prejuízos nas lavouras. Buscou-se, neste estudo, demonstrar a influência da variação de temperatura e da sazonalidade pluviométrica, nos polos receptores do fruto, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, na formação do preço unitário deste, independentemente das variações de temperatura e das chuvas na região de São Gonçalo, o que faz oscilar o seu valor unitário, deixando o produtor sem possibilidades de negociação ou mesmo de um maior lucro em relação à demanda e à oferta. Nesta dissertação tem-se por objetivo verificar as possibilidades de aproveitamento dos derivados do coco, em substituição à venda do fruto verde in natura, desenvolvendo em um primeiro momento, a análise de um questionário sobre as características socioeconômicas deste produtor, de sua propriedade e da relação com os atravessadores na produção e venda do fruto in natura. Utilizando-se os dados coletados, realizou-se o confronto entre os índices pluviométricos e de temperatura média mensal, tanto do polo produtor, como do polo receptor, com o preço unitário do coco verde em São Gonçalo no período de 2012 a 2014. Na sequência, foram utilizadas ferramentas matemáticas de modelagem e de custo, para observar quais as possibilidades de agroindustrialização dos derivados do coco, analisando os seus custos e as suas devidas restrições, buscando uma situação máxima de receita que possibilite ao produtor armazenar, beneficiar, agregar valor e até mesmo agroindustrializar os derivados do coco a exemplo de: água, leite, óleo, fibra, ralados, etc. Verificou-se que existem alternativas mais lucrativas, para o produtor, ao realizar a agroindustrialização dos derivados do fruto, principalmente na produção do óleo de coco.
The Brazilian semiarid region is characterized by irregular rainfall, high evapotranspiration, high temperatures and low rainfall, phenomena that plague much of the Brazilian territory, being viewed with greater intensity in the Northeast. Within this space is located the state of Paraiba, which periodically experiences the phenomenon of drought, which is the cause of the irregularities of agricultural crops and damage to crops. We sought in this study demonstrate the influence of changes in temperature and rainfall seasonality in recipient poles of fruit, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, in the pricing of this unit, regardless of temperature variations and rainfall in the region of São Gonçalo, which makes oscillate the unit value, leaving the producer without tradability or even a higher profit in relation to demand and supply. In this dissertation has for objective to verify the possibilities of use of derivatives coconut, replacing the sale of the green fruit fresh, developing in the first place, the analysis of a questionnaire on the socioeconomic characteristics of this producer, its property and relationship with the middlemen in the production and sale of fresh fruit. Using the data collected, there was the confrontation between the rainfall and average temperatures of both the production hub, and the recipient pole, with the unit price of coconut in São Gonçalo in the 2012 period to 2014. In sequence, mathematical modeling tools and cost were used to observe which industrialization possibilities of coconut derivatives, analyzing their costs and their due restrictions, seeking a maximum state revenue that enables the producer storing, processing, adding value and even agroindustrializar derived from coconut example: water, milk, oil, fiber, grating, etc. It was found that more profitable alternative for the producer to perform the industrialization of the derivatives of fruit, especially in the production of coconut oil.

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9

Rankin, Erik. ""Önskar man hade två käftar och tre telefoner" : COCOM och kontroll inom flygledning." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-117603.

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Denna magisteruppsats redogör för en anpassning av COCOM (Contextual Control Model) till flygledningsdomänen. COCOM är en modell som kan användas för att beskriva och förutse kontroll hos operatörer i komplexa system. En central del av modellen är begreppet kontrollnivå vilket beskriver hur graden av kontroll hos ett JCS (Joint Cognitive System) beror av och påverkar de parametrar som beskriver dess prestation. Fokus i denna uppsats ligger på det JCS som omfattar flygledaren i sin arbetsposition. I uppsatsen anpassas Hollnagels generella beskrivning av kontrollnivåer i COCOM till flygledningsdomänen. Till grund för anpassningen ligger en kvalitativ studie i form av observation och intervju av sju operativa flygledare vid en svensk kontrollcentral. De tre parametrarna målavvägning, subjektivt tillgänglig tid samt planering och prioritering befinns särskilt lämpliga för att beskriva kontroll inom flygledning. I uppsatsen identifieras också, med utgångspunkt i resilience engineering, tolv strategier som flygledare använder för att bibehålla kontroll i det vardagliga arbetet. Två exempel på strategier är att anpassa sig till kollegor och deras arbetssituation, samt användandet av ”extra ögon”, att låta en kollega övervaka arbetet. Valet av strategi kopplas i uppsatsen samman med vilken kontrollnivå flygledaren befinner sig på. Domänanpassningen av COCOM visar att modellen är lämplig för modellering av operatörer. COCOM för flygledning kan användas för att bättre klassificera prestation specifikt inom detta område, samt som stöd i samband med utvecklandet av nya verktyg och arbetsmetoder. Kunskap om kontrollstrategier kan med fördel utnyttjas vid utbildning av flygledare, som med denna typ av metakunskap kan få mer medvetna verktyg för att bibehålla kontroll.

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10

González-Andrés, Cristina. "The role of marine offshore protected areas in protecting large pelagics. Practical case: Cocos Island National Park (Costa Rica)." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/115291.

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11

Ankrah, Samuel K. O. "A case study of short-run forecasting of commodity prices : an application of autoregressive integrated moving average models." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61112.

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That Ghana derives her foreign exchange earnings mainly from cocoa and gold exports cannot be over emphasised. There is therefore the need to forecast these commodities prices as accurately as possible for proper planning and execution of major policies, since the prices have been notoriously volatile during the past two decades and attempts to stabilize especially the price of the beans (which contributes about 60% of the country's foreign exchange) through the system of buffer stock and export restrictions have not been successful. In this regard, autoregressive integrated moving averages models are built and used to generate short run forecasts for the beans and the precious metal price series. These models are simple to build and appear not only to describe the behaviour of the series but provide good forecasts of the prices.

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12

Missopoulos, Fotios Stavros. "An analysis of cost influential factors for the development of a software product and a hypothetical method for estimating cost using the Cocomo and Putnam models." Virtual Press, 1988. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/539731.

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The inability to accurately estimate costs which are associated with software development is an increasing concern of the scientists and practitioners involved. Many factors influence the cost and many models have been offered to estimate the expenses for developing a software system of any size and type. Unfortunately, the problem remains the same. There is a significant need for further research in order to develop complete understanding in this area.This thesis examines the cost influential factors and reviews a number of existing cost estimation models. Then, a hypothetical method is shown for estimating cost, incorporating the PERT sizing technique, the Basic and Intermediate COCOMO models, and a blend of features from the Putnam's Resource Allocation model and the SLIM model. The implementation of this method is also included.
Department of Computer Science

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13

Brissette, Nicolas O. "The Cocoa Sand member of the Yazoo Formation (Eocene), Mississippi : a petrologic and depositional model study." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1306384.

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The sandstone petrology of the Cocoa Sand Member of the Eocene Yazoo Formation is not well documented. Acquisition of two cores (#1 Ketler and #1 Young) during the Mobil-Mississippi Project of 1993 has provided the opportunity for a detailed petrologic and depositional analysis.The Cocoa Sand Member is a moderate to well sorted, poorly cemented quartz arenite with an average composition of Q% Fo L4. Lithic fragments are dominated by sedimentary rock fragments that appear to be rip-up clasts from the underlying North Twistwood Creek Clay. Quartz grains range from well rounded to angular with embayed anhedral to euhedral grains common. They are often encased in tangential clays indicating a possible reworked sedimentary to volcanic source for this sandstone. Heavy mineral analysis supports a volcanic source, but also indicates a metamorphic contribution.The Cocoa Sand shows little compaction with a packing density averaging 43% and the packing proximity averaging 21%. Point and tangential contacts are predominant as point count porosity averages 18.4%. The dominant authigenic phase is Camontmorillonite with lesser amounts of kaolinite, illite, calcite, and heulandite.Core, petrographic, and log analyses indicates that the Cocoa Sand Member of the Yazoo Formation is an isolated, intrabasinal sheet sand that thickens in the down dip direction. Winnowing of the North Twistwood Creek Member of the Yazoo Formation during transgression resulted in the deposition of the Cocoa Sandstone. This is supported by the similarities in composition between the North Twistwood Creek Member and the Cocoa Sand Member and the presence of rip-up clasts found at the North Twistwood Creek-Cocoa Sand Member contact. It is concluded that the Cocoa Sand Member is the initiation of sequence TE3.3 and here called subset TE3.3a of a transgressive system tract. This subset runs from the base of the Cocoa Sand Member to the bottom of the Pachuta Marl.
Department of Geology

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14

Amaro, Cláudia Delfina Ferreira. "Contingent convertible (CoCos) bonds : an analysis of embedded options." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10707.

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Mestrado em Finanças
A última crise financeira provou a incapacidade dos produtos que absorvem perdas e a necessidade de reforçar os níveis de capital das instituições financeiras. Nesse sentido, um novo produto híbrido foi lançado em 2009 - Obrigações Convertíveis Contingentes. O seu objetivo é serem convertidas automaticamente em ações ou levarem um corte no seu valor nominal quando uma certa condição ocorre. Neste estudo, uma das abordagens possíveis, Equity Derivatives, relativas à avaliação dos CoCos é estendida dos produtos que são convertidos em ações para os que levam um corte no valor nominal. Através de uma análise de sensibilidade aos parâmetros, é demostrada a grande variabilidade do preço, mesmo usando o modelo de Black-Scholes. Através de uma simulação de Monte Carlo, estes produtos apresentam uma baixa probabilidade de atingirem o trigger mas, quando o atingem, as perdas são elevadas, principalmente para os produtos que levam um corte no valor nominal. Por último, é aplicado o modelo a produtos reais e este apresenta uma sobrestimação nos preços por contraste aos preços de mercado.
The last financial crisis proved the inability of loss-absorbing products and the need of reinforcing the financial institutions' capital buffers. In that sense, a new hybrid product was launched in 2009 - Contingent Convertible Bonds. Their aim is automatically convert either into common equity or their face value suffers a write-down when some pre-specified trigger is reached. In this study it is extended one of the approaches of CoCos' valuation, the Equity Derivatives, from the equity conversion to write-down CoCos. Through a parameters' sensitivity analysis it is demonstrated the great sensitivity of the price even in a Black-Scholes world. Also, through a Monte Carlo Simulation, these products show a low probability of hitting the trigger but, once this happens, the losses are high, especially for write-down products. Finally, applying the model to real products, it presents an overestimation of prices towards its market prices.

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Eloy, Raquel Aline Oliveira. "Avaliação da qualidade de ajuste e predição de modelos não lineares: uma aplicação em dados de crescimento de frutos de cacaueiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-02072018-105233/.

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Atualmente o Brasil é o quinto maior produtor de cacau no mundo e a sua produção está diretamente ligada ao ponto certo da colheita, colher frutos verdes ou verdoengos faz com que suas sementes tenham menor peso, em 1000 frutos maduros as amêndoas secas pesam em média 40 kg, colher frutos verdoengos, ou seja, frutos que estão parcialmente maduros, faz com que esse peso caia para 36 kg em média uma perda verificada de 10%, já quando os frutos estão verdes o peso passa a ser em média de 32 kg, possuindo uma perda de 20%, por isso é importante conhecer as fases de crescimento, que permite estabelecer formas adequadas de manejo, adubação e irrigação. Dentre as características biométricas do fruto do cacaueiro as que tem maior relevância econômica são o comprimento, o diâmetro e o volume. Uma forma de explicar relações de crescimento e produtividade de plantas, árvores, frutos ou animais é por meio da utilização de modelos de crescimento, pois possuem parâmetros com interpretação biológica. Os mais utilizados nestas áreas são os modelos: Logístico, Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy, Richards e Brody, sendo os dois últimos mais utilizados para descrever o crescimento animal. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar a qualidade de ajuste e de predição dos modelos não lineares, Logístico, Gompertz e Von Bertalanffy, para medidas de comprimento e diâmetro do fruto do cacau, com a finalidade de predizer o seu volume. Para predizer o volume do fruto foi utilizado a fórmula de volume do esferoide prolato. Os critérios AIC e BIC foram utilizados para verificar qual dos modelos se ajusta melhor à essas medidas, já para verificar qual modelo se ajusta melhor na predição do volume do fruto, foram relacionadas as estatísticas: viés médio, índice de concordância, eficiência da modelagem e o desdobramento do quadrado médio do erro de predição.
Currently Brazil is the fifth largest producer of cocoa in the world and its production is directly linked to the right point of harvest, harvesting green or green fruits makes their seeds have less weight, in 1000 mature fruits dry almonds weight on average 40 kg, harvested green fruits, that is, fruits that are partially ripe, causes this weight to fall to 36 kg on average a verified loss of 10%, when the fruits are green the weight becomes an average of 32 kg, with a loss of 20%, so it is important to know the growth phases, which allows to establish appropriate forms of management, fertilization and irrigation. Among the biometric characteristics of the cacao fruit, the most economically important are length, diameter and volume. One way to explain growth and productivity relationships of plants, trees, fruits or animals is through the use of growth models, since they have parameters that with biological interpretation are the most used in these areas: Logistics, Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy, Richards and Brody, the last two being most used to describe animal growth. The objective of this work is to evaluate the quality of fit and prediction of the non linear models, Logistic, Gompertz and Von Bertalanffy, for measures of length and diameter of the fruit of the cocoa, in order to predict its volume. To predict the volume of the fruit, the volume formula of the prolate spheroid was used. The AIC and BIC criteria were used to verify which model best fits these measures, and to verify which model best fits the fruit volume prediction, the statistics were related: mean bias, concordance index, modeling efficiency, and the unfolding of the mean square of the prediction error.

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16

Nyumuyo, Wisdom Winston. "The Environment to Invest in Marketing and Processing of Cocoa : The Case of Ghana; MBA-thesis in marketing." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Business and Economic Studies, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-6764.

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Purpose: This research work is to discuss the various forces/ factors that affect the business environment of Ghana which impacts investing in marketing and processing of cocoa beans in Ghana. In order to determine or classify Ghana as an attractive destination or otherwise to invest in cocoa marketing and processing there is the need to discuss the prevailing macro business environmental forces which little is known about to investors, managers and policy makers in cocoa trade. These mentioned parties have been under increasing pressures to assess the various forces prevailing in Ghana before considering investing in cocoa marketing and processing in Ghana. The work therefore looks as the various macro environmental factors Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Physical Environment and Legal (PESTEL) forces in Ghana’s business environment which impacts cocoa marketing and processing which makes Ghana an attractive base or otherwise to invest in cocoa marketing and processing.

Research Questions: The specific questions that the research aims at solving are as follows: what are the external and environmental forces that will influence investing in cocoa marketing and processing in Ghana? Is Ghana a safe and attractive base to invest in cocoa marketing and processing?

Research method: In carrying this research I made use of both secondary and primary data. Primary data was gathered through face interviews and administrating questionnaires to illicit response from stakeholders in Ghana’s cocoa. The paper also presents a review of literature on PESTEL which has influence or features in Ghana’s business environment which are important in cocoa marketing and processing.

Research Findings: Empirical findings and review of PESTEL model reported in the work suggests that the PESTEL will impact on the strategy of organizations and policy makers who are into cocoa marketing and processing. Also gives suggestions on how the various environmental forces (PESTEL) will be applied to further improve upon the business environment which makes marketing and processing of cocoa in Ghana attractive.

Research Implications and Limitations: The discussions and analyses of the macro environmental forces prevailing in Ghana’s business environment which impacts cocoa marketing produces a frame work to analyze current threats and opportunities in Ghana’s business environment which impacts cocoa marketing and processing for people contemplating on investing in marketing and processing of cocoa in Ghana as well as other practical lessons for policy makers in cocoa. The work overlooks the micro environmental forces in Ghana that impacts cocoa marketing and processing. Further research into such area will help give an understanding of the micro factors that impact the business environment of Ghana. Also the work has a limited empirical data base as most information gathered were inconsistent and unreliable which raises concerns about investment information. These have been minimized thro3ugh cross checks with primary data.

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Teneberg, Henrik. "Pricing Contingent Convertibles using an EquityDerivatives Jump Diusion Approach." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105549.

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This paper familiarizes the reader with contingent convertibles and their role in the current financial landscape. A contingent convertible is a security behaving like a bond in normal times, but that converts into equity or is written down in times of turbulence. The paper presents a few existing pricing approaches and introduces an extension to one of these, the equity derivatives approach, by letting the underlying asset follow a jump-diffusion process instead of a standard Geometrical Brownian Motion. The extension requires sophisticated computational techniques in order for the pricing to stay within reasonable time frames. Since market data is sparse and incomplete in this area, the validation of the model is not performed quantitatively, but instead supported by qualitative arguments.

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18

De, Brún C. "Design and development of COCO : a model to facilitate access to high quality consumer health information." Thesis, Coventry University, 2015. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/edbda46d-b40e-444f-a502-e866188943a8/1.

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The NHS is providing patients with access to summaries of their individual health records, so that they can understand and manage their conditions more effectively. At the same time, the government is encouraging patients to be more involved in the decisions made about their direction of care, as evidence shows that outcomes improve if decision-making is shared. As the Internet grows, people are using it as a major source of health information. However, anybody can post information to the Internet, and there is no guarantee that it is reliable, accurate, based on research, or relevant. Therefore, people searching online for health information, using generic search engines, are at risk of finding information that may have a detrimental effect on their health and wellbeing. The aim of this research is to produce a model of a multi-approach evidence-based, post-diagnosis support system for patients and carers in England. The literature review carried out by the author identified 300 papers which looked at both the importance of patient participation in decision-making, and the issues with finding and using health information for patients and carers, but not together in the same research. While much has been written about evidence based practice for health professionals, there is a gap in the research about evidence-based patient choice and information service provision and skills for the general public. This is an issue for health professionals because patients are being actively encouraged to participate in the choices made about their treatment, but while there is evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of patient participation, there is no evidence to say that they have adequate access to information and the skills to use it. Health services need to know if there is appropriate information support for the general public, otherwise there is a risk that patients will not have the right information to help them make the best choice. To assess the information-seeking behaviour of the general public, a mixed-study analysis was performed using quantitative and qualitative surveys, and 139 responses were collected and analysed. The population included people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease and their carers. The evidence and the survey results confirmed that people do want to make decisions with their doctor, and that they do search for information, but do not always find what they are looking for. They said that they would value librarian support and information skills training, but would also find an all-encompassing consumer health information web-site useful. A consumer health information literacy framework was developed based on the existing SCONUL Seven Pillars of Information Literacy framework and the five steps to evidence based practice concept. This framework provided the foundation for the design and development of COCO, an innovative model to facilitate access to high quality consumer health information using existing NHS online information products combined with the information skills of public and medical librarians. The innovations of COCO are that it focuses on the whole population, supports those who are and are not computer literate, creates an opportunity for collaboration within the library sector, and builds on existing NHS online resources rather than creating new ones. COCO provides people with a central access point to reliable and relevant online consumer health information to help them make informed decisions about their care pathway. The collaborative element of the model ensures that is accessible to everyone, without incurring significant costs to public services. The main output from this research synthesis, is an original needs-based model (COCO), designed to simplify the consumer health information-seeking process for the general public, enabling them to access the right information to fulfil their information needs and help them make evidence-based treatment decisions with their doctors. The design of COCO was reviewed, validated and improved using structured opinions of experts in consumer health information, evidence based practice, information literacy, and information technology. Real-life consumer scenarios were used to manually test COCO against free text searches in Google. The search results from COCO and Google were analysed and compared using six validation metrics. This demonstrated the efficiency of COCO in providing significantly better quality information relevant to patients and carers, compared to Google. A mock-up of the final design and search results of COCO were then prepared, along with recommendations for future research.

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19

Larsson, Marie. "Coco Chanel och modehistorien : Coco Chanels roll i modehistorien och hur hon förhåller sig till kända teorier om mode." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-9359.

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Uppsatsen har tre syften. Det första är att introducera modehistoria och modeteori som specifika vetenskapliga områden och det andra är att lyfta fram Coco Chanel och det banbrytande och framåtpekande i hennes modehistoriska insats. Det tredje syftet är att tillämpa de olika allmänna teorierna på Coco Chanels livsgärning. För det tredje syftet är frågeställningen; ”Vilka av de äldre och nyare, ofta inbördes konkurrerande, generella modeteorierna skulle på ett eller annat sätt kunna tillämpas på Coco Chanels liv och modeskapande?”. I uppsatsen ger jag en modehistorisk bakgrund och genom den visar jag Coco Chanels roll i modets historia. Jag presenterar också sex olika teorier som jag i analysen prövar på Coco Chanel. Dessa teorier är nedsjunkningsteorin, modet som kollektivt urval, mode som praktik, Lars Fr.H Svendsens teori om modets förändring för förändringens skull, Gabriel de Tardes som säger att mode kan gå från de lägre klasserna till de högre samt Eric Hobsbwan som menar att modeskapare har en speciell förmåga att fånga tidsandan. Dessa teorier sätter jag sedan i förhållande till Coco Chanel för att se huruvida de stämmer på Coco Chanels mode. Min undersökning visar att samtliga teorier, både de äldre och de nyare är tillämpbara på Coco Chanel och att de till viss del överensstämmer eller kan förklara Coco Chanels mode och etablering men i andra fall också motbevisas. Orsaken till detta är att Coco Chanel överbryggar mellan den äldre och 1900-talets modehistoria.

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HENRIKSSON, JIMMY. "A test of GARCH models onCoCo bonds." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300040.

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This research investigates to what extent the ARCH model and the GARCH model forecasts one-day-ahead out-of-sample daily volatility (conditional variance) in European AT1 CoCo bonds compared to the Random Walk model. The research also investigates how different orders of ARCH and GARCH models affect the forecasting accuracy. Specifically, the models investigated are the Random Walk model, ARCH(1), ARCH(2), ARCH(3), GARCH(1,1), GARCH(1,2), GARCH(2,1), and the GARCH(2,2)model. The data set used in this report is 47 European AT1 CoCo bonds from 20 different issuers.The results show that 42 out of 47 CoCo bonds have daily log returns that are conditional heteroscedastic. Five CoCo bonds with homoscedastic daily log returns were CoCo bonds with significant low liquidity. The results show that the GARCH model outperforms both the Random Walk model and the ARCH model, under the assumption that the innovations follow a normal distribution. The results also show that a higherorder of ARCH or GARCH does not necessarily lead to more accurate forecasts. The GARCH(1,1) model provided the most accurate predictions. The conclusion is that the GARCH models provide accurate volatility forecasts in CoCo bonds compared to the ARCH-model, and the Random Walk model. However, the ARCH model and the GARCH model fail to forecast the daily volatility in CoCo bondswith insufficient liquidity. Furthermore, a higher order of ARCH or GARCH models does not necessarily lead to better forecast results.
Denna uppsats undersöker till vilken utsträckning som ARCH och GARCH-modeller kan prediktera daglig volatilitet i AT1 CoCo-obligationer (eng. Additional Tier-1 Contingent Convertible Bonds), jämfört med Random Walk-modellen. Uppsatsen undersöker även hur olika parametrar I ARCH och GARCH-modeller påverkar resultatet i prediktionerna. De modeller som undersöks är Random Walk-modellen, ARCH(1), ARCH(2), ARCH(3), GARCH(1,1), GARCH(1,2), GARCH(2,1), och GARCH(2,2)-modellen. Datasetet som har använts i denna forskning består av 47 Europeiska AT1 CoCo obligationer från 20 olika emittenter. Resultatet visar att 42 av 47 CoCo-obligationer har betingat heteroskedastisk daglig avkastningsdata. Fem CoCo-obligationer med homoskedastisk avkastningsdata är obligationer med signifikant låg likviditet. Vidare visar resultatet visar att GARCH modellen överpresterar jämfört med både Random Walk-modellen och ARCH-modellen, under antagandet att innovationstermen följer en normal distribution. Resultatet visar även att en högre ordning av ARCH eller GARCH inte nödvändigtvis leder till ett bättre resultat i prediktonerna. GARCH(1,1)-modellen är modellen som predikterar den dagliga volatiliten i CoCo-obligationerna med bäst resultat. Slutsatsen är att GARCH-modellen predikterar volatiliteten i CoCo-obligationer bättre jämfört med ARCH-modellen och Random Walk-modellen. Däremot kan inte ARCH-modellen eller GARCH-modellen modellera CoCo-obligationer med signifikant låg likviditet. Vidare så medför en högre ordning i ARCH eller GARCH-modellen inte nödvändigtvis till bättre prediktioner.

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Cumpa, Dávila Fátima del Pilar, and Rosas Jose Junior Inga. "Propuesta de un modelo de desarrollo de capacidades para promover la iniciativa empresarial en los productores de cocona del distrito de Nauta, Loreto." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2015. http://tesis.usat.edu.pe/handle/usat/694.

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El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo elaborar un modelo de desarrollo de capacidades para promover la iniciativa empresarial en los productores de cocona del distrito de Nauta, Loreto. Se abarcó diagnósticos sobre desarrollo agrícola y capacidades para iniciativas empresariales en productores de cocona. Así mismo, se propuso evaluar la aplicación de metodologías internacionales; CEFE, enfocado en capacidades personales; y PACA, direccionado a incentivar las iniciativas empresariales. Por tal motivo, la investigación es un tipo descriptivo- prospectivo, se utilizó una variable y se desarrolló por medio de la observación; así mismo, la recolección de datos se obtuvo mediante encuestas y entrevistas dirigidas a veinte y nueve productores y al gobierno local de Nauta, para determinar la propuesta de un modelo de desarrollo de capacidades para promover la iniciativa empresarial. Por último, se determinó como resultado un problema que no les permitía consolidar iniciativas empresariales a los productores de cocona; por ello se propuso una Metodología IPNE – Iniciación para nuevos empresarios; siendo, el modelo de desarrollo de capacidades que promoverá las iniciativas empresariales en los productores del distrito de Nauta, Loreto.
Tesis

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22

Sjölin, Victor. "The effect of target fascination on control and situation awareness in a multiple remote tower center : A human factors study." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Interaktiva och kognitiva system, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119414.

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The Multiple Remote Tower Center concept (mRTC) is a cutting edge project which allows one air traffic control officer (ATCO) to be in charge of multiple remotely situated airports simultaneously. When implemented, it will revolutionise how air traffic is managed at smaller airports and allow for increased efficiency and decreased operational costs. Consequently, at the time of writing a lot of effort is going into evaluating this new way of air traffic management from a safety perspective. Air traffic management has been defined as an issue maintaining situational awareness and exercising control. This thesis aims to investigate how the phenomenon target fascination affects the ATCOs ability to exercise control over its controlled airspace and maintain its situation awareness. It does so by creating a baseline scenario of work in a mRTC, and then comparing the ATCOs performance in the baseline scenario with its performance in the same corresponding scenario, but with elements of target fascination introduced. The differences in the scenarios are analysed using the Contextual Control Model, the Extended Control Model and a holistic framework for studying situation awareness. The analysis shows that target fascination does affect the ATCOs ability to maintain control, but not radically so, and only for a short period of time. The target fascination forces the ATCO to rely on information in the immediate environment to a higher degree than during regular work, as opposed to making decisions based on a holistic understanding of the situation and high level goals. However, once the understanding of the situation have been re-established, the level of control quickly returns to normal levels. Situation awareness is thus a key concept in maintaining control. The situation awareness analysis show that target fascination affects situation awareness by causing the ATCOs understanding of the situation to become outdated without the ATCOs knowledge. Because of this, there may be developments in the situation that the ATCO is not aware of, which hinders it from acting as it normally would. In some cases an intervention from an external actor or element may be necessary to break the fascination and re-establish the ATCOs understanding for the situation. As soon as the fascination is broken, the ATCO quickly takes steps to re-establish its situation awareness and return to normal operations.

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Lee, Andrew H. "Impact of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) fermentation on composition and concentration of polyphenols: Development of fermentation model system and utilization of yeast starter cultures." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/88515.

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Consumption of cocoa and dark chocolate products has been associated with positive health outcomes including reduced onset of cardiovascular disease, inflammation, diabetes, obesity, and platelet disorders. Cocoa polyphenols, putatively responsible for these beneficial activities, are highly impacted by cocoa variety, agronomic effects and processing history. However, the difference in polyphenol concentration and composition between cocoa products originating from different hybrid clones (selected for high yield) or from different fermentation conditions is not fully understood. Detailed polyphenol characterization including determination of total polyphenol and total procyanidin concentrations, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of (mean) degree of polymerization was conducted. Significant differences in total polyphenol and procyanidin concentrations were observed between five genetic clones grown by the USDA-ARS Cocoa Germplasm Repository located in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. To facilitate cocoa fermentation research in laboratories distant from cocoa harvesting sites, a laboratory-scale cocoa fermentation model system was developed in this study. This model system used dried, unfermented, cocoa beans and simulated pulp medium as the starting material. The model system supported growth of the essential succession of cocoa fermenting microorganisms and generated similar chemical changes to those observed in on-farm cocoa fermentation. Using this model system, the impact of inoculation with proprietary yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lev F and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lev B on cocoa polyphenol concentration and composition was evaluated. Inoculation with both yeast strains resulted in increased fermentation rate and Lev B inoculation resulted in higher total polyphenol and procyandin contents at the end of fermentation. Overall, the present work addressed the influence of cocoa variety selection and fermentation process conditions on the composition and concentration of polyphenols. These findings will contribute to continued efforts to develop cocoa products with optimized bioactivity and maximum disease preventative effects.
PHD

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24

Zukhruf, Febri. "FREIGHT TRANSPORT NETWORK DESIGN WITH SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORK EQUILIBRIUM MODELS AND PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMISATION ALGORITHMS." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/192168.

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Nganhou, Jean. "Etude des transferts de chaleur et de matiere en convection forcee dans une operation de sechage en lit epais de produits agricoles tropicaux : application aux feves de cacao." Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT2268.

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On envisage deux types de configuration du systeme de sechage suivant la nature du generateur d'air chaud. Dans la premiere configuration, le sechoir est ventile par de l'air chaud sortant d'un capteur solaire du type multi-masse. La seconde configuration utilise un rechauffeur d'air constitue de resistances electriques. Pour chaque sous-systeme de la chaine, on propose une modelisation fine et originale; une etude systematique de l'etat thermique, massique et des performances du systeme de captation multi-passes et du systeme de sechage en fonction des parametres externes et internes est realisee. On envisage aussi l'effet d'un recyclage de l'air sur le comportement dynamique du systeme de sechage. Enfin, une conformation entre les resultats experimentaux obtenus sur un prototype construit et teste en laboratoire avec des resistances electriques permet une validation du modele theorique propose pour le sechage d'un lit epais des feves de cacao

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John, Warren [Verfasser], Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Ullrich, Matthias [Gutachter] Ullrich, Nikolai [Gutachter] Kuhnert, Roy [Gutachter] D'Souza, and Maximilian [Gutachter] Greiner. "Exploring Metabolomic Flux and Achieving Prediction Capability in Cocoa Bean Fermentation using Model Systems / Warren John ; Gutachter: Matthias Ullrich, Nikolai Kuhnert, Roy D'Souza, Maximilian Greiner ; Betreuer: Matthias Ullrich." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188886983/34.

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Abril, Gil Maria del Mar. "Efecte d’una dieta enriquida en cacau sobre la resposta immunitària i anafilàctica en un model d’al·lèrgia alimentària en rata." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/300892.

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Actualment, l’estudi de la relació entre nutrició i salut ha comportat que la immunonutrició esdevingui una ciència d’interès creixent. El cacau és un aliment ric en macronutrients (fibra, proteïnes, carbohidrats i lípids), micronutrients (minerals i vitamines) i conté una quantitat relativament elevada de flavonoides. Aquests inclouen majoritàriament els flavan-3-ols, com (-)-epicatequina, (+)-catequina i procianidines, compostos amb capacitat antioxidant i amb efectes antitumorals, en processos neurodegeneratius i sobre el sistema cardiovascular i el sistema immunitari. És per aquest motiu que el cacau s’ha convertit en un aliment amb gran interès com a potencial nutracèutic. L’al·lèrgia alimentària representa un problema de salut important en els països industrialitzats amb elevada prevalença en la població adulta i sobre tot en infants. Els individus afectats presenten una resposta immunitària anòmala quan ingereixen certs aliments o components alimentaris. La seva patogènia inclou la pèrdua de tolerància oral a proteïnes dels aliments i, en la majoria de casos, s’acompanya de la producció d’IgE. Entre les diferents manifestacions clíniques destaquen les alteracions gastrointestinals, les afeccions cutànies i l’anafilaxi, que pot arribar a xoc anafilàctic i comprometre la vida del pacient. En base a aquests antecedents, l’objectiu principal de la tesi ha estat determinar si la capacitat immunomoduladora del cacau podia ser útil per controlar la patogènia de l’al·lèrgia alimentària i establir el paper dels flavonoides en aquest efecte. De forma preliminar, es va desenvolupar un model d’al·lèrgia no alimentària, que va permetre estudiar els efectes d’una dieta enriquida amb cacau convencional sobre la resposta immunitària i establir variables objectives per avaluar la resposta anafilàctica. L’efecte del cacau en el model d’al·lèrgia desenvolupat mitjançant una única immunització intraperitoneal d’ovoalbúmina (al·lergogen), hidròxid d’alumini i toxina de Bordetella pertussis (adjuvants) va revelar, principalment, que el cacau atenuava la síntesi d’anticossos específics relacionats amb la resposta immunitària Th2. D’altra banda, en aquest mateix model, es van quantificar els canvis produïts en l’activitat motora immediatament després de realitzar una provocació oral. D’aquesta manera es va poder establir una variable objectiva per avaluar l’anafilaxi que es correlacionava inversament amb la concentració de proteasa II mastocitària sèrica. Posteriorment es va desenvolupar un model d’al·lèrgia alimentària en rata mitjançant la combinació d’una única immunització intraperitoneal, com la descrita anteriorment, amb l’administració oral de l’al·lergogen catorze dies més tard i durant tres setmanes. Aquest model es caracteritza principalment per l’exacerbació en la síntesi d’anticossos relacionats amb la resposta Th2 (IgE, IgG1, IgG2a) conseqüent a l’inici de l’administració oral i que ja és patent a la primera setmana. A més, la provocació oral dels animals amb al·lèrgia alimentària va provocar un increment de fins a sis vegades de la concentració de proteasa mastocitària II i de la seva expressió gènica a nivell intestinal. Un cop desenvolupat i caracteritzat el model d’al·lèrgia alimentària, es va determinar l’efecte d’una dieta enriquida amb cacau en aquest model. Els animals van rebre una dieta rica en cacau convencional des del moment de la immunització intraperitoneal i fins al final de l’estudi. El cacau va ser capaç de reduir la síntesi d’anticossos específics associats a la resposta tipus Th2, especialment d’isotip IgE. També va inhibir la secreció de citocines de tipus Th2 i, a més, en realitzar una provocació oral, va protegir parcialment de la resposta anafilàctica ja que va disminuir la síntesi i alliberament de la proteasa mastocitària II. Per identificar si els responsables d’aquest efecte eren els flavonoides, es va determinar sobre aquest mateix model d’al·lèrgia alimentària, l’efecte d’una dieta enriquida amb cacau no fermentat, el qual proporcionava principalment flavonoides i menys proporció d’altres components. Els cacau no fermentat va tenir un cert impacte en l’al·lèrgia alimentària però els seus efectes van ser menys potents que els observats amb la dieta enriquida amb cacau convencional. Per tant, a la vista dels resultats obtinguts, es pot concloure que els flavonoides del cacau no són els únics responsables del seu poder modulador en la resposta Th2. En resum, la intervenció nutricional amb una dieta enriquida en cacau en el model d’al·lèrgia alimentària desenvolupat, demostra l’efecte beneficiós d’aquest aliment i li confereix un interès especial en el camp de la immunonutrició com a potencial nutracèutic.
Nowadays, immunonutrition has become a very interesting issue of study. Due to cocoa has a relatively high content of flavonoids (mainly flavanols such as epicatechin, catechin and procyanidins), and it has a beneficial role in cardiovascular, chronic inflammation and cancer, cocoa has a potential role in immunonutrition as a nutraceutical. On the other hand, food allergy is an immune disease which is caused by food allergens, and is mainly mediated by IgE. During the past decades has become a major public health in westernized countries with an increasing prevalence. Based on these antecedents, the aim of the present study was to ascertain the effect of a cocoa-enriched diet on a food allergy rat model and also to establish the role of cocoa flavonoids in these effects. As a preliminary study, an allergy model by means of an intraperitoneal immunization with ovalbumin (allergen), aluminum hydroxide and toxin from Bordetella pertussis (adjuvants), was achieved. Using this rat model, a diet with conventional cocoa was tested and animals were orally provoked with the allergen to establish unbiased variables to study an anaphylactic response. The conventional cocoa diet was able to reduce Th2-associated antibodies, mainly specific IgE, and cytokines. The anaphylactic response produced a decrease in the number of animal movements which was inversely correlated with serum mast cell protease release. Then, a food allergy model was set up by means of the combination of only one intraperitoneal immunization (as above) with an oral administration of the allergen, fourteen days later and for three weeks. The model was achieved after the first week of oral gavage as demonstrated by a rise in the synthesis of specific antibodies related with Th2 immune response. Finally, using the food allergy model, a nutritional intervention with cocoa was assay. The animals received a conventional cocoa-enriched diet which was able to reduce the synthesis of Th2-specific antibodies and also partially inhibit the anaphylactic response because the diet produced a reduction in the serum concentration of mast cell protease and a down-regulation of its intestinal gene expression. To establish the role of cocoa flavonoids in this immunomodulation, food allergic animals received a diet containing non fermented cocoa which provided mainly flavonoids and no other cocoa components. Although a certain tendency of protection was detected, the conventional cocoa effect was stronger demonstrating that not only flavonoids are responsible for the protection in front of food allergy, and suggesting that cocoa has a high interest in the field of health and immunonutrition.

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Sievert, Rolf. "Instance Segmentation of Multiclass Litter and Imbalanced Dataset Handling : A Deep Learning Model Comparison." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Datorseende, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-175173.

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Instance segmentation has a great potential for improving the current state of littering by autonomously detecting and segmenting different categories of litter. With this information, litter could, for example, be geotagged to aid litter pickers or to give precise locational information to unmanned vehicles for autonomous litter collection. Land-based litter instance segmentation is a relatively unexplored field, and this study aims to give a comparison of the instance segmentation models Mask R-CNN and DetectoRS using the multiclass litter dataset called Trash Annotations in Context (TACO) in conjunction with the Common Objects in Context precision and recall scores. TACO is an imbalanced dataset, and therefore imbalanced data-handling is addressed, exercising a second-order relation iterative stratified split, and additionally oversampling when training Mask R-CNN. Mask R-CNN without oversampling resulted in a segmentation of 0.127 mAP, and with oversampling 0.163 mAP. DetectoRS achieved 0.167 segmentation mAP, and improves the segmentation mAP of small objects most noticeably, with a factor of at least 2, which is important within the litter domain since small objects such as cigarettes are overrepresented. In contrast, oversampling with Mask R-CNN does not seem to improve the general precision of small and medium objects, but only improves the detection of large objects. It is concluded that DetectoRS improves results compared to Mask R-CNN, as well does oversampling. However, using a dataset that cannot have an all-class representation for train, validation, and test splits, together with an iterative stratification that does not guarantee all-class representations, makes it hard for future works to do exact comparisons to this study. Results are therefore approximate considering using all categories since 12 categories are missing from the test set, where 4 of those were impossible to split into train, validation, and test set. Further image collection and annotation to mitigate the imbalance would most noticeably improve results since results depend on class-averaged values. Doing oversampling with DetectoRS would also help improve results. There is also the option to combine the two datasets TACO and MJU-Waste to enforce training of more categories.

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29

MagalhÃes, Maria SÃnia FelÃcio. "AvaliaÃÃo do efeito do DersaniÂ e da Ãgua de coco liofilizada no modelo cutÃneo de cicatrizaÃÃo por segunda intenÃÃo em ratos wistar." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2007. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1096.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
A cicatrizaÃÃo de feridas Ã uma cascata de eventos celulares e moleculares que interagem para que ocorra a reconstituiÃÃo do tecido. Neste estudo avaliou-se o efeito de um composto de triglicerÃdeos de cadeia mÃdia, Ãcido linolÃico, lecitina de soja e vitaminas A e E (DersaniÂ), e tambÃm da Ãgua de coco liofilizada, nas formas aquosa e gel, no processo de cicatrizaÃÃo de Ãlceras cutÃneas experimentais. Utilizaram-se 105 ratos, machos, da linhagem Wistar, nos quais foi removido um segmento cutÃneo de espessura total com 4 cm2 de Ãrea. Os animais foram distribuÃdos aleatoriamente em grupos constituÃdos de 15 ratos compreendendo trÃs experimentos constituÃdos dos grupos Controle e ReferÃncia e dos grupos Amorfa-aquosa e Cristalina-aquosa (Experimento 1), Amorfa-gel e Cristalina-gel (Experimento 2) e TriglicerÃdeo (Experimento 3). Tais grupos foram tratados por via tÃpica, respectivamente, com soluÃÃo salina 0,9%, clostebol + sulfato de neomicina, Ãgua de coco amorfa e cristalina-aquosa, Ãgua de coco amorfa e cristalina-gel e DersaniÂ. As Ãreas das feridas foram mensuradas por planimetria digital nos dias zero, 3, 7 e 12 de pÃs-operatÃrio, a partir das quais foram calculados o grau e a taxa mÃdia de reparaÃÃo. AlÃm disso, o processo de cicatrizaÃÃo foi avaliado atravÃs dos critÃrios de Myers e da quantificaÃÃo de colÃgeno e angiogÃnese utilizando mÃtodo histoquÃmico. No 3o dia observou-se uma expansÃo da Ãrea da ferida no grupo referÃncia e uma leve contraÃÃo nos grupos controle e testes. Nos dias subseqÃentes o processo de reparaÃÃo, medido pela variÃvel grau de reparaÃÃo, evoluiu de forma linear, de modo que, no 12o dia, a Ãrea reparada alcanÃou 77,95% da regiÃo ulcerada inicial no grupo Controle, 78,40% no ReferÃncia, 82,24% no Amorfa-aquosa, 84,12% no Cristalina-aquosa 84,12% (experimento 1), 85,09% no grupo Amorfa-gel, 84,20% no Cristalina-gel (experimento 2) e 83,49% no TriglicerÃdeo (experimento 3), nÃo sendo constatadas diferenÃas estatisticamente significantes em nenhum dos experimentos. Igualmente semelhantes foram os valores da taxa mÃdia de reparaÃÃo referente aos 12 dias de tratamento: 25,79 mm2/dia no grupo Controle, 25,42 mm2/dia no ReferÃncia, 26,48 mm2/dia no Amorfa-aquosa, 27,89 mm2/dia no Cristalinaaquosa, 26,47 mm2/dia no Amorfa-gel, 27,04 mm2/dia no Cristalina-gel e 27,38 mm2/dia no TriglicerÃdeo. Entretanto, nos grupos Amorfa-aquosa (P<0,01), Amorfa-gel (P<0,05), Cristalina-gel (P<0,05) e TriglicerÃdeo (P<0,01) a densidade de colÃgeno foi significatemente maior do que a verificada no grupo Controle. Apenas no grupo TriglicerÃdeo a densidade vascular, a deposiÃÃo de colÃgeno e de tecido de granulaÃÃo foram significantemente maior que nos grupos Controle e ReferÃncia (P<0,01). Estes achados permitem concluir que o tratamento com o DersaniÂ Ã um potencializador do processo de reparo tecidual
Healing of wounds is a cascade of cellular and molecular events which interact with one another ensuing tissue reconstruction. This study assessed the effect of a compound medium-chain triglycerides, linoleic acid, soy lecithins and vitamins A and E (Dersan) and also lyophilized coconut water in the aqueous and gel forms in the process of healing of experimental cutaneous ulcers. 105 male Wistar rats were employed in which a 4cm2 full thickness skin segment was removed. The animals were randomly distributed into groups constituted of 15 rats comprising three experiments consisting of Control and Reference groups, as well as Amorphous-Aqueous and Crystalline-Aqueous groups (Experiment 1), Amorphous-gel and Crystalline-gel groups (Experiment 2) and Triglycerides (Experiment 3). Such groups were treated via topic, respectively with 0.9% saline, clostebol+neomycin sulphate, amorphous and crystalline coconut water, amorphous and crystalline-gel coconut water and Dersani. The wound areas were measured by digital planimetry at post-operative days zero, 3, 7 and 12; from them the degree and average rate of repair were calculated. Moreover, the healing process was assessed through the criteria of Meyers and the amount of collagen and angiogenesis by means of histochemical methods. At day 3, an expansion of the wound area in the Reference Group and a slight contraction of Control Groups and tests were noted. On the subsequent days the process of repair, measured through the variable degree of healing evolved in a linear form, so that on the twelfth day, the repaired area achieved 77.95% of the initial ulcerated region in the Control Group, 78.40% in the Reference Group, 82.24%, in the Amorphous-Aqueous one, 84.12% in the Crystalline- Aqueous (Experiment 1), 85.09% in the Amorphus-gel Group, 84.20% in the Crystalline-gel Group (Experiment 2) and 83.49% in that of Triglyceride (Experiment 3); no statistically significant differences were found in the experiments. Equally similar were the values for the average rate of repair in regard to the 12 days of treatment: 25,79mm2/day in the Control Group, 25,42mm2/day in the Reference Group, 26.48mm2/day in the Amorphous-Aqueous one, 27.89mm2/day in the Crystalline-Aqueous Group, 26,47mm2/day in the Amorphous-gel Group, 27.04mm2/day in the Crystalline-gel and 27.38mm2/day in the Triglyceride Group. However, as to the Groups Amorphous-aqueous (P<0,01), Amorphous-gel (P<0.05), Crystalline Gel (P<0,05) and Triglycerides (P<0,01), the density of collagen was significantly higher than that observed in the Control Group. Only the Group of Triglycerides showed significantly higher vascular density, deposition of collagen and the granulation tissue than Control and Reference groups (P<0, 01). These findings allow the conclusion that DersaniÂ have potential to the process of tissue repair

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30

Mundet, i. Cerdan Lluís. "L'evolució dels models de turisme litoral: el Regne Unit, la Costa brava i Cuba." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7849.

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La tesi es centra en una anàlisi prèvia de les implicacions de la teoria del cicle de vida aplicada a les destinacions turístiques pel geògraf canadenc Richard W. Butler (1982) i en un estudi del significat de l'aparició del postmodernisme i les seves repercussions en el turisme, a la vegada que es resegueix la història que ha fet possible l'aparició del turisme massificat de sol i platja.
Tot això és la base teòrica imprescindible per poder estudiar empíricament les destinacions de Saltburn (Regne Unit), l'Estartit (Costa Brava) i Cayo Coco (Cuba), utilitzant el cicle de vida per escriure la seva història i veure les polítiques de desenvolupament i regeneració turística que s'han seguit i si aquestes es poden qualificar de postfordistes. La principal conclusió és que el concepte del cicle de vida es limita a ser una eina de diagnòstic a posteriori. El cicle de vida, com a instrument prescriptiu, no serveix. Es específic per a cada destinació, amb unes etapes i punts d'inflexió que només es poden establir en restrospectiva. El cicle de vida és una eina descriptiva molt útil per entendre l'evolució de les destinacions turístiques i els seus mercats, però vigilant de no caure en falses exploracions o perillosos determinismes.
This thesis is based on an analysis of the implications of the life-cycle theory on tourist destinations by the Canadian geographer Richard W. Butler (1982); and on a study of what the emergence of postmodernim and its repercussions on tourism have meant. At the same time, the history that has made the appearance of mass sun and beach tourism possible is reviewed.
All this is the theoretical basis for the empirical study of the tourist destinations of Saltburn (United Kingdom), l'Estartit (Costa Brava) and Cayo Coco (Cuba). Life cycle is used as the instrument for writing their history and seeing what development and tourist regeneration policies they have followed and whether they can be defined as post-Fordist policies.
In conclusion, current tourist models, more inauthentic, diverse and customised, place a question-mark over the Fordist tourist practices of previous decades, although there are still more elements of continuity than of change. The idea now is to make the Fordist tourist model feasible, by using postmodernism as an instrument to give a theoretical and ideological gloss to the model that can be still called Fordist, but that has been adapted to new times and settings.

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31

Magalhães, Maria Sônia Felício. "Avaliação do efeito do Dersani® e da água de coco liofilizada no modelo cutâneo de cicatrização por segunda intenção em ratos wistar." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2007. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/7765.

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MAGALHÃES, Maria Sônia Felício. Avaliação do efeito do Dersani® e da água de coco liofilizada no modelo cutâneo de cicatrização por segunda intenção em ratos wistar. 2007. 179 f. Tese (Doutorado em Cirurgia) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza, 2007.
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Healing of wounds is a cascade of cellular and molecular events which interact with one another ensuing tissue reconstruction. This study assessed the effect of a compound medium-chain triglycerides, linoleic acid, soy lecithins and vitamins A and E (Dersan) and also lyophilized coconut water in the aqueous and gel forms in the process of healing of experimental cutaneous ulcers. 105 male Wistar rats were employed in which a 4cm2 full thickness skin segment was removed. The animals were randomly distributed into groups constituted of 15 rats comprising three experiments consisting of Control and Reference groups, as well as Amorphous-Aqueous and Crystalline-Aqueous groups (Experiment 1), Amorphous-gel and Crystalline-gel groups (Experiment 2) and Triglycerides (Experiment 3). Such groups were treated via topic, respectively with 0.9% saline, clostebol+neomycin sulphate, amorphous and crystalline coconut water, amorphous and crystalline-gel coconut water and Dersani. The wound areas were measured by digital planimetry at post-operative days zero, 3, 7 and 12; from them the degree and average rate of repair were calculated. Moreover, the healing process was assessed through the criteria of Meyers and the amount of collagen and angiogenesis by means of histochemical methods. At day 3, an expansion of the wound area in the Reference Group and a slight contraction of Control Groups and tests were noted. On the subsequent days the process of repair, measured through the variable degree of healing evolved in a linear form, so that on the twelfth day, the repaired area achieved 77.95% of the initial ulcerated region in the Control Group, 78.40% in the Reference Group, 82.24%, in the Amorphous-Aqueous one, 84.12% in the Crystalline- Aqueous (Experiment 1), 85.09% in the Amorphus-gel Group, 84.20% in the Crystalline-gel Group (Experiment 2) and 83.49% in that of Triglyceride (Experiment 3); no statistically significant differences were found in the experiments. Equally similar were the values for the average rate of repair in regard to the 12 days of treatment: 25,79mm2/day in the Control Group, 25,42mm2/day in the Reference Group, 26.48mm2/day in the Amorphous-Aqueous one, 27.89mm2/day in the Crystalline-Aqueous Group, 26,47mm2/day in the Amorphous-gel Group, 27.04mm2/day in the Crystalline-gel and 27.38mm2/day in the Triglyceride Group. However, as to the Groups Amorphous-aqueous (P<0,01), Amorphous-gel (P<0.05), Crystalline Gel (P<0,05) and Triglycerides (P<0,01), the density of collagen was significantly higher than that observed in the Control Group. Only the Group of Triglycerides showed significantly higher vascular density, deposition of collagen and the granulation tissue than Control and Reference groups (P<0, 01). These findings allow the conclusion that Dersani® have potential to the process of tissue repair
A cicatrização de feridas é uma cascata de eventos celulares e moleculares que interagem para que ocorra a reconstituição do tecido. Neste estudo avaliou-se o efeito de um composto de triglicerídeos de cadeia média, ácido linoléico, lecitina de soja e vitaminas A e E (Dersani®), e também da água de coco liofilizada, nas formas aquosa e gel, no processo de cicatrização de úlceras cutâneas experimentais. Utilizaram-se 105 ratos, machos, da linhagem Wistar, nos quais foi removido um segmento cutâneo de espessura total com 4 cm2 de área. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos constituídos de 15 ratos compreendendo três experimentos constituídos dos grupos Controle e Referência e dos grupos Amorfa-aquosa e Cristalina-aquosa (Experimento 1), Amorfa-gel e Cristalina-gel (Experimento 2) e Triglicerídeo (Experimento 3). Tais grupos foram tratados por via tópica, respectivamente, com solução salina 0,9%, clostebol + sulfato de neomicina, água de coco amorfa e cristalina-aquosa, água de coco amorfa e cristalina-gel e Dersani®. As áreas das feridas foram mensuradas por planimetria digital nos dias zero, 3, 7 e 12 de pós-operatório, a partir das quais foram calculados o grau e a taxa média de reparação. Além disso, o processo de cicatrização foi avaliado através dos critérios de Myers e da quantificação de colágeno e angiogênese utilizando método histoquímico. No 3o dia observou-se uma expansão da área da ferida no grupo referência e uma leve contração nos grupos controle e testes. Nos dias subseqüentes o processo de reparação, medido pela variável grau de reparação, evoluiu de forma linear, de modo que, no 12o dia, a área reparada alcançou 77,95% da região ulcerada inicial no grupo Controle, 78,40% no Referência, 82,24% no Amorfa-aquosa, 84,12% no Cristalina-aquosa 84,12% (experimento 1), 85,09% no grupo Amorfa-gel, 84,20% no Cristalina-gel (experimento 2) e 83,49% no Triglicerídeo (experimento 3), não sendo constatadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes em nenhum dos experimentos. Igualmente semelhantes foram os valores da taxa média de reparação referente aos 12 dias de tratamento: 25,79 mm2/dia no grupo Controle, 25,42 mm2/dia no Referência, 26,48 mm2/dia no Amorfa-aquosa, 27,89 mm2/dia no Cristalinaaquosa, 26,47 mm2/dia no Amorfa-gel, 27,04 mm2/dia no Cristalina-gel e 27,38 mm2/dia no Triglicerídeo. Entretanto, nos grupos Amorfa-aquosa (P<0,01), Amorfa-gel (P<0,05), Cristalina-gel (P<0,05) e Triglicerídeo (P<0,01) a densidade de colágeno foi significatemente maior do que a verificada no grupo Controle. Apenas no grupo Triglicerídeo a densidade vascular, a deposição de colágeno e de tecido de granulação foram significantemente maior que nos grupos Controle e Referência (P<0,01). Estes achados permitem concluir que o tratamento com o Dersani® é um potencializador do processo de reparo tecidual

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32

Nordström, My. "Kläder, genomslag och tidlöshet : En studie om förutsättningar att slå igenom med ett idrottsrelaterat tidlöst plagg." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-179697.

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Syftet med studien är att ta reda på om det finns förutsättningar att skapa ett idrottsrelaterat plagg som kan få liknande genomslagskraft som en välkänd tidlös symbol inom modevärlden, "den lilla svarta" (Coco Chanel). Begrepp som tidlöshet och genomslag är svårdefinierade visar genomgången litteratur. En ansats är att tillämpa filosofiska begrepp för att kartlägga modefenomenet. Förutom de filosofiska begreppen, litteraturstudier och erfarenheter från "den lilla svarta" innehåller studien utarbetade frågor till tre personer med stor branschvana. I analysen förs ett resonemang som visar att det utefter dessa förutsättningar är möjligt att skapa plagget.
The purpose of the study is to find out if there are prerequisites for creating a sports-related garment that can have a similar impact to a well-known timeless symbol in the fashion world, "the little black dress" (Coco Chanel). Concepts such as timelessness and impact are difficult to define, the review shows literature. One approach is to apply philosophical concepts to map the fashion phenomenon. In addition to the philosophical concepts, literature studies and experiences from "the little black", the study includes elaborate questions for three people with great industry experience. The analysis provides a reasoning that shows that it is possible to create the garment according to these conditions.

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Schwartz, Filho Arliss José. "Localização de indústrias de reciclagem na cadeia logística reversa do coco verde." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6174.

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Este trabalho buscou desenvolver um modelo matemático e um procedimento metodológico que contribuam para o estudo de localização de indústrias de reciclagem na cadeia logística reversa do coco verde. Os resíduos do coco verde jogados nos lixões ou espalhados pelas praias causam um grande impacto ao meio ambiente. Estes resíduos podem ganhar um novo destino, mais qualificado e rentável, a partir da transformação de sua casca em fibra e pó, e da fabricação de produtos derivados destes dois componentes, criando ao mesmo tempo condições para gerar emprego e renda. É de grande importância o estudo de localização, tema abordado no presente estudo usando os seguintes passos metodológicos: caracterização da cadeia logística reversa do coco verde; seleção dos locais candidatos à instalação das indústrias de reciclagem; estimativa das quantidades de resíduos do coco verde gerados, distâncias e custos; modelagem do problema proposto, utilizando-se a programação linear mista e não-linear; e escolha das ferramentas para solução do modelo. Estima-se a quantidade de indústrias de reciclagem da casca do coco verde, suas capacidades e as melhores localizações, com a devida distribuição dos resíduos, que minimizem os custos de instalação, operação, estoque e transporte, utilizando um modelo matemático. Foram criados dez cenários relacionados ao problema proposto para o Estado do Espírito Santo, combinando-se diferentes quantidades de indústrias, capacidades e regiões de instalação, e variando-se os custos envolvidos, a quantidade de resíduos e o tempo de vida das indústrias. O modelo matemático mostrou ser bastante útil como instrumento auxiliar de análise de problemas de localização, tanto pela simplicidade de operação quanto pela aplicação das ferramentas Solver e What´sBest! disponíveis no mercado. Os resultados foram coerentes com o esperado, face à realidade atual do Estado do Espírito Santo no que tange à localização do aterro sanitário existente no município de Cariacica, hoje utilizado como local de destinação final dos resíduos do coco verde gerados na Região da Grande Vitória, sendo o mesmo escolhido nos dez cenários utilizados.
This work aims at developing a mathematical model and a methodological approach for the location of recycling industries of green coconut residuals. The coconut hard cover can cause environmental impacts when discharged along the beaches or in land farming. These residuals can be recycled and transformed into fibres, a qualified and profitable use, that can also generate jobs and revenues. It is of great importance the location study, theme approached in the present study using the following methodological steps: the characterization of the reverse chain logistics of the green coconut; selection of the places that are potential candidates to settle the recycling industries; estimation of the residual amount that is produced, travel distances and costs; development of a model of mixed linear and no linear programming; and choice of the tools for solution of the model. The modeling takes into account the amount of recycling industries, its capacities, the best locations and the corresponding residual distribution, which minimize the costs of installation, operation, stock and transport. Ten scenarios related to the problem were created for Espírito Santo State combining the numbers of industries, capacities and locations, and varying the involved costs, the amount of residues and the life time of the industries. The mathematical model showed to be a quite useful tool for analysis of location problems, due to its operational simplicity as well as the availability in the market of Solver and What´sBest!. As expected, the results agree with the reality of Espírito Santo State concerning the landfill location in the Cariacica district, actual place of destination of the green coconut residuals generated in the Grande Vitória region, being the same chosen in the ten used sceneries.

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34

Attah, Alhassan. "A model for forest and product certification in Ghana : the perception and attitudes of forest enterprises in Ghana." Thesis, Bucks New University, 2011. http://bucks.collections.crest.ac.uk/10085/.

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Forest and product certification was initially promoted as a means of enhancing sustainable management of forests in the tropics. However after almost two decades, there is still very little evidence of certified timber products originating from tropical countries. A number of approaches have been suggested to enhance the growth of forest certification in the tropics. These approaches such as that of the Forest Stewardship Council, Global Forest Trade Network of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Sustainable Forest Initiative and various private sector initiatives have all failed to facilitate forest certification. Therefore to enhance the development of forest certification in Ghana, the research work amongst others, draws on experiences in certification from other sectors such as cocoa, fisheries, tourism and oil palm to develop a model for promoting forest certification in Ghana. The research work uses elements identified in the literature review in developing a questionnaire for the survey of timber firms in Ghana. The research work identified stakeholder consultations, legal framework, resource rights, and the regulation of the domestic market as key elements for promoting forest certification in Ghana. The research recommends a phased approach to promoting forest certification with the first phase being verification of legality that adopts the European Union Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) and the Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) initiative. The study identifies this approach not only as a means of reducing cost to the private sector in pursuing forest certification but a means of drawing on support measures to enhance the regulation of the domestic market; a key component for promoting forest certification. The report argues that it is only through a well regulated domestic market can tropical timber producing countries achieve sustainable forest management and hence forest certification. The domestic market is therefore seen as a strong means of promoting certification since it will be internalised in the producing countries. None of the research on certification has so far identified the domestic market as a key factor to promoting forest certification and the research work argues that the slow pace of certification has been the lack of demand for certified products on the domestic market. Developing the domestic market is therefore seen as a key policy instrument for promoting the uptake of forest certification in Ghana and the tropics in general.

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35

Correa, Giovani de Oliveira. "Influencia da soldagem laser e ciclos de cocção da porcelana no desajuste marginal de infra-estruturas de proteses fixas em titanio comercialmente puro e titanio-aluminio-vanadio fundidos pelas tecnicas convencional e sobre-modelo refratario." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289589.

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Orientador: Lourenço Correr Sobrinho
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: A soldagem é uma alternativa para a obtenção de melhor ajuste marginal de retentores metálicos de próteses fixas de três ou mais elementos aos respectivos pilares, em detrimento da fundição tipo monobloco (peça única). No entanto, há a possibilidade de defeitos nas uniões soldadas ou distorções de todo o conjunto. Embora a adaptação não esteja assegurada, as fundições tipo monobloco são vantajosas quanto à economia de tempo, resistência e durabilidade da infra-estrutura. O propósito desse estudo foi a avaliar a soldagem laser na redução do desajuste marginal de infra-estruturas fundidas em titânio comercialmente puro e titânio-alumínio-vanádio; os efeitos do ciclo de cocção da porcelana no desajuste marginal em infra-estruturas de próteses fixas fundidas em monoblocos sobre-modelo refratário, comparando os resultados com a técnica convencional de fundição de próteses fixas. Inicialmente confeccionou-se uma matriz metálica, sendo esta moldada em silicona por adição para a obtenção dos modelos de trabalho. Sobre os modelos foram encerados os padrões simulando infra-estruturas de próteses fixas, correspondendo às fundições convencionais nas duas ligas avaliadas. Para a fundição sobre-modelo, a matriz metálica foi duplicada e modelos em revestimento Rematitan Plus foram obtidos. Sobre os modelos de revestimento foram encerados os padrões simulando as infra-estruturas protéticas, sendo o conjunto padrões/modelo refratário, incluído para a realização das fundições. As infra-estruturas fundidas foram jateadas com óxido de alumínio, ajustadas internamente e acabadas por fresas. Os desajustes marginais foram medidos em microscópio mensurador (Olympus - Japão) com aumento de 50 X. Após a aplicação dos respectivos tratamentos, as infra-estruturas foram submetidas à simulação dos ciclos de cocção (bonder; opaco; corpo e; glaze). As mensurações foram realizadas após todas as fases do estudo, os dados foram tabulados e submetidos a Análise de variância com parcela subdividida e ao teste de Tukey em nível de 5% de significância. Concluiu-se que: a soldagem a laser foi eficaz na redução dos desajustes nas infra-estruturas em ambas as ligas; a etapa bonder interferiu no desajuste nas infra-estruturas
Abstract: Soldering has been an alternative for achieving acceptable marginal fit of metallic crowns of 3-unit fixed frameworks to the respective abutments, in detriment of the single-piece casting. However, defects at the joined areas or distortions of the entire frame are frequent. Although adaptation can not be assured, single-piece casting presents advantages such as time saving, strength and strength of the framework. The purpose of this study was to evaluate: the laser-welding in the decrease of unfitted frameworks margins of commercially pure titanium and titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy; the effects of the ceramic firing cycle over the unfitted frameworks margins using the method of single-piece casting using a refractory die, comparing the results with the conventional casting technique for fixed prosthodontics. Initially a metallic cast was prepared and duplicated using addition silicone for making working casts. For the conventional technique, the 3-unit simulated frameworks were waxed over the working casts. For the single-piece casting, the metallic cast was duplicated and investment dies were made (Rematitan Plus ¿ c.p. Ti and Ti-6Al-4V). The frameworks were waxed on the investment casts that were invested for the castings. After casting, the frameworks were air-abraded with aluminum oxide particles, adjusted and finished with the aid of wheels. The marginal fit was measured under a measurer microscope (Olympus ¿ Japan) with X50 magnification. After laser welding, frameworks were submitted to firing cycle (bonder, opaque, dentin and glaze). The marginal fit was measured after the studies¿ steps. ANOVA and Tukey¿s tests were used in the statistical analysis of the results (P<0.05). It was concluded that the laser-welding was effective in the decrease of marginal unfit of the frameworks on both alloys; the bonder application did not interfere on the marginal fit of the frameworks
Doutorado
Doutor em Materiais Dentários

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Ståhl, Sally. "Strokekedjan från början till slut : En etnografisk studie om farlighet och tid i en akut vårdkedja." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-78636.

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Varje år drabbas 30 000 svenskar av stroke, vilket innebär stora personliga omställningar och stora kostnader för samhället. Den mest effektiva behandlingen, trombolys, måste ges så snart som möjligt för att ha god effekt. Samtidigt som det är av största vikt att ta reda på om patienten har några differentialdiagnoser som gör behandlingen riskfylld. Den här studien undersöker hur strokekedjan går till och vilka faktorer som påverkar beslutsfattandet. Studien är baserad på etnografiska fältstudier på fyra svenska sjukhus och materialet är analyserat med metoder från sammansatta kognitiva system och målorienterad design. Resultaten visar att trots olika organiserade strokekedjor på de olika sjukhusen är processerna desamma och direkt kommunikation är mest framgångsrik för att effektivt sprida information mellan dem. Neurologjouren är viktig roll som, liksom resten av aktörerna i strokekedjan, ständigt balanserar sitt beslutsfattande mellan effektivitet och grundlighet. Kombinationen av analyser ger resultat både på system- och individnivå. Möjligheter för förbättrade strokekedjor ges i termer av logistiska, tekniska och organisatoriska förslag.
30 000 people in Sweden get a stroke every year. This leads to large personal adaptions as well as high costs for the society. The most efficient treatment, thrombolysis, must be given as soon as possible to have a good effect. At the same time it is very important to find out if the patient has any differential diagnosis that can make the treatment hazardous. This study investigates how the course ov events around acute stroke patients take place and important factors for the decision making. The studiy is based on ethnographic field studys on four swedish hospitals. The material is analysed with methods from joint cognitive systems and goal-oriented design. The results show that in spite of different organisation of the course of events around acute stroke patients are the processes and direct communication most successful for effective spread of information between the processes. The neurologist on call is an important roll who, as well as the rest of the participants in the course of events, balances the decision making between efficiency and thoroughness. The combination of analysis gives results on both system- and individual levels. Possibilites for improvents are given in three categories: logistic, technological and organizational.

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Tiné, Paulo José de Siqueira. "Procedimentos modais na música brasileira: do campo étnico do Nordeste ao popular da década de 1960." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27157/tde-13122009-102355/.

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a)Objetivos: Traçar um perfil dos procedimentos melódicos modais presentes nas manifestações étnicas e populares do nordeste brasileiro afim de verificá-los em autores ligados à música popular do Brasil na década de 1960, cotejando os diferentes procedimentos harmônicos realizados. b)Métodos: O principal método utilizado foi o da análise a partir da transcrição de exemplos em áudio. A partir dessas análises uma série de comparações com materiais similares encontrados na bibliografia foi realizada. c) Resultados: Como resultado dessa pesquisa foram apontados os principais modos e traços cadenciais utilizados no repertório étnico e popular escolhido do nordeste brasileiro. Esses traços foram importantes na construção das canções aqui selecionadas, características da chamada MPB da década de 1960 apresentando, a partir dessas análises, os principais procedimentos harmônicos desses autores relacionados aos modos e traços cadenciais encontrados.
e)Objectives: Delineating a profile of the modal melodic procedures present in the ethnic and popular manifestations of the Northeast region of Brazil in order to verify them in authors connected to the Brazilian popular music from the 1960s, comparing the different harmonic procedures produced. f)Methods: The main method used was the analysis of transcripts of audio samples. From these analyses a series of comparisons with similar materials found in the bibliography was made. g)Results: As a result of this research, the main modes and cadential traces used in the ethnic and popular repertoire chosen from the Northeast of Brazil were indicated. These traces were important in the construction of the songs here selected, characteristics of the so-called MPB of the 1960s presenting, from those analyses, the main harmonic procedures of those authors related to the cadential modes and traces found.

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Espinoza, Vega Lelys Milagros, and Depaz Michaela Christina Maier. "Análisis de los factores que inciden en la internacionalización de las pymes de la selva peruana exportadoras de cacao en grano, durante el periodo 2009-2019." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653620.

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La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal determinar los factores que influyen en la internacionalización de empresas pymes exportadoras de la selva peruana de cacao en grano, entre el periodo 2009 al 2019, puesto que el sector cacaotero en los últimos años ha presentado un alto crecimiento a nivel nacional y la presente investigación se centra en encontrar los factores que son fundamentales para que las pymes ingresen su producto al mercado exterior. Dentro de esta investigación se aplicaron encuestas en escala de Likert a una muestra de 31 empresas pymes exportadoras de la selva peruana de cacao en grano, a fin de obtener resultados a través del método cuantitativo. En base a la metodología, la presente investigación tiene un diseño descriptivo no experimental a nivel correlacional con enfoque cuantitativo. La información se analizó en el programa SPSS con la prueba de regresión logística. Como resultado, se obtuvo que cinco de las diez variables analizadas son significativas para la internacionalización de las pymes exportadoras de la selva peruana del cacao en grano.
The main objective of this research is to determine the factors that influence the internationalization of exporting SMEs of the Peruvian rainforest of cocoa beans, between the period 2009 to 2019, since the cocoa sector in recent years has presented a very high growth and this research focuses on finding the factors that are essential for small and medium-sized companies to enter their product on the foreign market. Within this research, Likert scale surveys were applied to a sample of 31 exporting SMEs from the Peruvian rainforest of cocoa beans, in order to obtain results through the quantitative method. Based on the methodology, this research has a descriptive non-experimental design at a correlational level with a quantitative approach. The information was analyzed in the SPSS program with the logistic regression test. As a result, it was obtained that five of the ten variables analyzed are significant for the internationalization of exporting SMEs from the Peruvian rainforest of cocoa beans.
Tesis

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Silva, Ana Catarina ferreira da. "Microfundição por modelo perdido : Produção de Microcompontes na Liga CoCrMo." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63370.

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Silva, Ana Catarina ferreira da. "Microfundição por modelo perdido : Produção de Microcompontes na Liga CoCrMo." Dissertação, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63370.

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Ladaga, Francisco G. "Development of an agricultural extension model for Philippine cocoa smallholders." 1986. http://www.chocolateusa.org/pdfs/Archives/ACRI_111.PDF.

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Odložilík, Michal. "Projekt systému pro elektronizaci výrobní dokumentace produktu." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-428791.

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Odložilík, M. The project of system for electronization of product documentation. Brno: Mendel University, 2009. Thesis deals with design, analysis, estimate and project management of product documentation electronization system with consultations of external enterprise. In theoretical part is gathered theoretical knowledge from literature. Practical part deals with process analysis with sue of BPMN, requirements management, project estimation by method COCOMO II, project management, system design with UML2 diagrams and crating of wireframes. At final part of the thesis is dis-cussed the suitability of designed solution.

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Mayeregger, Ma Jose, and 馬立珊. "Exploring the Paraguayan Yerba Mate Cocido Competitiveness by Michael Porter’s Diamond of National Competitive Advantage Model." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80554462785284921751.

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碩士
崑山科技大學
企業管理研究所
104
Export development plays an important role in promoting economic growth and development. Understanding of export competitiveness has primarily been pursued in terms of economic variables and market conditions. This study involved an investigation into the determinants of export competitiveness of yerba mate cocido industry in Paraguay and to develop a framework to enhance the competitiveness of yerba mate cocido industry. This study takes Michael Porter’s (1998) diamond of national competitive advantage model that includes: demand condition, factor condition, related and supporting industries, firm strategy, structure and rivalry, role of chance and the rol of government; to assess the nature of competition and Paraguayan competitiveness respectively. This integrated approach is essential to identify the possible strategies for the Paraguayan Yerba Mate Cocido industry to improve the competitiveness. A qualitative research approach was used and Porter’s diamond model was taken as proposed model of this study. Face to face interviews with the structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from the three different sources, two from the Paraguayan government (REDIEX) and one from the private sector (Centro Yerbatero Paraguayo). Key stakeholders of yerba mate cocido exporting area were considered as the respondents. Supported by the empirical evidences, this research reveals that the intensity of competition in the global Yerba Mate Cocido industry is very high. Moreover, Paraguay has many unfavorable conditions together with some favorable conditions. Finally some strategies are recommended to improve the Paraguayan competitiveness in the global tea industry.

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Wu, Keh-Ren, and 吳克仁. "CoCoV: A Compositional Concurrency Verifier using model architecture refectoring to decompose process behaviors with abstract datatype." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45392530550028550700.

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碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
資訊教育研究所
92
Model Checking techniques have improved considerably in past decades. In practice, there are some difficulties to apply model checking technology to software, particularly to source code directly. Not only software has more states, but also it is not easy to narrow the gap between an implementation and its model. One of the problems is how to deal with the abstract data type in source code. In this thesis we present examples to show different modeling choices can result in great differences in analysis when process behaviors are complicated by array data type. In other words, software verification is very sensitive to modeling choices. To lessen the sensitivity, we advocated the support of abstract data types in model description languages and suppressing the use of array. Encouraging the use of abstract data types can lessen the sensitivity of analysis to modeling choices and converge the process behaviors to their best for analysis. In this work, we implement a tool named COCOV (Compositional Concurrency Verifier) supports abstract data types. We show that analysis (particularly, compositional analysis and our refactoring technique) can benefit from this tool support in an obvious way.

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CHEN, WEI-CHI, and 陳威志. "A Study of the Enterprise Franchise Chain Model -Taking Tomato Cocoa Tree Art in Chengdu As Example." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w7mscv.

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Анотація:

碩士
世新大學
企業管理研究所(含碩專班)
107
Under the circumstance of limited resources, large enterprises nowadays mostly adopt the strategy of chain to disperse market risks and try to attract more aspiring enterprises to cooperate and jointly expand the market competition scope and enhance brand market popularity. But Chain is not a panacea either. There are also many failure cases in the market. Therefore, the study tried to take Tomato Cocoa Tree Art as an example and through research design to explore the strategy planning and business model of enterprise franchise chain in mainland China early childhood education market. The results indicate that besides considering market competition conditions, market consumption demand and cooperation ability as the criteria for chain franchisers, enterprises need to adjust elasticity according to market differences of different operating positions on the basis of unified norms. Especially, it is suggested that enterprises should make clear the heterogeneity of development between franchising and chain franchising, and more through complementary resources and cooperative guidance. It is required to strengthen the cooperation and interaction between the two sides so as to enhance the overall market competitive advantage of the industry.

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Hsu, Nai-Yuan, and 許乃元. "Water extract of Poria cocos with anti-depressive effects via modulation of p38 MAPK pathway in unpredictable chronic mild stress-induced depressive-like animal model." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9eaah8.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立臺灣大學
食品科技研究所
105
Depression is a chronic illness that significantly affects a person’s moods, behaviour and general health. Predicted to be the first contribution of global burden disease in 2030 according to WHO. Inflammation is a protective response of the human body to various harmful stimuli including physical trauma, noxious chemicals, and microbiologic agents. However, chronic inflammation can lead to serious tissue damage and inflammation-associated diseases, like depression. At present, there are several classes of classical antidepressants in clinical practice. However, most of these drugs are undesirable, due to their side effects and efficacy for only a certain proportion of patients. Thus, there is an unmet need for safe, well‐tolerated and powerful antidepressants. Poria cocos Wolf, commonly known as ‘Fu-Ling’, is a medicinal fungus and it is widely distributed in Korea, China, and East Asian countries. This fungus has long been utilized as a traditional medicine for its sedative, diuretic, and tonic effects. Recently, the sclerotia of Poria cocos were shown to have many biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and stabilize the mind. Therefore the main purpose of the current study was to verify whether water extract of Poria cocos conferred an antidepressant-like effect on the depressive mouse model established by forced swim test and unpredictable chronic mild stress, then explore its possible mechanism. The results shown that Poria cocos may decrease the immobility time. And the depression-related behaviors including sucrose preference test and open field test, indicated that water extract of Poria cocos 300 mg/kg can improve the depression symptoms. Western blot analysis displayed down-regulated expressions of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and decreased the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Thus, it was supposed that water extract of Poria cocos might be useful for the treatment of chronic depression possibly through p38 MAPK pathway. In conclusion, we found that water extract of Poria cocos exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on depression prevention.

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Chen, Yu-Ching, and 陳郁靜. "A Study on Developing a Scale to Measure Creativity and Innovation in Instructional Behavior of Junior High School Teachers and the Related Factors in COCO Model." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/e34fva.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
創造力發展碩士在職專班
105
Based on COCO model introduced by Donald J. Treffinger, the study aimed to make a creativity and innovative teaching scale for junior high school teachers in Taipei City, New Taipei City and Taoyuan City to explore the creativity and innovative teaching behavior among the teachers with different background variables and examine their differences among the teachers. The research tool is “Creativity and Innovation Scale for Junior High School Teachers” designed by researcher. The scale was revised after trial and used officially for testing 567 junior high school teachers. After collecting the data, descriptive statistics was used to present various statistics , such as average, standard deviation; exploratory factor analysis and criterion-related validity were used to build up the construct validity of the scale; test-retest reliability and internal consistency reliability were used to confirm the stability of the scale; independent sample T test was used to analyze the differences between male and female teachers; one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the age, seniority and subject differences in teachers. The result revealed that first, the scale designed by the researcher includes the four perspectives of “characteristics”, “operations”, ”context” and “outcomes”. It is confirmed that the scale is with good reliability and validity after reliability and validity analysis, and is able to evaluate creativity and innovative teaching behavior of the junior high school teachers. Second, there is no difference in the creativity and innovative teaching behavior among teachers with different gender and subject. Third, there are differences in the creativity and innovative teaching behavior among teachers with different age and seniority. Finally, suggestions were made according to the research result, and advice on the follow-up studies was provided for future reference.

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