Статті в журналах: "Cocktail effects"

1

Jimoh, Abdulhameed, and Job Atteh. "Improving the metabolisable energy value of brewers’ dried grains with enzyme cocktails in poultry nutrition." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 63, no. 4 (2018): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1804409j.

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The determination of the positive effects of exogenous enzymes is essential to ensure their inclusion in poultry feed formulation. This study was conducted to determine the effect of enzymes on the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) value of brewers? dried grain (BDG). Xylanase, phytase and multipurpose enzymes were used in a completely randomised design to determine the effects of individual exogenous enzymes and their cocktails on poultry metabolisable energy using adult cockerels. There were eight treatments comprising a control and seven experimental treatments with BDG and one, two or three enzymes. The AME values were determined using the intubation method. Data collected were analysed using the statistical analysis system. Enzymes individually and as a cocktail improved the AME value of BDG compared to the control. An increase in the AME value was 3.48%, 5.39%, 5.92%, 14.29%, 18.13%, 23.21% and 29.58% respectively for phytase, xylanase, cocktail of xylanase and phytase, multipurpose enzyme, cocktail of multipurpose enzyme and phytase, cocktail of xylanase and multipurpose enzyme and cocktail of xylanase, phytase and multipurpose enzyme. Cocktails of enzymes were significantly better (P?0.05) than individual enzymes in their effects on apparent metabolisable energy of BDG. Phytase gave a marginal increase in AME of the studied feedstuff. It has been concluded that the cocktail of enzymes is better than individual enzymes in their effects on AME of BDG. If different enzymes are available, it is recommended that the enzyme with higher units should be used.

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2

Jimoh, Abdulhameed, and Job Olutimehin Atteh. "The Apparent Metabolisable Energy Values of Palm Kernel Cake as Influenced by Enzymes and Cocktails." Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences 6, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/myjas.2021.6.2.269.

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This study was conducted to quantify the effects of enzymes and their cocktails on the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) value of palm kernel cake to maximise enzymes’ advantages. There were eight treatments, each with three replicates in a completely randomised design with T1 as control. The experimental treatments had Xylanase, Multipurpose and phytase enzymes respectively for T2, T3 and T4, and a cocktail of xylanase and multipurpose, a cocktail of xylanase and phytase, cocktail of multipurpose and phytase, and cocktail of xylanase, multipurpose and phytase for T5, T6, T7 and T8. The feeding trial was done using the intubation method. Gross energy values were determined with calorimeter while calculated AME values were subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Analysis System and treatment means separated by Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results show that individual enzymes, apart from phytase, significantly (p>0.05) improved the AME value of palm kernel cake. Treatment T8 was significantly (p>0.05) better than the other treatments. Each cocktail was significantly better than its respective individual enzymes except cocktail of multipurpose enzyme and phytase that was not significantly different from multipurpose enzyme but significantly (p>0.05) better than phytase. It was concluded that enzymes and cocktail of enzymes could be used to enhance the energy content of nonconventional feedstuffs thereby serving as a replacement to conventional energy feedstuffs.

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3

Nyczepir, A. P., D. A. Kluepfel, V. Waldrop, and W. P. Wechter. "Soil Solarization and Biological Control for Managing Mesocriconema xenoplax and Short Life in a Newly Established Peach Orchard." Plant Disease 96, no. 9 (September 2012): 1309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-11-0373-re.

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The effects of soil solarization, with and without a Pseudomonas spp. cocktail or wheat rotation as alternatives to chemical control of Mesocriconema xenoplax, were investigated from 2004 to 2011. Preplant solarization and soil fumigation (67% methyl bromide + 33% chloropicrin mixture; henceforth, referred to as MBr) was initiated in 2004 in an orchard infested with M. xenoplax and a history of peach tree short life (PTSL). Plots consisted of nine treatments: (i) nonsolarized soil-alone, (ii) nonsolarized soil with bacteria cocktail (nonsolar-bacteria), (iii) nonsolarized soil with wheat (nonsolar-wheat), (iv) nonsolarized soil with bacteria cocktail and wheat (nonsolar-bacteria-wheat), (v) solarized soil-alone, (vi) solarized soil with bacteria cocktail solar-bacteria), (vii) solarized soil with wheat (solar-wheat), (viii) solarized soil with bacteria cocktail and wheat (solar-bacteria-wheat), and (ix) preplant MBr fumigation. Peach trees were planted into all plots in 2005. Nematode populations were suppressed 20 months longer after orchard establishment in solar-alone and solar-wheat plots than solar-bacteria and solar-bacteria-wheat plots. Pseudomonas spp. cocktails did not have a pronounced effect in suppressing M. xenoplax in this study. Fumigation effect on M. xenoplax population density dissipated 24 months after application. Solar-wheat-treated soil was as effective as preplant MBr fumigation in increasing tree survival from PTSL for at least 6 years after orchard establishment.

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4

Kim, Byeori, Seung Yeup Lee, Jungkum Park, Sujin Song, Kwang-Pyo Kim, and Eunjung Roh. "Bacteriophage Cocktail Comprising Fifi044 and Fifi318 for Biocontrol of Erwinia amylovora." Plant Pathology Journal 40, no. 2 (April 1, 2024): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.oa.01.2024.0005.

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Erwinia amylovora is a plant pathogen that causes fire blight on apples and pears. Bacteriophages, which are viruses that selectively infect specific species of bacteria and are harmless to animal cells, have been considered as biological control agents for the prevention of bacterial pathogens. In this study, we aimed to use bacteriophages that infect E. amylovora as biocontrol agents against fire blight. We isolated bacteriophages Fifi044 and Fifi318 infecting E. amylovora, and characterized their morphology, plaque form, and genetic diversity to use as cocktails for disease control. The stabilities of the two phages were investigated at various temperatures and pH values and under sunlight, and long-term storage experiment was conducted for a year. To evaluate whether the two phages were suitable for use in cocktail form, growth curves of E. amylovora were prepared after treating the bacterial cells with single phages and a phage cocktail. In addition, a disease control test was conducted using immature apples and in vitro cultured apple plantlets to determine the biocontrol effects of the phage cocktail. The two phages were morphologically and genetically different, and highly stable up to 50°C and pH value from 4 to 10. The phages showed synergistic effect when used as a cocktail in the inhibition of host bacterial growth and the disease control. This study demonstrated that the potential of the phage cocktail as a biocontrol agent for commercial use.

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5

Reynolds, Stewart, and Alan Hill. "'Cocktail' effects - stirred, not shaken....yet." Pesticide Outlook 13, no. 5 (October 28, 2002): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b209411h.

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6

Hosseindoust, AR, SH Lee, JS Kim, YH Choi, HS Noh, JH Lee, PK Jha, IK Kwon, and BJ Chae. "Dietary bacteriophages as an alternative for zinc oxide or organic acids to control diarrhoea and improve the performance of weanling piglets." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 2 (February 13, 2017): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7/2016-vetmed.

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In this study, the antibacterial substances ZnO, organic acids and a bacteriophage cocktail were added to the diet of weanling pigs to evaluate the effects on gut health. Dietary treatments were basal diet without any supplementation (Control) and basal diet either supplemented with 0.34% (2500 ppm) ZnO, 0.20% organic acids or with 0.10% bacteriophage cocktail. Faecal score was decreased in ZnO and bacteriophage cocktail treatments. The total number of ileal anaerobic bacteria, Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were higher in ZnO, bacteriophage cocktail and organic acids, while ileal coliforms and caecal Clostridium spp. were decreased in comparison to Control. Faecal coliforms (Day 7 and Day 21) and Clostridium spp. (Day 21 and Day 35) were lower in bacteriophage cocktail. The gain to feed ratio was improved in all supplemented groups. The digestibility of dry matter was increased at the end of the experiment in all supplemented groups, while that of crude protein was increased only at Day 21 in bacteriophage cocktail. Duodenal villus height was increased in ZnO and bacteriophage cocktail. Bacteriophage cocktail also showed a greater villus height in the small intestine. Supplementation of bacteriophage cocktail in weaning pig diets resulted in better growth performance, digestibility and gut development compared to Control, and thus, it can be concluded that its effects are comparable to ZnO or organic acids supplementation.

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7

Celander, Malin C. "Cocktail effects on biomarker responses in fish." Aquatic Toxicology 105, no. 3-4 (October 2011): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.06.002.

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8

Sizikova, T. E., G. V. Borisevich, D. V. Shcheblyakov, D. A. Burmistrova, and V. N. Lebedev. "THE USE OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 63, no. 6 (December 20, 2018): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-6-245-249.

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Some drugs candidates for treatment of Ebola virus disease (EVD), have been studied, monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails have shown great potential as EVD therapeutics. The advantages of mAb therapy include low toxicity, high specificity and versatility, with the range of biological effects being dependent upon the Fc region. Functions of mAbs include pathogen opsonisation, complement activation, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and virus neutralization characteristics. The most known mAb cocktail, used as therapeutic, is ZMapр, manufactured by «Leaf Biopharmaceutical» from 2004. The elaborated mAb cocktails, structures and properties s of mAbs, the protective characteristics of mAbs and development of new pan-ebolavirus mAbs are reviewed in this article.

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9

WESCHE, ALISSA M., BRADLEY P. MARKS, and ELLIOT T. RYSER. "Thermal Resistance of Heat-, Cold-, and Starvation-Injured Salmonella in Irradiated Comminuted Turkey." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 942–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.5.942.

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To investigate the effects of sublethal stress on Salmonella thermal inactivation kinetics, an eight-strain Salmonella cocktail was subjected to heat shock (30 min at 54°C), cold shock (2 h at 4°C), and starvation stress (10 days in phosphate buffer at 4°C), harvested by centrifugation, and inoculated into irradiated comminuted turkey. Immediately after stressing, the Salmonella cocktails contained 89.1% heat-injured, 44.7% cold-injured, and 67.7% starvation-injured cells, as determined by plating on selective and nonselective media. D60°C-values for the heat-shocked cocktail (0.64 min on Trypticase soy agar containing 0.6% yeast extract [TSAYE], 0.35 min on xylose lysine desoxycholate [XLD] agar) were higher (P < 0.05) than those for the unshocked control (0.41 min on TSAYE, 0.17 min on XLD), whereas D60°C-values for the cold-shocked cocktail (0.38 min on TSAYE, 0.17 min on XLD) were not significantly different from those for the control. Starved cells had the same D60°C-value on TSAYE as did the unshocked cocktail, but the D60°C-value on XLD was significantly lower (0.14 min). Although starvation and cold shock were not thermally protective, heat shock increased thermal resistance, indicating that product history and the physiological state of the Salmonella cells should be considered when developing and validating thermal processes. D60°C-values observed on selective media were significantly lower than those observed on nonselective media for all stress treatments and for the control. Therefore, nonselective culture media should be used to assess the response of microorganisms to a thermal challenge when developing performance standards for lethality.

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10

Barbacini, Pietro, Dieter Blottner, Daniele Capitanio, Gabor Trautmann, Katharina Block, Enrica Torretta, Manuela Moriggi, Michele Salanova, and Cecilia Gelfi. "Effects of Omega-3 and Antioxidant Cocktail Supplement on Prolonged Bed Rest: Results from Serum Proteome and Sphingolipids Analysis." Cells 11, no. 13 (July 5, 2022): 2120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11132120.

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Physical inactivity or prolonged bed rest (BR) induces muscle deconditioning in old and young subjects and can increase the cardiovascular disease risk (CVD) with dysregulation of the lipemic profile. Nutritional interventions, combining molecules such as polyphenols, vitamins and essential fatty acids, can influence some metabolic features associated with physical inactivity and decrease the reactive oxidative and nitrosative stress (RONS). The aim of this study was to detect circulating molecules correlated with BR in serum of healthy male subjects enrolled in a 60-day BR protocol to evaluate a nutritional intervention with an antioxidant cocktail as a disuse countermeasure (Toulouse COCKTAIL study). The serum proteome, sphingolipidome and nitrosoproteome were analyzed adopting different mass spectrometry-based approaches. Results in placebo-treated BR subjects indicated a marked decrease of proteins associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDL) involved in lipemic homeostasis not found in the cocktail-treated BR group. Moreover, long-chain ceramides decreased while sphingomyelin increased in the BR cocktail-treated group. In placebo, the ratio of S-nitrosylated/total protein increased for apolipoprotein D and several proteins were over-nitrosylated. In cocktail-treated BR subjects, the majority of protein showed a pattern of under-nitrosylation, except for ceruloplasmin and hemopexin, which were over-nitrosylated. Collectively, data indicate a positive effect of the cocktail in preserving lipemic and RONS homeostasis in extended disuse conditions.

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Duc, Hoang Minh, Yu Zhang, Son Minh Hoang, Yoshimitsu Masuda, Ken-Ichi Honjoh, and Takahisa Miyamoto. "The Use of Phage Cocktail and Various Antibacterial Agents in Combination to Prevent the Emergence of Phage Resistance." Antibiotics 12, no. 6 (June 20, 2023): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12061077.

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Bacterial food poisoning cases due to Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 have been linked with the consumption of a variety of food products, threatening public health around the world. This study describes the combined effects of a phage cocktail (STG2, SEG5, and PS5), EDTA, nisin, and polylysine against the bacterial cocktail consisting of S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, and E. coli O157:H7. Overall, phage cocktail (alone or in combination with nisin or/and polylysine) not only showed great antibacterial effects against bacterial cocktail at different temperatures (4 °C, 24 °C, and 37 °C), but also totally inhibited the emergence of phage resistance during the incubation period. These results suggest that the combination of phages with nisin or/and polylysine has great potential to simultaneously control S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, and E. coli O157:H7.

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12

Holger, Dana, Katherine Lev, Natasha Bhutani, Razieh Kebriaei, Taylor Morrisette, Susan Lehman, Jose Alexander, and Michael J. Rybak. "132. Evaluation Phage Cocktails in Combination with Ciprofloxacin Against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Overexpressing MexAB-OprM Efflux Systems." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.132.

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Abstract Background Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are increasing in prevalence and cause significant mortality. The MexAB-OprM efflux system confers resistance to a wide range of drugs, including β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and macrolides. Obligately lytic bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect and kill bacteria. Phage therapy has been suggested as an alternative treatment option in combination with traditional antibiotics. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of a phage cocktail in combination with ciprofloxacin (CIP) to improve bacterial killing and/or prevent the emergence of phage resistance in MDR P. aeruginosa. Methods Initial bacterial susceptibility to phage was evaluated with three newly isolated phages (phages EM, LL, and A6) against ten clinical MDR P. aeruginosa isolates. Theoretical multiplicity of infection (tMOI) optimization was performed with two phages with the broadest initial susceptibility (tMOI: 1.0 chosen for further analysis). A preliminary evaluation was performed with P. aeruginosa R9316 (carbapenem-resistant clinical strain with MexAB-OprM overexpression, as determined previously by quantitative real-time PCR). Synergy for phage cocktail combinations (≥ 2-log10 CFU/mL kill compared to most effective single agent at 24 h), bactericidal activity for all samples (≥ 3-log10 CFU/mL reduction at 24 h compared to starting inoculum), and phage resistance development were evaluated in time kill analyses (TKA). Results R9316 is a MDR P. aeruginosa isolate with a CIP MIC of 2 mg/L. Phage cocktails as monotherapy had little impact on bacterial eradication (reduction: 1.19 log10 CFU/mL). However, the addition of CIP to phage cocktails of EM and LL phages led to synergistic and bactericidal effects (reduction: 3.92 log10 CFU/mL). Furthermore, phage resistance was observed in the phage monotherapy regimens. Whereas the addition of CIP was shown to prevent the emergence of phage resistance in some regimens. Conclusion Our results show synergistic activity and prevention of phage resistance with phage cocktail-antibiotic combinations against MDR P. aeruginosa. Further research is needed to determine the impact of phage cocktail therapy on additional strains and clinical outcomes. Disclosures Michael J. Rybak, PharmD, MPH, PhD, Paratek Pharmaceuticals (Research Grant or Support)

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Grabowski, Łukasz, Grzegorz Węgrzyn, Alicja Węgrzyn, and Magdalena Podlacha. "Phage Therapy vs. the Use of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Salmonella-Infected Chickens: Comparison of Effects on Hematological Parameters and Selected Biochemical Markers." Antibiotics 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 1787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121787.

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Previous studies indicated that the use of a phage cocktail, composed of bacteriophages vB_SenM-2 and vB_Sen-TO17, is effective in killing cells of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis in vitro and in the Galleria mellonella animal model as efficiently as antibiotics (enrofloxacin or colistin) and induced fewer deleterious changes in immune responses. Here, we investigated the effects of this phage cocktail on the hematological parameters and selected biochemical markers in chickens infected with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, in comparison to those caused by enrofloxacin or colistin. We found that treatment with antibiotics (especially with enrofloxacin) caused nonbeneficial effects on red blood cell parameters, including hematocrit, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. However, Salmonella-induced changes in the aforementioned parameters were normalized by the use of the phage cocktail. Importantly, hepatotoxicity was suggested to be induced by both antibiotics on the basis of increased alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, in contrast to the phage cocktail, which did not influence these enzymes. We conclude that phage therapy with the cocktail of vB_SenM-2 and vB_Sen-TO17 in Salmonella-infected chickens is not only as effective as antibiotics but also significantly safer for the birds than enrofloxacin and colistin.

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Narayan, Rajiv, Virginia Best, Erol Ozmeral, Elizabeth McClaine, Micheal Dent, Barbara Shinn-Cunningham, and Kamal Sen. "Cortical interference effects in the cocktail party problem." Nature Neuroscience 10, no. 12 (November 11, 2007): 1601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2009.

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Steffan, Severin Michael, Golshan Shakeri, Corinna Kehrenberg, Elisa Peh, Manfred Rohde, Madeleine Plötz, and Sophie Kittler. "Campylobacter Bacteriophage Cocktail Design Based on an Advanced Selection Scheme." Antibiotics 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020228.

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Campylobacteriosis is a worldwide-occurring disease and has been the most commonly reported zoonotic gastrointestinal infection in the European Union in recent years. The development of successful phage-based intervention strategies will require a better understanding of phage–bacteria interactions to facilitate advances in phage cocktail design. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of newly isolated group II and group III phages and their combinations on current Campylobacter field strains. A continuous workflow for host range and efficiency of plating (EOP) value determination was combined with a qPCR-based phage group identification and a liquid-based planktonic killing assay (PKA). An advanced analysis scheme allowed us to evaluate phage cocktails by their efficacy in inhibiting bacterial population growth and the resulting phage concentrations. The results of this study indicate that data obtained from PKAs are more accurate than host range data based on plaque formation (EOP). Planktonic killing assays with Campylobacter appear to be a useful tool for a straightforward cocktail design. Results show that a group II phage vB_CcM-LmqsCP218-2c2 and group III phage vB_CjM-LmqsCP1-1 mixture would be most promising for practical applications against Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni.

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Wu, Jiayan, Jie Chen, Yuanji Feng, Sijia Zhang, Lin Lin, Zhaopei Guo, Pingjie Sun, Caina Xu, Huayu Tian, and Xuesi Chen. "An immune cocktail therapy to realize multiple boosting of the cancer-immunity cycle by combination of drug/gene delivery nanoparticles." Science Advances 6, no. 40 (September 2020): eabc7828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc7828.

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Immune checkpoint blockade therapy (ICT) has shown potential in the treatment of multiple tumors, but suffers poor response rate in clinic. We found that even combining ICT with chemotherapy, which was wildly used in clinical trials, failed to achieve satisfactory tumor inhibition in the B16F10 model. Thus, we further constructed a previously unexplored immune cocktail therapy and realized multiple boosting of the cancer-immunity cycle. Cocktail therapy consisted of two kinds of tumor microenvironment-responsive drug and gene delivery nanoparticles to achieve specific delivery of doxorubicin and codelivery of plasmids expressed small hairpin RNA of PD-L1 (pshPD-L1) and hyaluronidase (pSpam1) in the tumor area. Experimental evidences proved that any component in the cocktail therapy was indispensable, and the cocktail therapy exhibited excellent antitumor effects against different types of tumors. The cocktail therapy presented here offers a searching strategy for more synergistic units with ICT and is meaningful for developing more efficient antitumor immunotherapy.

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Singh, Onkar, Mary-Leah Albano, Felicia Scaringi, and Monique Aucoin. "Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Hemoglobin Improved by Intravenous Nutrient Therapy: A Case Report." CAND Journal 31, no. 2 (June 27, 2024): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54434/candj.171.

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Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are variations of bone marrow failure disorders that lead to insufficient production of healthy blood cells culminating in some combination of low red blood cells, low white cells, or both. This case report presents a case of increased hemoglobin levels following intravenous (IV) nutrient therapy. J.B. is a 74-year-old male who presented with a chief concern of MDS. He was experiencing extreme fatigue and exhaustion, episodes of shortness of breath and a decline in hemoglobin levels. He was being followed by a hematologist who monitored his complete blood count (CBC) at regular intervals, with primary focus on blood hemoglobin. His hemoglobin levels were significantly lower than the normal range, but never met the threshold for a blood transfusion (< 75 g/dL), his only treatment option. Beginning in November 2021, weekly to biweekly IV nutrient therapy treatments were initiated. In all, 39 IV treatments were given until August 2023. Intravenous nutrient formulas included Myer’s Cocktail, high-dose vitamin C (25 g), Hydrating Myer’s Cocktail and Hydrating Myer’s Cocktail + glutathione. As IV treatments were administered, a trend was observed showing a consistent improvement of hemoglobin levels over time, with the greatest degree of improvement observed after the series of Hydrating Myer’s Cocktails. The patient also reported decreased overall fatigue and reduced recovery time from activity. Delivering a series of IV infusions may have resulted in an improvement of hemoglobin levels in this patient. Further investigation is warranted to understand the potential effects IV nutrient therapy could have on MDS patients with a similar prognosis.

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Luo, Zhenyu, Weinan Zeng, Xi Chen, Qiang Xiao, Anjing Chen, Jiali Chen, Haoyang Wang, and Zongke Zhou. "Cocktail of Ropivacaine, Morphine, and Diprospan Reduces Pain and Prolongs Analgesic Effects after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Clinical Practice 2024 (February 28, 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/3697846.

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Background. Local infiltration analgesia (LIA) provides postoperative analgesia for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of a cocktail of ropivacaine, morphine, and Diprospan for TKA. Methods. A total of 100 patients from September 2018 to February 2019 were randomized into 2 groups. Group A (control group, 50 patients) received LIA of ropivacaine alone (80 ml, 0.25% ropivacaine). Group B (LIA group, 50 patients) received an LIA cocktail of ropivacaine, morphine, and Diprospan (80 ml, 0.25% ropivacaine, 0.125 mg/ml morphine, and 62.5 μg/ml compound betamethasone). The primary outcomes were the levels of inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), pain visual analog scale (VAS) scores, opioid consumption, range of motion (ROM), functional tests, and sleeping quality. The secondary outcomes were adverse events, satisfaction rates, HSS scores, and SF-12 scores. The longest follow-up was 2 years. Results. The two groups showed no differences in terms of characteristics (P > 0.05). Group B had lower resting VAS pain scores (1.54 ± 0.60, 95% CI = 1.37 to 1.70 vs. 2.00 ± 0.63, 95% CI = 2.05 to 2.34) and active VAS pain scores (2.64 ± 0.62, 95% CI = 2.46 to 2.81 vs. 3.16 ± 0.75, 95% CI = 2.95 to 3.36) within 48 h postoperatively than Group A (P<0.001), while none of the pain differences exceeded the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Group B had significantly lower CRP levels (59.49 ± 13.01, 95% CI = 55.88 to 63.09 vs. 65.95 ± 14.41, 95% CI = 61.95 to 69.94) and IL-6 levels (44.11 ± 13.67, 95% CI = 40.32 to 47.89 vs. 60.72 ± 15.49, 95% CI = 56.42 to 65.01), lower opioid consumption (7.60 ± 11.10, 95% CI = 4.52 to 10.67 vs. 13.80 ± 14.68, 95% CI = 9.73 to 17.86), better ROM (110.20 ± 10.46, 95% CI = 107.30 to 113.09 vs. 105.30 ± 10.02, 95% CI = 102.52 to 108.07), better sleep quality (3.40 ± 1.03, 95% CI = 3.11 to 3.68 vs. 4.20 ± 1.06, 95% CI = 3.90 to 4.49), and higher satisfaction rates than Group A within 48 h postoperatively (P < 0.05). Adverse events, HSS scores, and SF-12 scores were not significantly different within 2 years postoperatively. Conclusions. A cocktail of ropivacaine, morphine, and Diprospan prolongs the analgesic effect up to 48 h postoperatively. Although the small statistical benefit may not result in MCID, the LIA cocktail still reduces opioid consumption, results in better sleeping quality and faster rehabilitation, and does not increase adverse events. Therefore, cocktails of ropivacaine, morphine, and Diprospan have good application value for pain control in TKA. This trial is registered with ChiCTR1800018372.

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Li, Yuanqing, Fangyi Wang, Yongbin Chen, Andrzej Cichocki, and Terrence Sejnowski. "The Effects of Audiovisual Inputs on Solving the Cocktail Party Problem in the Human Brain: An fMRI Study." Cerebral Cortex 28, no. 10 (September 25, 2017): 3623–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhx235.

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Abstract At cocktail parties, our brains often simultaneously receive visual and auditory information. Although the cocktail party problem has been widely investigated under auditory-only settings, the effects of audiovisual inputs have not. This study explored the effects of audiovisual inputs in a simulated cocktail party. In our fMRI experiment, each congruent audiovisual stimulus was a synthesis of 2 facial movie clips, each of which could be classified into 1 of 2 emotion categories (crying and laughing). Visual-only (faces) and auditory-only stimuli (voices) were created by extracting the visual and auditory contents from the synthesized audiovisual stimuli. Subjects were instructed to selectively attend to 1 of the 2 objects contained in each stimulus and to judge its emotion category in the visual-only, auditory-only, and audiovisual conditions. The neural representations of the emotion features were assessed by calculating decoding accuracy and brain pattern-related reproducibility index based on the fMRI data. We compared the audiovisual condition with the visual-only and auditory-only conditions and found that audiovisual inputs enhanced the neural representations of emotion features of the attended objects instead of the unattended objects. This enhancement might partially explain the benefits of audiovisual inputs for the brain to solve the cocktail party problem.

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Liang, Yuyun, Yanrong Lv, Jing Qin, and Wenbin Deng. "Network Pharmacology Analysis of the Potential Pharmacological Mechanism of a Sleep Cocktail." Biomolecules 14, no. 6 (May 27, 2024): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14060630.

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Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder due to which people have trouble sleeping, followed by daytime sleepiness, low energy, irritability, and a depressed mood. It may result in an increased risk of accidents of all kinds as well as problems focusing and learning. Dietary supplements have become popular products for alleviating insomnia, while the lenient requirements for pre-market research result in unintelligible mechanisms of different combinations of dietary supplements. In this study, we aim to systematically identify the molecular mechanisms of a sleep cocktail’s pharmacological effects based on findings from network pharmacology and molecular docking. A total of 249 targets of the sleep cocktail for the treatment of insomnia were identified and enrichment analysis revealed multiple pathways involved in the nervous system and inflammation. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and molecular complex detection (MCODE) analysis yielded 10 hub genes, including AKT1, ADORA1, BCL2, CREB1, IL6, JUN, RELA, STAT3, TNF, and TP53. Results from weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of insomnia-related transcriptome data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) showed that a sleep cocktail may also ease insomnia via regulating the inflammatory response. Molecular docking results reveal good affinity of Sleep Cocktail to 9 selected key targets. It is noteworthy that the crucial target HSP90AA1 binds to melatonin most stably, which was further validated by MD simulation.

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Angiolini, Fernando E., and Miguel C. Albero. "Optimization of Liquid Scintillation Counting for 14C Dating." Radiocarbon 28, no. 2A (1986): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200007785.

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The effects of different measurement conditions and sample preparation in liquid scintillation counting of benzene for 14C dating were tested. The goal of this work was to find the highest figure of merit through the variation of scintillation cocktail to benzene ratio, and measurement windows. Measurements were performed on 5ml of benzene plus increasing quantities of scintillation cocktail (7g of PPO and 0.5g of Me2POPOP in 1L of scintillation-grade toluene). Spectra of both background and standard were obtained and the counting windows selected for the highest figure of merit (Q). The best condition was 5ml of benzene plus 0.75ml of scintillation cocktail. This spectrum is compared with that of 1) pure toluene-14C plus cocktail, and 2) pure benzene-14C in which the equivalent amount of PPO and Me2POPOP present in 0.75ml of cocktail was dissolved. A correlation between the increase of the amount of cocktail and the broadening of the spectrum was observed. The effect of wrapping the upper part of the counting vial with aluminum foil to reduce background was also tested. A drastic background increment was observed in the low energy range, for unwrapped vials; the standard spectrum showed a broadening and a lower counting efficiency which reduced the figure of merit.

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22

Münte, Thomas F., Dörte K. Spring, Gregor R. Szycik, and Toemme Noesselt. "Electrophysiological attention effects in a virtual cocktail-party setting." Brain Research 1307 (January 2010): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.044.

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23

Fritsch, Gerhard, Heinz Steltzer, Daniel Oberladstaetter, Carolina Zeller, and Hermann Prossinger. "Artificial intelligence algorithms predict the efficacy of analgesic cocktails prescribed after orthopedic surgery." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): e0280995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280995.

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Background Mixtures (‘cocktails’) of various analgesics are more effective in controlling post-operative pain because of potential synergetic effects. Few studies have investigated such effects in large combinations of analgesics and no studies have determined the probabilities of effectiveness. Methods We used one-hot encoding of the categorical variables reported pain levels and the administered cocktails (from a total of eight analgesics) and then applied an unsupervised neural network and then the unsupervised DBSCAN algorithm to detect clusters of cocktails. We used Bayesian statistics to classify the effectiveness of these cocktails. Results Of the 61 different cocktails administered to 750 patients, we found that four combinations of three to four analgesics were by far the most effective. All these cocktails contained Metamizole and Paracetamol; three contained Hydromorphone and two contained Diclofenac and one Diclofenac-Orphenadrine. The ML probability that these cocktails decreased pain levels ranged from 0.965 to 0.981. Choice of a most effective cocktail involves choosing the optimum in a 4-dimensional parameter space: maximum probability of efficacy, confidence interval about maximum probability, fraction of patients with increase in pain levels, relative number of patients with successful pain level decrease. Conclusions We observed that administering one analgesic or at most two is not effective. We found no statistical indicators that interactions between analgesics in the most effective cocktails decreased their effectiveness. Pairs of most effective cocktails differed by the addition of only one analgesic (Diclofenac-Orphenadrine for one pair and Hydromorphone for the other). We conclude that the listed cocktails are to be recommended.

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Le Thanh, B. V., J. R. R. Bergstrom, J. D. Hahn, L. F. Wang, E. Beltranena, and R. T. T. Zijlstra. "PSIII-18 Super Dose Phytase and Carbohydrase Cocktail Enhance Ileal Nutrient and Energy Digestibility of Corn-soybean Diets in Nursery Pigs." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.297.

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Abstract Feed enzymes may ameliorate reduced nutrient and energy digestibility in nursery pigs. The objective was to test effects of super-dosing phytase and fiber-degrading enzymes on digestibility of DM, GE, CP, AA, and Ca. We tested supplementing a super dose (added 1,500 FYT/kg) of phytase (Ronozyme Hi-Phos) with or without carbohydrase cocktail that contained 85 FXU β-xylanase/kg, 587 U/g endo-1,4-β-glucanase, 513 U/g endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase, 15,000 U/g hemicellulases, and 3,000 U/g pectinases in corn-soybean meal diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Diets included 68% corn, 17% SBM, and a basal level of 500 FTU/kg of phytase, and were formulated to contain 2.50 Mcal/kg NE and 5.10 gSID Lys/Mcal NE. Eight ileal-cannulated nursery pigs (initial BW 10 kg) were fed 4 diets at 3.0 × maintenance DE (110 kcal per kg of BW0.75) for four 9-day periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. Apparent hindgut fermentation (AHF) was calculated as apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) minus apparent ileal digestibility (AID). Interactions between super-dosing phytase and carbohydrase cocktail were observed. Supplementing either carbohydrase cocktail or super dose phytase, but not their combination, increased (P < 0.05) diet AID of DM, GE, CP, and most AA by 4–5%-units. Supplementing super dose phytase increased (P < 0.05) AID of P by 16%-units and ATTD of P by 10%-units. Supplementing super dose phytase or carbohydrase cocktail did not affect AID of Ca and ATTD of GE, CP, and Ca, and diet DE value. Supplementing carbohydrase cocktail without super dose phytase decreased (P < 0.05) diet AHF of DM, GE, and CP. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of super dose phytase or carbohydrase cocktail increased ileal digestibility of nutrients in nursery pigs, and thereby reduced protein entering the large intestine. Additive or synergistic effects of carbohydrase cocktail and super dose phytase were not detected.

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Bradley, J. E., A. J. Gillespie, K. R. Trenholme, and M. Karam. "The effects of vector control on the antibody response to antigens of Onchocerca volvulus." Parasitology 106, no. 4 (May 1993): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200006710x.

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SUMMARYThe effects of exposure to infective larvae on the antibody response to a cocktail of specific recombinant antigens of Onchocerca volvulus and to a worm extract were evaluated by comparing the responses of individuals from a vector controlled area with those from an area of continuing transmission by ELISA. Individuals from the vector controlled areas were found to have reduced responses to both antigen preparations. Amicrofilerdermic (mf–) individuals from the area of vector control exhibited significantly lower total and subclass IgG responses to the worm extract. In contrast, the responses to the cocktail of specific recombinants were significantly reduced in individuals from the area of vector control who were still microfilerdermia positive (mf+). The distribution of IgG subclass specific responses was similar to both antigen preparations, both dominated by the IgG4 and IgG1 subclasses. IgG1 responses to the worm extract remained elevated in the vector controlled individuals but IgG4 was significantly reduced in the mf – individuals. Both subclasses reflected the total IgG response to the cocktail of recombinants and were significantly reduced in individuals from the vector controlled area, when compared to individuals from the hyperendemic area. IgG1 responses to the cocktail of recombinants are significantly lower than IgG4 in all individuals and virtually absent in individuals from the vector-controlled area. Measuring total IgG and IgG4 is more sensitive than IgG1 in detecting infection, 100 or 97% respectively, but they remain elevated in the individuals from the vector controlled areas even after 8–10 years interruption of transmission. These results have important implications for the serological monitoring of control programmes in individuals who have previously been infected.

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Shaufi, Mohd Asrore Mohd, Chin Chin Sieo, Chun Wie Chong, Tan Geok Hun, Abdul Rahman Omar, Gan Han Ming, and Yin Wan Ho. "Effects of Phage Cocktail, Probiotics, and Their Combination on Growth Performance and Gut Microbiota of Broiler Chickens." Animals 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2023): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13081328.

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Phages, which are often used therapeutically, have begun to receive interest as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) for enhancing chicken growth. Another option that has been extensively studied as a growth promoter in chickens is probiotics. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no study available on the use of phages and probiotics in combination as potential feed additives for broiler chickens. Therefore, this study demonstrated the effects of a phage cocktail, probiotics, and their combination on the growth performance and gut microbiota of broiler chickens. A total of 288 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were randomly allotted to one of six treatments in a completely randomised design. The treatments were (i) C (basal diet (BD) only), (ii) 1ϕ (BD + 0.1% phage cocktail), (iii) 2ϕ (BD + 0.2% phage cocktail), (iv) P (BD + 0.1% probiotic), (v) 1ϕP (BD + 0.1% phage cocktail + 0.1% probiotic), and (vi) 2ϕP (BD + 0.2% phage cocktail + 0.1% probiotic). The 1ϕP treatment had significantly (p < 0.05) better BW (35 days), BWG (22–35 days, 1–35 days), and FCR (1–21 days, 22–35 days, 1–35 days) compared to C. Unique gut microbiota diversity was also found between the ϕP (1ϕP and 2ϕP) and non-ϕP groups (C, 1ϕ, 2ϕ, and P) in ilea, particularly in the 35-day-old chickens. Microorganisms associated with short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers were significantly (p < 0.05) more present in the ϕP group than in the non-ϕP group. The predicted genes related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism were significantly upregulated in ϕP groups compared to non-ϕP groups. These genes were involved in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as the production of energy. Our findings showed that the 1ϕP treatment could be a potential alternative to AGPs for poultry, as growth performance was enhanced, and gut microbiota was positively modulated.

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Zamarripa, C. Austin, Tory R. Spindle, Renuka Surujunarain, Elise M. Weerts, Sumit Bansal, Jashvant D. Unadkat, Mary F. Paine та Ryan Vandrey. "Assessment of Orally Administered Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol When Coadministered With Cannabidiol on Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA Network Open 6, № 2 (13 лютого 2023): e2254752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.54752.

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ImportanceControlled clinical laboratory studies have shown that cannabidiol (CBD) can sometimes attenuate or exacerbate the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). No studies have evaluated differences in pharmacokinetics (PK) of Δ9-THC and pharmacodynamics (PD) between orally administered cannabis extracts that vary with respect to Δ9-THC and CBD concentrations.ObjectiveTo compare the PK and PD of orally administered Δ9-THC-dominant and CBD-dominant cannabis extracts that contained the same Δ9-THC dose (20 mg).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis randomized clinical trial was a within-participant, double-blind, crossover study conducted from January 2021 to March 2022 at the Johns Hopkins University Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Baltimore, MD. Eighteen healthy adults completed 3 randomized outpatient experimental test sessions that were each separated by at least 1 week.InterventionsBrownies containing (1) no cannabis extract (ie, placebo); (2) Δ9-THC-dominant extract (20 mg Δ9-THC with no CBD); and (3) CBD-dominant extract (20 mg Δ9-THC + 640 mg CBD) were administered to participants 30 minutes prior to administering a cytochrome P450 (CYP) probe drug cocktail, which consisted of 100 mg caffeine, 20 mg omeprazole, 25 mg losartan, 30 mg dextromethorphan, and 2 mg midazolam.Main Outcomes and MeasuresChange-from-baseline plasma concentrations for Δ9-THC or Δ9-THC metabolites and scores for subjective drug effects, cognitive and psychomotor performance, and vital signs. The area under the plasma vs concentration vs time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) were determined.ResultsThe participant cohort of 18 adults included 11 males (61.1%) and 7 females (38.9%) with a mean (SD) age of 30 (7) years who had not used cannabis for at least 30 days prior to initiation of the study (mean [SD] day since last cannabis use, 86 [66] days). The CYP cocktail + placebo brownie and the CYP cocktail did not affect any PD assessments. Relative to CYP cocktail + Δ9-THC, CYP cocktail + Δ9-THC + CBD produced a higher Cmax and area under the plasma concentration vs time curve for Δ9-THC, 11-OH-Δ9-THC, and Δ9-THC-COOH. The CYP cocktail + Δ9-THC + CBD increased self-reported anxiety, sedation, and memory difficulty, increased heart rate, and produced a more pronounced impairment of cognitive and psychomotor performance compared with both CYP cocktail + Δ9-THC and CYP cocktail + placebo.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this randomized clinical trial of oral Δ9-THC and CBD, stronger adverse effects were elicited from a CBD-dominant cannabis extract compared with a Δ9-THC-dominant cannabis extract at the same Δ9-THC dose, which contradicts common claims that CBD attenuates the adverse effects of Δ9-THC. CBD inhibition of Δ9-THC and 11-OH-Δ9-THC metabolism is the likely mechanism for the differences observed. An improved understanding of cannabinoid-cannabinoid and cannabinoid-drug interactions are needed to inform clinical and regulatory decision-making regarding the therapeutic and nontherapeutic use of cannabis products.Trial Registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT04201197

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Kotula, Lukasz, Timothy David Colmer, and Mikio Nakazono. "Effects of organic acids on the formation of the barrier to radial oxygen loss in roots of Hordeum marinum." Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 2 (2014): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13178.

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A barrier to radial O2 loss (ROL) is an adaptive trait of many wetland plants, yet the signal(s) for barrier induction remain uncertain. We assessed the effects of monocarboxylic acids produced in waterlogged soils (acetic, propionic, N-butyric and caproic acids) on barrier formation in adventitious roots of the waterlogging tolerant Hordeum marinum Huds. These acids were applied in nutrient solution either individually (at 0.4 mM) or as a mixture (‘cocktail’) at various total concentrations (0.1, 0.4 and 2 mM) at pH 6. The barrier to ROL was formed in basal zones of roots exposed to the cocktail at 0.4 mM, but not at 0.1 mM. Individually, only N-butyric and caproic acids invoked a ‘tight’ barrier in subapical positions of the roots. These organic acids accelerated deposition of suberin in the hypodermis/exodermis, but did not affect overall root porosity (% gas space). The organic acids also reduced root extension rate and tissue K+; effects were more pronounced at higher concentrations of the cocktail and as the molecular weight of the organic acid increased. Moreover, the cocktail at 2 mM and caproic acid at 0.4 mM alone induced development of intercellular occlusions, suggesting phytotoxin injury. In summary, even relatively low concentrations of organic acids can promote barrier formation in roots, and the potential toxicity of these compounds was demonstrated by declines in root growth and tissue K+ in the wetland species H. marinum.

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Khoobchandani, Menka, Ajit Zambre, Kavita Katti, Chung-Ho Lin, and Kattesh V. Katti. "Green Nanotechnology from Brassicaceae." International Journal of Green Nanotechnology 1 (January 1, 2013): 194308921350947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1943089213509474.

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The interaction of cocktail of phytochemicals from broccoli with gold salt results in dual reduction and surface capping to produce well-defined stable and biocompatible gold nanoparticles (B-AuNPs). Broccoli phytochemicals–coated gold nanoparticles (B-AuNPs) have been fully characterized. Detailed in vitro stability in various biological fluids and affinity and selectivity for tumor cells have been investigated. The B-AuNPs showed significant in vitro cytotoxic effects against various cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, PC-3, U266, SkBr3, and T47D) as confirmed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) and flow cytometry apoptosis assays. Surface encapsulation of cocktail of broccoli phytochemicals on AuNPs facilitates the cellular internalization, thereby validating the in vitro therapeutic effects of these nanoparticles. Detailed analyses performed by combination of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS) have confirmed the presence of biologically active phytochemicals including glucoraphanin, phenethyl glucosinolates, quercetin, folic acid, vitamin C, allyl isothiocyanates, 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanates, and sulforaphane. The unique synergistic cocktail effects of B-AuNPs will provide new opportunities for generating biocompatible AuNPs for molecular imaging and therapeutic applications.

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Mickymaray, Suresh, Faiz Abdulaziz Alfaiz, and Anand Paramasivam. "Efficacy and Mechanisms of Flavonoids against the Emerging Opportunistic Nontuberculous Mycobacteria." Antibiotics 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2020): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080450.

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Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are the causative agent of severe chronic pulmonary diseases and is accountable for post-traumatic wound infections, lymphadenitis, endometritis, cutaneous, eye infections and disseminated diseases. These infections are extremely challenging to treat due to multidrug resistance, which encompasses the classical and existing antituberculosis agents. Hence, current studies are aimed to appraise the antimycobacterial activity of flavonoids against NTM, their capacity to synergize with pharmacological agents and their ability to block virulence. Flavonoids have potential antimycobacterial effects at minor quantities by themselves or in synergistic combinations. A cocktail of flavonoids used with existing antimycobacterial agents is a strategy to lessen side effects. The present review focuses on recent studies on naturally occurring flavonoids and their antimycobacterial effects, underlying mechanisms and synergistic effects in a cocktail with traditional agents.

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Wang, Ruizhu, Jin Zhao, Xiaojing Guo, and Binping Ji. "The Effects of Periarticular Injection Cocktail in Postoperative Analgesia after Bilateral Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022 (July 28, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9289904.

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Objective. This study was conducted to compare postoperative pain and functional recovery in bilateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) and unilateral UKA after cocktail therapy. Methods. A total of 240 patients who received unilateral UKA and bilateral UKA in our orthopedic department from February 2019 to April 2020 were collected. The general clinical data was recorded and compared between the two groups of subjects, and the time of postoperative landing was recorded separately for both groups. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to record the patients’ pain at 1, 7, and 14 days postoperatively, as well as the range of motion of the affected limb at 1, 7, 14 days, and 3 months postoperatively and the hospital for special surgery (HSS) knee score of the knee at 1 month postoperatively. Results. After cocktail injection analgesia, unilateral patients with knee surgery got off the ground and walked significantly earlier than patients with bilateral surgery, while there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of pain at 1, 7, and 14 days after surgery, range of motion of the affected limb at 1, 7, 14 days, and 3 months after surgery, and knee HSS score at 1 month after surgery. Conclusion. Periarticular cocktail injection significantly reduces postoperative pain in patients, and bilateral UKA surgery can be used as satisfactory as unilateral UKA in clinical practice.

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Evans, Samuel, Carolyn McGettigan, Zarinah K. Agnew, Stuart Rosen, and Sophie K. Scott. "Getting the Cocktail Party Started: Masking Effects in Speech Perception." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 3 (March 2016): 483–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00913.

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Spoken conversations typically take place in noisy environments, and different kinds of masking sounds place differing demands on cognitive resources. Previous studies, examining the modulation of neural activity associated with the properties of competing sounds, have shown that additional speech streams engage the superior temporal gyrus. However, the absence of a condition in which target speech was heard without additional masking made it difficult to identify brain networks specific to masking and to ascertain the extent to which competing speech was processed equivalently to target speech. In this study, we scanned young healthy adults with continuous fMRI, while they listened to stories masked by sounds that differed in their similarity to speech. We show that auditory attention and control networks are activated during attentive listening to masked speech in the absence of an overt behavioral task. We demonstrate that competing speech is processed predominantly in the left hemisphere within the same pathway as target speech but is not treated equivalently within that stream and that individuals who perform better in speech in noise tasks activate the left mid-posterior superior temporal gyrus more. Finally, we identify neural responses associated with the onset of sounds in the auditory environment; activity was found within right lateralized frontal regions consistent with a phasic alerting response. Taken together, these results provide a comprehensive account of the neural processes involved in listening in noise.

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Ahmad, Saeed, Ayub Elahi, Hafiz Waheed Iqbal, and Faiza Mehmood. "Effects of Incorporating Fiber Cocktail on Mechanical Properties of Concrete." MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 06011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820306011.

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The objective of this research work was to determine the effect of fiber cocktail on mechanical properties of concrete. Three types of fibers were used namely monofilament polypropylene fiber, steel fiber and glass fiber. Steel and glass fiber were incorporated in concrete at different dosages while the content of Polypropylene fiber was kept constant. For this purpose, cubes (150×150×150mm) and prisms (101×101×508mm) were casted for compressive strength test on cubes and Two-Point load test on prisms. Eighteen different mixes were prepared such as control mix, single fiber concrete, double hybrid concrete and triple hybrid concrete. It was observed that both compressive and flexural strength increased with addition of single, double and triple fibers. However, the strengths of triple hybrid concrete were observed to be lesser as compared to single and double hybrid concrete.

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Chae, Je Byeong, Seung Hye Yang, Sang Young Byun, Hye-Ryung Choi, Jung-Won Shin, and Kyoung-Chan Park. "The effects of hydroporation on melasma with anti-aging cocktail." Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 16, no. 4 (January 29, 2017): e15-e20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12313.

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Liu, Yankun, Yan Lin, and Weiyun Zhu. "Systemic Effects of a Phage Cocktail on Healthy Weaned Piglets." Biology 13, no. 4 (April 18, 2024): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology13040271.

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Numerous studies have demonstrated that bacteriophages (phages) can effectively treat intestinal bacterial infections. However, research on the impact of phages on overall body health once they enter the intestine is limited. This study utilized weaned piglets as subjects to evaluate the systemic effects of an orally administered phage cocktail on their health. Twelve 21-day-old weaned piglets were divided into control (CON) and phage gavage (Phages) groups. The phage cocktail consisted of five lytic phages, targeting Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. choleraesuis), Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), and Shiga tox-in-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). The phages group received 10 mL of phage cocktail orally for 20 consecutive days. The results show that the phage gavage did not affect the piglets’ growth performance, serum biochemical indices, or most organ indices, except for the pancreas. However, the impact on the intestine was complex. Firstly, although the pancreatic index decreased, it did not affect the secretion of digestive enzymes in the intestine. Secondly, phages increased the pH of jejunum chyme and relative weight of the ileum, and enhanced intestinal barrier function without affecting the morphology of the intestine. Thirdly, phages did not proliferate in the intestine, but altered the intestinal microbiota structure and increased concentrations of microbial metabolites isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid in the colonic chyme. In addition, phages impacted the immune status, significantly increasing serum IgA, IgG, and IgM, as well as serum and intestinal mucosal IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-17, and TGF-β, and decreasing IL-4 and IL-10. They also activated toll-like receptors TLR-4 and TLR-9. Apart from an increase in basophil numbers, the counts of other immune cells in the blood did not change. This study indicates that the impact of phages on body health is complex, especially regarding immune status, warranting further attention. Short-term phage gavage did not have significant negative effects on health but could enhance intestinal barrier function.

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Carvajal-Serna, Melissa, Jaime Antonio Cardozo-Cerquera, Henry Alberto Grajales-Lombana, Adriana Casao, and Rosaura Pérez-Pe. "Sperm Behavior and Response to Melatonin under Capacitating Conditions in Three Sheep Breeds Subject to the Equatorial Photoperiod." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 1828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061828.

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In this study, we demonstrated that, in seasonal Mediterranean ovine breeds, supplementing the TALP medium with cAMP-elevating agents (the cocktail medium) is effective for achieving ram sperm capacitation, and that melatonin is able to regulate this phenomenon. We investigated the behavior under capacitating conditions using the TALP and cocktail mediums, and the response to melatonin, of spermatozoa from three sheep breeds (Colombian Creole, Romney Marsh, and Hampshire) subject to the equatorial photoperiod, during the dry and the rainy seasons. The cocktail medium was able to induce sperm capacitation, assayed by chlortetracycline staining and phosphotyrosine levels, to a greater extent than TALP, without a higher loss of viability (membrane integrity and viable spermatozoa without phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation). The addition of melatonin at 100 pM or 1 µM in the cocktail medium partially prevented the decrease in viability without PS translocation and the increase in capacitated spermatozoa from all breeds, with no significant effect on phosphotyrosine levels. Differences between breeds and seasons were evidenced. This study shows that melatonin is able to exert direct effects on spermatozoa in ovine breeds under equatorial photoperiod conditions, as it does in seasonal breeds located in temperate regions.

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Langer, Thomas M., Suzanne E. Neumueller, Emma Crumley, Nicholas J. Burgraff, Sawan Talwar, Matthew R. Hodges, Lawrence Pan, and Hubert V. Forster. "State-dependent and -independent effects of dialyzing excitatory neuromodulator receptor antagonists into the ventral respiratory column." Journal of Applied Physiology 122, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00619.2016.

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Unilateral dialysis of the broad-spectrum muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine (50 mM) into the ventral respiratory column [(VRC) including the pre-Bötzinger complex region] of awake goats increased pulmonary ventilation (V̇i) and breathing frequency (f), conceivably due to local compensatory increases in serotonin (5-HT) and substance P (SP) measured in effluent mock cerebral spinal fluid (mCSF). In contrast, unilateral dialysis of a triple cocktail of antagonists to muscarinic (atropine; 5 mM), neurokinin-1, and 5-HT receptors does not alter V̇i or f, but increases local SP. Herein, we tested hypotheses that 1) local compensatory 5-HT and SP responses to 50 mM atropine dialyzed into the VRC of goats will not differ between anesthetized and awake states; and 2) bilateral dialysis of the triple cocktail of antagonists into the VRC of awake goats will not alter V̇i or f, but will increase local excitatory neuromodulators. Through microtubules implanted into the VRC of goats, probes were inserted to dialyze mCSF alone (time control), 50 mM atropine, or the triple cocktail of antagonists. We found 1) equivalent increases in local 5-HT and SP with 50 mM atropine dialysis during wakefulness compared with isoflurane anesthesia, but V̇i and f only increased while awake; and 2) dialyses of the triple cocktail of antagonists increased V̇i, f, 5-HT, and SP (<0.05) during both day and night studies. We conclude that the mechanisms governing local neuromodulator levels are state independent, and that bilateral excitatory receptor blockade elicits an increase in breathing, presumably due to a local, (over)compensatory neuromodulator response. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The two major findings are as follows: 1) during unilateral dialysis of 50 mM atropine into the ventral respiratory column to block excitatory muscarinic receptor activity, a compensatory increase in other neuromodulators was state independent, but the ventilatory response appears to be state dependent; and 2) the hypothesis that absence of decreased V̇i and f during unilateral dialysis of excitatory receptor antagonists was due to compensation by the contralateral VRC was not supported by findings herein.

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Wang, Bing, Yingfang Yao, Xiwen Yu, Cheng Wang, Congping Wu, and Zhigang Zou. "Understanding the enhanced catalytic activity of high entropy alloys: from theory to experiment." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 35 (2021): 19410–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta02718b.

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39

Gigli, Valeria, Davide Piccinino, Daniele Avitabile, Riccarda Antiochia, Eliana Capecchi, and Raffaele Saladino. "Laccase Mediator Cocktail System as a Sustainable Skin Whitening Agent for Deep Eumelanin Decolorization." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11 (June 2, 2022): 6238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116238.

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The overproduction of eumelanin leads to a panel of unaesthetic hyper-pigmented skin diseases, including melasma and age spots. The treatment of these diseases often requires the use of tyrosinase inhibitors, which act as skin whitening agents by inhibiting the synthesis of eumelanin, with harmful side effects. We report here that laccase from Trametes versicolor in association with a cocktail of natural phenol redox mediators efficiently degraded eumelanin from Sepia officinalis, offering an alternative procedure to traditional whitening agents. Redox mediators showed a synergistic effect with respect to their single-mediator counterpart, highlighting the beneficial role of the cocktail system. The pro-oxidant DHICA sub-units of eumelanin were degraded better than the DHI counterpart, as monitored by the formation of pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) and pyrrole-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) degradation products. The most effective laccase-mediated cocktail system was successively applied in a two-component prototype of a topical whitening cream, showing high degradative efficacy against eumelanin.

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Cooper, Elizabeth Ann, Michelle Spinei, and Alix Varnajot. "Countering “Arctification”: Dawson City’s “Sourtoe Cocktail”." Journal of Tourism Futures 6, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jtf-01-2019-0008.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the Sourtoe Cocktail, a custom in Dawson City, Canada’s Yukon, in which participants drink a shot of alcohol with a dehydrated human toe in it. Springing from a local legend, the thrill-inducing Sourtoe Cocktail has attracted the attention of tourists. The paper reveals insights from this particular case study in order to discuss potential future tourism trends within the Arctic, especially in regard to the development of a sustainable tourism industry. Additionally, it illustrates how local communities can avoid negative effects of “Arctification.” Design/methodology/approach The case study is deconstructed through Dean MacCannell’s (1976) framework of sight sacralization. The Sourtoe Cocktail is analyzed based on the five stages of the framework, which helps to reveal the various elements at play at the local level. The framework specifically highlights linkages between society and the Sourtoe Cocktail as a product in order to understand how it became a tourist attraction. Findings The use of MacCannell’s sight sacralization framework reveals the intricate relationship of the Sourtoe Cocktail to both the Arctic and the local folklore of the Klondike Gold Rush. In addition, it is argued that the activity can serve as an example of avoiding “Arctification” processes for northern communities. Originality/value The originality of the study lies in the application of the sight sacralization framework to an ordinary object – a toe – instead of an object of inherent historical, aesthetic or cultural value. The paper proposes a complementary study to the recommendations provided in the Arctic Tourism in Times of Change: Seasonality report (2019) for the development of sustainable Arctic societies.

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Lawson, Alison, Hajira Ahmad, and Athanassios Sambanis. "Cytotoxicity effects of cryoprotectants as single-component and cocktail vitrification solutions." Cryobiology 62, no. 2 (April 2011): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2011.01.012.

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Hartmann, Nanna B., and Anders Baun. "The nano cocktail: Ecotoxicological effects of engineered nanoparticles in chemical mixtures." Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 6, no. 2 (April 2010): 311–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ieam.39.

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43

Cheng, Chen, Jianchang Qian, Zhe Wang, Wanshu Li, Chengke Huang, Mengchun Chen, Yaoyao Dong, Lejing Lian, and Wei Sun. "Influences of Corydalis decumbens on the Activities of CYP450 Enzymes in Rats with a Cocktail Approach." BioMed Research International 2019 (January 21, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9614781.

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Corydalis decumbens, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, has been widely used for the alternative and/or complementary therapy of hypertension, arrhythmias rheumatoid arthritis, sciatica, stroke, hemiplegia, paraplegia, and vascular embolism. The aim of this study was to determinate the potential effects of Corydalis decumbens on the five cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme activities (CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6) by cocktail approach. To evaluate whether concurrent use of Corydalis decumbens interferes with the effect of several prescription drugs, saline (control group) or Corydalis decumbens (XTW group) were administrated via gavage for 7 successive days. A probe cocktail solution (phenacetin, omeprazole, metoprolol, tolbutamide, and midazolam) was given 24 h after the last dose of saline or Corydalis decumbens. A specific and sensitive UHPLC–MS/MS method was validated for the determination of five substrates and their metabolites in control group and XTW group. Our results indicated that Corydalis decumbens could have inductive effects of CYP2C19 and inhibit the activities of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. However, Corydalis decumbens had no significant influence on CYP2C9 and CYP2D6. The herb-drug interaction should require more attention by careful monitoring and appropriate drug dosing adjustments to the concurrent use of western medications which were metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 in human—Corydalis decumbens, Cytochrome P450, Cocktail, Pharmacokinetics, herb–drug interactions.

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Reka, Gabriela, Angelika Pawlak, Piotr Machowiec, Marcela Maksymowicz, and Halina Piecewicz-Szczesna. "Casirivimab and imdevimab as investigational monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19 patients – review of the literature." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cipms-2021-0030.

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Abstract Casirivimab and imdevimab (REGN-COV-2) are investigational monoclonal antibodies approved in November 2020 by the Food and Drug Administration for emergency use in mild and moderate COVID-19. These two noncompeting human IgG1 monoclonal antibodies can target the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein of SARSCoV-2, prevent its entry into human cells, and reduce viral load. The antibodies can be administered intravenously for mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients who do not require hospitalization and supplemental oxygen. The purpose of the study is to review the latest available data on COVID-19 treatment using casirivimab and imdevimab. According to recent preclinical studies, the antibody cocktail presents optimal antiviral strength and has the potential to minimize the chances of the virus escaping. It was shown in animal studies that the cocktail reduces the pathological consequences caused by viruses, decreases the number of viruses in the respiratory system, and reduces lung titers and pneumonia symptoms. Casirivimab and imdevimab as a cocktail also prevents the rapid appearance of treatment-resistant mutants. In the clinical trial, REGN-COV-2 decreased viral load, particularly in patients with a non-initiated immune response (serum antibody-negative) and with high viral load at baseline. The adverse effects were comparable in the combined REGN-COV2 dose groups (2.4 g and 8.0 g), as well as in the placebo group. The cocktail caused few and mainly low-grade toxic effects. Casirivimab and imdevimab seem to be effective and safe antiviral therapy for nonhospitalized patients with COVID-19. Further observations and research are extremely necessary to assess the efficacy, security and indications in a wider group of patients.

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Yao, Hsien-Tsung, Jia-Hsuan Lin, Yun-Ta Liu, Mei-Ling Li, and Wenchang Chiang. "Food–Drug Interaction between the Adlay Bran Oil and Drugs in Rats." Nutrients 11, no. 10 (October 15, 2019): 2473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102473.

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Adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) contains various phytonutrients for treating many diseases in Asia. To investigate whether orally administered adlay bran oil (ABO) can cause drug interactions, the effects of ABO on the pharmacokinetics of five cytochrome P450 (CYP) probe drugs were evaluated. Rats were given a single oral dose (2.5 mL/kg BW) of ABO 1 h before administration of a drug cocktail either orally or intravenously, and blood was collected at various time points. A single oral dose of ABO administration did not affect the pharmacokinetics of five probe drugs when given as a drug cocktail intravenously. However, ABO increased plasma theophylline (+28.4%), dextromethorphan (+48.7%), and diltiazem (+46.7%) when co-administered an oral drug cocktail. After 7 days of feeding with an ABO-containing diet, plasma concentrations of theophylline (+45.4%) and chlorzoxazone (+53.6%) were increased after the oral administration of the drug cocktail. The major CYP enzyme activities in the liver and intestinal tract were not affected by ABO treatment. Results from this study indicate that a single oral dose or short-term administration of ABO may increase plasma drug concentrations when ABO is given concomitantly with drugs. ABO is likely to enhance intestinal drug absorption. Therefore, caution is needed to avoid food–drug interactions between ABO and co-administered drugs.

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46

Oschman, Alexandra, Amanda Gansen, Howard Kilbride, and Tracy Sandritter. "Safety and Efficacy of Two Potassium Cocktail Formulations for Treatment of Neonatal Hyperkalemia." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 45, no. 11 (October 18, 2011): 1371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1q292.

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Background:: A consensus has not been established for the standard treatment of hyperkalemia in the neonatal population. Most treatment regimens include a dextrose/insulin infusion. Additional agents used include calcium, sodium bicarbonate, polystyrene sulfonate, and albuterol. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of a potassium cocktail (k-cocktail) containing dextrose, insulin, calcium gluconate, and sodium lactate for treatment of neonatal hyperkalemia. Objective: To determine whether modifications to a potassium cocktail formulation, based on a prior quality improvement project, resulted in a decrease in the incidence of hyperglycemia and acidosis associated with its use, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the k-cocktail in lowering serum potassium levels and the incidence of adverse effects. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of neonates with hyperkalemia who received 2 k-cocktail formulations (group 1 [n = 13], original formulation, dextrose:insulin 5:1; group 2 [n = 26], modified formulation, dextrose: insulin 3.3:1). Group 2 subjects were matched 2:1 by gestational age and birth weight with those in group 1. Variables related to safety and effectiveness of therapy were assessed by medical record review. The following tests were used to assess group differences: χ2, Fisher exact, 2-tailed t-tests, and mixed linear models. Results: The incidence of hyperglycemia during the modified k-cocktail infusion in group 2 decreased from 76.9% to 217% (p = 0.001). Serum blood glucose concentrations increased during the infusion, on average, for group 1 infants and were unchanged during the infusion for those in group 2. The incidence of acidosis during the infusion was similar between groups (group 1 [76.9%] vs group 2 [68.2%]; p = 0.58). No significant adverse events were observed. Serum potassium concentrations decreased similarly in both groups. Conclusions: An intravenous infusion including a dextrose:insulin ratio of 3.3:1. compared with a higher ratio, results in less hyperglycemia and appears to be as effective in decreasing potassium concentrations in newborns.

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Boyer, Lucie, Valerie Cortin, Amelie Robert, and Nicolas Pineault. "Optimization of a Cytokine Cocktail for the Expansion of Cord Blood CD34+ Cells into Megakaryocytes Progenitors." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 4041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.4041.4041.

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Abstract Platelet transfusion remains the only therapy available to restore safe platelet levels in thrombocytopenic patients following stem cell transplantation. However, the development of improved cytokine cocktail for the pre-expansion of megakaryocyte progenitors (Mk-p) to support the transplantation may reduce the demand for platelet transfusions. Toward this, we previously reported the results of two-level factorial design screens of 6 cytokines (SCF, FL, IL-3, IL-6, IL-9 and IL-11) with TPO which identified TPO, SCF, FL and IL-9 as the best combination for the expansion of cord blood (CB) CD34+ cells into Mk-p (ASH abstract#1673, 2006). The objective of this study was to find the optimal concentration levels of these cytokines and validate the newly optimized cocktails. In brief, CB CD34+ cells were first expanded for 6 days in various conditions specified by a central composite design (CCD). The expansion of various hematopoietic populations and Mk-p were determined by FACS and CFU-Mk assay respectively, while the capacity of the expanded cells to produce Mk and platelets ex vivo was also measured at day-14 using the cytokine cocktail BS1 (optimized for the production of CB Mk). Statistical analysis of these responses revealed the synergistic effects of the cytokines and provided mathematical models for the expansion of Mk-p and the day-14 final Mk production. The CCD results demonstrated that SCF and TPO were the principal cytokines for the expansion of Mk and CFU-Mk at day-6. This was evident by their positive individual effect and their strong positive synergistic effect (+25% on CFU-Mk, P<0.02). Importantly, a strong negative interaction between TPO and IL-9 on the expansion of CFU-Mk was also revealed (−39%, p<0.001), as well as a strong positive interaction between FL and SCF on the expansion of CD34+ cells (+50%, P=0.05). Under the CCD settings FL and IL-9 effects on CFU-Mk expansion did not reach statistical significance, though the CFU-Mk model (R2=0.95) suggested that IL-9 should be used at the lowest concentration while FL could have a positive effect when used within a certain range. The next experiments were done to validate or complement the CCD-based models. The positive effect of SCF on CFU-Mk was confirmed. In regards to IL-9, we confirmed the model prediction that under optimum SCF and TPO concentration (determined by the response surface map), that removal of IL-9 was beneficial to the expansion of CFU-Mk (1.4–1.5- fold increase), while the addition of FL was found to slightly increase the expansion of CFU-Mk (1.2-fold). Finally, the CCD models were used to optimized 2 new cocktails; one specific for the expansion of Mk-p (ocMk-p) and one for the production of Mk at day-14 (ocMk). The yields and efficiencies of each cocktail was compared to the control cocktails TGS and BS1; TGS is currently used in clinical trial for the expansion of progenitors prior transplantation (TPO, G-CSF and SCF at 100 ng/ml), whereas BS1 (TPO,SCF, IL-6, IL-9) is known to favor good CFU-Mk expansion and excellent Mk production. Preliminary experiments have shown that ocMk-p increased the expansion of CFU-Mk up to 1.4 ±0.2 fold (range +1.2–1.9, n=3) compared to TGS while using 85% less cytokines, and that ocMk increased final Mk (P=0.01) and platelets (P<0.05) yields by 1.4- and 1.7-fold respectively compared to BS1 (n=8). In conclusion, two new cocktails were optimized using a dose-response surface methodology which allow maximal expansion while using significantly less cytokines.

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Viel, Christian, Adrian T. Brandtner, Alexander Weißhaar, Alina Lehto, Marius Fuchs, and Jochen Klein. "Effects of Magnesium Orotate, Benfotiamine and a Combination of Vitamins on Mitochondrial and Cholinergic Function in the TgF344-AD Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14121218.

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Glucose hypometabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cholinergic deficits have been reported in early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we examine these parameters in TgF344-AD rats, an Alzheimer model that carries amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 mutations, and of wild type F344 rats. In mitochondria isolated from rat hippocampi, we found reductions of complex I and oxidative phosphorylation in transgenic rats. Further impairments, also of complex II, were observed in aged (wild-type and transgenic) rats. Treatment with a “cocktail” containing magnesium orotate, benfotiamine, folic acid, cyanocobalamin, and cholecalciferol did not affect mitochondrial activities in wild-type rats but restored diminished activities in transgenic rats to wild-type levels. Glucose, lactate, and pyruvate levels were unchanged by age, genetic background, or treatment. Using microdialysis, we also investigated extracellular concentrations of acetylcholine that were strongly reduced in transgenic animals. Again, ACh levels in wild-type rats did not change upon treatment with nutrients, whereas the cocktail increased hippocampal acetylcholine levels under physiological stimulation. We conclude that TgF344-AD rats display a distinct mitochondrial and cholinergic dysfunction not unlike the findings in patients suffering from AD. This dysfunction can be partially corrected by the application of the “cocktail” which is particularly active in aged rats. We suggest that the TgF344-AD rat is a promising model to further investigate mitochondrial and cholinergic dysfunction and potential treatment approaches for AD.

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Kale, S., S. Mehra, P. Bhor, A. Gunjotikar, S. Dhar, and S. Singh. "PAIN MANAGEMENT IN POSTOPERATIVE TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY IN EPIDURAL BUPIVACAINE INJECTION VERSUS INTRA-ARTICULAR INJECTION." Orthopaedic Proceedings 105-B, SUPP_7 (April 4, 2023): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2023.7.105.

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Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) improves the quality of life of osteoarthritic and rheumatoid arthritis patients, however, is associated with moderate to severe postoperative pain. There are multiple methods of managing postoperative pain that include epidural anesthesia but it prevents early mobilization and results in postoperative hypotension and spinal infection. Controlling local pain pathways through intra-articular administration of analgesics is a novel method and is inexpensive and simple. Hence, we assess the effects of postoperative epidural bupivacaine injection along with intra-articular injection in total knee replacement patients.The methodology included 100 patients undergoing TKA randomly divided into two groups, one administered with only epidural bupivacaine injection and the other with intra-articular cocktail injection. The results were measured based on a 10-point pain assessment scale, knee's range of motion (ROM), and Lysholm knee score.The VAS score was lower in the intra-articular cocktail group compared to the bupivacaine injection group until the end of 1-week post-administration (p<0.01). Among inter-group comparisons, we observed that the range of motion was significantly more in cocktail injection as compared to the bupivacaine group till the end of one week (p<0.05). Lysholm's score was significantly more in cocktail injection as compared to the bupivacaine group till the end of one week (p<0.05).Our study showed that both epidural bupivacaine injection and intra-articular injection were effective in reducing pain after TKA and have a comparable functional outcome at the end of 4 weeks follow up. However, the pain relief was faster in cases with intra-articular injection, providing the opportunity for early rehabilitation. Thus, we recommend the use of intra-articular cocktail injection for postoperative management of pain after total knee arthroplasty, which enables early rehabilitation and faster functional recovery of these patients.

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Chery, Romain, Hirac Gurden, and Claire Martin. "Anesthetic regimes modulate the temporal dynamics of local field potential in the mouse olfactory bulb." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 5 (March 1, 2014): 908–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00261.2013.

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Anesthetized preparations have been widely used to study odor-induced temporal dynamics in the olfactory bulb. Although numerous recent data of single-cell recording or imaging in the olfactory bulb have employed ketamine cocktails, their effects on networks activities are still poorly understood, and odor-induced oscillations of the local field potential have not been characterized under these anesthetics. Our study aimed at describing the impact of two ketamine cocktails on oscillations and comparing them to awake condition. Anesthesia was induced by injection of a cocktail of ketamine, an antagonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, combined with one agonist of α2-adrenergic receptors, xylazine (low affinity) or medetomidine (high affinity). Spontaneous and odor-induced activities were examined in anesthetized and awake conditions, in the same mice chronically implanted with an electrode in the main olfactory bulb. The overall dynamic pattern of oscillations under the two ketamine cocktails resembles that of the awake state. Ongoing activity is characterized by gamma bursts (>60 Hz) locked on respiration and beta (15–40 Hz) power increases during odor stimulation. However, anesthesia decreases local field potential power and leads to a strong frequency shift of gamma oscillations from 60–90 Hz to 100–130 Hz. We conclude that similarities between oscillations in anesthetized and awake states make cocktails of ketamine with one α2-agonist suitable for the recordings of local field potential to study processing in the early stages of the olfactory system.

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