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Статті в журналах з теми "Coalescence and breakup"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 липня 2024

Оновлено: 7 липня 2024

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1

de Jong, Emily, John Ben Mackay, Oleksii Bulenok, Anna Jaruga, and Sylwester Arabas. "Breakups are complicated: an efficient representation of collisional breakup in the superdroplet method." Geoscientific Model Development 16, no. 14 (July 26, 2023): 4193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4193-2023.

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Abstract. A key constraint of particle-based methods for modeling cloud microphysics is the conservation of total particle number, which is required for computational tractability. The process of collisional breakup poses a particular challenge to this framework, as breakup events often produce many droplet fragments of varying sizes, which would require creating new particles in the system. This work introduces a representation of collisional breakup in the so-called “superdroplet” method which conserves the total number of superdroplets in the system. This representation extends an existing stochastic collisional-coalescence scheme and samples from a fragment size distribution in an additional Monte Carlo step. This method is demonstrated in a set of idealized box model and single-column warm-rain simulations. We further discuss the effects of the breakup dynamic and fragment size distribution on the particle size distribution, hydrometeor population, and microphysical process rates. Box model experiments serve to characterize the impacts of properties such as coalescence efficiency and fragmentation function on the relative roles of collisional breakup and coalescence. The results demonstrate that this representation of collisional breakup can produce a stationary particle size distribution, in which breakup and coalescence rates are approximately equal, and that it recovers expected behavior such as a reduction in precipitate-sized particles in the column model. The breakup algorithm presented here contributes to an open-source pythonic implementation of the superdroplet method, PySDM, which will facilitate future research using particle-based microphysics.

2

Hwa, Rudolph C., and Jicai Pan. "Cluster production with coalescence and breakup." Physical Review C 52, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.52.374.

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3

Huang, Bingquan, Hong Liang, and Jiangrong Xu. "Lattice Boltzmann simulation of binary three-dimensional droplet coalescence in a confined shear flow." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 3 (March 2022): 032101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0082263.

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Small-scale microscopic phenomena determine the behavior of large-scale droplets, which brings great challenges to accurately simulate the droplet coalescence process. In this paper, the mesoscopic lattice Boltzmann method based on the phase field theory is used to simulate the collision and coalescence of binary three-dimensional droplets in a confined shear flow. The numerical prediction of droplet coalescence behavior was first compared with the experimental result, and good agreement was reported. Then, we investigated the influences of a comprehensive range of capillary numbers ([Formula: see text]) and Reynolds numbers ([Formula: see text]) on the shearing dynamics of binary droplets and also provided a quantitative description of droplet behavior in terms of the droplet deformation parameter and relative trajectory. A shearing regime diagram is further constructed based on the coupling effect of Ca and Re, which reveals three distinct types of droplet behaviors, including coalescence, breakup after the coalescence, and non-coalescence. Concretely, three different patterns of droplets can be completely captured with the variation of Ca at low Re; only two types of coalescence and non-coalescence can be observed for a medium Re, and two droplets just slide over each other without the occurrence of the coalescence when Re is sufficiently large. Also, we identified two critical capillary numbers in the lower Re region and one critical capillary number in the middle Re region, respectively, characterizing flow type transitions from the coalescence to breakup, from the breakup to the non-coalescence, and from the coalescence to the non-coalescence. It is found that all the capillary numbers decrease with Re.

4

Chen, Huiting, Shiyu Wei, Weitian Ding, Han Wei, Liang Li, Henrik Saxén, Hongming Long, and Yaowei Yu. "Interfacial Area Transport Equation for Bubble Coalescence and Breakup: Developments and Comparisons." Entropy 23, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23091106.

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Bubble coalescence and breakup play important roles in physical-chemical processes and bubbles are treated in two groups in the interfacial area transport equation (IATE). This paper presents a review of IATE for bubble coalescence and breakup to model five bubble interaction mechanisms: bubble coalescence due to random collision, bubble coalescence due to wake entrainment, bubble breakup due to turbulent impact, bubble breakup due to shearing-off, and bubble breakup due to surface instability. In bubble coalescence, bubble size, velocity and collision frequency are dominant. In bubble breakup, the influence of viscous shear, shearing-off, and surface instability are neglected, and their corresponding theory and modelling are rare in the literature. Furthermore, combining turbulent kinetic energy and inertial force together is the best choice for the bubble breakup criterion. The reviewed one-group constitutive models include the one developed by Wu et al., Ishii and Kim, Hibiki and Ishii, Yao and Morel, and Nguyen et al. To extend the IATE prediction capability beyond bubbly flow, two-group IATE is needed and its performance is strongly dependent on the channel size and geometry. Therefore, constitutive models for two-group IATE in a three-type channel (i.e., narrow confined channel, round pipe and relatively larger pipe) are summarized. Although great progress in extending the IATE beyond churn-turbulent flow to churn-annual flow was made, there are still some issues in their modelling and experiments due to the highly distorted interface measurement. Regarded as the challenges to be addressed in the further study, some limitations of IATE general applicability and the directions for future development are highlighted.

5

DZWINEL, WITOLD, and DAVID A. YUEN. "MIXING DRIVEN BY RAYLEIGH–TAYLOR INSTABILITY IN THE MESOSCALE MODELED WITH DISSIPATIVE PARTICLE DYNAMICS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 12, no. 01 (January 2001): 91–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183101001560.

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In the mesoscale, mixing dynamics involving immiscible fluids is truly an outstanding problem in many fields, ranging from biology to geology, because of the multiscale nature which causes severe difficulties for conventional methods using partial differential equations. The existing macroscopic models incorporating the two microstructural mechanisms of breakup and coalescence do not have the necessary physical ingredients for feedback dynamics. We demonstrate here that the approach of dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) does include the feedback mechanism and thus can yield much deeper insight into the nature of immiscible mixing. We have employed the DPD method for simulating numerically the highly nonlinear aspects of the Rayleigh–Taylor (R–T) instability developed over the mesoscale for viscous, immiscible, elastically compressible fluids. In the initial stages, we encounter the spontaneous, vertical oscillations in the incipient period of mixing. The long-term dynamics are controlled by the initial breakup and the subsequent coalescence of the microstructures and the termination of the chaotic stage in the development of the R–T instability. In the regime with high capillary number, breakup plays a dominant role in the mixing whereas in the low capillary number regime, the flow decelerates and coalescence takes over and causes a more rapid turnover. The speed of mixing and the turnover depend on the immiscibility factor which results from microscopic interactions between the binary fluid components. Both the speed of mixing and the overturn dynamics depend not only on the mascrocopic fluid properties but also on the breakup and coalescent patterns, and most importantly on the nonlinear interactions between the microstructural dynamics and the large-scale flow.

6

Taboada, Martha, Nico Leister, Heike Karbstein, and Volker Gaukel. "Influence of the Emulsifier System on Breakup and Coalescence of Oil Droplets during Atomization of Oil-In-Water Emulsions." ChemEngineering 4, no. 3 (August 3, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4030047.

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Spray drying of whey protein-based emulsions is a common task in food engineering. Lipophilic, low molecular weight emulsifiers including lecithin, citrem, and mono- and diglycerides, are commonly added to the formulations, as they are expected to improve the processing and shelf life stability of the products. During the atomization step of spray drying, the emulsions are subjected to high stresses, which can lead to breakup and subsequent coalescence of the oil droplets. The extent of these phenomena is expected to be greatly influenced by the emulsifiers in the system. The focus of this study was therefore set on the changes in the oil droplet size of whey protein-based emulsions during atomization, as affected by the addition of low molecular weight emulsifiers. Atomization experiments were performed with emulsions stabilized either with whey protein isolate (WPI), or with combinations of WPI and lecithin, WPI and citrem, and WPI and mono- and diglycerides. The addition of lecithin promoted oil droplet breakup during atomization and improved droplet stabilization against coalescence. The addition of citrem and of mono- and diglycerides did not affect oil droplet breakup, but greatly promoted coalescence of the oil droplets. In order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, measurements of interfacial tensions and coalescence times in single droplets experiments were performed and correlated to the atomization experiments. The results on oil droplet breakup were in good accordance with the observed differences in the interfacial tension measurements. The results on oil droplet coalescence correlated only to a limited extent with the results of coalescence times of single droplet experiments.

7

Duncan, Christopher C., and Donald L. Turcotte. "On the breakup and coalescence of continents." Geology 22, no. 2 (1994): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0103:otbaco>2.3.co;2.

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8

Brown, Philip S. "Structural Stability of the Coalescence/Breakup Equation." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 52, no. 22 (November 1995): 3857–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<3857:ssotce>2.0.co;2.

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9

Hu, Y. T., D. J. Pine, and L. Gary Leal. "Drop deformation, breakup, and coalescence with compatibilizer." Physics of Fluids 12, no. 3 (March 2000): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.870254.

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10

Shikhmurzaev, Yulii D. "Coalescence and capillary breakup of liquid volumes." Physics of Fluids 12, no. 10 (2000): 2386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1288513.

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11

Brown, P. "Structural stability of the coalescence/breakup equation." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 22 (December 1996): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9322(97)88462-5.

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12

Wang, Fei, Lin Wang, Guoding Chen, and Donglei Zhu. "Numerical Simulation of the Oil Droplet Size Distribution Considering Coalescence and Breakup in Aero-Engine Bearing Chamber." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 14, 2020): 5648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165648.

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In order to improve the inadequacy of the current research on oil droplet size distribution in aero-engine bearing chamber, the influence of oil droplet size distribution with the oil droplets coalescence and breakup is analyzed by using the computational fluid dynamics-population balance model (CFD-PBM). The Euler–Euler equation and population balance equation are solved in Fluent software. The distribution of the gas phase velocity field and the volume fraction of different oil droplet diameter at different time are obtained in the bearing chamber. Then, the influence of different initial oil droplet diameter, air, and oil mass flow on oil droplet size distribution is discussed. The result of numerical analysis is compared with the experiment in the literature to verify the feasibility and validity. The main results provide the following conclusions. At the initial stage, the coalescence of oil droplets plays a dominant role. Then, the breakup of larger diameter oil droplet appears. Finally, the oil droplet size distribution tends to be stable. The coalescence and breakup of oil droplet increases with the initial diameter of oil droplet and the air mass flow increasing, and the oil droplet size distribution changes significantly. With the oil mass flow increasing, the coalescence and breakup of oil droplet has little change and the variation of oil droplet size distribution is not obvious.

13

Roy, Subhankar, Vikky Anand, and Rochish M. Thaokar. "Breakup and non-coalescence mechanism of aqueous droplets suspended in castor oil under electric field." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 878 (September 19, 2019): 820–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.665.

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The effect of an electric field on the coalescence of two water droplets suspended in an insulating oil (castor oil) in the non-coalescence regime is investigated. Unlike the immediate breakup of the bridge, as reported in earlier studies, e.g. Ristenpart et al. (Nature, vol. 461 (7262), 2009, pp. 377–380), the non-coalescence observed in our experiments indicate that at strong fields the droplets exhibit a tendency to coalesce, the intervening bridge thickens whereafter the bridge dramatically begins to thin, initiating non-coalescence. Numerical simulations using the boundary integral method are able to explain the physical mechanism of thickening of this bridge followed by thinning and non-coalescence. The underlying reason is the competing meridional and azimuthal curvatures which affect the pressure inside the bridge to become either positive or negative under the effect of electric field induced Maxwell stresses. Velocity and pressure profiles confirm this hypothesis and we are able to predict this behaviour of transitory coalescence followed by non-coalescence.

14

Schlottke, Jan, Winfried Straub, Klaus Dieter Beheng, Hassan Gomaa, and Bernhard Weigand. "Numerical Investigation of Collision-Induced Breakup of Raindrops. Part I: Methodology and Dependencies on Collision Energy and Eccentricity." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 3 (March 1, 2010): 557–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas3174.1.

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Abstract Binary collisions of large raindrops moving with terminal fall velocity are numerically investigated using FS3D, a direct numerical simulation (DNS) code based on the “volume of fluid” method. The result of this process can be a permanent coalescence or a temporal coalescence followed by a breakup of the coalesced system into smaller-sized remnants of the original raindrops and a number of fragment droplets of different sizes. In total, 32 drop pairs are studied with sizes chosen to cover nearly completely the entire size parameter range relevant to breakup. This is an important extension of investigations performed in 1982 by Low and List, who studied 10 drop pairs only. Moreover, eccentricity has been introduced as an additional parameter controlling the collision outcome. Eccentricity is defined as the horizontal distance of the initial drops’ centers with values equal to approximately 0 for centric and 1 for grazing collisions. The main results include numerically calculated data of coalescence efficiencies and fragment size distributions with emphasis on eccentricity effects. It is shown that eccentricity largely determines the appearance of specific breakup modes and consequently the respective fragment size distributions. Comparisons are made with the main findings of Low and List. Coalescence efficiency values larger than those derived by Low and List show up for very small Weber numbers. Additionally, the existence of their definite limit value of collision kinetic energy necessary for coalescence could not be confirmed. The fragment size distributions are in some cases similar to those measured by Low and List but there are also major differences for other cases. The presented results are used for parameterizations of coalescence efficiencies and fragment size distributions as well as for calculations of stationary drop spectra shown in Part II of this study.

15

Watanabe, T., and K. Ebihara. "Numerical Simulation of Droplet Flows and Evaluation of Interfacial Area." Journal of Fluids Engineering 124, no. 3 (August 19, 2002): 576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1490128.

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Droplet flows with coalescence and breakup are simulated numerically using the lattice Boltzmann method. It is shown that the rising velocities are in good agreement with those obtained by the force balance and the empirical correlation. The breakup of droplets after coalescence is simulated well in terms of the critical Weber number. A numerical method to evaluate the interfacial area and the volume fraction in two-phase flows is proposed. It is shown that the interfacial area corresponds to the shape, the number and the size of droplets, and the proposed method is effective for numerical evaluation of interfacial area even if the interface changes dynamically.

16

CHIAPPINI, DANIELE, GINO BELLA, SAURO SUCCI, and STEFANO UBERTINI. "APPLICATIONS OF FINITE-DIFFERENCE LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD TO BREAKUP AND COALESCENCE IN MULTIPHASE FLOWS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 20, no. 11 (November 2009): 1803–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183109014746.

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We present an application of the hybrid finite-difference Lattice-Boltzmann model, recently introduced by Lee and coworkers for the numerical simulation of complex multiphase flows.1–4 Three typical test-case applications are discussed, namely Rayleigh–Taylor instability, liquid droplet break-up and coalescence. The numerical simulations of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability confirm the capability of Lee's method to reproduce literature results obtained with previous Lattice-Boltzmann models for non-ideal fluids. Simulations of two-dimensional droplet breakup reproduce the qualitative regimes observed in three-dimensional simulations, with mild quantitative deviations. Finally, the simulation of droplet coalescence highlights major departures from the three-dimensional picture.

17

Gou, Yabin, Haonan Chen, Hong Zhu, and Lulin Xue. "Microphysical processes of super typhoon Lekima (2019) and their impacts on polarimetric radar remote sensing of precipitation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, no. 4 (February 22, 2023): 2439–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2439-2023.

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Abstract. The complex precipitation microphysics associated with super typhoon Lekima (2019) and its potential impacts on the consistency of multi-source datasets and radar quantitative precipitation estimation were disentangled using a suite of in situ and remote sensing observations around the waterlogged area in the groove windward slope (GWS) of Yandang Mountain (YDM) and Kuocang Mountain, China. The main findings include the following: (i) the quality control processing for radar and disdrometers, which collect raindrop size distribution (DSD) data, effectively enhances the self-consistency between radar measurements, such as radar reflectivity (ZH), differential reflectivity (ZDR), and the specific differential phase (KDP), as well as the consistency between radar, disdrometers, and gauges. (ii) The microphysical processes, in which breakup overwhelms coalescence in the coalescence–breakup balance of precipitation particles, noticeably make radar measurements prone to be breakup-dominated in radar volume gates, which accounts for the phenomenon where the high number concentration rather than the large size of drops contributes more to a given attenuation-corrected ZH (ZHC) and the significant deviation of attenuation-corrected ZDR (ZDRC) from its expected values (Z^DR) estimated by DSD-simulated ZDR–ZH relationships. (iii) The twin-parameter radar rainfall estimates based on measured ZH (ZHM) and ZDR (ZDRM), and their corrected counterparts ZHC and ZDRC, i.e., R(ZHM, ZDRM) and R(ZHC, ZDRC), both tend to overestimate rainfall around the GWS of YDM, mainly ascribed to the unique microphysical process in which the breakup-dominated small-sized drops above transition to the coalescence-dominated large-sized drops falling near the surface. (iv) The improved performance of R(ZHC, Z^DR) is attributed to the utilization of Z^DR, which equals physically converting breakup-dominated measurements in radar volume gates to their coalescence-dominated counterparts, and this also benefits from the better self-consistency between ZHC, Z^DR, and KDP, as well as their consistency with the surface counterparts.

18

Reitz, Rolf D. "ATOMIZATION AND DROPLET BREAKUP, COLLISION/COALESCENCE AND WALL IMPINGEMENT." Multiphase Science and Technology 15, no. 1-4 (2003): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/multscientechn.v15.i1-4.280.

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19

LEE, CHUNG-HUR, L. E. ERICKSON, and L. A. GLASGOW. "BUBBLE BREAKUP AND COALESCENCE IN TURBULENT GAS-LIQUID DISPERSIONS." Chemical Engineering Communications 59, no. 1-6 (September 1987): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448708911986.

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20

Watanabe, T., and K. Ebihara. "Numerical simulation of coalescence and breakup of rising droplets." Computers & Fluids 32, no. 6 (July 2003): 823–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7930(02)00022-1.

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21

Leal, L. Gary. "Droplet coalescence and breakup with application to polymer blending." Journal of Central South University of Technology 14, S1 (February 2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-007-0201-2.

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22

Diemer Jr., R. Bertrum, and Jon H. Olson. "Bivariate moment methods for simultaneous coagulation, coalescence and breakup." Journal of Aerosol Science 37, no. 3 (March 2006): 363–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.07.005.

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23

Jo, Daeseong, and Shripad T. Revankar. "Investigation of bubble breakup and coalescence in a packed-bed reactor – Part 2: Development of a new bubble breakup and coalescence model." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 37, no. 9 (November 2011): 1003–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2011.06.015.

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24

Jo, Daeseong, and Shripad T. Revankar. "Investigation of bubble breakup and coalescence in a packed-bed reactor – Part 1: A comparative study of bubble breakup and coalescence models." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 37, no. 9 (November 2011): 995–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2011.06.016.

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25

Fortelný, Ivan, and Josef Jůza. "The Effects of Copolymer Compatibilizers on the Phase Structure Evolution in Polymer Blends—A Review." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 7786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247786.

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This paper summarizes the results of studies describing the effect of block and graft copolymers on the phase structure formation and evolution in immiscible polymer blends. The main phenomenological rules for prediction of the copolymer compatibilization efficiency are briefly described and compared with selected experimental data. The results of the theories of equilibrium distribution of a copolymer between the blend interface and the bulk phases and its effect on the blend interfacial tension are summarized. The theories of the compatibilizer effect on the droplet breakup in flow are analyzed. The mechanisms of the copolymer effect on the coalescence of droplets in flow are compared and their effect on the droplet size is shown. The problems of reliable description of the effect of a copolymer on the coalescence in quiescent state are presented. Obstacles to derivation of a realistic theory of the copolymer effect on the competition between the droplet breakup and coalescence are discussed. Selected experimental data are compared with the theoretical results.

26

Taboada, Martha L., Doll Chutani, Heike P. Karbstein, and Volker Gaukel. "Breakup and Coalescence of Oil Droplets in Protein-Stabilized Emulsions During the Atomization and the Drying Step of a Spray Drying Process." Food and Bioprocess Technology 14, no. 5 (February 19, 2021): 854–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11947-021-02606-1.

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AbstractThe goal of this study was to investigate the changes in oil droplet size in whey protein–stabilized emulsions during the atomization and the subsequent drying step of a spray drying process. For this purpose, experiments were performed in an atomization rig and a pilot spray dryer with two commercial pressure swirl atomizers. By comparing the oil droplet size before atomization, after atomization, and after spray drying, the changes in oil droplet size during each process step were quantified. The effect of oil droplet breakup during atomization was isolated by atomizing emulsions with 1 wt.% oil content and a protein to oil concentration ratio of 0.1. At 100 bar, the Sauter mean diameter of oil droplet size was reduced from 3.13 to 0.61 μm. Directly after breakup, coalescence of the oil droplets was observed for emulsions with a high oil content of 30 wt.%, leading to a droplet size after atomization of 1.15 μm. Increasing the protein to oil concentration ratio to 0.2 reduced coalescence during atomization and oil droplets with a mean diameter of 0.92 μm were obtained. Further coalescence was observed during the drying step: for an oil content of 30 wt.% and a protein to oil concentration ratio of 0.1 the mean droplet size increased to 1.77 μm. Powders produced at high oil contents showed a strong tendency to clump. Comparable effects were observed for a spray drying process with a different nozzle at 250 bar. The results confirm that droplet breakup and coalescence during atomization and coalescence during drying have to be taken into consideration when targeting specific oil droplet sizes in the product. This is relevant for product design in spray drying applications, in which the oil droplet size in the powder or after its redispersion determines product quality and stability.

27

Fortelný and Jůza. "Description of the Droplet Size Evolution in Flowing Immiscible Polymer Blends." Polymers 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2019): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11050761.

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Control of the phase structure evolution in flowing immiscible polymer blends during their mixing and processing is fundamental for tailoring of their performance. This review summarizes present state of understanding and predictability of the phase structure evolution in flowing immiscible polymer blends with dispersed structure. Results of the studies of the droplet breakup in flow, important for determination of the droplet breakup frequency and of the size distribution of the daughter droplets, are reviewed. Theories of the flow-induced coalescence providing equations for collision efficiency are discussed. Approximate analytic expressions reliably describing dependence of the collision efficiency on system parameters are presented. Available theories describing the competition between the droplet breakup and coalescence in flow are summarized and approximations used in their derivation are discussed. Problems with applicability of available theories on prediction of the droplet size evolution during mixing and processing of immiscible polymer blends, which have not been broadly discussed so far, are addressed.

28

Testik, F. Y., A. P. Barros, and L. F. Bliven. "Toward a Physical Characterization of Raindrop Collision Outcome Regimes." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 5 (April 1, 2011): 1097–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3706.1.

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Abstract A comprehensive raindrop collision outcome regime diagram that delineates the physical conditions associated with the outcome regimes (i.e., bounce, coalescence, and different breakup types) of binary raindrop collisions is proposed. The proposed diagram builds on a theoretical regime diagram defined in the phase space of collision Weber numbers We and the drop diameter ratio p by including critical angle of impact considerations. In this study, the theoretical regime diagram is first evaluated against a comprehensive dataset for drop collision experiments representative of raindrop collisions in nature. Subsequently, the theoretical regime diagram is modified to explicitly describe the dominant regimes of raindrop interactions in (We, p) by delineating the physical conditions necessary for the occurrence of distinct types of collision-induced breakup (neck/filament, sheet, disk, and crown breakups) based on critical angle of impact consideration. Crown breakup is a subtype of disk breakup for lower collision kinetic energy that presents distinctive morphology. Finally, the experimental results are analyzed in the context of the comprehensive collision regime diagram, and conditional probabilities that can be used in the parameterization of breakup kernels in stochastic models of raindrop dynamics are provided.

29

Piccone, Ashley. "Bubbles generate their own kind of turbulence." Scilight 2022, no. 36 (September 2, 2022): 361103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0013892.

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Simulations of bubble-induced turbulence, while fundamentally different from those of classical homogeneous isotropic turbulence, do not need to account for bubble shape, topology, or breakup and coalescence.

30

Straub, Winfried, Klaus Dieter Beheng, Axel Seifert, Jan Schlottke, and Bernhard Weigand. "Numerical Investigation of Collision-Induced Breakup of Raindrops. Part II: Parameterizations of Coalescence Efficiencies and Fragment Size Distributions." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 3 (March 1, 2010): 576–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas3175.1.

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Abstract Results of numerically investigated binary collisions of 32 drop pairs presented in Part I of this study are used to parameterize coalescence efficiencies and size distributions of breakup fragments of large raindrops. In contrast to the well-known results of Low and List, it is shown that coalescence efficiencies Ec can be described best by means of the Weber number We yielding Ec = exp(−1.15We). The fragment size distributions gained from our numerical investigations were parameterized by fitting normal, lognormal, and delta distributions and relating the parameters of the distribution functions to physical quantities relevant for the breakup event. Thus, this parameterization has formally a substantial similarity to the one of Low and List, although no reference is made to breakup modes such as filament, disk, and sheet. Additionally, mass conservation is guaranteed in the present approach. The parameterizations from Low and List, as well as the new parameterizations, are applied to compute a stationary size distribution (SSD) from solving the kinetic coagulation–breakup equation until a time-independent state is reached. Although with the parameterizations of Low and List, the SSD shows an often-reported three-peak structure, with the new parameterizations the second peak vanishes completely.

31

Gatapova, Elizaveta Ya, and Kyunney B. Gatapova. "Bubble dynamics in thin liquid films and breakup at drop impact." Soft Matter 16, no. 46 (2020): 10397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm01882a.

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A bubble layer forms in a thin liquid film at drop impact on a hot surface. Bubble coalescence and instability generated by a wave are the reason for irreversible bubble bursting, leading to film breakup at contact boiling.

32

WATANABE, Tadashi, and Kenich EBIHARA. "Variation of Surface Area During Coalescence And Breakup of Bubbles." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2000.13 (2000): 595–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2000.13.595.

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33

Bandara, Uditha C., and Poojitha D. Yapa. "Bubble Sizes, Breakup, and Coalescence in Deepwater Gas/Oil Plumes." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 137, no. 7 (July 2011): 729–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000380.

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34

Scarbolo, Luca, Federico Bianco, and Alfredo Soldati. "Coalescence and breakup of large droplets in turbulent channel flow." Physics of Fluids 27, no. 7 (July 2015): 073302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4923424.

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35

Furey, Michael J., Brian Vick, Hamid M. R. Ghasemi, and Jan Helge Bøhn. "Coalescence and breakup of contact areas: Effects on surface temperatures." Tribology International 40, no. 4 (April 2007): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2005.11.017.

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36

Hu, Zailiang. "The role of raindrop coalescence and breakup in rainfall modeling." Atmospheric Research 37, no. 4 (August 1995): 343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(95)96843-b.

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37

FORTELNÝ, IVAN. "Breakup and Coalescence of Dispersed Droplets in Compatibilized Polymer Blends." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 39, no. 1 (January 19, 2000): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/mb-100100372.

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38

Saha, Abhishek, Joshua D. Lee, Saptarshi Basu, and Ranganathan Kumar. "Breakup and coalescence characteristics of a hollow cone swirling spray." Physics of Fluids 24, no. 12 (December 2012): 124103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773065.

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39

Brown, Philip S. "Parameterization of Drop-Spectrum Evolution due to Coalescence and Breakup." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 44, no. 1 (January 1987): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<0242:podsed>2.0.co;2.

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40

Hasseine, A., A. H. Meniai, M. B. Lehocine, and H. J. Bart. "Assessment of Drop Coalescence and Breakup for Stirred Extraction Columns." Chemical Engineering & Technology 28, no. 5 (May 2005): 552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200407147.

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41

Tao, Sijia, Guangtai Shi, Yexiang Xiao, Zongliu Huang, and Haigang Wen. "Effect of Operating Parameters on the Coalescence and Breakup of Bubbles in a Multiphase Pump Based on a CFD-PBM Coupled Model." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 11 (November 8, 2022): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111693.

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When the multiphase pump is running, the internal medium often exists as bubble flow. In order to investigate the bubble occurrence characteristics in the pressurization unit of the multiphase pump more accurately, this paper couples computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with a population balance model (PBM) to investigate the bubble size distribution law of the multiphase pump under different operating conditions, taking into account the bubble coalescence and breakup. The research shows that the mean bubble size in the impeller domain gradually decreases from 1.7013 mm at the inlet to 0.6179 mm at the outlet along the axis direction; the average bubble diameter in the diffuser domain fluctuates around 0.60 mm. The bubbles in the impeller region gradually change from the trend of coalescence to the trend of breakup along the axial and radial directions, and the bubbles in the diffuser tend to be broken by the vortex entrainment. The bubble size development law is influenced by the inlet gas volume fraction (IGVF) and the rotational speed, showing a more obvious rule, where the gas phase aggregation phenomenon enhanced by the increase in IGVF promotes the trend of bubble coalescence and makes the bubble size gradually increase. The increased blade shearing effect with the increase in rotational speed promotes the trend of bubble breakup, which gradually reduces the size of the bubbles. In addition, increasing the bubble coalescence probability is a key factor leading to changes in bubble size; the bubble size development law is not very sensitive to changes in flow, and the bubble size is at its maximum under design conditions. The research results can accurately predict the performance change of the multiphase pump and provide technical guidance for its safe operation and optimal design.

42

Jacobson, M. Z. "Numerical Solution to Drop Coalescence/Breakup with a Volume-Conserving, Positive-Definite, and Unconditionally Stable Scheme." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 334–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3605.1.

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Abstract This paper discusses a new volume- and volume concentration–conserving, positive-definite, unconditionally stable iterative numerical scheme for solving temporary cloud/raindrop coalescence followed by breakup and the coupling of the scheme with an existing noniterative, volume- and volume concentration–conserving collision/coalescence (coagulation) scheme. The breakup scheme alone compares nearly exactly with a constant-kernel analytical solution at a 300-s time step. The combined coagulation/breakup schemes are stable and conservative, regardless of the time step and number of size bins, and convergent with higher temporal and size resolution. The schemes were designed with these characteristics in mind for use in long-term global or regional simulations. The use of 30 geometrically spaced size bins and a time step of 60 s provides a good compromise between obtaining sufficient accuracy (relative to a much higher-resolution result) and speed, although solutions with a 600-s time step and 30 bins are stable and conservative and take one-eighth the computer time. The combined coagulation/breakup schemes were implemented into the nested Gas, Aerosol, Transport, Radiation, General Circulation, Mesoscale, and Ocean Model (GATOR-GCMOM), a global–urban climate–weather–air pollution model. Coagulation was solved over liquid, ice, and graupel distributions and breakup simultaneously over the liquid distribution. Each distribution included 30 size bins and 16 chemical components per bin. Timing tests demonstrate the feasibility of the scheme in long-term global simulations.

43

List, Roland, C. Fung, and R. Nissen. "Effects of Pressure on Collision, Coalescence, and Breakup of Raindrops. Part I: Experiments at 50 kPa." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 2190–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas2863.1.

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Abstract Previous breakup experiments have been carried out at laboratory pressures (∼100 kPa). However, raindrop interactions mainly take place higher up in the atmosphere, even in the supercooled part of a cloud where drops can be initiated by shedding from hailstones. Thus, 50 kPa, corresponding to a height of ∼5.5 km in the atmosphere at a temperature of ∼−20°C, was selected to bracket the region of interest for rain. Six drop pairs were studied at 50 kPa and laboratory temperature (∼20°C), one of them with reduced surface tension. The apparatus consists of drop-producing nozzles, acceleration systems, deflectors, a timing and selection control, a pressure regulator, and a photographic unit, mostly set up in a low-pressure chamber. After acceleration to terminal speed, a smaller drop is blown into the path of the larger one while an electronic timing system selects suitable drop pairs that may collide, thereby triggering eight subsequent flashes with a frequency of up to 100 kHz. The results are displayed in terms of a normalized fragment probability per size bin, ready for parameterization in the Part II of this paper. Five drop pairs were studied in 772 individual events. Overall, 51% resulted in filament breakup, 22% in sheet breakup, 7% in disk breakup, and 20% ended in coalescence. No bag breakups were observed. When compared to the 100-kPa results, the fragment numbers increased at large collision kinetic energies (CKEs) by factors of between 2.64 and 4.37 with pressure decreasing from 100 to 50 kPa, and they remained unchanged at low CKE. Detailed diagrams and tables show the results for the different drop pairs and collision categories. Increasing the sensitivity of the optical measurements from 0.05 to 0.01 cm increased the number of recognized fragments by factors up to 4.4, but only for the two higher-CKE cases. The higher resolution did not increase the fragment numbers detected in the lower-CKE range.

44

Veevers, J. J. "Phanerozoic Australia in the Changing Configuration of Proto-Pangea Through Gondwanaland and Pangea to the Present Dispersed Continents." Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 1 (1991): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910001.

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The neotectonic supercycle of earth history started 320 million years ago with the initial coalescence of the continents in Pangea. Final coalescence took place 230 Ma ago at the same time as rift valleys induced incipient breakup that became actual from 160 Ma with the start of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The current phase of seafloor spreading is marked by the growth lines of magnetic anomalies, from which reconstructions of the continents during the past 160 Ma are accurately determinable by eliminating the dated parts of the seafloor. Many small terranes or fragments are not so well constrained. Palaeolatitude is less precisely determined by continental indicators of magnetic inclination. All this physical evidence provides a unique solution for continental reconstruction since 320 Ma. Less definite evidence provided by biota and geological facies has to be accommodated within this physical framework. Before the coalescence of Pangea (> 320 Ma) the constraints are reversed. This paleotectonic phase lacks preserved seafloor spreading so that continental palaeomagnetism, biota and geological facies are the only indicators. The changing configuration of Australia and its neighbours in the eastern Gondwanaland province of Pangea - India, Antarctica, Lord Howe Rise-New Zealand Plateau - is detailed through seven stages from the midJurassic breakup of Pangea

45

Wu, Hao, Fujun Zhang, and Zhenyu Zhang. "Droplet breakup and coalescence of an internal-mixing twin-fluid spray." Physics of Fluids 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 013317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0030777.

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46

Longmire, Ellen. "THE IMPORTANCE OF MICRO AND MACRO SCALES IN BREAKUP AND COALESCENCE." Multiphase Science and Technology 15, no. 1-4 (2003): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/multscientechn.v15.i1-4.270.

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47

陈, 自豪. "Numerical Analysis of Bubble Coalescence and Breakup Characteristics under High Gravity." Modeling and Simulation 11, no. 03 (2022): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/mos.2022.113045.

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48

Brown, Philip S. "Analysis and Parameterization of the Combined Coalescence, Breakup, and Evaporation Processes." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 50, no. 17 (September 1993): 2940–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<2940:aapotc>2.0.co;2.

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49

Zhang, Qindan, Yining Wu, Youguang Ma, and Huai Z. Li. "Self-Sustained Coalescence–Breakup Cycles of Ferrodrops under a Magnetic Field." Langmuir 35, no. 37 (August 21, 2019): 12028–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02046.

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50

Liao, Yixiang, Roland Rzehak, Dirk Lucas, and Eckhard Krepper. "Baseline closure model for dispersed bubbly flow: Bubble coalescence and breakup." Chemical Engineering Science 122 (January 2015): 336–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2014.09.042.

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