Книги з теми "Coal Sulfur content China"

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1

A, Attia Yosry, ed. Processing and utilization of high sulfur coals. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.

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2

C, Cobb James. Sulfur in Kentucky coal and the clean air act amendments of 1990. Lexington: Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky, 1992.

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3

Derda, Małgorzata. Izotopy siarki w przyrodzie: Metodyka oznaczania stosunków izotopowych siarki w węglu i ropie naftowej metodą spektrometrii masowej. Warszawa: Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, 1999.

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4

Hackley, Keith C. Study of sulfur behavior and removal during thermal desulfurization of Illinois coals. Champaign, Ill: Illinois State Geological Survey, 1990.

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5

Harvey, Richard D. Characterization of organic sulfur in macerals and chars. Champaign, Ill: Illinois Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological Survey, 1992.

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6

Harvey, Richard D. Characterization of the organic sulfur in macerals and chars. Champaign, Ill: Illinois State Geological Survey, 1990.

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7

Demir, Ilham. Characterization of available (marketed) coals from Illinois mines. Champaign, Ill: Illinois Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological Survey, 1994.

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8

International Conference on Processing and Utilization of High Sulfur Coals. (5th 1993 Lexington, Ky.). Processing and utilization of high-sulfur coals V: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Processing and Utilization of High-Sulfur Coals, October 25-28, 1993. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1993.

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9

International Workshop on Current and Future Plant Nutrient Sulphur Requirements, Availability, and Commercial Issues for China (1995 Beijing, China). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Current and Future Plant Nutrient Sulphur Requirements, Availability, and Commercial Issues for China, March 9, 1995, Beijing, China. [Washington, DC]: The Institute, 1995.

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10

International Conference on Processing and Utilization of High Sulfur Coals. (1st 1985 Columbus, Ohio). Processing and utilization of high sulfur coals: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Processing and Utilization of High Sulfur Coals, October 13-17, 1985, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.

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11

International Conference on Processing and Utilization of High Sulfur Coals. (3rd 1989 Ames, Iowa). Processing and utilization of high-sulfur coals III: Based on the Third International Conference on Processing and Utilization of High-Sulfur Coals, November 14-16, 1989, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990.

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12

International Conference on Processing and Utilization of High Sulfur Coals. (2nd 1987 Carbondale, Ill.). Processing and utilization of high sulfur coals II: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Processing and Utilization of High Sulfur Coals, September 28-October 1, 1987, Carbondale, Illinois, USA. Edited by Chugh Yoginder P and Caudle Rodney D. New York: Elsevier, 1987.

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13

Peterson, Donald B. Barriers to increased coal utilization: Staff report. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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14

International Conference on Processing and Utilization of High Sulfur Coals (4th 1991 Idaho Falls, Idaho). Processing and utilization of high-sulfur coals IV: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Processing and Utilization of High-Sulfur Coals, August 26-30, 1991, Idaho Falls, Idaho, U.S.A. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991.

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15

VanZanten, K. D. Control of sulfur emissions from oil shale retorting using spent shale absorption. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1986.

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16

Vatsky, J. Evaluation of sulfur capture capability of a prototype scale controlled-flow/split-flame burner. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.

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17

United States. Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternate Fuels, ed. U.S. coal reserves: An update by heat and sulfur content. Washington, DC: The Office, 1993.

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18

1923-, Orr Wilson L., White C. M, American Chemical Society. Division of Geochemistry., and American Chemical Society Meeting, eds. Geochemistry of sulfur in fossil fuels. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1990.

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19

United States. Energy Information Administration., ed. U.S. coal reserves: An update by heat and sulfur content. Washington, DC: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1993.

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20

Antti, Itkonen, Finncoal (Firm), Helsingin kaupungin energialaitos, and Imatran Voima Osakeyhtiö, eds. Kivihiilen laatu, saatavuus ja hinta. Helsinki: Ympäristöministeriö, 1985.

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21

Estimation of U.S. coal reserves by coal type: Heat and sulfur content. Washington, D.C: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternate Fuels, 1989.

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22

United States. Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternate Fuels, ed. Estimation of U.S. coal reserves by coal type: Heat and sulfur content. Washington, DC: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1989.

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23

United States. Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternate Fuels., ed. Estimation of U.S. coal reserves by coal type: Heat and sulfur content. Washington, DC: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1989.

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24

United States. Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternate Fuels, ed. Estimation of U.S. coal reserves by coal type: Heat and sulfur content. Washington, DC: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1989.

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25

United States. Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternate Fuels, ed. Estimation of U.S. coal reserves by coal type: Heat and sulfur content. Washington, DC: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1989.

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26

United States. Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternate Fuels, ed. Estimation of U.S. coal reserves by coal type: Heat and sulfur content. Washington, DC: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1989.

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27

United States. Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternate Fuels., ed. Estimation of U.S. coal reserves by coal type: Heat and sulfur content. Washington, DC: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1989.

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28

(Editor), Wilson L. Orr, and Curt M. White (Editor), eds. Geochemistry of Sulfur in Fossil Fuels (Acs Symposium Series). An American Chemical Society Publication, 1998.

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29

United States. Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternate Fuels, ed. U.S. coal reserves: An update by heat and sulfur content. Washington, DC: The Office, 1993.

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30

U.S. coal reserves: An update by heat and sulfur content. Washington, DC: The Office, 1993.

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31

United States. Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternate Fuels, ed. U.S. coal reserves: An update by heat and sulfur content. Washington, DC: The Office, 1993.

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32

United States. Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternate Fuels., ed. U.S. coal reserves: An update by heat and sulfur content. Washington, DC: The Office, 1993.

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33

U.s. Coal Reserves: An Update By Heat And Sulfur Content. Diane Pub Co, 1993.

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34

United States. Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternate Fuels., ed. U.S. coal reserves: An update by heat and sulfur content. Washington, DC: The Office, 1993.

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35

Caudle, Rodney D., and Yoginder P. Chugh. Processing and Utilization of High-sulphur Coals (Coal Science & Technology). Elsevier Science, 1987.

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36

Dugan, Patrick R., and David R. Quigley. Processing and Utilization of High-Sulfur Coals IV: Proceedings (Coal Science and Technology). Elsevier Science Ltd, 1991.

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37

Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 Outlook for Coal Tar, Sulfur, and Resorcinol Dermatological Skin Preparations in Greater China. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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38

U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update By Heat And Sulfur Content... Errata, DOE/EIA-0529(92)... U.S. Department Of Energy. [S.l: s.n., 1998.

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39

Frew, Anthony. Air pollution. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0341.

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Анотація:
Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household pollution from cooking fuels may cause up to two million premature deaths per year in the developing world. The hazards of black smoke air pollution have been known since antiquity. The first descriptions of deaths caused by air pollution are those recorded after the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. In modern times, the infamous smogs of the early twentieth century in Belgium and London were clearly shown to trigger deaths in people with chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In mechanistic terms, black smoke and sulphur dioxide generated from industrial processes and domestic coal burning cause airway inflammation, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and consequent heart failure. Epidemiological analysis has confirmed that the deaths included both those who were likely to have died soon anyway and those who might well have survived for months or years if the pollution event had not occurred. Clean air legislation has dramatically reduced the levels of these traditional pollutants in the West, although these pollutants are still important in China, and smoke from solid cooking fuel continues to take a heavy toll amongst women in less developed parts of the world. New forms of air pollution have emerged, principally due to the increase in motor vehicle traffic since the 1950s. The combination of fine particulates and ground-level ozone causes ‘summer smogs’ which intensify over cities during summer periods of high barometric pressure. In Los Angeles and Mexico City, ozone concentrations commonly reach levels which are associated with adverse respiratory effects in normal and asthmatic subjects. Ozone directly affects the airways, causing reduced inspiratory capacity. This effect is more marked in patients with asthma and is clinically important, since epidemiological studies have found linear associations between ozone concentrations and admission rates for asthma and related respiratory diseases. Ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in both human and animal airways, together with release of chemokines (e.g. interleukin 8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha). Nitrogen oxides have less direct effect on human airways, but they increase the response to allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma. Nitrogen oxide exposure also increases the risk of becoming ill after exposure to influenza. Alveolar macrophages are less able to inactivate influenza viruses and this leads to an increased probability of infection after experimental exposure to influenza. In the last two decades, major concerns have been raised about the effects of fine particulates. An association between fine particulate levels and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity was first reported in 1993 and has since been confirmed in several other countries. Globally, about 90% of airborne particles are formed naturally, from sea spray, dust storms, volcanoes, and burning grass and forests. Human activity accounts for about 10% of aerosols (in terms of mass). This comes from transport, power stations, and various industrial processes. Diesel exhaust is the principal source of fine particulate pollution in Europe, while sea spray is the principal source in California, and agricultural activity is a major contributor in inland areas of the US. Dust storms are important sources in the Sahara, the Middle East, and parts of China. The mechanism of adverse health effects remains unclear but, unlike the case for ozone and nitrogen oxides, there is no safe threshold for the health effects of particulates. Since the 1990s, tax measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have led to a rapid rise in the proportion of new cars with diesel engines. In the UK, this rose from 4% in 1990 to one-third of new cars in 2004 while, in France, over half of new vehicles have diesel engines. Diesel exhaust particles may increase the risk of sensitization to airborne allergens and cause airways inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive epidemiological work has confirmed that there is an association between increased exposure to environmental fine particulates and death from cardiovascular causes. Various mechanisms have been proposed: cardiac rhythm disturbance seems the most likely at present. It has also been proposed that high numbers of ultrafine particles may cause alveolar inflammation which then exacerbates preexisting cardiac and pulmonary disease. In support of this hypothesis, the metal content of ultrafine particles induces oxidative stress when alveolar macrophages are exposed to particles in vitro. While this is a plausible mechanism, in epidemiological studies it is difficult to separate the effects of ultrafine particles from those of other traffic-related pollutants.
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