Статті в журналах: "Coal liquefaction Data processing"

1

Gordienko, M. O. "The selection of technological basis of deep processing of coal." Journal of Coal Chemistry 4 (2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31081/1681-309x-2021-0-4-15-21.

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THE SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL BASIS OF DEEP PROCESSING OF COAL © M.O. Gordienko (State Enterprise "Ukrainian State Research Coal Chemical Institute (UHIN)", 61023, Kharkov, Vesnina st., 7, Ukraine) The article is devoted to the analysis of the possibility of expanding the raw material base of thermal energy, as well as meeting the demand for motor fuels and chemical products through the thermochemical processing of coal, the reserves of which are large enough and available for extraction and transportation. Moreover, in contrast to technologies such as methanization and liquefaction, the most promising type of deep processing of coal seems to be its gasification. This process is carried out in sealed devices of high power according to the technologies that have a long history of improvement on an industrial scale by the world's leading companies. It was emphasized that Ukraine has significant reserves of low-calorie coal (constantly expanding due to waste of coal preparation), the thermochemical processing of which can significantly expand the domestic energy base. The basic principles of classification and technological foundations of existing industrial and industrial research installations for gasification of coal and similar materials are given. The basic diagrams and main parameters of the existing installations, which carry out the gasification process at temperatures below the melting point of the mineral (ash-forming) components of the raw material, are described - Sasol Lurgi and SES Gasification Technology (SGT). Based on the data on the world experience in the operation of thermochemical coal processing units, it is shown that low-temperature (carried out at a temperature below the melting point of the mineral ashforming components) gasification of various types of non-coking coal with certain technological solutions can be no less effective than more complex and expensive high-temperature technologies. There are grounds for believing that the efficiency of gasification with ash removal in a solid state can be further increased by using some of the technological capabilities available in coke production. Keywords: brown coal, non-coking coals, thermochemical processing, gasification, efficiency, degree of carbon conversion, energy carriers, synthesis gas, environmental safety. Corresponding author M.O. Gordienko, е-mail: yo@ukhin.org.ua

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2

Gordienko, M. O. "The selection of technological basis of deep processing of coal." Journal of Coal Chemistry 4 (2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31081/1681-309x-2021-0-4-15-21.

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THE SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL BASIS OF DEEP PROCESSING OF COAL © M.O. Gordienko (State Enterprise "Ukrainian State Research Coal Chemical Institute (UHIN)", 61023, Kharkov, Vesnina st., 7, Ukraine) The article is devoted to the analysis of the possibility of expanding the raw material base of thermal energy, as well as meeting the demand for motor fuels and chemical products through the thermochemical processing of coal, the reserves of which are large enough and available for extraction and transportation. Moreover, in contrast to technologies such as methanization and liquefaction, the most promising type of deep processing of coal seems to be its gasification. This process is carried out in sealed devices of high power according to the technologies that have a long history of improvement on an industrial scale by the world's leading companies. It was emphasized that Ukraine has significant reserves of low-calorie coal (constantly expanding due to waste of coal preparation), the thermochemical processing of which can significantly expand the domestic energy base. The basic principles of classification and technological foundations of existing industrial and industrial research installations for gasification of coal and similar materials are given. The basic diagrams and main parameters of the existing installations, which carry out the gasification process at temperatures below the melting point of the mineral (ash-forming) components of the raw material, are described - Sasol Lurgi and SES Gasification Technology (SGT). Based on the data on the world experience in the operation of thermochemical coal processing units, it is shown that low-temperature (carried out at a temperature below the melting point of the mineral ashforming components) gasification of various types of non-coking coal with certain technological solutions can be no less effective than more complex and expensive high-temperature technologies. There are grounds for believing that the efficiency of gasification with ash removal in a solid state can be further increased by using some of the technological capabilities available in coke production. Keywords: brown coal, non-coking coals, thermochemical processing, gasification, efficiency, degree of carbon conversion, energy carriers, synthesis gas, environmental safety. Corresponding author M.O. Gordienko, е-mail: yo@ukhin.org.ua

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3

Nishioka, Masaharu, Wallace Laird, Prakash G. Bendale, and Ronald A. Zeli. "New Direction to Preconversion Processing for Coal Liquefaction." Energy & Fuels 8, no. 3 (May 1994): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00045a020.

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4

Singh, Kaushlendra, and John Zondlo. "Co-processing coal and torrefied biomass during direct liquefaction." Journal of the Energy Institute 90, no. 4 (August 2017): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2016.06.001.

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5

Murko, Vasilii, Marina Baranova, and Irina Grishina. "Deep processing of organic mass of finely dispersed coal waste." E3S Web of Conferences 315 (2021): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131502014.

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The technological and technical possibility of deep processing of coal by its liquefaction using the methods of extreme mechanochemical and physical effects has been determined; recommendations have been developed for the applied use of the obtained materials in heat power engineering. The organic part of the solid mass of the prepared coal-oil suspension, which has turned into a relatively heavy organic liquid, can be used as a boiler or motor fuel, as well as a feedstock for the production of various hydrocarbon liquids. The resulting mixture of hydrocarbons can be subjected to rectification to obtain hydrocarbon fractions for the production of plastics, oil fractions and the entire spectrum of hydrocarbons for secondary use. The effective use of the above substances will make it possible to obtain not only economic, but also a significant environmental effect. The possibility of liquefying the organic mass of coal using decalin as a hydrogen donor is shown. It was found that the addition of 3% decalin improves the liquefaction process during cavitation treatment. Liquefaction of the organic mass of coal is accompanied by the splitting of the structures of macromolecules of organic substances of coal into aromatic fragments with a lower molecular weight. It should be noted that the developed technology will solve the problem of increasing the value of the final coal product, including by involving unused fine coal sludge into circulation.

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6

Weller, Sol W. "Kinetics of Coal Liquefaction: Interpretation of Data." Energy & Fuels 9, no. 2 (March 1995): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00050a026.

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7

Yoshida, Ryoichi, Hidemi Ishiguro, Shinichi Yokoyama, and Yosuke Maekawa. "SHORI COAL LIQUEFACTION AND ITS CO-PROCESSING WITH PETROLEUM RESIDUE." Petroleum Science and Technology 6, no. 1 (1988): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08843758808915877.

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8

Du, Kun, Yufeng Zeng, and Ronghuan Qin. "Coliquefaction of coal-plastic mixtures by two-stage methods." Europub Journal of Exact and Engineering Research 3, no. 1 (September 28, 2022): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54749/ejeerv3n1-003.

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The two-stage co-processing of coal with medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) was investigated using ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATTM) as a catalyst. The first-stage plastic pyrolysis carried out at 420 °C, 6.0 MPa hydrogen pressure and HZSM-5 as catalyst. The second-stage coal and MDPE co-liquefaction had been performed in a hydroprocessing unit at 430 °C and 6.0 MPa hydrogen pressure with ATTM catalyst. A competitive experiment was performed by the way of one stage co-liquefaction of coal with MDPE using ATTM as catalyst and tetraline as solvent. The aim of the experiments was to determine the effect of the use of the waste plastic pyrolysis product as solvent. The results indicate that the hydroprocessed liquids of both the one stage and the two-stage co-processing of coal with MDPE have about 70% of compounds with boiling point below 350 °C, and meet the sulphur and nitrogen specifications for refinery feedstocks.

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9

Mastral, Ana M., Begoña Rubio, and L. Membrado. "Data on low rank coal liquefaction from DRIFT analysis." Fuel 68, no. 12 (December 1989): 1584–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(89)90298-6.

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10

Yoshida, Ryoichi, Makoto Miyazawa, and Yosuke Maekawa. "Battle River Coal Liquefaction and Its Co-Processing with Tar-Sand Bitumen." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 60, no. 1 (January 1987): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.60.369.

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11

Ji, Jie, Yong Shang Zhao, and Shi Fa Xu. "Study on Properties of the Blends with Direct Coal Liquefaction Residue and Asphalt." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.316.

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This paper studies the properties of the blends composed of DCLR (direct coal liquefaction residue) and asphalt using two different processing methods, compares the regulation that the DCLR additive content and processing method take influence on the high-temperature properties, low-temperature properties and durability of the blends. It is found that the DCLR can improve the high-temperature properties of asphalt but degrade its low-temperature properties. The properties of blends composed of DCLR, asphalt and furfural extract oil are tested and analyzed by adding a certain amount of furfural extract oil into it, which shows that adding DCLR can improve the high-temperature properties of asphalt and reduce its low-temperature properties but can hardly cause any impact on the properties of the blends. In addition, the processing method has a direct influence on the properties of blends.

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12

Xia, Xiao Hong, Ying Liu, Yong Qin, and Wei Feng Yang. "Coal Macerals Response to Coal Liquefying Activity Based on SPSS - Take No.11 Coalbed in Antaibao Mine for Example." Advanced Materials Research 466-467 (February 2012): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.466-467.323.

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Coal liquefaction is the available, adoptable method of relieving the energy crisis from crude oil supply in large scale. The coal type and react activity are hot research. In this paper, From the SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions) data correlation analysis and hierarchical clustering graph about the macerals respond to coal liquefaction yield, all the correlation coefficients determine the liquefying activity of submacerals. It shows that every liquefaction intendancy is agreed with the maceral inherent petrology property, and these views have been found in previous study. The results indicated that by means of SPSS method, we can take investigation when there is not proper experiment condition. Compared with painstaking seperating-maceral experiment and the impossible separation to submacerals, it may be a simple, accurate, comprehensively, completely and practically method in a sense.

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13

Qiu, Li Xin. "The Sensitivity Analysis of the Investment Decisions of the Coal Industry under the Restriction of Water Resources." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 2627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2627.

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For investment decision in the coal industry under the background of specific resources and environment in northwest, the influence of coal processing and conversion on water environment was studied, and the evaluation index system on water environmental influence was established. The TOPSIS method was used to assess the influence of air cooled generating electricity, indirect liquefaction of coal and coal-based methanol on water environment in northwest. For the evaluation results, sensitivity of the weight on the objective was discussed, and the range of various weights of the resources and environmental indicators was gained, and sensitivity analysis of sort stability about the optimal and sub-optimal program was done.

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14

Tian, Bo, Hao Zhang, Jie Liu, Yibin Liu, and Chaohe Yang. "Coupling Oil Increase by Coal Liquefaction Residue Pyrolysis and Coal Pyrolysis Depolymerization Based on Big Data." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2152, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2152/1/012009.

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Abstract With the continuous improvement of big data technology, my country’s coal liquefaction technology has also continued to mature, maintaining a stable industrial development. Traditional coal pyrolysis technology for tar production with the purpose of increasing tar production, such as coal hydropyrolysis, has problems such as high cost of pure hydrogen atmosphere and complex process and equipment operations, which severely restrict its industrial operation process. Based on this, this paper proposes a new technology of coal pyrolysis and depolymerization coupled with oil increase by using hydrogen precipitated by the condensation polymerization reaction at relatively high temperature under big data technology to study the effect of this process on coal pyrolysis for oil production. Experiments show that at 700°C, the tar yield reaches 21.5wt.%, which is 6% and 7% higher than the pyrolysis tar yield under the same conditions under hydrogen and nitrogen atmospheres. At 600°C, the methane aromatization reaction is relatively weak, and it can be seen that the tar yield is only slightly higher than that under hydrogen and nitrogen atmospheres. As the temperature of the methane anaerobic aromatization reaction increases, the equilibrium conversion rate increases accordingly. Therefore, as the reaction temperature increases, the tar yield also begins to increase.

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15

Chu, Xi Jie, Yong Gang Wang, and Li Hong Zhao. "Research on Pyrolysis Kinetics of Shenhua Coal and Direct Liquefaction Residue." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2758–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2758.

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The pyrolysis tests of Shenhua coal and Shenhua direct liquefaction residue have been carried out using thermogravimetric at the differential heating rate. The kinetic parameters k and E were calculated using DAEM method. Results show DAME model can describe the pyrolysis behavior of Shenhua coal within the range of 20% to 95%, the activation energy of coal pyrolysis ranges from 53.98 to 279.38 kJ/mol, and DAME model can describe the behavior of Shenhua direct liquefaction residue within the range of 10% to 80%, the activation energy of residue pyrolysis is about 170 kJ/mol. The results of which are basically consistent with the experimental data.

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16

Yoshida, T. "Prediction of coal liquefaction reactivity by solid state 13C NMR spectral data." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 43, no. 4 (July 2002): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(02)86147-1.

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17

Yoshida, T., M. Sasaki, K. Ikeda, M. Mochizuki, Y. Nogami, and K. Inokuchi. "Prediction of coal liquefaction reactivity by solid state 13C NMR spectral data." Fuel 81, no. 11-12 (July 2002): 1533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-2361(02)00075-3.

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18

Malhotra, Ripudaman, Donald F. McMillen, E. Lorraine Watson, and David L. Huestis. "Characterization of coal liquefaction resids by field ionization mass spectrometry: correlating spectral features with processing parameters." Energy & Fuels 7, no. 6 (November 1993): 1079–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00042a054.

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19

Bo, Tian, and Chaohe Yang. "Experiment and Algorithm Research of Coal Direct Liquefaction Residual Oil Pyrolysis and Coking Technology Based on Lumped Kinetic Engineering." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (January 31, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3610246.

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With the development of computer operation technology and algorithms, the lumped dynamic model is more practical, and the development and application are more comprehensive. Among them, the direct coal liquefaction residual oil pyrolysis and coking technology, as a coal-to-liquid process, can increase the oil yield of the coal liquefaction process and reduce environmental pollution. The purpose of this paper is to study the experiment and algorithm of coal direct liquefaction residual oil pyrolysis and coking technology based on lumped kinetic engineering. Starting from the lumped kinetic engineering, this paper takes the direct coal liquefaction residual oil pyrolysis and coking technology as the research object. Based on the experiment of small- and medium-sized equipment, the residual oil pyrolysis and coking experiment is carried out. This paper further analyzes the components of the experimental products and explores the factors that affect the yield of residual pyrolysis oil based on the five lumped kinetic model of coking. Experimental data shows that when the pyrolysis temperature is 450°C, the content of liquefied heavy oil HS in the pyrolysis oil is 47.87%, the content of asphaltene A is 44.28%, and the content of preasphaltene PA is 7.85%; the pyrolysis temperature is 500 °C. At this time, the content of liquefied heavy oil HS in the pyrolysis oil is 54.97%, the content of asphaltene A is 40.23%, and the content of preasphaltene PA is 4.8%. It can be seen that, with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the content of liquefied heavy oil HS increases, and the content of asphaltene A and preasphaltene PA decreases.

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20

van Ballegooy, S., P. Malan, V. Lacrosse, M. E. Jacka, M. Cubrinovski, J. D. Bray, T. D. O'Rourke, S. A. Crawford, and H. Cowan. "Assessment of Liquefaction-Induced Land Damage for Residential Christchurch." Earthquake Spectra 30, no. 1 (February 2014): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/031813eqs070m.

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Christchurch, New Zealand, experienced four major earthquakes (Mw 5.9 to 7.1) since 4 September 2010 that triggered localized to widespread liquefaction. Liquefaction caused significant damage to residential foundations due to ground subsidence, ground failure, and lateral spreading. This paper describes the land damage assessment process for Christchurch, including the collection and processing of extensive data and observations related to liquefaction, the characterization of liquefaction effects on land performance, and the quantification of losses for insurance compensation purposes. The paper also examines the effectiveness of several existing liquefaction vulnerability parameters and a new parameter developed through this research, Liquefaction Severity Number ( LSN), in explaining the observed liquefaction-induced damage in residential areas of Christchurch using results from 11,500 cone penetration tests (CPTs) as well as a robust regional groundwater model.

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21

Li, Fan Xiu, Xing Ping Wen, and Shao Jin Yi. "Numerical Measurement and Data Processing of Air Pollution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 577 (July 2014): 1219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.1219.

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Relational analysis method was a data process method used to sort out the correlation extent of effect factors in a system with uncertain information. Common mathematical methods were not applicable for describing the relationship. A new method, equivalent numerical relational degree (ENRD) model was developed to evaluate the effect of different factors on air pollution. The effects of different factors-the port throughput, amount of coal, industrial output, and motor vehicle ownership, investment in fixed assets, real estate development and construction of housing construction area on the quality of atmospheric environment were studied. The degrees of correlation were calculated according to ENRD and the values of the port throughput, amount of coal, industrial output, motor vehicle ownership, investment in fixed assets, real estate development and construction of housing construction area were 0.7947, 0.7943, 0.7289, 0.7238, 0.6702 and 0.6527, respectively. From these values, the relations of these factors to the quality of atmospheric environment could be described and evaluated, and the port throughput and amount of coal were relatively major.

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22

Tian, Yuhong, Qiaoxia Ren, Xueru Bai, Bailong Liu, Xiande Jing, and Xinzhe Lan. "Effect of direct coal liquefaction residue on the properties of fine blue-coke-based activated coke." Green Processing and Synthesis 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-0033.

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Abstract Activated coke was obtained by CO2 activation with disused fine blue-coke serving as the main raw material and direct coal liquefaction residue (DCLR) as binder. The effect of the dosage and activation temperature of DCLR on the compressive strength of active coke and desulfurization were mainly investigated. The experimental results showed that the compressive strength of the activated coke increased first and then decreased with the increase in the amount of D-DCLR (DCLR after ash removal). When the amount of D-DCLR was 40%, the compressive strength of the activated coke was 492.55 N and the specific surface area was the highest (189.78 m2·g−1) among other samples. The results show that the activated coke has a high removal rate for low concentrations of sulfur dioxide. This work provides a way for efficient utilization of DCLR, which avoids waste of resources and environmental pollution. In addition, it is important for finding green and efficient blue-coke powder processing and utilization technology for the sustainable development of the blue-coke industry.

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23

Li, Qiaoling, Suping Peng, and Guangui Zou. "High resolution processing of 3D seismic data for thin coal seam in Guqiao coal mine." Journal of Applied Geophysics 115 (April 2015): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2015.02.014.

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24

Liu, Xiu, and Chris Aldrich. "Explaining anomalies in coal proximity and coal processing data with Shapley and tree-based models." Fuel 335 (March 2023): 126891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126891.

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25

Gupta, Rajinder K., Jennifer K. Spiker, and Don L. Crawford. "Biotransformation of coal by ligninolytic Streptomyces." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-110.

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The chemistry of coal liquefaction by Streptomyces viridosporus, Streptomyces setonii and Streptomyces badius was studied. These ligninolytic actinomycetes solubilized lignite and bituminous coals when coal particles were placed on the surfaces of mycelial lawns on agar culture media. On agar, liquefaction proceeded with the formation of clear to black water-soluble products. Up to 40% of some coals was solubilized in 3 weeks. Lignite coals were also solubilized in liquid shake flask cultures. Coal solubilization by S. viridosporus was oxidative, as shown by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Compared to the starting coals, the soluble products were enriched in oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and ash, but were lower in hydrogen relative to carbon. Insoluble coal residues were less altered than the liquefied products, but they were higher in ash content than the starting coals. Chemical analysis of culture filtrates showed that some low molecular weight products were released, but most of the soluble products were acid precipitable and probably polymeric. Lignite coal solubilization by the S. viridosporus did not require induction and in liquid media solubilization was always accompanied by a significant increase in medium pH. When medium pH was not allowed to become basic, extracellular coal solubilizing activity was negligible. Extracellular solubilizing activity was heat stable, and ultrafiltration experiments showed that the solubilizing agent was of less than 10 000 molecular weight. Coal solubilizing activity of S. viridosporus culture supernatants could be eliminated by lowering their pH, but the activity could be recovered by raising the pH back up to above neutral. Phosphate and Tris buffers of varying strength and pH showed that nonbiological solubilization of lignite coal occurred under basic conditions. The combined data show that biological lignite coal solubilization by these Streptomyces is mediated by alkaline products that the cells release into the growth medium. These findings confirm and expand an earlier report by others that coal solubilization by Streptomyces setonii may be nonenzymatic.

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26

He, Qing Song, and Fan Gui Zeng. "Survey and Evaluation of Coalfield Geological Exploration and Coal Resources Based on Remote Sensing Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 3930–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.3930.

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With the development of computer science and information technology, computer data mining technology is updated, which makes the image mosaic technology that can detail data processing for remote sensing image. On this basis, this paper uses advanced computer image processing technology to carry on the combination of wavelet decomposition, combined with the GIS remote sensing technology, the coal exploration and investigation evaluation technique are carried out in-depth discussion. The paper establishes the mathematical model of GIS remote sensing image processing, and through the wavelet decomposition method, the function of image processing is given. In the third part, combined with the MATLAB data processing software, coal GIS satellite remote sensing image is carried out resource evaluation by the programming operation and the size distribution of coal rock is drawn, the coal content evaluation data table of remote sensing area is finally obtained, in which the content of No. 1 coal seam is highest reached 9860 tons, the horizontal extension of four coal seams is between 200-500m, and the longitudinally is extending between 50-100m.

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27

Smirnova, Arina, Kirill Varnavskiy, Fedor Nepsha, Roman Kostomarov, and Shaojie Chen. "The Development of Coal Mine Methane Utilization Infrastructure within the Framework of the Concept “Coal-Energy-Information”." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 26, 2022): 8948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238948.

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The operation of coal mines is intricately linked with emitting a large quantity of coal mine methane, and in most cases, this methane releases into the atmosphere. In total, according to statistics, coal mining enterprises emit 8% of anthropogenic methane, determining a contribution to greenhouse gas emissions to the amount of 17%. There are various means for coal mine methane utilization. In this study, the concept “Coal-Energy-Information” is proposed. This concept implies both the construction of data processing centers on the industrial sites of coal mines and the usage of coal mine methane. Coal mine methane can be used as a primary energy source for the energy supply of data processing center consumers as well as coal mine consumers with necessary energy resources (electricity, heat, and cooling). Within the framework of the proposed concept, three options of coal mine methane utilization are considered. The first option is the use of gas genset for electrical and thermal energy generation (cogeneration) and their usage for coal mine and constructed data processing centers and consumers’ power supply. The second option is absorption refrigerator usage (with coal mine methane direct burning) for cooling the IT equipment of constructed data processing centers. The last one is the use of a gas genset and absorption refrigerator (trigeneration) for constructed data processing centers’ and coal mine consumers’ energy supplies (electricity, heat, and cooling). In conclusion, it is noted that proposed concept is closely correlated with the program for the development of the coal industry in Russia for the period up to 2035, since it allows creating a base for the implementation of innovative technologies based on digital platforms that ensure the development of coal mining technology without the constant presence of personnel in underground mining facilities.

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28

Frątczak, Jakub, José M. Hidalgo Herrador, Jaromír Lederer, Lee Stevens, Clement Uguna, Colin Snape, José L. Gómez de la Fuente, Lukáš Anděl, Petr Svoboda, and Filomena Pinto. "Direct primary brown coal liquefaction via non-catalytic and catalytic co-processing with model, waste and petroleum-derived hydrogen donors." Fuel 234 (December 2018): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.06.131.

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29

Slavinskaya, N. A., U. Riedel, V. E. Messerle, and A. B. Ustimenko. "Chemical Kinetic Modeling in Coal Gasification Processes: an Overview." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 15, no. 1 (December 24, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj134.

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Coal is the fuel most able to cover world deficiencies in oil and natural gas. This motivates the development of new and more effective technologies for coal conversion into other fuels. Such technologies are focused on coal gasification with production of syngas or gaseous hydrocarbon fuels, as well as on direct coal liquefaction with production of liquid fuels. The benefits of plasma application in these technologies is based on the high selectivity of the plasma chemical processes, the high efficiency of conversion of different types of coal including those of low quality, relative simplicity of the process control, and significant reduction in the production of ashes, sulphur, and nitrogen oxides. In the coal gasifier, two-phase turbulent flow is coupled with heating and evaporation of coal particles, devolatilization of volatile material, the char combustion (heterogeneous/porous oxidation) or gasification, the gas phase reaction/oxidation (homogeneous oxidation) of gaseous products from coal particles. The present work reviews literature data concerning reaction kinetic modelling in coal gasification. Current state of related kinetic models for heterogeneous/homogeneous oxidation of coal particles, included plasma assisted, is reviewed.

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30

Hobiger, Manuel, Paolo Bergamo, Walter Imperatori, Francesco Panzera, Agostiny Marrios Lontsi, Vincent Perron, Clotaire Michel, Jan Burjánek, and Donat Fäh. "Site Characterization of Swiss Strong-Motion Stations: The Benefit of Advanced Processing Algorithms." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 111, no. 4 (June 8, 2021): 1713–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120200316.

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ABSTRACT Since 2009, 91 new strong-motion stations were built for the renewal of the Swiss Strong Motion Network. Another nine stations will be installed until 2022. For each new station, an extensive site characterization study is performed to model the 1D seismic-velocity profile and, for some sites, the liquefaction potential. Geophysical (passive and active surface-wave methods) and geotechnical cone penetration test (CPT) with additional pore-pressure measurement (CPTu) and seismic CPT (SCPT) methods are used. Analyzing the passive and active recordings with a variety of established and advanced methods, the fundamental frequency of the site, the polarization of the wavefield, the Love- and Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity dispersion curves, and the Rayleigh-wave ellipticity function are retrieved. The liquefaction potential is assessed using CPTu. SCPT measurements are sometimes used to determine the shallow underground structure. The benefits of the combination of different appropriate methods are shown for two examples—the borehole station SBUS in Buochs and the upcoming borehole station SCME in Collombey-Muraz. At both the sites, the CPTu measurements show an elevated liquefaction potential. Combining the passive and active data, the dispersion curves for Love and Rayleigh waves and Rayleigh-wave ellipticity curves are retrieved over a wide-frequency range and inverted for the S-wave velocity profile, in which the shallow part is constrained by the active or SCPT data, the intermediate part by the dispersion curves of the passive methods, and the deepest part by the ellipticity information. For Buochs, the 1D SH-wave amplification functions modeled for the velocity profiles are compared with the empirical amplification for earthquake recordings. Finally, an overview of the site characterization results for 52 of the newly installed seismic stations is given.

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31

Wang, Yan Ming, Gou Qing Shi, Xiao Xing Zhong, and De Ming Wang. "PLS Regression on Coal Infrared Spectrum with Wavelet Pre-Processing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 80-81 (July 2011): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.80-81.279.

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Study on multivariate calibration for infrared spectrum of coal was presented. The discrete wavelet transformation as pre-processing tool was carried out to decompose the infrared spectrum and compress the data set. The compressed data regression model was applied to simultaneous multi-component determination for coal contents. Compression performance with several wavelet functions at different resolution scales was studied, and prediction ability of the compressed regression model was investigated. Numerical experiment results show that the wavelet transform performs an effective compression preprocessing technique in multivariate calibration and enhances the ability in characteristic extraction of coal infrared spectrum. Using the compressed data regression model, the reconstructing results are almost identical compared to the original spectrum, and the original size of the data set has been reduced to about 5% while the computational time needed decreases significantly.

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32

Yuan, Xingzhi, Baosheng Zhang, Ruimin Liang, Ruizhi Wang, and Yulong Sun. "Environmental Impact of the Natural Gas Liquefaction Process: An Example from China." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (March 2, 2020): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051701.

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Considering its clean and environmental characteristics, natural gas has gradually attracted attention from countries around the world. China’s coal-to-gas project has significantly increased the country’s demand for, and supply of, natural gas. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has also been gradually promoted, owing to its advantages of easy storage and transportation. However, the natural gas liquefaction process includes multiple phases, and each phase generates substantial industrial pollutants, such as CO2, SO2, and NOx. Despite this, the resulting environmental impacts have not been quantitatively assessed. Therefore, based on the production process of a liquefaction plant in the Shanxi Province, China, in this study, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model was used to analyze the pollutant discharge in the unit’s natural gas liquefaction production process. By collecting data on the production capacity and composition reports of the eight major LNG-producing provinces, such as Henan, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Shanxi, Ningxia, and Hebei, the total amount of pollutants discharged from the natural gas liquefaction process in China was estimated. Finally, the environmental impact of the natural gas liquefaction process was evaluated according to the results of the environmental impact of pollutants. Our study arrived at the following conclusions: (i) 93.60% of China’s natural gas liquefaction output is concentrated in eight provinces; (ii) in terms of the unit’s LNG production, the Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP), Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) and Dust Potential (DP) proportions of each province explained the gas composition of LNG production gas sources in each province; (iii) the environmental problems caused by natural gas liquefaction were different in each provinces. In addition, we suggested relevant policy recommendations. First, the formulation of LNG-related policies should consider environmental pollution produced during the liquefaction stage. Second, if the problem of pollutant discharge in the liquefaction of natural gas is properly solved, it will not only reduce environmental pollution, but also generate additional income. Third, different provinces should optimize production technology based on the different gas qualities.

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Zhang, Jun. "Study on the SVM Processing Model of the GPS Monitoring Data of Coal Mine Subsidence." Applied Mechanics and Materials 598 (July 2014): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.598.436.

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In order to make the GPS monitoring data of coal mine subsidence useful and effective in engineering practice, this paper tries to analyze the exceptional handling processing model of the GPS monitoring data of coal mine subsidence under the guidance of the principle of support vector machine (SVM) regression, its calculating method and the application of regression program produced by MATLAB. By comparing the result of the exceptional handling processing model established on practical measured data with the one of the polynomial function fitting, this thesis proves that the application of vector regression algorithm in studies on the exceptional handling processing model of the GPS monitoring data is highly effective.

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34

Li, Hao, Yun Cai, Biao Yang, and Ming Fei Wu. "A Fast Geological Logging Technique of Underground Coal Mines Based on Photogrammetry." Advanced Materials Research 663 (February 2013): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.663.661.

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Aiming at the deficiency of current geological logging method on the coal working face, the geological logging information system for coal mines based on digital camera is developed, integrating techniques of photogrammetry, graphic and image processing, and GIS. Emphasis is mainly placed on the fast acquisition of images from coal mining and excavation faces, photographic information processing and geological logging method, thus achieving the integrated work pattern of data acquisition, computer-aided processing and logging mapping. The experiment shows that by applying the fast geological logging technique of coal mines, the logging result which is accurate, authentic, reliable and satisfies the current requirements can be obtained, improving the work efficiency and result quality, therefore providing a new means and approach for geological logging of underground coal mines.

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Jia, Rui Sheng, Hong Mei Sun, Chong Qing Zhang, and Xue Ting Lv. "Modeling for Safety Evaluation of Coal Mine Roof Based on Information Fusion." Advanced Materials Research 143-144 (October 2010): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.143-144.439.

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Factors that affect the safety of coal mine roof is a multi-faceted, information fusion technology can take full advantage of multi-source information complementary, comprehensive, and improving information quality and credibility of coal mine roof safety. In analyzing the current monitoring means, a coal mine roof safety evaluation model is presented based on information fusion, and given information processing steps of multi-sensor data analysis, processing, distribution and integration based on Dempster-Shafer evidence theory; For the elimination of multi-source data fusion of uncertain factors, proposed coal mine roof safety decision-making rules; The simulation analysis shows that the validity of the model and practicality.

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36

Tuncev, Denis, Vitaliy Har'kov, and Maksim Kuznecov. "PROCESSING SUNFLOWER HUSK INTO HIGH STRENGTH COAL BRIQUETTES." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, no. 4 (April 12, 2020): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2020-86-90.

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An urgent problem of the modern agro-industrial complex is the low efficiency of the use of secondary raw materials. On the basis of Rosstat data, in 2018 almost 13 million tons of sunflower seeds were collected in the country, which led to the accumulation of up to 1.8-3.2 million tons of husk, which is the ballast component of the technology for producing sunflower oil. Oil refineries continuously bear the costs of storage, safety, and the removal and disposal of such waste in landfills. Sunflower husk has a high calorific value, so thermochemical processing methods allow for the integrated processing of unclaimed raw materials of plant origin with moderate capital costs in energy and various chemical products. An experimental laboratory setup for conductive pyrolysis of plant materials has been developed to produce high-strength coal briquettes. The advantages of conductive heat feed pyrolysis reactors are simplicity of design and ease of maintenance. The results of a pilot study of the conductive pyrolysis process of sunflower husk showed that the obtained coal briquettes have a low ash content (6.2%), their maximum yield (29%) was achieved at a pressing pressure of 25 kg/cm2, and the maximum density of the samples was 1139 kg/cm3 (pressing pressure 153 kg/cm2). It was found that an increase in pressing pressure from 20 to 150 kg/cm2leads to an increase in the density of coal briquettes by 16%, and the maximum value of compression pressure is 566 kg/cm2. Also, at a compaction pressure of more than 50 kg/cm2, the impact resistance index during discharge reaches 100%. The developed technology provides a large mass yield of coal briquettes with high quality characteristics, which indicates the promise of utilizing sunflower husk by conductive pyrolysis in the fuel feed for the metallurgical industry.

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37

Atamanyuk, O. A. "ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTS OF SEPARATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS AT COAL MINING AND COAL PROCESSING ENTERPRISES OF UKRAINE." Journal of Coal Chemistry 5 (2021): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31081/1681-309x-2021-0-5-15-25.

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The article describes the organizational regional structure of industrial waste management in modern Ukraine, which will improve the efficiency of industrial waste management systems and industrial energy facilities in Ukraine. The structure of industrial waste management at different system levels, from the national to the level of an industrial enterprise, is described. The data on the recommendations of the World Health Organization on the emissions of toxicants into the air and the data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine on the content of the main pollutant gases in air emissions from stationary sources of Ukraine from 1990 to 2018 are presented. The scheme of the negative impact on the environment of emissions of pollutants from stationary sources – production facilities of coal mining and coal processing is characterized. Comparative data on the indicators of the volumes of toxic waste generation at the enterprises of European countries and the heavy industry of Ukraine are given. It is shown that the main sources of the impact of coal processing enterprises and coal processing industries on all spheres of the environment are organized and unorganized dust and gas emissions, discharges of process wastewater and effluents from the surface and from the volumes of dumps and sludge collectors of coal processing plants. As a result of comprehensive research by the authors, a number of coal dumps of concentrating factories in Eastern Ukraine have been studied, migration routes and concentration of rare and heavy metal compounds in the soil near coal dumps have been investigated. Rather stringent standards for the content of hazardous substances in industrial waste require special methods for neutralizing coal sludge before final disposal and / or disposal.of the raw materials used to obtain humic acids. The corresponding equations are given. Keywords: coal sludge, coal preparation plants, coal dumps, sludge collectors, surface runoff, environmental pollution, emissions into the atmosphere, gaseous, liquid and solid toxicants. Corresponding author O.М. Kasimov, e-mail: nto@ukhin.org.ua

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38

Strand, Julian, Reem Freij-Ayoub, and Shakil Ahmed. "Simulating the impact of coal seam gas water production on aquifers." APPEA Journal 52, no. 1 (2012): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11042.

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Derived from a larger scale project, which studied geomechanical issues associated with coal seam gas (CSG) production, this paper investigates a hypothetical case study based on the Latrobe Valley, Gippsland Basin, Victoria. The paper focuses on examining aquifer water management associated with CSG production-related water extraction. As such, the paper limits itself to determining the volume of water production from a hypothetical case study area in the Latrobe Valley. A simplistic property model and methane production strategy has been used. The impact of extraction of this water on the hydraulic head in aquifers underlying the produced seams is quantified. The Latrobe Valley Depression contains 129,000 million tonnes of coal resources and is one of the world’s largest, and lowest cost, energy sources. Most of Victoria’s electricity is generated using coal from the Loy Yang, Morwell and Yallourn mines. In addition to these massive operations, significant additional coal resources are available and unallocated at this time. Opportunities exist for the continued usage of these resources for electricity production, gasification, liquefaction and other coal conversion processes, as well as solid fuel for industrial, domestic and other uses. The existence of data from the Victorian Department of Primary Industries 2003 coal resource model was the main reason for the selection of the case study, and their data was used to form a model of the stratigraphy of the Latrobe Valley. Aquifer models were simulated in MODFLOW, based on extraction figures modelled in the CSG simulator COMET3.

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39

Zhong, Tao, Pei Jie Lou, Hong Xin Ruan, and Bo Zhang. "Construction of Coal Mine Comprehensive Informatization Based on Kilomega Fiber-Optic Industry Ether Ring Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 88-89 (August 2011): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.88-89.448.

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Based on the enhancement of coal mine integrated automation, building safety in automatical production and scheduling control system are increasingly improving with advanced technology, higher informatization level and powerful processing ability. This paper foucs on the comprehensive industry network of kilomega fiber-optic industry ether ring network, and presents synthesized automation software platform which is object-oriented and possesses the function of distributed processing, which aims to achieve data collection, processing, storage and browsing for every subsystem of coal mine production. On this basis, we design a set of scheduling control system in terms of comprehensive display for monitor information of coal mine production and various kinds of office equipment applied to scheduling control centre. It provides a high quality platform for coal mine comprehensive informatization in Bao Dian.

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40

Castello, Daniele, Thomas Pedersen, and Lasse Rosendahl. "Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass: A Critical Review." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 3165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113165.

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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of biomass is emerging as an effective technology to efficiently valorize different types of (wet) biomass feedstocks, ranging from lignocellulosics to algae and organic wastes. Significant research into HTL has been conducted in batch systems, which has provided a fundamental understanding of the different process conditions and the behavior of different biomass. The next step towards continuous plants, which are prerequisites for an industrial implementation of the process, has been significantly less explored. In order to facilitate a more focused future development, this review—based on the sources available in the open literature—intends to present the state of the art in the field of continuous HTL as well as to suggest means of interpretation of data from such plants. This contributes to a more holistic understanding of causes and effects, aiding next generation designs as well as pinpointing research focus. Additionally, the documented experiences in upgrading by catalytic hydrotreating are reported. The study reveals some interesting features in terms of energy densification versus the yield of different classes of feedstocks, indicating that some global limitations exist irrespective of processing implementations. Finally, techno-economic considerations, observations and remarks for future studies are presented.

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41

Yu, Xue Xiang, Wei Cai Lü, Fa Wen Jiang, Hui Huang, Yu Fu Hang, Xu Yang, and Ya Zhou Zhu. "Research on the Automatic Monitoring System for Coal Mining Subsidence." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 1355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.1355.

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The automatic monitoring system for coal mining subsidence is introduced from the main research contents, composition of system, construction of system, etc. in this paper. The system is based on GNSS CORS technology, GIS technology, computer network communication technology, mobile PDA technology, modern measurement data processing technology. It takes GNSS reference station subsystem, GNSS CORS monitoring station subsystem, data monitoring center subsystem, subsystem of real-time data acquisition terminal and subsystem of communication as core modules. Equipment monitoring, data collecting and transmitting, data processing and analyzing ,subsidence predicting and early warning, mining damage evaluating are built up into a automatic monitoring system for coal mining subsidence. This system can provide decision-making basis for mine safety mining and geological environmental governance.

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42

Wahidah, Rohmatul, and Abdul Basid. "INTERPRETATION OF COAL POTENTION USING GROUND PENETRATING RADAR (GPR) METHOD." Jurnal Neutrino 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/neu.v10i1.4563.

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<pre>Coal exposure founded at Klatak Kebo Ireng village in Besuki Tulungagung precisely in the vicinity of the river. Energy needs is increasing so the coal used for one of alternative energy source that can be used by society. This study was conducted to determine of the potential distribution coal modeling on geological structure. Identification of coal structure is using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) 2005 it conducted because this method is more suitable for shallow of surveys. The location for taking data is around the river that showed to exposure. There are 5</pre>th lines of taken data with length about 50 until 100 meters. Data processing was done using of software Future series 2005. The data displayed with software in the color pattern to obtain based on the constant of dielectric and conductivity. The results of interpretation study are the data indicates that there is a coal on the overall trajectory. Only in 2nd track contain little of coal. The Coal layers are appear in processing the results of data is thickness about 6 at the top. In the area of study also found the cavity (cavity area) which contained of several tracks. On the bottom of the track there is a pattern of coal reddish of yellow color which indicates that material contains of minerals.

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43

Sugiarto, Sugiarto, Peppy Herawati, and Anggrika Riyanti. "Analisis Konsentrasi SO2, NO2 dan Partikulat pada Sumber Emisi Tidak Bergerak (Cerobong) Berbahan Bakar Batubara dan Cangkang (Studi Kasus di Kabupaten Muaro Jambi)." Jurnal Daur Lingkungan 2, no. 1 (April 8, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/daurling.v2i1.20.

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The palm oil processing industry in which produces Crude Palm Oil (CPO) generally uses boilers. The combustion process with a boiler will produce pollutants in the form of particulates (dust), and gases such as NO2 and SO2. There are two palm oil processing industries in Muaro Jambi District that use different fuels: coal and oil palm shell. The purpose of this study was to determine the ratio of SO2, NO2 and particulate concentration in industries that use coal and oil palm shell. Primary data taken in the form of concentrations of SO2, NO2 and particulates also meteorological data. Secondary data taken in the form of map area, height and diameter of the boiler, and production capacity. Sampling time is in the morning, afternoon and evening which is repeated in 3 times. The results showed that the comparison of NO2 and SO2 concentrations produced from coal-fired boilers was higher than shell-fired boilers, but both were still below the quality standard. Particulate concentrations in the palm oil processing industry that use coal-fired boilers are above the quality standard, while shell-fired boilers still meet quality standards.

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44

Jasiūnas, Lukas, Thomas Helmer Pedersen, and Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl. "Biocrude Production via Non-Catalytic Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Fucus vesiculosus Seaweed Processing Residues." Recycling 6, no. 3 (July 4, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6030045.

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The potential of using cold water brown macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus for biocrude production via non-catalytic supercritical hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) was studied. Demineralization, residue neutralization, and high value-added product (alginate and fucoidan) extraction processes were carried out before using the biomass for HTL biocrude production. Acid leaching was carried out using three demineralization agents: distilled water, dilute citric acid solution, and the diluted acidic aqueous by-product from a continuous HTL pilot facility. Alginate was extracted via H2SO4 and NaCO3 bathing, and fucoidan was extracted using CaCl2. Experimental data show that none of the leaching agents was greatly efficient in removing inorganics, with citric acid leaching with extensive neutralization reaching the highest ash removal efficiency of 47%. The produced 6 sets of biocrudes were characterized by elemental and thermogravimetric analyses. Short (10-min retention) HTL and the extent of leaching residue neutralization were also investigated. Highest biocrude yields were recorded when liquefying non-neutralized citric acid leaching, alginate, and fucoidan extraction residues. On the other hand, thermochemical conversions of short retention time HTL, full neutralization extent, and baseline (dried raw macroalgae) biomass performed worse. Specifically, the highest biocrude yield of 28.2 ± 2.5 wt.% on dry ash-free feedstock basis was recorded when liquefying alginate extraction residues. Moreover, the highest energy recovery of 52.8% was recorded when converting fucoidan extraction residues.

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45

Sheta, Sahar, Muhammad Sher Afgan, Zongyu Hou, Shun-Chun Yao, Lei Zhang, Zheng Li, and Zhe Wang. "Coal analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: a tutorial review." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 34, no. 6 (2019): 1047–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ja00016j.

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This review article forms a guideline for LIBS contribution in coal analysis, encompassing fundamental aspects, operation modes, data processing, and analytical results. LIBS applications related to coal utilization are also highlighted (fly ash analysis and combustion monitoring).

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46

Wang, Da Hu, Yan Nan Shi, and Wen Bo Chen. "Design of Coal mining Roof Pressure Monitoring System Based on Labview." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 1019–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.1019.

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In order to monitor the press of mining roof in combined face, the paper design a coal mining roof pressure monitoring system. The system includes roof pressure testing device, intelligent portable data acquisition meter and upper lever computer monitoring and processing system. Roof pressure testing device is mainly testing the pressure of mining roof and transmitting pressure data to intelligent portable data acquisition meter by infrared communication technology within the allotted time. Intelligent portable data acquisition meter can also transmit pressure data to upper lever computer monitoring and processing system for further analysis and storage. Test results indicate that the system can achieve long-term continuous monitoring to roof pressure and provide the reference frame about roof control through the analysis of the monitoring results.

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47

Chen, Yuexin, Shunbao Liao, and Dahui Qin. "Study on inversion of coal seam temperature in mining area --Pingshuo mining area of Shanxi Province." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016503014.

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Landsat 8 is widely used in the extraction of surface temperature, but the data of surface temperature and abnormal area in Pingshuo mining area is vacant based on Landsat 8 in recent years, and there is no standard optimal algorithm to follow. In order to explore the possibility of underground coal fire in Pingshuo mining area of Shanxi Province in the future, based on the Landsat 8 satellite data, the temperature inversion method is used to observe the temperature distribution of the mining area, and three commonly used algorithms of temperature inversion processing are used to compare and analyze the SC algorithm as the best data processing method. The artificial threshold method and NDVI threshold method are used to extract the temperature anomaly area and vegetation coverage area, and calculate the area and proportion of coal fire potential area. According to a series of the data and result charts analysis, it shows that: the highest vegetation index of Pingshuo mining area is 0.79, the vegetation coverage is low, and the surface temperature is more than 41.44 ℃, which may lead to the spontaneous combustion of underground coal mines. However, the area prone to underground coal fires is small and controllable. According to the area of potential coal fires in the mining area, the local relevant departments can take relevant measures to prevent coal fire through the distribution map of potential coal fires.

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48

Okur, Volkan. "GIS based approach to analyze soil liquefaction and amplification: A case study in Eskisehir, Turkey." Open Geosciences 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 855–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0067.

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Abstract This study involves gathering the geological and geotechnical data and processing them in 3D structural model for the assessment of the likelihood of liquefaction hazard. A total of 467 borehole logs up to 30 m of depth were analyzed. Based on engineering characteristics of the soil formation, Geographical Information System based subsurface model maps and liquefaction hazard maps were prepared. Also microtremor measurements have been taken on different locations to assess the amplification of the alluvial formation. By obtaining amplification spectrum between the soil layers and response spectra at the top of the bedrock and at ground surface, a thematic map on amplification factor is produced. It is believed such kind of visual models will help engineers and designers on all aspects of future development of the cities especially transportation, infrastructure, and land uses against possible earthquake hazards.

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49

Varnavskiy, K., F. Nepsha, R. Kostomarov, and Q. G. Chen. "Underground hard-coal mine as a hosting facility for a data processing center infrastructure." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 684, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/684/1/012015.

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50

Nie, Ailan. "Application of 3D seismic data fine processing technology in District 31, Qinan coal mine." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 525 (July 7, 2020): 012094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/525/1/012094.

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