Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Côte d'Ivoire – Economic policy"

The research into the preconditions and sources of international labour migration in the era of globalisation (security aspects) is caused, first of all, by the negative trends observed in the reproduction of the population of Europe, in particular, a decrease in the demographic potential of families, a drop in the birth rate, an increase in morbidity, and a decrease in the average life expectancy, which lead to deformation of the age structure of the population. In contrast to the mentioned factors of development of human potential, positive measures that will have a long-term nature of action and will not immediately produce the desired results of regulating the labour migration of the population as a significant component of the overall increase of the population and a factor of renewal of its potential can have a much faster effect. For modern Europe, the question of the impact of labour migration on the development of the state’s economy has been quite relevant for a long time, because the processes of labour migration, which have their own characteristics during the period of economic transformation, are an important component of the social policy of each state. Recently, the nature, volume, composition and direction of internal and external labour migration flows in connection with the transformation of socio-economic relations, the democratisation of public life, the simplification of the procedures for going abroad and changing the place of residence, the economic crisis and the drop in the standard of living of the population have been significant changes and acquired a new meaning. They were reflected, first of all, in the reduction of the intensity of labour migration within individual states and at the interstate level, a significant outflow of the population, and the formation of powerful and constant flows of external labour migration. This and a number of other circumstances dictate the need for a more detailed study of the research of the preconditions and sources of international labour migration in the era of globalisation (security aspects), which will make it possible to build an appropriate model of migration regulation in general, which, in turn, will contribute to the development of the economy of European states.StreszczenieBadania nad uwarunkowaniami i źródłami międzynarodowej migracji zarobkowej w dobie globalizacji z punktu widzenia bezpieczeństwa są spowodowane przede wszystkim negatywnymi trendami obserwowanymi w procesie reprodukcji ludności Europy, w szczególności spadkiem potencjału demograficznego rodzin, spadkiem liczby urodzeń, wzrostem zachorowalności i spadkiem przeciętnego trwania życia, co prowadzi do deformacji struktury wiekowej ludności. W przeciwieństwie do wspomnianych czynników rozwoju potencjału ludzkiego, pozytywne środki, które mają długoterminowy charakter działania i nie przyniosą natychmiastowych pożądanych rezultatów w postaci regulacji migracji zarobkowej ludności jako istotnego składnika ogólnego wzrostu liczby ludności i czynnika odnowy jej potencjału, mogą wywołać znacznie szybszy efekt. Dla współczesnej Europy kwestia wpływu migracji zarobkowej na rozwój gospodarki państwa jest dość istotna od dawna, ponieważ procesy migracji zarobkowej, które mają swoje własne cechy w okresie transformacji gospodarczej, są ważnym elementem polityki społecznej każdego państwa. W ostatnim czasie charakter, wielkość, struktura i kierunek wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych przepływów migracji zarobkowej w związku z transformacją stosunków społeczno-gospodarczych, demokratyzacją życia publicznego, uproszczeniem procedur wyjazdu za granicę i zmiany miejsca zamieszkania, kryzysem gospodarczym i spadkiem poziomu życia ludności uległy znaczącym zmianom i nabrały nowego znaczenia. Znalazły one odzwierciedlenie przede wszystkim w zmniejszeniu intensywności migracji zarobkowej wewnątrz poszczególnych państw i na poziomie międzypaństwowym, znacznym odpływie ludności oraz powstawaniu silnych i stałych strumieni zewnętrznej migracji zarobkowej. Te i wiele innych okoliczności wskazują na potrzebę bardziej szczegółowego zbadania uwarunkowań i źródeł międzynarodowej migracji zarobkowej w dobie globalizacji z uwzględnieniem aspektów bezpieczeństwa, co pozwoli na zbudowanie odpowiedniego modelu regulacji migracji w ogóle, co przyczyni się tym samym do rozwoju gospodarki państw europejskich.ZusammenfassungDie Erforschung der Determinanten und Quellen der internationalen Arbeitsmigration im Zeitalter der Globalisierung unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Sicherheit ist vor allem auf die negativen Tendenzen zurückzuführen, die im Reproduktionsprozess der europäischen Bevölkerung zu beobachten sind, insbesondere auf den Rückgang des demografischen Potenzials der Familien, den Rückgang der Geburtenrate, die Zunahme der Morbidität und die Abnahme der Lebenserwartung, was zu einer Deformation der Altersstruktur der Bevölkerung führt. Im Gegensatz zu den vorstehenden Faktoren der Entwicklung des Humanpotenzials können einige positive Maßnahmen eine viel schnellere Wirkung haben. Sie sind jedoch langfristig und haben keinen unmittelbaren Effekt. Dazu zählt u.a. die Arbeitsmigration der Bevölkerung, als ein wichtiges Komponent des gesamten Bevölkerungswachstums und ein Faktor für die Erneuerung des Bevölkerungspotenzials. Für das gegenwärtige Europa ist die Frage nach den Auswirkungen der Arbeitsmigration auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung eines Landes seit langem von großer Bedeutung, da Arbeitsmigrationsprozesse, die während des wirtschaftlichen Übergangs ihre eigenen Merkmale aufweisen, ein wichtiges Element der Sozialpolitik eines jeden Landes darstellen. In jüngster Zeit haben Art, Umfang, Struktur und Richtung der internen und externen Arbeitsmigrationsströme im Zusammenhang mit der Umgestaltung der sozioökonomischen Beziehungen, der Demokratisierung des öffentlichen Lebens, der Vereinfachung der Verfahren für die Abwanderung und den Umzug ins Ausland, der Wirtschaftskrise und dem Rückgang des Lebensstandards der Bevölkerung erhebliche Veränderungen erfahren und neue Bedeutung erlangt. Diese spiegeln sich vor allem in einer Verringerung der Intensität der inner- und zwischenstaatlichen Arbeitsmigration, in einer erheblichen Abwanderung der Bevölkerung und in der Entstehung starker und stetiger Ströme der externen Arbeitsmigration wider. Diese und viele andere Umstände weisen auf die Notwendigkeit hin, die Determinanten und Quellen der internationalen Arbeitsmigration im Zeitalter der Globalisierung unter Berücksichtigung von Sicherheitsaspekten genauer zu untersuchen, um ein geeignetes Modell für die Regulierung der Migration im Allgemeinen zu entwickeln und so zur Entwicklung der Volkswirtschaften der europäischen Länder beizutragen.РезюмеИсследование детерминант и источников международной трудовой миграции в эпоху глобализации в плане безопасности обусловлено прежде всего негативными тенденциями, наблюдаемыми в процессе воспроизводства населения Европы, в частности снижением демографического потенциала семей, уменьшением рождаемости, ростом заболеваемости и сокращением продолжительности жизни, что приводит к деформации возрастной структуры населения. В отличие от вышеперечисленных факторов развития человеческого потенциала, гораздо более быстрый эффект могут дать позитивные меры, которые носят долгосрочный характер и не приводят к сиюминутному желаемому эффекту регулирования трудовой миграции населения как важной составляющей общего прироста населения и фактора обновления демографического потенциала. Для современной Европы вопрос о влиянии трудовой миграции на развитие экономики страны является достаточно актуальным уже давно, так как процессы трудовой миграции, имеющие свои особенности в период экономических преобразований, являются важным элементом социальной политики каждой страны. В последнее время характер, размеры, структура и направленность внутренних и внешних потоков трудовой миграции в связи с трансформацией социально-экономических отношений, демократизацией общественной жизни, упрощением процедур выезда за рубеж и переезда, экономическим кризисом и снижением уровня жизни населения подверглись существенным изменениям и приобрели новое значение. Это выражается, прежде всего, в снижении интенсивности внутригосударственной и межгосударственной трудовой миграции, значительном оттоке населения и появлении мощных и устойчивых потоков внешней трудовой миграции. Эти и многие другие обстоятельства указывают на необходимость более тщательного изучения детерминант и источников международной трудовой миграции в эпоху глобализации с учетом аспектов безопасности для построения адекватной модели регулирования миграции в целом, способствующей развитию экономики европейских стран.ResumenLa investigación de los factores determinantes y las fuentes de las migraciones laborales internacionales en la era de la globalización (aspectos de seguridad) está motivada principalmente por las tendencias negativas observadas en la reproducción de la población europea, en particular el descenso del potencial demográfico de las familias, la caída de la natalidad, el aumento de la morbilidad y la disminución de la esperanza de vida, que conllevan una deformación de la estructura por edades de la población. A diferencia de los factores de desarrollo del potencial humano antes mencionados, las medidas favorables que se adopten a largo plazo y que no produzcan inmediatamente los resultados deseados de regulación de la migración laboral de la población como componente esencial del crecimiento global de la población y factor de renovación de su potencial, pueden tener un efecto mucho más rápido. Para la Europa contemporánea, la cuestión del impacto de la migración laboral en el desarrollo de la economía de un país es un tema de gran actualidad desde hace mucho tiempo, ya que los procesos de migración laboral, que presentan sus propias peculiaridades en tiempos de transición económica, son un factor de suma importancia en la política social de cada país. Recientemente, la naturaleza, el tamaño, la composición y la dirección de los flujos migratorios laborales internos y externos vinculados a los cambios en las relaciones socioeconómicas, la democratización de la vida pública, la simplificación de los procedimientos para salir al extranjero y cambiar de residencia, la crisis económica y el descenso del nivel de vida de la población han experimentado cambios significativos y han adquirido un nuevo significado. Éstos se manifestaron sobre todo en una reducción de la intensidad de la migración laboral dentro de cada Estado y, a nivel interestatal, en una considerable salida de población y en la creación de potentes y permanentes flujos externos de migración laboral. Estas y otras circunstancias determinan la necesidad de examinar con mayor detenimiento los fundamentos y las fuentes de la migración laboral internacional en la era de la globalización (aspectos de seguridad), con el fin de elaborar un modelo adecuado de regulación de la migración que, a su vez, contribuya al desarrollo de las economías de los países europeos.

The present policy of all countries of the world towards narcotic and psychotropic drugs is in fact prohibitionIST. This means that all circulation of such drugs ‒ their manufacture, transport, import, export, introduction into trade, giving, and sometimes also possession – is illegal and carries most severe penal sanctions in some cases. It should be borne in mind, though, that this prohibition is ONLY about eighty years old now. Before, despite a large numer of addicts (not at all smaller than today according to some estimations), purely medical approach to such persons prevailed, and the drugs were subject only (if at all) to some administrative control and rationing at most. The drug prohibition emerged immediately after World War I, chiefly in United Stetes. As can be judged today, the criminalization of drugs and addicts introduced in those days was highly emotional. For this reason, by no means the harmfulness of narcotic and psychotropic drugs on both the individual and the social scale, one should consider the use and reasons of prohibitive policy from the viewpoint of today’s standards of rational criminalization. It is unquestionable that any social policy with respect to drugs should aim first and foremost at reduction of their consumption. The question remains, though, about the extent to which prohibition and penal law can actually serve towards this aim. Universal in the world of today as it is, the prohibitive approach to drugs assumes a variety of forms. There are different models of prohibition which base on different penal law regulations. They can be classified in two dimensions: restrictiveness vs. permissiveness, and repressiveness vs. treatment. Te first of the above dimensions pertains to the extent of criminalization; the other one – to treatment by the law of addicted offenders. Restrictive systems are those which provide for absolute prohibition with no exceptions whatever and ban all circulation of drugs, possession included. Instead, permissive systems provide for an extent of decriminalization of that circulation, chiefly with respect to possession of drugs. Involved here is usually decriminalization, or even total depenalization of possession of specific amounts of drugs or drugs possessed for a specific purpose as e.g. own consumption. This depenalization can be introduced not only by substantive law but also by procedural provisions law. In this latter case, elements of expediency are introduced, offering the prosecutor or court the possibility to discontinue proceedings or to drop the charge. Repressive systems treat addicted offenders like all the other offenders, applying to them regular penal sanctions both for traditional criminal offenses (as e.g.. theft), and for the “prohibitive” ones (such as possession of drugs). Treatment-oriented systems, instead, reflect a belief as to futility of punishing addicts: within tchem, attempts are made at implementing a principle “tratment instead of punishment”. In most cases, this means that an addict can avoid penal sanction if he submits to withdrawal treatment. The actual application of such provisions on conditional stay of proceedings usually depends on the seriousness of the offense committed. It can be stated that most of today’s European legislations try more or less consistently to combine elements of permissiveness with the treatment orientation. Particularly useful in the analysis of the reason and sense of prohibition are specific economic notions and categories used successfully within so-called economic approach in criminology: demand and supply. Therefore, to what extent are prohibition and penal law capable of reducing the demand for narcotic and psychotropic drugs? First, the demand for those substances is created by a great variety of categories of individuals. The first such category are the consumers. This group, however, is by no means uniform as it consists of both addicted persons, occasional users, and experimenters. Another group which is of great importance in terms of the aims of prohibition are potential consumers, that is practically the whole of socjety if we take the extreme approach. Penal law can influence those groups through its instruments of special and general prevention. The possibilities of applying individual prevention to addicts or occasional users are minimal, though, which results from the very essence of addiction. It is a general opinion today that punishment cannot force an addict to give up his addiction. Only therapy can potentially be successful here; but – an extremely important issue – therapy to which a person submits voluntarily. Today’s spread of this opinion is expressed in the above-mentioned principle of “treatment instead of punishment”. It means that, the very principle of prohibition preserved, penal repression with respect to addicts is avoided. In this interpretation, the individual preventive action of punishment is reserved for the group of persons who experiment with drugs (as it would be simply impossible to criminalize a mere wish to take drugs). The question still remains, though, whether punishment as a form of shock therapy makes any sense here. The general preventive effect of penal law assumes the forms of either deterrence or so-called positive prevention. Deterrence is entirely out of the question in the case of addicted drug consumers due to the considerable rigidity of their demand. Yet deterrence is just as inefficient with respect to potential consumers. This is caused by a huge dark number of “prohibition”, resulting from their specific nature of offenses without no victims: the police encounter immense difficulties trying to disclose such acts. Most legislators try to make up for these weak points introducing severe statutory penalties. This is ineffective in the light of the long-discovered truth that it is rather inevitability than severity of punishment that determines the effectiveness of deterrence. A similar problem arises with respect to potential integrative function of penal law. The question is whether this kind of function – consisting in reinforcement of specific values with the aim to integrate a group – can really be performed by relatively seldom euforced provisions such as no doubt the penal law provisions designed to safeguard prohibition. What remains, therefore, is just the argument, classically used when discussing the problem of decriminalization, that this step might be interpreted as a consent to a specific behavior (here, the taking of drugs) which, in turn, might have disastrous consequences. In this interpretation, prohibition is the last outpost to curb completely unrestrained spread of drug addiction. Penal law's inability to exert any crucial influence on demand considered, it is assumed more and more often today that prohibition aims basically at reducing the supply of drugs. The application of penal law to this area is justified to the extent that its addressees are not addicts but manufacturers, smugglers, dealers and other such persons most of whom are not drugs consumers themselves but only derive profit from the addiction of others. No doubt, penal law sometimes succeeds to eliminate such persons by means of incapacitation or deterrence. Generally, though, there is a specific and important internal contradiction involved in prohibition: delegalization of drugs in a situation of continued demand makes the provision of supply a most attractive activity since it yields immense profits. As a result, not even the most severe penalties can either deter those involved in this activity or prevent the recruitment of their successors, the less so as the risks they run are actually rather small for reasons that have been mentioned above. It might perhaps prove possible to eliminate all supply of drugs, but not without the use of universal terror. This option, however, is out of the question in a democratic state governed by the ruled by law. Therefore, are there any alternatives to prohibition? The answer seems to be yes. First and foremost, one should realize the crucial problem of today’s drug addiction is demand. Admittedly, the demand for drugs can be seen as a apecific cultural constant, something we have to put up with. One should bear in mind, however, the attempts at influencing that phenomenon with constructive and creative rather than destructive methods. Quite obviously, this is an extremely difficult and entangled task – as difficult and entangled as any struggle against the couses and not just the synptoms of a social problem. It seems, however, that work on developing constructive strategies to fight the demand for drugs is the basic challenge of modern civilization. Namely, if we manage to gain any influence over the couses that make so many young people of today reach for drugs – if we manage to cause a reduction of that demand – departure from prohibition and resumption of the purely medical approach to drugs might perhaps become possible. For this reason, decriminalization or legalization of drugs should be seen today as a long-term strategic aim; before it can actually be achieved, prolonged preparations, experiments, small steps strategies, and chiefly efforts towards reduction of demand by methods other than repression are necessary. I believe it would be too risky if we tried to run this operation straight away and to leave the matter to be regulated by nothing but the forces of the free market. Finally, the fact has to be borne in mind that decriminalization can only be sensible if it is done globally; this means that such decision require close international co-operation and co-ordination.

Curriculum material is generally considered the subject matter of information, talents, dispositions, understandings, and principles that make up research programs in the field. At a more complex level, the curricula need to contain historical and socio-political strengths, traditions, cultural views, and goals with wide differences in sovereignty, adaptation, and local understanding that encompass a diversity of cultures, laws, metaphysics, and political discourse This study aims to develop a curriculum with local content as a new approach in early childhood science learning. The Local Content Curriculum (LCC) is compiled and developed to preserve the uniqueness of local culture, natural environment, and community crafts for early childhood teachers so that they can introduce local content to early childhood. Research and model development combines the design of the Dick-Carey and Dabbagh models with qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that local content curriculum products can be supplemented into early childhood curricula in institutions according to local conditions. Curricula with local content can be used as a reinforcement for the introduction of science in early childhood. The research implication demands the concern of all stakeholders to see that the introduction of local content is very important to be given from an early age, so that children know, get used to, like, maintain, and love local wealth from an early age. Keywords: Early Childhood, Scientific Learning, Local Content Curriculum Model References: Agustin, R. S., & Puro, S. (2015). Strategy Of Curriculum Development Based On Project Based Learning (Case Study: SMAN 1 Tanta Tanjung Tabalong South Of Kalimantan ) Halaman : Prosiding Ictte Fkip Uns, 1, 202–206. Agustina, N. Q., & Mukhtaruddin, F. (2019). The Cipp Model-Based Evaluation on Integrated English Learning (IEL) Program at Language Center. 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Property ownership is an ancient concept and plays an important role in determining the status of each individual in society and for the nation's development. During the past 70 years since its inception, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which is the Socialist Republic of Vietnam today, has only policy guidelines for this guarantee. Keywords: property ownership, private economic, private ownership. References: [1] Melvin Urofsky, Rights of The People: Individual Freedom and The Bill of Rights.[2] Garrett Hardin, The tragedy of the commons, Science 162 (3859) 1968.[3] Milton Friedmen and Rose Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago, IL., 1962.[4] Nguyen Huy Vien, Developing private economy, the people will be richer and the country will be stronger, 22/05/2019.https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/tuanvietnam/tieudiem/chi-khi-kinh-te-tu-nhan-phat-trien-moi-co-dan-giau-nuoc-manh-533536.html.[5] Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto, 1848, London.[6] Pham Thi Thanh Binh, Private economy: An important driving force in Vietnam's economic development, tapchitaichinh.vn 13/01/2018. http://tapchitaichinh.vn/nghien-cuu--trao-doi/trao-doi-binh-luan/kinh-te-tu-nhan-dong-luc-quan-trong-trong-phat-trien-kinh-te-viet-nam-134456.html. [7] Le Tho Binh, “The king of tires” Nguyen Van Chan: a… miser, Vietnamnet.vn 11/10/2004.https://vietnamnet.vn/psks/nhanvat/2004/10/333737/.

South Africa bears the greatest burden of HIV infection globally with the most infected people living in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). Decentralised medical care for HIV positive patients and antiretroviral therapy (ART) delivery to primary health care facilities were proposed nationally to achieve adequate ART coverage for patients in need of treatment. This study described the HIV positive patients who accessed medical care and were initiated on ART at two existing government Primary Health Care (PHC) clinics with no added donor support, in Ilembe, KZN. This was an observational descriptive study of ART initiation from 01 April 2008 to 30 April 2009. Data were collected from clinical records kept on site. HIV Testing and the pre-ART programmes which consisted of medical care prior to ART initiation are briefly described. Socio-economic, demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who were initiated on ART were sampled and described. A minority (2.95%) of the study population tested for HIV of which 36.0% tested positive. Majority (60.0%) of patients who joined the pre-ART programme care did not return. The ART sample consisted of 375 patients of whom 65.0% were women, 85.9% were unmarried, 61.6% were unemployed and 50.4% had a secondary level of education. Tuberculosis (TB) prevalence and incidence at ART initiation were 22.1% and 14.7% respectively. The prevalence of Syphilis and Hepatitis B co-infections were 13.1% and 8.6 % respectively. Two thirds of female patients (66.4%) received a Pap smear result of which the majority (62.3%) were abnormal. Uptake for HIV testing followed by relevant CD4 testing was poor. High TB, Hepatitis B and Syphilis co-infection was noted amongst patients initiated on ART. Cervical cancer screening must be intensified. Although ART initiation with no added external resources was successful, record keeping was suboptimal.Suid-Afrika dra die grootste las van MIV-infeksie ter wêreld met die meeste besmette mense in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). Gedesentraliseerde mediese sorg vir MIV-positiewe pasiënte en dienslewering van antiretrovirale terapie (ART) aan primêre gesondheidsorg- fasiliteite is nasionaal voorgestel om optimale ART-behandeling aan behoeftige te verskaf. Hierdie studie beskryf MIV-positiewe pasiënte wat ART-behandeling ontvang by twee bestaande Primêre Gesondheidsorgklinieke (PGS) in Ilembe, KZN sonder enige bykomende skenkerondersteuning. Waarnemingstegnieke is in die studie gebruik om ART-bekendstelling van 01 April 2008 tot 30 April 2009 te bestudeer. Data van kliniese rekords wat op die perseel gehou is, is ingesamel. MIV-toetsing en mediese behandelingsprogramme voor die bekendstelling van ART word kortliks beskryf. Sosio-ekonomiese, demografiese en kliniese eienskappe van pasiënte wat aan ART bekendgestel is, is versamel en beskryf. Minimum (2.95%) respondente aan die studie is vir MIV getoets, waarvan 36.0% positief getoets het. Die Meerderheid (60.0%) van pasiënte wat by die voorafgaande ART-sorgprogram aangesluit het, het nie terugkeer nie. Die ART-steekproef het bestaan ​​uit 375 pasiënte waarvan 65.0% vroue was, 85.9% was ongetroud, 61.6% was werkloos en 50.4% het ’n sekondêre vlak van onderwys gehad. Die bestaan (reeds onder behandeling) en voorkoms (diagnose tydens bekendstelling van die ART-program) van Tuberkulose (TB) tydens ART-bekendstelling was 22.1% en 14.7% onderskeidelik. Die voorkoms van sifilis- en hepatitis B-infeksies was 13.1% en 8.6% onderskeidelik. Twee derdes van die vroulike pasiënte (66.4%) het ’n Papsmeer ondergaan, waarvan die meerderheid (62.3%) se uitslae abnormaal was. Die begrip vir MIV-toetsing gevolg deur toepaslike CD4-toetsing was swak. Hoë TB-, Hepatitis B- en sifilisinfeksies was by pasiënte aangeteken wat met ART-behandeling begin het. Ondersoeke vir servikale kanker moet verhoog word. Hoewel die ART-bekendstelling met geen toegevoegde eksterne hulpbronne suksesvol was, was rekordhouding nie optimaal nie.