Дисертації з теми "Co-Optimisation"
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Corner, Philip Anthony. "Pharmaceutical co-crystals : screening optimisation, utility and performance." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12427/.
Повний текст джерелаScholey, D. W. "Optimisation of distillery co-products for poultry feed." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2012. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/144/.
Повний текст джерелаCamino, Jean-Thomas. "Co-optimisation charge utile satellite et système télécom." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30401.
Повний текст джерелаThe continuous growth in telecommunication needs in our society translates into a series of technical challenges for the systems that provide such services, whether it is television broadcasting, telephone, or data exchange. The telecommunication satellites are particularly concerned by this need for innovation, both on the embarked technologies but also on the way the resulting resources are exploited for the end users. On the latter point, for a telecommunication mission defined precisely in terms of service zone, type, quantity and quality of service, one has to be able to size as adequately as possible the telecommunication satellite payload, under the several constraints it is subject to: mass, volume, cost, and power consumption of the embarked hardware. This thesis develops an algorithmic approach for a such a sizing in the particular case of the telecommunication systems that are said to be "multi-beam". A global optimization process of these satellite system is proposed. It relies on a decomposition into a set of mathematical problems whose respective complexities, reduced with respect to the original problem, allow to reasonably aim for efficient algorithmic solutions. This work allowed to identify two key problems in this satellite payload sizing, addressed through an operations research angle: the beam layout optimization and the frequency plan optimization. This first beam layout problem under payload constraints has been an occasion to propose novel ways to handle Euclidean norm constraints on continuous variables for non-convex non-linear mixed programs. These techniques have been then successfully applied in for the generation of solutions to this first problem that fully exploits the mixed integer linear programming formalism. Then, a novel exploitation of some of the properties of the k-means clustering has been proposed as it allows to simplify these mathematical models and therefore accelerate the beam layout optimization. These mathematical programming algorithms have been then compared to a greedy heuristic developed during this thesis work. The second central sizing problem that has been identified is the frequency plan definition. It consists in a resource allocation of on-board satellite resources to the several beams that have been defined in the preceding beam layout optimization problem. With an objective of minimizing the number of a certain type of hardware to be embarked on the payload, the satisfaction of the telecommunication mission defined by an individual demand of all the end users on the ground is aimed. This complex problem itself lead to a decomposition into two sub-problems of frequency and on-board payload hardware allocation, that are treated with constraints programming and integer linear programming, exploiting theoretical results that are useful both at the problem modeling and problem solving levels
Pichot, Antoine. "Co-allocation de ressources distribuées : architectures, protocoles, optimisation." Phd thesis, Paris, ENST, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003806.
Повний текст джерелаNew computing applications require nowadays a physical distribution of computing resources. These geographically distributed resources belonging to different organizations must be associated logically in order to solve cooperatively a given problem or to provide a given service. The virtual infrastructure corresponding to the set of these distributed and remote resources and to the inherent underlying networking facilities is called a Grid. Present models do not enable network and other resources such as computing or storage to be co-allocated on demand, nor do they guarantee the Quality of Service. The aim of this thesis is first to provide a review of the state of the art on co-allocation. For that purpose, various environments such as Web Services distributed resources management systems, IP Multimedia Subsystem and Generalized Multi-protocol Label Switching architecture are considered. We propose extensions to existing Grid toolkits, WS, IMS and GMPLS for dynamic resource co-allocation provisioning. The suitability of each of these approaches for Grid services provisioning is investigated and compared to the other alternatives. We then analyze a WS based protocol between a global resource coordinator (Grid Scheduler) and local resources managers (local schedulers). Algorithms are proposed to model the possible interactions between the grid scheduler, the network resource manager and the local schedulers. A co-allocation algorithm is proposed to improve the efficiency as seen by the end user and the resource providers. An analytical model is proposed to predict and understand the performance; simulations are run to verify the validity of the model and the results
Sandberg, Peter. "Optimisation and co-operative perspectives on industrial energy systems /." Linköping : Univ, 2004. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2004/tek913s.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаObhielo, Esgeboria. "Synthesis, characterisation and optimisation of novel adsorbents for CO₂ capture." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2015. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24838.
Повний текст джерелаBarrett, Colin Ronald Benjamin. "Co-designing software abstraction and optimisation for productivity and performance." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/codesigning-software-abstraction-and-optimisation-for-productivity-and-performance(1a567441-978e-4b91-a613-1af723fe5251).html.
Повний текст джерелаNwosu, Nkem O. E. "Optimisation of electroless co-deposited solid oxide fuel cell electrodes." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2013. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/6448.
Повний текст джерелаGKIKAKIS, ANTONIOS EMMANOUIL. "Mechanism and Behaviour Co-optimisation of High Performance Mobile Robots." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1045130.
Повний текст джерелаRamirez, Guerrero Diego Fernando. "Optimisation of oil recovery from sludges with surfactants and co-solvents." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/69469/.
Повний текст джерелаPapacostantis, Evangelos. "Competitive co-evolution of trend reversal indicators using particle swarm optimisation." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23929.
Повний текст джерелаDissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Computer Science
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Zhao, Jianning. "Co-Optimisation du Dimensionnement et du Contrôle des Groupe Motopropulseurs Innovants." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC057/document.
Повний текст джерелаAdvanced technologies are highly demanded in automotive industry to meet the more and more stringent regulations of fuel consumption. Cooptimization of design and control for vehicle propulsion systems with an enhanced computational efficiency is investigated in this thesis.Powertrain components, such as internal combustion engines, batteries, and electric motor/generators, are analytically modeled at descriptive and predictive level correspondingly for the development of fastrunning control optimization and for the scalability of design optimization. The minimal fuel consumption of a hybrid-electric vehicle is evaluated through novel optimization methods. These methods – including the Selective Hamiltonian Minimization, and the GRaphical-Analysis-Based energy Consumption Optimization – are able to evaluate the minimal energy consumption with the enhanced computational efficiency. In addition, the Fully-Analytic energy Consumption Evaluation method approximates the minimal energy consumption in closed form as a function of the mission characteristics and the design parameters of powertrain components.A few case studies are presented in details via the bi-level and uni-level co-optimization approaches, showing an effective improvement in the computational efficiency for the overall co-optimization process
Shaiek, Hmaied. "Optimisation des performances d'enceintes co-axiales large bande par traitement numerique du signal." Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRES2011.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis deals with the optimization of High-End multi-way loudspeaker systems radiation by using dedicated digital signal processing techniques. This optimization was carried out in two parts. The first part relates to the optimization of the free field radiated by the loudspeaker system. This part can be seen as a complementarity between an electro-acoustical survey which made it possible to design acoustic sources able to reproduce the entire audio band extending with a well controlled directivity : this is the contribution of coaxial loudspeaker systems. On the other hand, a research in the field of digital signal processing correcting the residual defects of these sources and enhancing their performances in order to approach as well as possible the theoretical point source. For a coaxial acoustic source, as for any other multi-way loudspeaker system, the digital filter bank we developed, and validated on Cabasse systems, ensures, in addition to the usual crossover and equalization functions, an enhanced control of the system directivity making it possible to correct possible radiation shifts over transducers' frequency overlap bands. The second part of optimization, relates to the transfer brought by the listening room : equalization of the Room Transfer Functions. Indeed, many researchers were concerned with the correction of multiple room reflections and acoustic reverberation. However no universal solution is adopted. In the context of this study where the acoustic sources stimulate the very low frequencies room modes, it was initially necessary to focus on solving this problem. In this case, a multiple-point low frequency compensation technique of the room modes effects was introduced. This method proposes an automated design of digital notch filters making it possible to correct the peaks that are common to all the room responses measured over a given listening zone. The goal being to lead to an industrial model, the whole processing were implemented in real-time on a DSP which was thoroughly chosen according to the applications targeted and the complexity of the processing to be carried out
Provost, Margot. "Valorisation de la fraction protéique des co-produits de saumon : étude et optimisation." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0045.
Повний текст джерелаBy-products are the not used parts and recoverable in the fish processing operations, such as heads, skins, bones or pulp. The processing industry of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) generates about 50% of co-products, which are a source of high quality protein. This work is part of Pesk&Co project, which gather four industrial partners (Meralliance-Thai Union Yslab, SPF-DIANA, AGH-SOCOFAG) and one academic partner (LEMAR UMR 6539, UBO) in order to extract and characterize high value ingredients from farmed Atlantic salmon by-products (Salmo salar). The first aim of the thesis was to develop a method for extracting collagen from salmon skins by the setting up of a non-conventional process at LEMAR and finally developed it at pilot and industrial scale. The collagen obtained was characterized by different analytical methods (FPLC-SEC, SDS-PAGE, FTIR, rheology, microscopy). Then, enzymatic cross-linking assays of collagen with a microbial transglutaminase led to obtain a collagen hydrogel. The second objective of this work was focused on the hydrolysis under controlled conditions of salmon heads to generate functional peptides for aquaculture. Two enzymatic hydrolysis protocols have been developed and transferred at pilot scale. The hydrolysates were incorporated into diets to be tested on bass larvae (Dicentrarchus labrax). Both ingredients developed during this work have for future use to be commercialized and different markets and applications are targeted
Darby, R. J. "Attempted optimisation of ionic conductivity in the yttria-stabilized zirconia system by co-doping." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598277.
Повний текст джерелаFerreira, Amadeo. "Conception et optimisation d'une phase polymère à base de GMA-co-EGDMA : applications chromatographiques." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-257.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаStehmann, Timo. "Development and optimisation of a solid-state pulsed power supply for a CO₂ TEA laser." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53359.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: With technological advances in solid-state switches the modernization of conventional pulsed power supplies utilizing thyratrons has become possible. A novel pulsed power supply is designed where two series-stacked IGBTs (rated at 1700 V and 300 A each) are used to replace a thryatrondriven pulsed power supply for a mini CO2 TEA laser. The mini CO2 TEA laser is firstly characterized in order to optimize the design of the pulsed power supply. It is found that stable laser discharges can be obtained with electrode voltage rise-times of 150 ns or less. Furthermore, the optical output energy and the efficiency of the laser have been significantly increased by reducing the peaking capacitor size of the pulsed power supply. The two stacked IGBTs switch a C-C transfer loop and the generated pulse is stepped up by a pulse transformer and is compressed by a two-stage magnetic pulse compression unit. Theoretically and through measurements it is shown that automatic voltage sharing between the two IGBTs can be obtained if the turn-on time of the IGBTs is much faster than the transfer time of the switched C-C transfer loop. Lifetime tests reveal that high-power IGBTs are able to reliably switch pulses with peak currents between 4 and 5 times the rated average current of the device. Under laser fault conditions, i.e. laser arcing or missing laser discharges, the reliability of the pulser can be increased by using over-voltage snubbers. In addition, it was found that the internal diode of IGBT modules can eventually fail under the prevalence of laser fault conditions. A modular construction approach is used where components of the pulsed power supply are preassembled. A new rectangular layout of the magnetic pulse compression unit is utilized in order to minimize size and simplify the final construction and assembly.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nuwe ontwikkeling in vastetoestand-skakelaars het die modernisering van laser-pulskragbronne moontlik gemaak. ’n Nuwe kragbron wat gebruik maak van twee seriegeskakelde IGBT’s is ontwerp om ’n Tiratron-gedrewe laserkragbron te vervang, wat vir ’n mini-C02-TEA-laser gebruik word. Die laser is vooraf eers gekarakteriseer om sodoende die laserkragbron te optimeer. Daar is bevind dat stabiele laserontladings verkry kan word met spanningstygtye van 150 ns of minder. Verder kan die uittree-energie van die laser beduidend verhoog word deur die uittreekapasitore (eng.: peaking capacitors) van die laserkragbron te verminder. Die twee serie-geskakelde IGBT’s skakel ’n C-C oordraglus. Die spanning van die gegenereerde puls word deur ’n pulstransformator verhoog en die stygtyd van die puls word met ’n twee-stadium magnetiese pulskompressor verlaag. Teoreties en deur metings kan getoon word dat eweredige spanningsverdeling tussen die twee IGBT’s outomaties verkry kan word indien die skakeltye van die IGBT’s baie vinniger as die oordragstyd van die C-C oordraglus is. Toetse het getoon dat IGBT’s pulse met piekstrome van tussen vier tot vyf keer die gespesifiseerde gemiddelde stroom betroubaar kan skakel. Tydens laserfouttoestande kan die betroubaarheid van die IGBT verhoog word deur oorspanningsgapsers te gebruik, maar onder fouttoestande wat voortduur, kan die IGBT se interne diode vemietig word. Die komponente van die laserkragbron is as modules vervaardig, wat op ’n maklike wyse gemonteer kan word. ’n Nuwe reghoekige uitleg is gebruik vir die konstruksie van die magnetiese pulskompressor, waarmee die grootte van die pulskompressor geminimeer en die konstruksie vergemaklik is.
Sirlantzis, Konstantinos. "Supervisor and searcher co-operation algorithms for stochastic optimisation with application to neural network training." Thesis, University of Kent, 2002. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/7419/.
Повний текст джерелаRaad, Abbass. "Co-simulation et optimisation multi-critères en conception de bâtiment, par approche d’interopérabilité de services." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT103/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe building contributes mostly to the challenges of energy transition. In order to better reduce consumption, ensure better comfort, answer to the environmental and regulatory requirements while minimizing the total price, we propose to equip the design (from the sketch phase to the more advanced design phases, ...) with solutions offering a global view of the building and making optimal choices. Building design is characterized by many complementary models and simulation tools but they are independent and heterogeneous. In response to this problem of interoperability, we propose a service oriented approach, based on the Internet, to cover the aspects of global modeling and decision support. We address in particular the problems related to co-simulation strategies and algorithms, multi-objective discrete hybrid optimization and multicriteria decision support. This work is carried out within the framework of the ANR COSIMPHI in strong partnership with the CSTB
Feki, Mohamed Firas. "Optimisation distribuée pour la recherche des itinéraires multi-opérateurs dans un réseau de transport co-modal." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00604509.
Повний текст джерелаDanaci, Simge. "Optimisation et intégration de catalyseurs structurés en réacteurs structurés pour la conversion de CO₂ en méthane." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI041/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this doctoral study, the three dimensional fibre deposition (3DFD) technique has been applied to develop and manufacture advanced multi-channelled catalytic support structures. By using this technique, the material, the porosity, the shape and size of the channels and the thickness of the fibres can be controlled. The aim of this research is to investigate the possible benefits of 3D-designed structured supports for CO2 methanation in terms of activity, selectivity and stability and the impact of specific properties introduced in the structural design of the supports
Akram, Muhammad. "Optimisation of co-firing of high moisture biomass with coal in a bubbling fluidised bed combustor." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2012. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/optimisation-of-cofiring-of-high-moisture-biomass-with-coal-in-a-bubbling-fluidised-bed-combustor(b505849e-6329-4196-93ba-b49e30b41547).html.
Повний текст джерелаBordenave, Alexandre. "Traitement in situ des HAPs par co-injection air-vapeur : mécanismes physico-chimiques et optimisation énergétique." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30021/document.
Повний текст джерелаPAHs are the largest, ubiquitous and carcinogenic environmental chemical groups. In a context of polluted soil remediation, today it is still a challenge to reach an effective in situ treatment. This study aims to evaluate as an alternative way the potential of a technology combining a thermal process (injection of steam) and a chemical process (co-injection of air) in the saturated zone. A first introductory experimental section considers the influence of a single steam treatment on the release of PAHs from soil matrices within the aquifer. Results prove the necessity of coupling a chemical oxidation technique with this process. If the steam front allows to recover light com- pounds, concentrations of heavier compounds in the dissolved phase are more important after the steam treatment (molar fractions of residual compounds increase). In order to study the fate of PAHs in polluted soils under medium temperature oxidation, numerous experiments in presence of soil spiked matrices were carried out in closed reactors. The catalytic potential of different mineral surfaces was investigated by studying reactivity of different PAHs. Results demonstrate that the efficiency of oxidation remains moderate. They suggest a lack of mineralization and reactions producing partly polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) with equivalent molecular weight as the initial contaminants. Along short term experiments (9 days), the major effect of heating is an increase in irreversible sorption of original compounds. Interestingly, this sorption mostly occurs in presence of natural organic matter and oxygen in the gas phase, suggesting a specific reactivity of the natural organic matter. In long term experiments (6 months), new oxygenated PACs were formed and remained fixed on the solid phase. Consequently, air oxidation catalyzed by minerals and natural organic matter may be a new pathway concerning PAH stabilization in soils. The steam injection technique is still considered as a costly technique. In this last part some technical solutions have been proposed, implemented and modelized. The economic aspect of some injection cases are compared, based on the results of a real field application and some general calculations regarding the costs of wells and energy. Among influential parameters, the radius of influence is a key parameter that determines the distance between each well for an optimum efficiency. The results of this study show that in some scenarios of injection (when the injection takes place in a deeper zone), a preheating phase can be an interesting option to reduce the financial costs of the technique. The main results of the thesis are compared with other steam injection studies to identify the best conditions for the technique application
Bousquet, Philippe. "Optimisation des flux nets de co#2 : assimilation des mesures atmospheriques en co#2 et en #1#3co#2 dans un modele de transport tridimensionnel." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066620.
Повний текст джерелаKovaltchouk, Thibaut. "Contributions à la co-optimisation contrôle-dimensionnement sur cycle de vie sous contrainte réseau des houlogénérateurs directs." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DENS0033/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe work of this PhD thesis deals with the minimization of the per-kWh cost of direct-drive wave energy converter, crucial to the economic feasibility of this technology. Despite the simplicity of such a chain (that should provide a better reliability compared to indirect chain), the conversion principle uses an oscillating system (a heaving buoy for example) that induces significant power fluctuations on the production. Without precautions, such fluctuations can lead to: a low global efficiency, an accelerated aging of the fragile electrical components and a failure to respect power quality constraints. To solve these issues, we firstly study the optimization of the direct drive wave energy converter control in order to increase the global energy efficiency (from wave to grid), considering conversion losses and the limit s from the sizing of an electrical chain (maximum force and power). The results point out the effect of the prediction horizon or the mechanical energy into the objective function. Production profiles allow the study of the flicker constraint (due to grid voltage fluctuations) linked notably to the grid characteristics at the connection point. Other models have also been developed to quantify the aging of the most fragile and highly stressed components, namely the energy storage system used for power smoothing (with super capacitors or electrochemical batteries Li-ion) and power semiconductors.Finally, these aging models are used to optimize key design parameters using life-cycle analysis. Moreover, the sizing of the storage system is co-optimized with the smoothing management
Le, Goff Latimier Roman. "Gestion et dimensionnement d'une flotte de véhicules électriques associée à une centrale photovoltaïque : co-optimisation stochastique et distribuée." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLN033/document.
Повний текст джерелаSimultaneous development of flexible electricity consumers and of intermittent renewable producers calls for using their complementarities. It could foster their overall integration in power systems. For the purpose of this doctoral thesis, the collaboration between an electric vehicle fleet and a photovoltaic plant is studied. First of all, a generic problem is set up to improve the predictability of the power exchange between the power grid and the so called collaboratif system. It should therefore fulfill a commitment profile constraint. The intraday management of this system consists in an optimisation problem which objective is to mitigate the production forecast errors by charging power flexibility. This is a multitime step problem, because of the battery intertia. The random availibility of vehicles and the forecast errors also make it stochastic. Finally there is a huge number of variables as it is spread other an entiere fleet.Upstream of the problem resolution, the modeling of the dynamic behaviour and of the aging of Lithium Ion batteries is discussed. It results in a range of compromises between precision, impact on the final decision and computational cost. Furthermore, a hidden Markov model is proposed and developped so as to handle temporal structures of the forecast error of the photovoltaic production. This analysis is based on production data of a real plant and on associated forecasts.An electric vehicle fleet is considered as an equivalent agregated battery. Its optimal charging power is sorted out using stochastic dynamic programming. The sensitivity of the resulting management strategies is assessed against the models which describe the production forecast error or battery behaviour. The battery aging is rendered by several models which we discuss the consequences over the optimal sizing of an electric vehicle fleet regarding to the plant power.Then the optimal charing power for each one of the vehicles among a fleet is deduced using a sharing problem. The resolution is carried out using distributed optimisation --- Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers --- and dynamic programming. A specific attention is devoted to the individual mobility priorities of the vehicles users. The vehicle charging power is thus differenticiated according to each one preferences. We also investigate a situation where information exchanges are limited. The optimal sizing of an electric vehicle fleet associated with a photovoltaic plant is finaly considered under several possibilities of economic model. The coupling between sizing and daily management is tackled thanks to a co-optimization
Siddiqui, Zuhaib. "Optimisation of Hydrogen and Methane Production from Co-digested Food Waste and Biosolids using Phase Separated Anaerobic Digestion." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521530.
Повний текст джерелаStadler, Johan George. "Multi-objective optimisation using the cross-entropy method in CO gas management at a South African ilmenite smelter." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71631.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: In a minerals processing environment, stable production processes, cost minimisation and energy efficiency are key to operational excellence, safety and profitability. At an ilmenite smelter, typically found in the heavy minerals industry, it is no different. Management of an ilmenite smelting process is a complex, multi-variable challenge with high costs and safety risks at stake. A by-product of ilmenite smelting is superheated carbon monoxide (CO) gas, or furnace off-gas. This gas is inflammable and extremely poisonous to humans. At the same time the gas is a potential energy source for various on-site heating applications. Re-using furnace off-gas can increase the energy efficiency of the energy intensive smelting process and can save on the cost of procuring other gas for heating purposes. In this research project, the management of CO gas from the Tronox KZN Sands ilmenite smelter in South Africa was studied with the aim of optimising the current utilisation of the gas. In the absence of any buffer capacity in the form of a pressure vessel, the stability of the available CO gas is directly dependent on the stability of the furnaces. The CO gas has been identified as a partial replacement for methane gas which is currently purchased for drying and heating of feed material and pre-heating of certain smelter equipment. With no buffer capacity between the furnaces and the gas consuming plants, a dynamic prioritisation approach had to be found if the CO was to replace the methane. The dynamics of this supply-demand problem, which has been termed the “CO gas problem”, needed to be studied. A discrete-event simulation model was developed to match the variable supply of CO gas to the variable demand for gas over time – the demand being a function of the availability of the plants requesting the gas, and the feed rates and types of feed material processed at those plants. The problem was formulated as a multi-objective optimisation problem with the two main, conflicting objectives, identified as: 1) the average production time lost per plant per day due to CO-methane switchovers; and 2) the average monthly saving on methane gas costs due to lower consumption thereof. A metaheuristic, namely multi-objective optimisation using the cross-entropy method, or MOO CEM, was applied as optimisation algorithm to solve the CO gas problem. The performance of the MOO CEM algorithm was compared with that of a recognised benchmark algorithm for multi-objective optimisation, the NSGA II, when both were applied to the CO gas problem. The background of multi-objective optimisation, metaheuristics and the usage of furnace off-gas, particularly CO gas, were investigated in the literature review. The simulation model was then developed and the optimisation algorithm applied. The research aimed to comment on the merit of the MOO CEM algorithm for solving the dynamic, stochastic CO gas problem and on the algorithm’s performance compared to the benchmark algorithm. The results served as a basis for recommendations to Tronox KZN Sands in order to implement a project to optimise usage and management of the CO gas.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In mineraalprosessering is stabiele produksieprosesse, kostebeperking en energie-effektiwiteit sleuteldrywers tot bedryfsprestasie, veiligheid en wins. ‘n Ilmenietsmelter, tipies aangetref in swaarmineraleprosessering, is geen uitsondering nie. Die bestuur van ‘n ilmenietsmelter is ‘n komplekse, multi-doelwit uitdaging waar hoë kostes en veiligheidsrisiko’s ter sprake is. ‘n Neweproduk van die ilmenietsmeltproses is superverhitte koolstofmonoksiedgas (CO gas). Hierdie gas is ontvlambaar en uiters giftig vir die mens. Terselfdertyd kan hierdie gas benut word as energiebron vir allerlei verhittingstoepassings. Die herbenutting van CO gas vanaf die smelter kan die energie-effektiwiteit van die energie-intensiewe smeltproses verhoog en kan verder kostes bespaar op die aankoop van ‘n ander gas vir verhittingsdoeleindes. In hierdie navorsingsprojek is die bestuur van die CO gasstroom wat deur die ilmenietsmelter van Tronox KZN Sands in Suid-Afrika geproduseer word, ondersoek met die doel om die huidige benuttingsvlak daarvan te verbeter. Weens die afwesigheid van enige bufferkapasiteit in die vorm van ‘n drukbestande tenk, is die stabiliteit van CO gas beskikbaar vir hergebruik direk afhanklik van die stabiliteit van die twee hoogoonde wat die gas produseer. Die CO gas kan gedeeltelik metaangas, wat tans aangekoop word vir die droog en verhitting van voermateriaal en vir die voorverhitting van sekere smeltertoerusting, vervang. Met geen bufferkapasiteit tussen die hoogoonde en die aanlegte waar die gas verbruik word nie, was die ondersoek van ‘n dinamiese prioritiseringsbenadering nodig om te kon vasstel of die CO die metaangas kon vervang. Die dinamika van hierdie vraag-aanbod probleem, getiteld die “CO gasprobleem”, moes bestudeer word. ‘n Diskrete-element simulasiemodel is ontwikkel as probleemoplossingshulpmiddel om die vraag-aanbodproses te modelleer en die prioritiseringsbenadering te ondersoek. Die doel van die model was om oor tyd die veranderlike hoeveelhede van geproduseerde CO teenoor die veranderlike gasaanvraag te vergelyk. Die vlak van gasaanvraag is afhanklik van die beskikbaarheidsvlak van die aanlegte waar die gas verbruik word, sowel as die voertempo’s en tipes voermateriaal in laasgenoemde aanlegte. Die probleem is geformuleer as ‘n multi-doelwit optimeringsprobleem met twee hoof, teenstrydige doelwitte: 1) die gemiddelde verlies aan produksietyd per aanleg per dag weens oorgeskakelings tussen CO en metaangas; 2) die gemiddelde maandelikse besparing op metaangaskoste weens laer verbruik van dié gas. ‘n Metaheuristiek, genaamd MOO CEM (multi-objective optimisation using the cross-entropy method), is ingespan as optimeringsalgoritme om die CO gasprobleem op te los. Die prestasie van die MOO CEM algoritme is vergelyk met dié van ‘n algemeen aanvaarde riglynalgoritme, die NSGA II, met beide toepas op die CO gasprobleem. The agtergrond van multi-doelwit optimering, metaheuristieke en die benutting van hoogoond af-gas, spesifiek CO gas, is ondersoek in die literatuurstudie. Die simulasiemodel is daarna ontwikkel en die optimeringsalgoritme is toegepas.
BRUGEAT, SEBASTIEN. "Realisation et optimisation d'une chambre a arc stabilise par paroi. Application a un plasma de melange ar-co 2." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CLF22287.
Повний текст джерелаPosada, Parra Jorge Ivan. "Optimisation d'un procédé hybride de co-pulvérisation/évaporation pour l'obtention de cellules solaires à base de Cu(In,Ga)Se2." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066057/document.
Повний текст джерелаCu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin film solar cells are a very promising technology for high efficiency energy conversion. Several techniques are used to synthesize CIGS absorbers. Magnetron reactive sputtering is an attractive deposition technique for depositing CIGS absorbers because of its potential for providing uniform coatings over large areas, thus offering the possibility for more competitive industrial scale-up. The objective of this work is to develop and optimize a hybrid alternative co-sputtering/evaporation CIGS deposition process. To meet this goal, various studies have been conducted to ensure control of the various deposition parameters. Initially, plasma was studied with Optical Emission Spectroscopy in order to establish correlations between plasma species and thin film composition, structure and morphology. This has allowed to establish in-situ calibration curves for monitoring the deposited layers composition and their homogeneity, and to determine the existence of different sputtering modes, linked to the selenium evaporation temperature. Then, different CIGS absorbers were synthesized with the stabilized hybrid process. These absorbers were deposited in one and three stages to analyze the influence of composition gradients on their morphological, structural and optoelectronic properties. A CIGS absorber giving a maximum conversion efficiency of 10.4 % was fabricated with a one step process. A 9.3 % efficiency solar cell was obtained with a three-stage deposition process
Sabourin, Claire. "Etude et optimisation des propriétés technofonctionnelles et biologiques de co-produits marins ayant subi une hydrolyse enzymatique suivie d'une glycation." Thesis, Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0071/document.
Повний текст джерелаNo
Themi, Vasos. "Multi-Physics Co-Simulation of Engine Combustion and Exhaust Aftertreatment system: Development of a Multi-Physics Co-Simulation Framework of Engine Combustion and Exhaust Aftertreatment for Model-Based System Optimisation." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17403.
Повний текст джерелаTropis, Cyril. "Analyse et Optimisation des performances d'un capteur de gaz à base de SnO2 nanoparticulaire : Application à la détection de CO et CO2." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00459852.
Повний текст джерелаRoccia, Stéphanie. "La co-magnétométrie mercure pour la mesure du moment électrique dipolaire du neutron : optimisation et application au test de l'invariance de Lorentz." Grenoble 1, 2009. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00440287.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, magnetometry is studied in the context of the neutron Electric Dipole Moment (nEDM) measurement with the RAL/Sussex/ILL spectrometer. In particular, the pre-existing mercury co-magnetometer has been modeled and optimized to be used in the next nEDM measurement at the Paul Scherrer Institut (Villigen Suisserland) in 2010-2012. Using data taken at the Institut Laue-Langevin (Grenoble, France), the complementarity between external cesium magnetometry and mercury co-magnetometry has been studied, bringing two results : - a best way to control systematics due to the co-magnetometer - a limit on the neutron anomalous couplings that violates Lorentz invariance
Le, Roux Karine. "Purification de la chitine par hydrolyse enzymatique à partir de co-produits de crevette Penaeus Vannamei : caractérisations des produits et optimisation du procédé." Nantes, 2012. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=b804e450-0be5-411f-9d56-0ce6edaa82ed.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this study was to optimize the extraction of chitin by acid proteolysis. The novelty of the method is based on the stabilization of pH by the balance between substrate composition and the acid solvent. This principle allows a simultaneous demineralization and deproteinization, the two main reactions associated with the purification of chitin. To evaluate the performance of this purification, the composition of the substrate and products was characterized. Different methods of quantification of chitin and proteins have been compared. As traditional assays were not satisfaying, a direct method of amino acids determination by gaz chromatography was selected to estimate the amount of protein. The estimate of chitin amount was based on indirect methods, mainly gravimetry, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Kinetics of demineralization and deproteinization were examined to optimize the purification of chitin. Mass balances confirmed the consistency of results. The quality of chitin extracted by enzymatic or chemical techniques was compared with the degree of acetylation and depolymerization and the crystallinity index of chitin. The structure of chitin was also observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, compounds solubilized by enzymatic hydrolysis were identified and quantified
Ben, cheikh Sondes. "Optimisation avancée au service du covoiturage dynamique." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ECLI0002/document.
Повний текст джерелаCarpooling is presented as an alternative transport solution that comes treat environmental image, economic and societal personal car. The dynamic carpooling problem is to develop real-time optimized touring vehicles to better respond to the instantaneous transport demands.Our work belongs within this context, where optimization and real time are the key words. Given the exponential complexity of the dynamic ridematching problem, we opt for the approximate methods to solve it. We present our first contribution by proposing a metaheuristic based on the multi-criteria tabu search. The proposed algorithm employs an explicit memory system and several searching strategies developed to avoid the entrapment by local solutions. Afterward, we introduce our second contribution which is in the form of an evolutionary approach supported by a dynamic coding and based on controlled genetic operators. However, the exponential complexity of the problem leads us to consider that a simple metaheuristics is not sufficient to solve effectively the problem of dynamic ridematching. It is with this in mind that we are unveiling our third solving methodology by developing an original evolutionary approach in which chromosomes are defined as autonomous and intelligent agents. Thanks to an accurate protocol negotiation, the Chromosomes Agents can control the genetic operators and guide search for finding optimal solutions within a reasonable period of time. With the prospect of a better combination between carpooling and other modes of transport, we design a system called DyCOS, integrating our approaches and applications dedicated to solving the problem of dynamic ridesharing
Fadini, Gabriele. "Un cadre générique de co-conception pour l'optimisation du design et de la commande des robots." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30216.
Повний текст джерелаThe Gepetto team at LAAS has recently developed two prototype quadruped robots in collaboration with the Max Plank Institute (MPI) in Tübingen, Germany. These robots are equipped with miniature, vector-controlled brushless motors, combined with low-profile gearboxes. Combined, these two technical choices enable reversible actuation, ideal for implementing force control laws and capable of producing high torque densities. Thanks to this technology, these lightweight robots can produce highly dynamic movements, such as jumping or running, which are currently impossible to test on our human-sized humanoid robots. The HRP-2 and Pyrène robots at LAAS are too heavy and rigid, and their strain-wave reducer-based actuation system is fragile because it is not designed to withstand impacts. What's more, given their high price, it's not reasonable to take the risk of breaking these robots. In contrast, these new quadruped robots offer direct torque actuation, giving them ideal motor compliance in interaction phases, and can easily be repaired from 3D-printed parts. To date, the design of the first two quadruped prototypes has relied heavily on the mechanical, electronic and robotic expertise of MPI and LAAS researchers. However, as this type of robot is still very new, it is difficult to draw on real experience during the design phase. The aim of this thesis is to develop a systematic approach for simultaneously optimizing the design and control of these quadruped robots. The aim is to propose and implement "co-design" methods that aim to simultaneously optimize the mechatronics of these machines (mechanical structure, size, power, actuation mode, electronics, sensors, etc.) and their control, with regard to a set of tasks that we wish to perform. The word "control" is used here in a broad sense. It includes all methods related to trajectory generation, state observation (a question closely linked to that of robot perception), and control, which covers the policies implemented to regulate the system. With the increasing performance of optimization and simulation tools for complex systems, these co-design methods are attracting growing interest in engineering. They make it possible to explore off-line the performance of a wide range of prototypes, in terms of both hardware and control, before the implementation phase
Yeates, Charl Alan. "Optimisation of a stereoconvergent process catalysed by whole yeast cells / Charl Alan Yeates." Phd thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4100.
Повний текст джерелаAlleaume, Clovis. "Etude de la modification de la source dans l'utilisation de la méthode de co-optimisation source masque en lithographie optique : mise en oeuvre et applications." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STET4007/document.
Повний текст джерелаConducted between December 2009 and December 2012 within the RET (resolution enhancement technology) team at STMicroelectronics Crolles and in partnership with Saint-Etienne laboratory Hubert Curien of the University of Lyon, this thesis entitled "Impact of changing the source while using the source mask optimization technique within optical lithography, and application to 20 nm technology node. ". In this thesis, Alleaume Clovis studied the optimization of the source used in optical lithography, technique usually called SMO (for source mask optimization) and applied the technique to the industry through several problems. The first part of the manuscript describe the optical lithography generalities, in order to allow a better understanding of the issues and the techniques used in this study. Indeed, to allow optical lithography to continue the miniaturization of microelectronic components, it is necessary to optimize many aspects of the lithography. The shape of the light source used is no exception to this rule and the use of extended sources, off-axis and more or less complex now enables the production of advanced technologies. The second part will then focus on the source modification and optimization. In a first step, the diffraction theory will be examined to demonstrate the theoretical interest of the thesis, and to allow a better understanding of the problem. Simulations and SEM measurements will be presented to show the effectiveness of SMO method. As this study gave birth to several innovative source optimization techniques, they will be presented. Thus, the method of internal SMO based on the phenomenon of diffraction and created during this thesis will be presented and the results would be studied. The application of the source optimization to industrial problems will also be presented through different applications. Finally, a legacy of knowledge will be done by presenting the different tools developed during this thesis. A third part will deal with the study of tool which generate the source inside the scanner allowing the use of optimized and complex sources. The thesis has given rise to a new source decomposition technique using Zernike polynomial. It will be used in this study to model the degradation of a source, and for correlating the impact of a source modification due to SMO technique on the empirical model stability. The study of sources has been implemented according to industrial aspect to monitor the scanner with a quick method. In addition to the Zernike decomposition method, simulations can be used to complete this study. The forth chapter of this study will talk about this implementation. Finally, the last part of the study will talk about the co-optimization of the source with several elements, such as the mask OPC and the final shape of the desired pattern. Indeed, if the initial shape of the desired pattern plays an important role in defining the source, it is possible to modify the latter design shape, as well as the shape of the mask in order to optimize both the source and the target shape. These changes will be discussed in the last chapter
Jeribi, Karama. "Conception et réalisation d'un système de gestion de véhicules partagés : de la multimodalité vers la co-modalité." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00794506.
Повний текст джерелаBerthelon, Rémy. "Strain integration and performance optimization in sub-20nm FDSOI CMOS technology." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30066/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Ultra-Thin Body and Buried oxide Fully Depleted Silicon On Insulator (UTBB FDSOI) CMOS technology has been demonstrated to be highly efficient for low power and low leakage applications such as mobile, internet of things or wearable. This is mainly due to the excellent electrostatics in the transistor and the successful integration of strained channel as a carrier mobility booster. This work explores scaling solutions of FDSOI for sub-20nm nodes, including innovative strain engineering, relying on material, device, process integration and circuit design layout studies. Thanks to mechanical simulations, physical characterizations and experimental integration of strained channels (sSOI, SiGe) and local stressors (nitride, oxide creeping, SiGe source/drain) into FDSOI CMOS transistors, we provide guidelines for technology and physical circuit design. In this PhD, we have in-depth studied the carrier transport in short devices, leading us to propose an original method to extract simultaneously the carrier mobility and the access resistance and to clearly evidence and extract the strain sensitivity of the access resistance, not only in FDSOI but also in strained nanowire transistors. Most of all, we evidence and model the patterning-induced SiGe strain relaxation, which is responsible for electrical Local Layout Effects (LLE) in advanced FDSOI transistors. Taking into account these geometrical effects observed at the nano-scale, we propose design and technology solutions to enhance Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) and digital standard cells performance and especially an original dual active isolation integration. Such a solution is not only stress-friendly but can also extend the powerful back-bias capability, which is a key differentiating feature of FDSOI. Eventually the 3D monolithic integration can also leverage planar Fully-Depleted devices by enabling dynamic back-bias owing to a Design/Technology Co-Optimization
Kuruhongsa, Prakan. "Optimisation d'un spectrometre de rpe permettant des mesures de t::(1) : application a la relaxation spin-reseau de fe**(3+), co**(2+) et mn**(2+)." Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30060.
Повний текст джерелаJeribi, Karama. "Conception et réalisation d’un système de gestion de véhicules partagés : de la multimodalité vers la co-modalité." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECLI0033/document.
Повний текст джерелаNowadays, the protection of the environment through the reduction of greenhouse gases is becoming more and more important. In order to resolve environmental problems, a multimodal policy is firstly adopted in order to encourage the use of public transport. Since 2006, a new notion: the co-modality is introduced and it consists on developing infrastructures and taking measures and actions that will ensure optimum combination of individual and public transport modes. In this context, the purpose of this thesis is to implement co-modal transport system that covers all the existing transport services such as the public transport, the carpooling or the free use vehicles (bikes, cars). In order to satisfy the user’s requests, the system offers optimized co-modal itineraries in terms of three criteria: total time, total cost and greenhouse gases emission taking into account their preferences and constraints. In a short time interval, many transport users can formulate simultaneously a set of requests. So the system should find feasible decompositions in terms of independent sub-itineraries called Routes recognizing similarities and recognize the different possibilities of Routes Combinations to compose each itinerary demand. Considering the dynamic and distributed aspect of the problem, an effective strategy combining different concepts like multi-agent system and optimization methods is applied. The experimental results presented in this thesis justify the importance of co-modality and the necessity of taking advantage of the complementarity between the shared vehicles and other means of transportation through an intelligent and global system
Astier, Cédric. "Adsorption des éléments traces métalliques par les écorces forestières, un co-produit de la filière bois : optimisation des propriétés par modifications induites par voies chimique et biologique." Limoges, 2010. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/6c4def90-502d-49dc-a1a3-0f0b2562fbc8/blobholder:0/2010LIMO4037.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDouglas fir barks have been used as biosorbent. We conducted equilibrium studies of heavy metal ion adsorption by crude bark; the results, interpreted as Langmuir isotherms led to maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of 0. 242 and 0. 199 J meq. G-1 and affinities (b) of 4. 8 and 2. 6 L. Meq-1 for PbII and CdII respectively. Then, barks were chemically modified by controlled oxidations or covalent grafting after reductive amination in the presence of homogalacturonan and iotacarraghenan hydrolysates. These modifications induced significant changes in both qmax and b which were explained according to the HSAB theory. Finally, barks were biologically modified by growing Douglas fir in greenhouse on a cadmium-contaminated soil. We showed that the presence of this pollutant induced significant changes in the chemical composition of bark which suffered decreases in adsorption capacities for PbII and CdII
Bougrier, Claire. "Optimisation du procédé de méthanisation par mise en place d'un co-traitement physico-chimique : application au gisement de biogaz représenté par les boues d'épuration des eaux usées." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20089.
Повний текст джерелаAmarantini, David. "Estimation des efforts musculaires à partir de données périphériques : application à l'analyse de la coordination pluri-articulaire." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557146.
Повний текст джерелаChupin, Cédric. "Réduction sélective du monoxyde d'azote par le méthane en présence d'oxygène sur Co-ZSM-5 et Fe-ZSM-5 : optimisation des catalyseurs, étude mécanistique et cinétique de la réaction." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10236.
Повний текст джерелаKlinkert, Torben. "Compréhension et optimisation du dépôt de Cu(In,Ga)Se2 par co-évaporation en tant qu'absorbeur pour le développement de cellules solaires en couches minces à très haut rendement." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066008/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis the growth of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin films by co-evaporation has been optimised and studied systematically. Being a key parameter, the substrate temperature has been calibrated with an infrared camera. The set-up and optimisation of a three-stage process at a new co-evaporation reactor has led to cell efficiencies up to 16.7 % without anti-reflection coating. The key for this achievement was the control of the Ga gradient. In depth inhomogeneities have been characterised by a novel method based on chemical etching of the absorber layer. Break-off experiments during the 3-stage process unveiled the importance of precursor and intermediate phases on growth mechanisms, in-depth compositional gradients and film morphology. The absorber/buffer layer interface has been investigated by varying the CIGS surface composition for solar cells both with a CdS and a Zn(O,S)-based buffer layer. It has been shown that an adaptation of the CIGS surface composition is beneficial for the replacement of the CdS by a Zn(O,S) buffer layer. Equivalent efficiencies can be achieved with the two buffer layers if each of them is combined with the corresponding optimal interface Ga composition. Low temperature current-voltage measurements indicate a lower conduction band offset at the CIGS/Zn(O,S) buffer layer as reported in the literature. For the further optimisation of our CIGS devices towards 20 % and beyond three routes are proposed: the optimisation of the absorber layer deposition finalisation, the reduction of detrimental absorption in the buffer layer (larger band gap or thinner buffer) and the incorporation of potassium which has beneficial effects on CIGS
Ghoumari, Abdel. "Optimisation de la transfection des cellules du carcinome hépatocellulaire par les liposomes et augmentation de la cytotoxicité du système gène suicide / ganciclovir par co-transfert des gènes HSV-TK et connexine-43." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA055022.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Yaouanq Sébastien. "Co-simulation redondante d'échelles de modélisation hétérogènes pour une approche phénoménologique." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0032/document.
Повний текст джерелаThere are usually two opposite points of view for the modelling of complex systems. First, microscopical models aim at reproducing precisely the behavior of each entity of the system. In general, their great number is a major obstacle both to simulate the model in a reasonable time and to identify global behaviors. By contrast, the phenomenological approach allows the construction of efficient models from a macroscopic point of view as a superposition of phenomena. A drawback is that we often have to set empirical parameters in these descriptive models. To respond to this problem, we want to make joint use of different levels of description and to use microscopical simulations to feed incomplete macroscopical models.We would then obtain enhanced descriptive simulations with the precision of microscopical models in this way. To this end, we propose a redundant multiscale architecture which is based on the co-simulation methodology in order to generalize the redundant multiscale approach. We suggest two specific co-simulation strategies to guide a macroscopical simulation.The first one consists in dynamically and explicitly estimating critical parameters of a macroscopical model thanks to a dedicated microscopical simulator The second one allows to implicitly determine a full set of dependant parameters on the basis of an output shared by the different levels of description. Then we apply our works to the effective problem of the design offshore structures for arctic conditions. We first describe the implementation of an ice-structure simulation tool by means of a phenomenological and multi-model approach. In a second phase, we show the benefits of our co-simulation strategies to improve the precision of hydrodynamics simulations on the one hand, and on the other to pilot a more macroscopical model for the purpose of fast prototyping