Статті в журналах: "Co-Cropping"

1

Wang, Sifan, Yong Liu, Khalil Kariman, Jialin Li, Huihua Zhang, Fangbai Li, Yinglong Chen, et al. "Co-Cropping Indian Mustard and Silage Maize for Phytoremediation of a Cadmium-Contaminated Acid Paddy Soil Amended with Peat." Toxics 9, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9050091.

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Co-cropping is an eco-friendly strategy to improve the phytoremediation capacity of plants growing in soils contaminated with heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd). This study was conducted to investigate the effects of co-cropping Indian mustard (Brassicajuncea) and silage maize (Zeamays) and applying peat on the phytoremediation of a Cd-contaminated acid paddy soil via characterizing plant growth and Cd uptake in pot experiments. There were six planting patterns (Control: no plants; MI-2 and MI-4: mono-cropping of Indian mustard at low and high densities, respectively; MS: mono-cropping of silage maize; CIS-2 and CIS-4: co-cropping of Indian mustard at low and high densities with silage maize, respectively) and two application rates of peat (NP: 0; WP: 30 g kg−1). When Indian mustard and silage maize were co-cropped, the shoot biomass of Indian mustard plants per pot was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that obtained in the mono-cropping systems, with a substantial reduction (55–72%) in the same plant density group. The shoot biomass of silage maize plants in the mono-cropping systems did not differ significantly from that in the co-cropping systems regardless of the density of Indian mustard. The growth-promoting effect of the peat application was more pronounced in Indian mustard than silage maize. Under the low density of Indian mustard, the co-cropping systems significantly (p < 0.05) decreased Cd uptake by silage maize. Additionally, soil amendment with peat significantly (p < 0.05) increased shoot Cd removal rate and Cd translocation factor value in the co-cropping systems. Taken together, the results demonstrated that silage maize should be co-cropped with Indian mustard at an appropriate density in Cd-polluted soils to achieve simultaneous remediation of Cd-contaminated soils (via Indian mustard) and production of crops (here, silage maize). Peat application was shown to promote the removal of Cd from soil and translocation of Cd into shoots and could contribute to enhanced phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated acid paddy soil.

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2

Li, Qi, Yanxin Tang, Dubin Dong, Xili Wang, Xuqiao Wu, Saima Gul, Yaqian Li, Xiaocui Xie, Dan Liu, and Weijie Xu. "Remediation of Pb-, Zn-, Cu-, and Cd-Contaminated Soil in a Lead–Zinc Mining Area by Co-Cropping Ilex cornuta and Epipremnum aureum with Illite Application." Agriculture 14, no. 6 (May 30, 2024): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14060867.

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Phytoremediation is considered an effective strategy for remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil in mining areas. However, single-species plants cannot reach the highest potential for uptake of heavy metals due to inhibition of their growth by high concentrations of heavy metals in the soil. Therefore, this study has explored the effects of illite application and two plant species’ co-cropping on soil quality, plant growth, and heavy metal transformation in a soil–plant system. The results reveal that the addition of 1% (mass fraction) of illite significantly enhances soil pH. The co-cropping of Ilex cornuta and Epipremnum aureum is beneficial for improving the organic matter content of the soil. The contents of EDTA-extractable Pb, Zn, and Cu were significantly reduced by 29.8–32.5%, 1.85–5.72%, and 30.0–32.9%, respectively, compared to the control. The co-cropping of Ilex cornuta and Epipremnum aureum promoted enrichment effects of Epipremnum aureum on Pb and Ilex cornuta on Cd (p < 0.05). The co-cropping pattern lowered the biomass of Ilex cornuta and Epipremnum aureum; however, co-cropping of Ilex cornuta and Epipremnum aureum promoted the elimination of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd from the soil at 13.0–75.8%, 11.1–38.2%, 8.39–88.4%, and 27.8–72.5%, respectively. It is concluded that illite application combined with co-cropping of Ilex cornuta and Epipremnum aureum is highly effective for the elimination of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd from contaminated soil. This study provides a theoretical basis and pathway for the restoration of heavy-metal-contaminated soil in mining with the application of bentonite combined with phytoremediation.

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3

Berkovich, Yu А., А. М. Beliak, М. R. Bagretsova, D. V. Korshunov, L. I. Savostianova, and S. О. Smolianina. "MEANS TO INCREASE EFFICIENCY OF ARTIFICIAL SOIL USED FOR ROOT CROPS CULTIVATION IN A SPACE GREENHOUSE." Aerospace and Environmental Medicine 57, no. 4 (2023): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21687/0233-528x-2023-57-4-97-105.

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The most promising method of root supply in space greenhouses (SG) operating in microgravity is porous membranes together with a capillary-porous salt-saturated artificial soil (AS). AS is a critical consumable that cannot be recycled in space missions. One of the options for increasing the specific harvest of cultures with extended period of commercial vegetation, carrot as an example, can co-cropping with fast-growing greens at the beginning of cultivation. Purpose of this work is experimental testing a technology of co-cropping carrot and leaf vegetables to see whether it will and better the AS efficiency. In a series of 3 experiments carrots were cultivated under a lighting unit with red and white LEDs (PFD in the range of 300 to 600 µmol(m2•s) in root modules stuffed with granular or fiber AS. Co-cultures were lettuce, Japanese turnip and basil. It was demonstrated that PFD at 450 – 550 µmol(m2•s) and water potential in the root zone at [(–0.5) – (–0.8) kPa] are favorable to the carrot and lie within the ranges recommended for cultivation of leaf vegetables in space greenhouses. No negative allelopathic effect was noted during carrot co-cropping with lettuce or Japanese turnip. Carrot cultivation with the Japanese turnip saved the specific, per a crop biomass unit, energy expenditure for lighting. Co-cropping with the Japanese turnip reduced the specific AS expenditure about 4 times; co-cropping with the lettuce reduced AS expenditure in 2.5 times.

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4

Jiang, Cheng-Ai, Qi-Tang Wu, Romain Goudon, Guillaume Echevarria, and Jean-Louis Morel. "Biomass and metal yield of co-cropped Alyssum murale and Lupinus albus." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 2 (2015): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14261.

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Combining crops is a potential option to gain more value from ultramafic soils. This work was designed to investigate the co-cropping of a legume, Lupinus albus, and a Ni-hyperaccumulator, Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit, and determine whether growth and metal uptake would be altered by a companion plant. A pot experiment was conducted in a growth chamber in two serpentine topsoils that were low in P but differed in Ni and Mn concentrations. The soils were a Magnesic Eutric Cambisol (S1) and a Hypermagnesic Hypereutric Cambisol (S2). Pots were split into two compartments along the diagonal by a double-layer nylon mesh, and the space between the meshes was filled with same soil. Each plant was either mono-cropped (sown on both compartments) or co-cropped (one species per compartment). For all combinations, two treatments were prepared: one with no P fertilisation and the other with P addition. L. albus and A. murale plants were grown for 45 and 57 days respectively. Results showed that both plants responded positively to P fertilisation. In co-cropping systems on non-P treatments, L. albus accounted for the majority of the total biomass (higher than 90%), whereas with P addition the contribution of A. murale reached almost 40%. P fertilisation provoked an increase in Ni concentration in A. murale (S1), or no change (S2). Co-cropping significantly reduced Ni concentration in shoots of A. murale and total Ni exportation was slightly lower than when plants were grown individually. L. albus accumulated high concentrations of Mn and co-cropping and P deficiency increased Mn uptake. In this co-cropping system L. albus and A. murale interacted positively, and this association is a feasible means to increase the productivity of phytomining on serpentine soils provided appropriate fertilisation is supplied.

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5

Vellaisamy, Ramamoorthy, Sindhu S, Theradimani M, Samundeeswari S, Sobanbabu G, and Renuka R. "Cropping duration and non-rhizomorphic mycelial phenotype of Pleurotus djamor woody1 co-segregate in the hybrid progenies." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 17, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v17i1.1129.

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Crop duration of the cultivated Pleurotus spp. is 45 to 50 days. P. djamor isolate woody-1 was collected as natural selection and was found to be short cropping duration variety with total cropping duration of 30 days but it is less palatable. It produced very thin, loose and non-rhizomorphic mycelia appearing light white color. Whereas, other commercial Pleurotus varieties such as P. florida and P. djamor MDU1 are long crop duration varieties and palatable producing thick, compact and rhizomorphic mycelia with bright white color. Co-segregation of non-rhizomorphic mycelial phenotype and short cropping duration trait of P. djamor woody- 1 in hybrid progenies was evaluated. Hybrid strains viz., H2W12 and H2W14 have thin, loose and non-rhizomorphic mycelium and they produced primordia in 9-10 days after spawning with total cropping duration of 29-32 days. Whereas, hybrid strain namely Pf1W2 has thick, compact and rhizomorphic mycelial phenotype and it produced primordia in 20 days after spawning with the total cropping duration of 47 days. This study indicated that genes governing short cropping duration and non-rhizomorphic mycelial pattern were tightly linked and co-segregated in the progenies. Thus, non-rhizomorphic mycelial phenotype of P. djamor woody1 can be used as a phenotypic marker for selection of hybrid cultivar having short cropping duration with other desired agronomic traits in future breeding strategy.

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6

Wenda-Piesik, Anna, and Agnieszka Synowiec. "Productive and Ecological Aspects of Mixed Cropping System." Agriculture 11, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050395.

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Mixed cropping, also known as inter-cropping, polyculture, or co-cultivation, is a type of plant production system that involves planting two or more species (or cultivars) simultaneously in the same field in a variable order (row or rowless) [...]

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7

Fuksová, Z., J. Száková, and P. Tlustoš. "Effects of co-cropping on bioaccumulation of trace elements in Thlaspi caerulescens and Salix dasyclados." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 11 (November 11, 2009): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/42/2009-pse.

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Most phytoremediation technologies are based on the use of selected plant species cropped as in monoculture. Separated (monoculture) and combined (simultaneous) cropping of hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens and accumulator tree Salix dasyclados were tested in our experiment. We used moderately and highly contaminated soil. Extremely contaminated soil caused progressive mortality of willows planted separately. Combined cropping with T. caerulescens enabled willows to survive. Generally, we determined decreased bioaccumulation of As, Cd, and Pb in both tested species and Zn in willow plants. Combined cropping enhanced bioaccumulation of Zn in T. caerulescens shoots. The remediation efficiency of the individual species in the co-cropping system did not differ from those obtained in separate cropping mode. For As and Pb the negligible effectiveness of phytoextraction was confirmed for both separate and combined cropping of the tested plant species.

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8

Ma, Yunshuang, Anran Yu, Liangliang Zhang, and Rongquan Zheng. "Effects of Rice–Frog Co-Cropping on the Soil Microbial Community Structure in Reclaimed Paddy Fields." Biology 13, no. 6 (May 30, 2024): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology13060396.

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Utilizing and improving the productivity of reclaimed land are highly significant for alleviating the problem of food production shortage in China, and the integrated rice–frog farming model can improve soil fertility. However, there are few studies on the use of integrated rice–frog farming technology to improve the fertility of reclaimed land and increase its efficiency in food production. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the rice–frog co-cropping mode on the soil fertility and microbial diversity of reclaimed land. A rice monoculture group (SF), low-density rice–frog co-cropping group (SD, 5000 frogs/mu, corresponds to 8 frogs/m2), and high-density rice–frog co-cropping group (SG, 10,000 frogs/mu, corresponds to 15 frogs/m2) were established and tested. The contents of total nitrogen, soil organic matter, available potassium, and available phosphorus of the soil in the SG group were significantly higher than those in the SF group (p < 0.05) in the mature stage of rice. Compared with the SF group, the SD and SG groups improved the soil microbial diversity and changed the structure of the microbial community. This study indicates that compared with the rice monoculture mode, the rice–frog co-cropping pattern can improve the soil fertility, as well as microbial diversity, of reclaimed land.

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9

N.T, JAGANNATHAN, and VENKITASWAMY R. "EVALUATION OF COTTON BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS UNDER COIMBATORE CONDITIONS." Madras Agricultural Journal 83, March (1996): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00994.

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Field experiments were conducted at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 1991-92 and 1992-93 under irrigated conditions to identify suitable cotton based cropping system under Coimbatore conditions. Results revealed that cotton (MCU 5)-tomato (Co 3) gave a maximum net income of Rs.26,900 and Rs.33, 150 during 1991-92 and 1992-93 respectively. Cotton (MCU'S)- soybean (Co 1) and cotton (MCU 5) - maize (Col) systems also recorded more net income next to the cotton-tomato cropping system.

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10

Le Gal, Pierre-Yves, and François Papy. "Co-ordination processes in a collectively managed cropping system: Double cropping of irrigated rice in Senegal." Agricultural Systems 57, no. 2 (June 1998): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-521x(97)00074-7.

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11

Zheng, Shiwei, Ting Bian, Shuang Wang, Xiaolan Zhang, Xiao Li, Yongyong Zhang, Hongdan Fu, and Zhouping Sun. "Decoupling of P from C, N, and K Elements in Cucumber Leaves Caused by Nutrient Imbalance under a Greenhouse Continuous Cropping System." Horticulturae 7, no. 12 (November 29, 2021): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120528.

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There is insufficient information regarding the stoichiometric variation and coupling status of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the leaves of nutrient-enriched greenhouse agroecosystems with increasing planting time. Therefore, we assessed the variation in elemental stoichiometry ratios in soil and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) leaves, and the coupling status of elemental utilization in the leaves under continuous cropping systems using natural (only soil; i.e., control soil, CO) and artificial (soil + straw + chicken + urea; i.e., straw mixture soil, ST) soil via monitoring studies for 11 years in a solar greenhouse. Soil organic C, total N, and total P concentrations increased by 63.4%, 72.7%, and 144.3% in the CO, respectively, after 11 years of cultivation (compared to the first year), and by 18.1%, 24.3%, and 117.7% in the ST under continuous cropping conditions, respectively. Total K concentrations remained unchanged in both soils. Moreover, the availability of these soil elements increased to different degrees in both soils after 11 years of planting. Additionally, the leaf P concentration increased by 9.8% in the CO, while leaf N and K concentrations did not change, suggesting decoupling of P utilization from that of N and K in leaves under a continuous cropping system. These findings suggest that imbalanced soil nutrients under continuous cropping conditions results in decoupling of P from N and K in the utilization of leaf nutrients.

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12

Sharma, Ankita, Swapana Sepehya, Rakesh Sharma, and Anil Kumar. "Impact of Various Cropping Systems on the Status and Distribution of Selected Micronutrients in Subtropical Region of Himachal Pradesh, India." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 19 (August 22, 2023): 454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i193571.

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Globally, the majority of farmers use various cropping systems. In order to increase the production of food grains, the adaptation of these cropping systems necessitates intensive cultivation, which eventually calls for a greater quantity of macronutrients as well as micronutrients. The availability of micronutrients is greatly influenced by cropping practices, their distribution by profile and chemical pools, and their accessibility to plants. Many crops can reach beneath the soil layers and access the micronutrients with their deep roots, which they require to grow. The present study was conducted to quantify the impact of different cropping systems on DTPA extractable micronutrients viz., Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn over time. Soil samples were collected from the surface layer (0-15 cm) of four cropping systems i.e., cereal-cereal (CC), cereal-oilseed (CO), vegetable-vegetable (VV), and fodder-fodder (FF). The micronutrient cations were found highest under the VV cropping system when compared with all four cropping systems. The results illustrate that availability of micronutrients is affected by the presence of high organic carbon content and favourable soil reaction.

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SALONEN, J., T. HYVÖNEN, and H. JALLI. "Weed flora and weed management of field peas in Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 14, no. 2 (December 4, 2008): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960605774826037.

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The composition of the weed flora of dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) fields and cropping practices were investigated in southwestern Finland. Surveys were done in 20022003 in 119 conventionally cropped fields and 64 fields under organic cropping. Herbicides were applied to 92% of conventionally cropped fields where they provided relatively good control but were costly. Weeds were controlled mechanically only in five fields under organic production. A total of 76 weed species were recorded, of which 29 exceeded the 10% frequency level of occurrence. The average number of weed species per field was 10 under conventional cropping and 18 under organic cropping. The most frequent weed species in both cropping practices were Chenopodium album, Stellaria media and Viola arvensis. Elymus repens was the most frequent grass species. The difference in species composition under conventional and organic cropping was detected with Redundancy Analysis. Under conventional cropping, features of crop stand and weed control explained 38.7% and 37.6% of the variation respectively. Under organic cropping the age of crop stand and field location (y co-ordinate) respectively explained best the variation. Weeds could be efficiently managed with herbicides under conventional cropping, but they represented a significant problem for organic production. Mixed cultivation of pea with cereals is recommended, particularly for organic cropping, as it favours crop competition against weeds.;

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14

Liu, Xiaoqian, Junnan Ding, Jingyang Li, Dan Zhu, Bin Li, Bohan Yan, Lina Mao, Guangyu Sun, Lei Sun, and Xin Li. "The Response of Soil Bacterial Communities to Cropping Systems in Saline–Alkaline Soil in the Songnen Plain." Agronomy 13, no. 12 (December 3, 2023): 2984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13122984.

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The high salt content in saline–alkaline land leads to insufficient nutrients, thereby reducing agricultural productivity. This has sparked widespread interest in improving saline–alkaline soil. In this investigation, 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing was employed to examine the impacts of three cropping systems (monoculture, rotation, and mixture) on soil bacterial communities. It was found that cropping rotations and mixtures significantly increased soil bacterial α-diversity. Random forest analysis showed a significant linear relationship between AK and EC and bacterial α-diversity. In addition, principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) further confirmed the significant differences in β-diversity between different soil layers. Through co-occurrence network analysis, it was found that cropping rotations and mixtures increased the stability and complexity of co-occurrence networks. By calculating NST to analyze the assembly process of soil bacterial communities in different cropping systems, it was found that the assembly process of soil bacterial communities was dominated by a stochastic process. Functional prediction results showed that a large number of C, N, and S cycling microbes appeared in soil bacterial communities. Our study aims to establish a fresh perspective on the improvement and recovery of saline–alkaline soil.

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K, RAMAMOORTHY, CHRISTOPHER LOURDURAJ A, ALAGUDURAI S, and KANDASAMY O S. "Strip and intercropping of rainfed finger millet with grain and vegetable legumes for sustaining productivity and soil health." Madras Agricultural Journal 91, December (2004): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00114.

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Field experiments were conducted at the Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during kharif and rabi season of 2000-2003 under rainfed condition to study the effect of strip and intercropping of legumes on finger millet productivity. The treatments included the base crop of finger millet (CO 13) with strip and intercropping of pigeon pea, grain cowpea, green gram and vegetable cowpea and compared with farmers practice of broad casting finger millet in the 1.5 m space and two rows of pigeon pea. The results revealed that the higher finger millet grain yield of 2015 kg ha and straw yield of 6135 kg hat were recorded with intercropping of finger millet (CO 13) with vegetable cowpea (CO 4) at 8:2 ratio. Highest net return (Rs.15984 ha) and B:C ratio (4.18) was recorded with inter cropping of finger millet (CO 13) with pigeon pea CO 5. Legumes under strip cropping recorded higher vegetable yield than under intercropping systems.

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16

Hossard, Laure, Louise Blanc, Fatima Lambarraa-Lehnhardt, Christos Dordas, Paschalis Papakaloudis, Andreas Michalitsis, Jorge Lampurlanes, et al. "Co-design of diversified cropping systems in the Mediterranean area." European Journal of Agronomy 153 (February 2024): 127050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2023.127050.

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17

Grahmann, Kathrin, Moritz Reckling, Ixchel Hernández-Ochoa, Marco Donat, Sonoko Bellingrath-Kimura, and Frank Ewert. "Co-designing a landscape experiment to investigate diversified cropping systems." Agricultural Systems 217 (May 2024): 103950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2024.103950.

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18

Preethi, A. Vijaya, K. Uma Devi, D. Vishnu Sankar Rao, and V. Srinivasa Rao. "Yield gap analysis of redgram and redgram based cropping systems in Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 11, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/11.2/150-156.

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The study was conducted on yield gap analysis of redgram and redgram based cropping systems in Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh during the year 2014-15. A sample size of 120 farmers were selected by using multiple stage random sampling method. The multiple linear regression equation was used for studying the functional relationship between the yield gap of redgram based cropping systems and independent variables viz., seed rate gap (kg/ha), seed charges gap (Rs./ha), nitrogen gap (kg/ha), phosphorus gap (kg/ha), potassium gap (kg/ha), labour charges gap (Rs./ha), pesticide gap (Rs./ha) and manures gap (t/ha). From analysis, the results were obtained that, the variables such as seed cost gap (Rs./ha), phosphorus gap (kg/ha), labour charges gap (Rs./ha) and pesticide gap (Rs./ha) were mainly responsible for the yield gap for redgram sole crop, redgram + Bajra cropping system and pooled cropping systems. In pooled regression analysis, the regression co-efficients of cropping system dummy variables (CS1, CS2 and CS4- Redgram + Bajra, Redgram + Greengram, Redgram + Sorghum (fodder) cropping systems) had positive and significant influence on yield gap. This indicates that more yield gap observed in redgram based cropping systems than sole redgram was because of relatively poor adoption concerning intercropping technologies by the sample redgram farmers.

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Mutyambai, Daniel Munyao, Saliou Niassy, Paul-André Calatayud, and Sevgan Subramanian. "Agronomic Factors Influencing Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Infestation and Damage and Its Co-Occurrence with Stemborers in Maize Cropping Systems in Kenya." Insects 13, no. 3 (March 7, 2022): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13030266.

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Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda J.E Smith, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious invasive pest of maize that has been established in Kenya since 2016. Little is known about its co-occurrence with resident stemborers, relative infestation and damage and how agronomic factors influence its infestation and damage in maize cropping systems across different agro-ecological zones. This study assessed FAW co-occurrence with resident stemborers, relative infestation and damage across three agro-ecological zones, and the effects of different agronomic practices on its infestation and damage in maize cropping systems in Kenya. A total of 180 maize farms were surveyed across three different agro-ecological zones. FAW infestation and damage was highest in lowlands compared to mid-altitude and high-altitude lands. Its population (eggs and larvae) dominated that of resident stemborers in maize fields. Maize grown under mixed cropping systems, with rainfed production and weeded frequently had low infestation and damage compared to those grown under monoculture, with irrigation and no weeding, respectively. Young vegetative maize plants were more infested and damaged compared to mature plants. Different maize varieties were found to have different infestation and damage levels with Pioneer having the least damage. These results demonstrate that agronomic practices play a role in influencing FAW infestation and damage in maize cropping systems. Further, the population of FAW is dominating that of stemborers in maize cropping systems in Kenya, four years after its invasion. Thus, agronomic practices need to be considered while designing sustainable agro-ecological-based management solutions for resource-constrained smallholder farmers.

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20

Fujisaka, Sam. "Improving Productivity of an Upland Rice and Maize System: Farmer Cropping Choices or Researcher Cropping Pattern Trapezoids?" Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 3 (July 1991): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700018974.

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SummaryCropping systems research to improve the productivity of an acid upland rice and maize-based farming system is described and evaluations by co-operating farmers are presented. Farmers rejected introduced patterns. The cropping choices of non-cooperating farmers are described in terms of cost–benefits and the reasons underlying their decisions. An approach that combines an understanding of farmers' systems in order to conduct focused research on the weak points of such systems, together with an evaluation of farmer technology and adaptation, may be more effective than researcher-designed, farmer-implemented cropping pattern trials.

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Zhao, Yuan, Youhua Yao, Hongyan Xu, Zhanling Xie, Jing Guo, Zhifan Qi, and Hongchen Jiang. "Soil metabolomics and bacterial functional traits revealed the responses of rhizosphere soil bacterial community to long-term continuous cropping of Tibetan barley." PeerJ 10 (April 7, 2022): e13254. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13254.

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Continuous cropping often leads to an unbalanced soil microbial community, which in turn negatively affects soil functions. However, systematic research of how these effects impact the bacterial composition, microbial functional traits, and soil metabolites is lacking. In the present study, the rhizosphere soil samples of Tibetan barley continuously monocropped for 2 (CCY02), 5 (CCY05), and 10 (CCY10) years were collected. By utilizing 16S high-throughput sequencing, untargeted metabolomes, and quantitative microbial element cycling smart chips, we examined the bacterial community structure, soil metabolites, and bacterial functional gene abundances, respectively. We found that bacterial richness (based on Chao1 and Phylogenetic Diversity [PD] indices) was significantly higher in CCY02 and CCY10 than in CCY05. As per principal component analysis (PCA), samples from the continuous monocropping year tended to share more similar species compositions and soil metabolites, and exhibited distinct patterns over time. The results of the Procrustes analysis indicated that alterations in the soil metabolic profiles and bacterial functional genes after long-term continuous cropping were mainly mediated by soil microbial communities (P < 0.05). Moreover, 14 genera mainly contributed to the sample dissimilarities. Of these, five genera were identified as the dominant shared taxa, including Blastococcus, Nocardioides, Sphingomonas, Bacillus, and Solirubrobacter. The continuous cropping of Tibetan barley significantly increased the abundances of genes related to C-degradation (F = 9.25, P = 0.01) and P-cycling (F = 5.35, P = 0.03). N-cycling significantly negatively correlated with bacterial diversity (r = − 0.71, P = 0.01). The co-occurrence network analysis revealed that nine hub genera correlated with most of the functional genes and a hub taxon, Desulfuromonadales, mainly co-occurred with the metabolites via both negative and positive correlations. Collectively, our findings indicated that continuous cropping significantly altered the bacterial community structure, functioning of rhizosphere soils, and soil metabolites, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the effects of the long-term continuous cropping of Tibetan barley.

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Cai, Shumei, Sixin Xu, Deshan Zhang, Stefan Geisen, and Haitao Zhu. "Soil Microbial Biomass and Bacterial Diversity Enhanced through Fallow Cover Cropping in Rice–Fish Coculture." Agronomy 14, no. 3 (February 25, 2024): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030456.

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Traditional rice production is often reliant on the unsustainable practice of utilizing intensive inputs in monoculture cropping systems. Alternatives fallow cover cropping and rice–fish coculture (RFC) offer promising solutions. However, the potential of fallow cover cropping in RFC remains underexplored, and its impact on soil microbes is poorly understood. In this study, assessments of soil–plant–microbe interactions were conducted across three cover cropping systems: Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) single cropping (CM), Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) single cropping (RP), and a combination of Chinese milk vetch and rapeseed intercropping (CM_RP). These systems were evaluated with and without nitrogen (N) addition, encompassing both the RFC and rice monoculture (RMC) systems. The findings indicate a notable increase in soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) with CM. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), influenced more by N-fertilizer than crop species, decreased with N addition. In the RFC system, the soil bacterial co-occurrence network exhibited more connections, yet negative links increased. CM_RP displayed similarities to CM without N but shifted closer to RP with N addition. N addition in intercropping significantly increased the root–shoot ratio (R/S) of A. sinicus, associated with decreased aboveground biomass and total root length. Compared to RMC, RFC with N addition reduced the relative abundance of Anaerolineaceae in CM while increasing Bacillus and Pontibacter across cover cropping systems. Overall, with N addition, both RFC and RMC showed decreased soil bacterial diversity indices. Changes in soil bacterial diversity correlated significantly with soil MBC, MBN, and plant R/S. Continuous fallow cover cropping altered soil microbial biomass and affected cover crop biomass distribution, impacting bacterial composition in paddy soil. These results shed light on how bacterial communities respond to N addition and fallow cover cropping in RFC and RMC systems, offering insights for sustainable nutrient management in paddy systems.

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Dash, Bhabani Shankar, Sangram Keshari Swain, Debaraj Behera, Padma Lochan Pradhan, Pramod Kumar Sahoo, and d. Markandeya Mahapatra. "Energy Budgeting of Paddy-Pulse Cropping System in Bhadrak District of Odisha and Assessment of Emission from Paddy Straw Burning." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 58, no. 03 (September 30, 2021): 222–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2021581.1747.

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Energy auditing of an existing production system helps to assess its energy-use and energy efficiency. The average input energy of paddy-black gram (PB) cropping system (19,862.01 MJ.ha-1) was higher than paddy-green gram (PG) (18,972.34 MJ.ha-1) cropping system in Bhadrak, Odisha. Harvesting and transport operation required highest operational energy for PG (35.57%) and PB (41.20%) farms; while, threshing and winnowing consumed the second highest input energy with 21.34% and 22.71% for PG and PB farms, followed by land preparation with 21.87% and 20.10% respectively. Linear regression data of PG and PB systems showed significant effect (p<0.05) of predictors with R2 values of 87.70% and 82.20% for total output energy and grain energy, respectively; confirming a good fit among the data. The output energy of PB cropping system was 13.91% higher than that of PG cropping system. The PB cropping system, with energy utilisation efficiency (EUE) of 10.31 and 11.82, was more energy-efficient than PG system with EUE of 9.32 and 11.01 for “NC” and “C” farms, respectively. The net energy return of PBC farm was highest with 2,04,505.31 MJ.ha-1. Amongst various pollutants emitted from paddy straw burning in Odisha; CO2 (5,51,296.0 Mg.yr-1), CO (13,102.72 Mg.yr-1), and TPM (4,908.80 Mg.yr-1) had highest share. The quantity of major GHGs (N2 O, CH4 ) released into the atmosphere through paddy straw burning was estimated as 26.43 Mg.yr-1 and 453.12 Mg.yr-1, respectively. Use of straw baler can prevent straw burning, and reduce emission from paddy fields by 2805.54 kg.ha-1 of CO2 and 66.69 kg.ha-1 of CO, 5.96 kg.ha-1 of NOx , 24.98 kg.ha-1 of TPM. Alternatively, use of mulcher can also reduce emission from paddy fields by 2924.44 kg.ha-1 of CO2 and 69.51 kg.ha-1 of CO, 6.21 kg.ha-1 of NOx , 26.04 kg.ha-1 of TPM. The cost of operation of a baler and mulcher were 8,617.0 ₹ ha-1 and 2,543.0 ₹ ha-1, respectively. Input energy and energy saved in paddy fields by baler were 820.0 MJ.ha-1 and 16,928.0 MJ.ha-1; and 266.0 MJ.ha-1 and 24,458.0 MJ.ha-1 by mulcher, respectively

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Verma, R. S., and R. L. Yadav. "Growth and yield of sugarcane and potato in companion cropping system." Journal of Agricultural Science 107, no. 1 (August 1986): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600066879.

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SUMMARYTwo potato genotypes, Kufri Sindhuri (KS) and Kufri Chandramukhi (KC), were grown in association with sugarcane (cv. Co 1148) at 1:1 (SP) and 1:2 (SPP) sugarcane (S): potato (P)row arrangements. Growth behaviour and yield of both crops in companionship were compared with those of their sole cropping. Initially, KC accumulated more dry matter in tubers than KS. At harvest, the contribution of tubers to total dry matter was the same in both genotypes. However, KS produced significantly higher absolute tuber yields than KC. Potato row arrangements in sugarcane did not significantly affect the proportion of dry matter in different plant components. However, SPP gave significantly higher tuber yields than SP and was the same as with sole potatoes. Drymatter accumulation, canopy development and yield of sugarcane were not affected significantly by potato row arrangements in the companion cropping system. Sugarcane was unaffected by KC in companion cropping but KS exerted an adverse effect on all the growth characters and yield of sugarcane. Similarly, in sequential cropping, sugarcane yielded significantly less when planted after KS than after KC.

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Husson, Olivier, Hoá Tran Quoc, Stéphane Boulakia, André Chabanne, Florent Tivet, Serge Bouzinac, Pascal Lienhard, et al. "Co-designing innovative cropping systems that match biophysical and socio-economic diversity: The DATE approach to Conservation Agriculture in Madagascar, Lao PDR and Cambodia." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 5 (October 7, 2015): 452–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217051500037x.

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AbstractRapid changes in agricultural systems call for profound changes in agricultural research and extension practices. The Diagnosis, Design, Assessment, Training and Extension (DATE) approach was developed and applied to co-design Conservation Agriculture-based cropping systems in contrasted situations. DATE is a multi-scale, multi-stakeholder participatory approach that integrates scientific and local knowledge. It emerged in response to questions raised by and issues encountered in the design of innovative systems. A key feature of this approach is the high input of innovative systems which are often although not exclusively based on conservation agricultural practices. Prototyping of innovative cropping systems (ICSs) largely relies on a conceptual model of soil–plant–macrofauna–microorganism system functioning. By comparing the implementation of the DATE approach and conservation agriculture-based cropping systems in Madagascar, Lao PDR, and Cambodia, we show that: (i) the DATE approach is flexible enough to be adapted to local conditions; (ii) market conditions need to be taken into account in designing agricultural development scenarios; and (iii) the learning process during the transition to conservation agriculture requires time. The DATE approach not only enables the co-design of ICSs with farmers, but also incorporates training and extension dimensions. It feeds back practitioners’ questions to researchers, and provides a renewed and extended source of innovation to farmers.

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Fujita, T., K. Kosuge, S. Miyoshi, and S. Shoji. "Properties and Use of MEISTER (Polyolefin-coated Urea) with Accurately Controlled Availability in Japan." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 668c—668. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.668c.

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Polyolefin-coated urea commercially called “MEISTER” was invented by T. Fujita and his co-workers. It shows primarily temperature-dependent dissolution and is divided into two groups of dissolution: ordinary (linear) and delayed (sigmoid). The dissolution of MEISTER in the soil is predicted easily with reasonable accuracy by a portable computer using temperature data. Thus, we can select kinds of MEISTER that can release N meeting the plant demand. It has been common knowledge that polymer-coated materials are used mainly on lawns, professional turf, and container-grown ornamental and horticultural plants and to a limited extent, in vegetable production. However, MEISTER is applied not only to high-value crops but also to low-value crops in Japan because this fertilizer can contribute to innovative fertilizer placement and farming systems (described later in this abstract), thereby the total farming cost can be notably reduced. Innovative fertilizer applications; co-situs placement and single basal application Innovative farming systems; paddy rice 1) no-till rice culture by direct-seeding and a single basal co-situs application and 2) no-till transplanting rice culture by single basal fertilization; and upland and horticultural crops 1) multi-cropping by a single basal fertilization and 2) no-till cropping by a single basal co-situs application.

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K. Dhanalakshmi, K. Chitra, S. Dharani S. Gowshika, Jagadeesh Kumar C. Lavanya, and V. Ambethgar. "Comparative Analysis of Temperature on Yield of Different Varieties of Oyster Mushroom Production." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2021): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1010.036.

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Oyster mushrooms are economical and most easily grown of all cultivated edible mushrooms. The crop has a range of varieties, differing in form, colour, texture and odor, which can be cultivated throughout the year under a diverse agro-climatic conditions. Three different oyster mushroom species viz., Hypsizygus ulmarius (var. CO2), Pleurotus eous (var. APK1) and Pleurotus florida (var. PF) along with three cropping rooms of varied temperatures was used for the study. Among the different cropping rooms, thatched shed with a temperature of 23o C recorded a highest yield of 748g, 712 and 673 g per 500 g of substrate by PF, CO 2 and APK 1 respectively than AC room and Concrete room. The temperature of the cropping room is inversely proportional to the yield of oyster mushroom. Hence, the thatched shed was best suited for oyster mushroom cultivation, which was both economic and easy to use.

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Wu, Qi-Tang, Liang Hei, J. W. C. Wong, Christophe Schwartz, and Jean-Louis Morel. "Co-cropping for phyto-separation of zinc and potassium from sewage sludge." Chemosphere 68, no. 10 (August 2007): 1954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.047.

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Zhang, Meng, Yanling Liu, Quanquan Wei, Jiulan Gou, Lingling Liu, Xiaofeng Gu, and Ming Wang. "The Co-Application of PGPR and Biochar Enhances the Production Capacity of Continuous Cropping Peppers in the Karst Yellow Soil Region of Southwest China." Horticulturae 9, no. 10 (October 5, 2023): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101104.

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In recent years, a significant impediment to the advancement of China’s agricultural sector is the noteworthy challenge posed by diminished crop yields and quality due to ongoing continuous cropping obstacles. Numerous studies have consistently showcased the potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and biochar in augmenting the alleviation of continuous cropping barriers. Nevertheless, the potential of PGPR and biochar to remediate and improve continuous cropping peppers in the karst yellow soil area remains unclear. A 2-year field experiment was implemented to examine the impact of PGPR and biochar, when applied alone or in combination, on the production potential of continuous cropping peppers. The results revealed that PGPR and biochar significantly elevated the yield of fresh and dry pepper compared with TF treatment. The utilization of PGPR and biochar resulted in an augmentation of free amino acids, soluble sugar, and vitamin C content in pepper fruits, but a reduction in the nitrate content, which proved advantageous in enhancing the overall quality of peppers. Furthermore, the use of PGPR and biochar demonstrated significant benefits in enhancing NPK accumulation, fertilizer utilization, and economic efficiency. Nevertheless, the co-application of PGPR and biochar yielded significantly better results compared to their individual application. In conclusion, the utilization of PGPR and biochar demonstrated a favorable impact on the productivity and economic benefits of continuous cropping peppers. The simultaneous application of PGPR and biochar represents a promising approach to enhancing yield and improving the quality of peppers in the karst yellow soil region of Southwest China.

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Ngouajio, Mathieu, and Jeremy Ernest. "Changes in the Physical, Optical, and Thermal Properties of Polyethylene Mulches during Double Cropping." HortScience 40, no. 1 (February 2005): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.1.94.

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In temperate regions, the vegetable growing season is short and plastic mulches are usually left in the field for an entire year when used for double cropping. This work was conducted to study the effect of weathering on the physical, optical, and thermal properties of plastic mulches during double cropping. The design was a randomized complete block with four replications. The mulches were black, grey, infrared transmitting brown (IRT-brown), IRT-green, white, and white-on-black (co-extruded white/black). Tomato was grown the first year and cucumber the following year. The grey mulch degraded substantially during double cropping (only 40% of bed was covered the second year) and showed an increase in light transmission and a decrease in heat accumulation (degree-days). The black, whiteon-black, white, IRT-brown, and IRT green mulches showed less degradation with 93%, 91%, 85%, 75%, and 61% soil cover, respectively. However, their soil warming ability was significantly reduced. These mulches could be used for double cropping to suppress weeds and to reduce inputs associated with plastic purchase, laying, and disposal. However, they may not provide adequate soil warming early in the season for the second crop.

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Mikha, M. M., M. F. Vigil, M. A. Liebig, R. A. Bowman, B. McConkey, E. J. Deibert, and J. L. Pikul. "Cropping system influences on soil chemical properties and soil quality in the Great Plains." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 21, no. 1 (March 2006): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/rafs2005123.

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AbstractSoil management and cropping systems have long-term effects on agronomic and environmental functions. This study examined the influence of contrasting management practices on selected soil chemical properties in eight long-term cropping system studies throughout the Great Plains and the western Corn Belt. For each study, soil organic C (SOC), total N (TN), particulate organic matter (POM), inorganic N, electrical conductivity (EC), and soil pH were evaluated at 0–7.5, 7.5–15, and 15–30 cm within conventional (CON) and alternative (ALT) cropping systems for 4 years (1999–2002). Treatment effects were primarily limited to the surface 7.5 cm of soil. No-tillage (NT) and/or elimination of fallow in ALT cropping systems resulted in significantly (P<0.05) greater SOC and TN at 0–7.5 cm within five of the eight study sites [Akron, Colorado (CO); Bushland, Texas (TX); Fargo, North Dakota (ND); Mandan, ND; and Swift Current, Saskatchewan (SK), Canada]. The same pattern was observed with POM, where POM was significantly (P<0.05) greater at four of the eight study sites [Bushland, TX, Mandan, ND, Sidney, Montana (MT), and Swift Current, SK]. No consistent pattern was observed with soil EC and pH due to management, although soil EC explained almost 60% of the variability in soil NO3-N at 0–7.5 cm across all locations and sampling times. In general, chemical soil properties measured in this study consistently exhibited values more conducive to crop production and environmental quality in ALT cropping systems relative to CON cropping systems.

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Owen, Mechelle J., and Stephen B. Powles. "The frequency of herbicide-resistant wild oat (Avena spp.) populations remains stable in Western Australian cropping fields." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 5 (2016): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15295.

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Avena is a problematic weed of cropping regions of southern Australia and many areas of the world. In 2010, a random survey was conducted across 14 million hectares of the Western Australian grain belt to monitor the change in herbicide resistance levels by comparing resistance frequency results with a survey conducted in 2005. Screening Avena populations with herbicides commonly used to control this weed revealed that 48% of Avena populations displayed resistance to the commonly used acetyl-Co A carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides, which was lower than that found in 2005 (71%). The broad-spectrum herbicides glyphosate and paraquat provided good control of all Avena populations. Resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides and to flamprop were detected for the first time in Western Australia in this survey. Therefore, a wide range of weed management options that target all phases of the cropping program are needed to sustain these cropping systems in the future.

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Jamar, L., A. Rondia, M. Lateur, L. Minet, A. Froncoux, and D. Stilmant. "Co-design and establishment of innovative fruit-based agroforestry cropping systems in Belgium." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1137 (August 2016): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1137.48.

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Brereton, N. J. B., E. Gonzalez, D. Desjardins, M. Labrecque, and F. E. Pitre. "Co-cropping with three phytoremediation crops influences rhizosphere microbiome community in contaminated soil." Science of The Total Environment 711 (April 2020): 135067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135067.

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JEYARAMAN, S., S. SUBRAMANIAN, and S. R. SREE RANGASWAMY. "Influence of weather parameters at the crop growth stages on seed yield of soybean." MAUSAM 41, no. 4 (February 24, 2022): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v41i4.2786.

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Soybean is gaining importance in India. Identifying suitable soybean growing seasons necessitates for exploiting maximum yield potential in specific location. A time of sowing experiment with soybean var. Co. I was conducted to find the best time of sowing in summer and monsoon wet seasons at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The influence of Weather parameters prevailed during critical crop growth stages and whole cropping period on seed yield of soybean was studied. The production potential of soybean crop can be increased when grown in seasons having the maximum temperature of 31.2 OC to 31.6 OC, minimum temperature of 20.4 OC to 20.9OC, cumulative heat unit values of 1274 to 1292 and total bright sunshine hours of 383 to 456 for the whole cropping period.

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Wang, Shoule, Zhongtang Wang, Qing Hao, Bin Peng, Pan Li, Xuelong Qi, and Qiong Zhang. "Cropping with Vicia villosa and native grass improves soil’s bacterial structure and ecological network in a jujube orchard." PeerJ 12 (June 26, 2024): e17458. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17458.

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In a jujube orchard, cropping withgrass may influence bacterial diversity and ecological networks due to changes of physicochemical properties in soil, which has a serious effect on the stability of soil ecosystems. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of different cultivation methods (CK: cleaning tillage; NG: cropping with native grass; VV: cropping with Vicia villosa) on the soil’s bacterial structure and its co-occurrence network in a jujube orchard. The results showed that the highest moisture content, total nitrogen, and organic matter in the rhizosphere soil of a jujube orchard was found in the VV group. The soil’s moisture content, total nitrogen, and organic matter in the VV group were 2.66%, 0.87 g kg−1, and 5.55 mg kg−1 higher than that found in the CK group. Compared to the CK group, the number of unique species in the rhizosphere soil in the NG and the VV groups increased by 7.33% and 21.44%. The PICRUSt and FAPROTAX analysis showed that sown grass had a greater influence on the ecological function of the soil’s bacteria. Cropping with Vicia villosa and native grass significantly increased aerobic chemoheterotrophy, nitrogen respiration, nitrate reduction related to biochemical cycles, and the relative abundance of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism and the biodegradation of xenobiotics. The bacterial network complexity in the NG group was higher than that in the CK and VV groups and was greatest in the hub nodes (OTU42, Bacteroidota; OTU541, Nitrospiraceae). In this study, the ecological benefit seen in the soil’s microbial function provides support to the theory that cropping with grass (Vicia villosa) increases the sustainable development of a jujube orchard.

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Ferguson, H. J., and R. M. McPherson. "ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF ADULT CARABIDAE IN FOUR SOYBEAN CROPPING SYSTEMS IN VIRGINIA." Journal of Entomological Science 20, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-20.2.163.

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Carabidae (Coleoptera) were monitored from pitfall trap catches in four soybean cropping systems in Westmoreland Co., Virginia during the summer of 1982. Harpalus pensylvanicus DeGeer, Poecilus chalcites Say, Amara spp., and Agonum octopunctatum Fabricius were the most commonly encountered among the 39 species collected. These four species were more abundant in drill-planted and double-cropped soybean fields which were conservation tillage systems as compared to conventionally plowed fields. Significantly more species per field and more carabids per trap were found during June than in later summer months. The Shannon-Weaver diversity and Berger-Parker dominance indices showed no significant differences in species diversity among the cropping systems. The total number of carabids present in soybeans is more important in comparisons than either species number of species evenness.

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A.K. PATRA, L.M. GARNAYAK, B.B. BEHERA, D. SWAIN, and R.K. PAIKARAY. "Productivity, resource use efficiency and economics of rice (Oryza sativa)-based bio-intensive cropping systems in western Odisha." Indian Journal of Agronomy 66, no. 2 (October 10, 2001): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v66i2.2851.

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A field experiment was conducted at Chiplima, Odisha, under irrigated medium-land condition during 201314 to 201617, to evaluate the production potential and economics of 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based bio-intensive cropping systems. Ricepotato (Solanum tubersum L.) + radish [Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin]pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) + amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.), ricemaize (Zea mays L.) + coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) + amaranth and ricemaize + radishokra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) + amaranth cropping systems recorded significantly higher average rice-equivalent yields (REY) (22.72, 20.73 and 19.65 t/ha respectively) than the other rice-based cropping systems, the increase being 143, 122 and 110% over the existing ricegroundnut (Arachis hypogaea) system. Ricetomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) + amaranthwatermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] + amaranth system had the highest land- use efficiency (97%). Ricepotato + radishpumpkin + amaranth revealed the highest irrigation water-use effi- ciency of 239 kg REY/ha-cm. The highest apparent nutrient-use productivity was realized with the ricemaize + co- riandercowpea + amaranth (46.6 kg REY/kg NPK applied). This system also recorded the highest energy-use ef- ficiency (5.04) and energy productivity (0.41 kg REY/MJ). Ricetomato + fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)cowpea + amaranth (635 man-days) and ricemaize + radishokra + amaranth (625 man-days) created higher employment opportunity. Ricemaize + coriandercowpea + amaranth recorded the highest net returns (`136,544) followed by ricemaize + radishokra + amaranth (`116,803) and ricepotato + radishpumpkin + amaranth (`111,890). These 3 cropping systems also recorded the highest system profitability and crop profitability with higher benefit: cost ratio.

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G, VIJAYAKUMAR, SELVARAJ U, RAMIAH M, GOMATHINAYAGAM P, NAGARAJAN P, FAZLULLAHKHAN A.K, RATHINASWAMY R, et al. "Co 6 COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) A NEW HIGH YIELDING SHORT DURATION VARIETY FOR RAINFED CROPPING SYSTEM IN TAMIL NADU." Madras Agricultural Journal 82, January (1995): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01125.

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Studies to develop a high yielding cowpen variety coupled with resistance to cowpea mosaic, resulted in the isolation of a superior culture 1-26 from the segregants of the cross Ms 9804 XC 152. The new variety matures in 65-70 days, 15 days earlier than Co 4 and C 152. The grain is light cream in colour with a potential yield of 1712 Kg/ha and tolerant to cowpea mosaic virus, root rot and stem fly. The variety is suitable for both pure and mixture crop under rainfed cropping system in Tamil Nadu to replace Co 4 and C 152.

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P.V, BALASHANMUGAM, and CHEZHIYAN N. "EFFECT OF DIFFERENTIAL APPLICATION OF NITROGEN ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF TURMERIC (Curcuma longa L.)." Madras Agricultural Journal 73, Augest (1986): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a02296.

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The influence of nitrogen application on the growth and yield of fresh rhizome of turmeric cv. CO. 1 was assessed by conducting two field experiments during cropping seasons of 1980-81 and 1981-82. The turmeric responded favourably and significantly due to increasing levels of N application. Application of nitrogen @ 120 kg/ha was found to enhance the growth and yield of fresh rhizome.

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41

Durand, A., S. Piutti, M. Rue, J. L. Morel, G. Echevarria, and E. Benizri. "Improving nickel phytoextraction by co-cropping hyperaccumulator plants inoculated by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria." Plant and Soil 399, no. 1-2 (October 2, 2015): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2691-2.

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Vergara Cid, Carolina, María L. Pignata, and Judith H. Rodriguez. "Effects of co-cropping on soybean growth and stress response in lead-polluted soils." Chemosphere 246 (May 2020): 125833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125833.

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43

Blanc, Louise, Ferdaous Rezgui, Laure Hossard, Jorge Lampurlanés, Genís Simon-Miquel, and Daniel Plaza-Bonilla. "Performance of co-designed diversified Mediterranean cropping systems: Hybridizing stakeholders' knowledge and modelling data." European Journal of Agronomy 159 (September 2024): 127282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2024.127282.

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Sano, Edson Eyji, Édson Luis Bolfe, Taya Cristo Parreiras, Giovana Maranhão Bettiol, Luiz Eduardo Vicente, Ieda Del′Arco Sanches, and Daniel de Castro Victoria. "Estimating Double Cropping Plantations in the Brazilian Cerrado through PlanetScope Monthly Mosaics." Land 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12030581.

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Farmers in the Brazilian Cerrado are increasing grain production by cultivating second crops during the same crop growing season. The release of PlanetScope (PS) satellite images represents an innovative opportunity to monitor double cropping production. In this study, we analyzed the potential of six PS monthly mosaics from the 2021/2022 crop growing season to discriminate double cropping areas in the municipality of Goiatuba, Goiás State, Brazil. The four multispectral bands of the PS images were converted into normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), green–red normalized difference index (GRNDI), and textural features derived from the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). The ten most important combinations of these attributes were used to map double cropping systems and other land use and land cover classes (cultivated pasture, sugarcane, and native vegetation) of the municipality through the Random Forest classifier. Training and validation samples were obtained from field campaigns conducted in October 2021 and April 2022. PS mosaic from February 2022 was the most relevant data. The overall accuracy and Kappa index of the final map were 92.2% and 0.892, respectively, with an accuracy confidence of 81%. This approach can be expanded for mapping and monitoring other agricultural frontiers in the Cerrado biome.

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Yao, Jian, Caiyun Wu, Linjuan Fan, Meihua Kang, Zirong Liu, Yuhui Huang, Xueliang Xu, and Yingjuan Yao. "Effects of the Long-Term Continuous Cropping of Yongfeng Yam on the Bacterial Community and Function in the Rhizospheric Soil." Microorganisms 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020274.

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Replant disease caused by continuous cropping commonly occurs in yam with consecutive monoculture. However, little is known about how the continuous cropping of yam affects the rhizospheric soil bacterial community structure. In this study, the effects of continuous cropping on rhizospheric soil characteristics, bacterial diversity, and community structure were investigated in the Yongfeng yam fields under monoculture for 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years. Long-term monoculture caused soil acidification and increased the concentration of available potassium (AK) and available phosphorus (AP), and soil bacterial richness, but decreased the soil bacterial diversity. An exception was for the field under monoculture for 20 years as it showed the highest bacterial diversity. The relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi decreased while the relative abundance of harmful bacteria, including Gemmatimonadetes and Acidobacteria, increased with an extended continuous cultivation time. The networks varied among yams with different cultivation years and became complex with the increase in cultivation years. However, after time in monoculture, the bacterial network decreased gradually and existed stably. These changes in bacterial community composition and co-occurrence of networks may increase the potential risk of soil-borne disease and reduce the yield and quality of Yongfeng yam.

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Ma, Qingyun, Lin Li, Xiaoyan Han, Xu Jiang, Yiqing Zhou, Tan Wang, Yan Zhuang, and Zhiyong Ruan. "Structural and Functional Analysis of the Bacterial Community in the Soil of Continuously Cultivated Lonicera japonica Thunb. and Screening Antagonistic Bacteria for Plant Pathogens." Agronomy 14, no. 2 (January 25, 2024): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14020260.

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Continuous cropping is the main form of cultivation in Chinese agriculture. The bacterial community plays an important role in maintaining the healthy growth of plants. However, there are few reports on the composition and dynamics of the bacterial community structure under continuous cropping of Lonicera japonica Thunb. High-throughput sequencing was used to monitor the variation in the soil bacterial community structure of different monocropping years of Lonicera japonica Thunb., as well as the correlation between soil characteristics and bacterial community. Meanwhile, antagonistic bacteria for Fusarium oxysporum pathogens were isolated and functionally verified by culture-dependent techniques and pot experiments. Bacterial community diversity and structure changed significantly with the increase in the years of Lonicera japonica Thunb. succession. However, some beneficial bacteria, such as Bacillus and Nitrosospira, were gradually depleted. The complexity of the bacteria co-occurrence networks decreased with increasing years of cropping. FAPROTAX-based functional prediction showed that the abundance of genes related to carbon, nitrogen, sulfur metabolism and chitinlysis were reduced with the extended crop succession. Furthermore, the three Bacillus strains that were strongly antagonistic toward Fusarium oxysporum and the pot experiment demonstrated they significantly promoted Lonicera japonica Thunb. growth. Our research provides theoretical support for the development of microbial fertilizers that are beneficial to plants.

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Silvestri, Nicola, Nicola Grossi, Marco Mariotti, Iduna Arduini, Lorenzo Guglielminetti, Michele Raffaelli, and Roberto Cardelli. "Cover Crop Introduction in a Mediterranean Maize Cropping System. Effects on Soil Variables and Yield." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (March 14, 2021): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030549.

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Cover crops (CCs) are able to affect subsequent crop behaviour by acting on many soil variables and affecting the dynamics of different ecological processes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of introducing CC in continuous-maize cropping systems within Mediterranean areas. The experimental site was located in Central Italy, on a sandy loam and the research activity was carried out over two years (2019–2020). The two cropping systems in comparison differed from each other in terms of the CC cultivation: TR (treated, with CC) and CO (control, without CC). In both years, we observed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of soil nitrate and water content for the TR system. In the shallowest layer (0–30 cm), nitrate content was reduced by up −80% and −65% (July 2019 and 2020), whereas soil moisture showed decreases ranging from −13% (July 2019) to −34% (May 2019). In 2019, the TR-maize (Zea mays L.) yield was statistically lower than CO (−443 g dm m−2), whereas in 2020 the yields of the two systems resulted statistically equivalent. This different behaviour can be explained with the serious delay in the CC sowing occurred in 2019 (12 December). Conversely, an increase in the apparent remaining N in the soil (+140 and +133 kg N ha−1 for 2019 and 2020, respectively) and in the C (carbon) inputs (+4.78 and +7.39 t dm ha−1 of biomass) were pointed out for the TR system. The large use of inputs in Mediterranean maize cropping systems limited some of the benefits from CCs, but their suitability has to be evaluated by considering all the involved effects, some of which need a long time to become appreciable.

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Fisher, James, Peter Tozer, and Doug Abrecht. "Livestock in no-till cropping systems - a story of trade-offs." Animal Production Science 52, no. 4 (2012): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11123.

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The trade-offs of incorporating livestock into no-till cropping systems were examined with respect to ground cover, water balance, nutrient cycling, pest management, whole-farm economics and farmer preferences. The hypothesis that livestock and no-till cropping enterprises may co-exist was investigated using a review of scientific literature and technical reports, information from farmer focus groups and an economic analysis based on case study data from farm consultants. The scientific review focussed on work from Australia, especially western and southern Australia, but also included research related to systems in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland and some related international work. The focus groups and case studies were from the cereal-sheep systems of western and southern Australia. It was concluded that the use of livestock in a no-till system is determined by the productive capacity of the land, the relative profitability of cropping and livestock, the management of herbicide-resistant weeds, sensitivity of soil to damage from grazing and trampling and the farmer’s passion, preference and willingness to apply increased management to livestock. Livestock are an important source of farm diversification and risk management. While net farm income tends to decline as the proportion of livestock increases, variation in net farm income also decreases, reducing volatility in revenue. Livestock need to comprise above 10–15% of net farm income to provide a positive impact on variability of return. Adaptation of mixed-farming systems through rotational grazing, temporary agistment of livestock or removal to non-cropping areas are all management options that may be utilised to remove or reduce potential negative impacts, improve integration and to realise triple-bottom-line gains.

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LIU, Yun-guo, Fei YE, Guang-ming ZENG, Ting FAN, Lei MENG, and Hua-shan YUAN. "Effects of added Cd on Cd uptake by oilseed rape and pai-tsai co-cropping." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 17, no. 4 (August 2007): 846–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(07)60186-1.

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50

Vargas-Díaz, Arely A., Ronald Ferrera-Cerrato, Hilda V. Silva-Rojas, and Alejandro Alarcón. "Isolation and evaluation of endophytic bacteria from root nodules of Glycine max L. (Merr.) and their potential use as biofertilizers." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17, no. 3 (November 8, 2019): e1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019173-14220.

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Aim of study: To isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria inhabiting soybean root nodules collected from two tropical cropping systems in Mexico, and to evaluate the bacterial effects in soybean plants under controlled conditions.Area of study: The study was carried out at two locations (San Antonio Cayal and Nuevo Progreso municipalities) of Campeche State, Mexico.Material and methods: Two experimental stages were performed: 1) isolation, morphological and biochemical characterization, and molecular identification of endophytic bacteria from root-nodules of four soybean varieties grown at field conditions; and 2) evaluation of the effects of endophytic isolates on soybean growth and nodule development, and the effects of bacterial co-inoculation on soybean plants, under controlled conditions.Main results: Twenty-three endophytic bacteria were isolated from root nodules, and identified as Agrobacterium, Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium, Ensifer, Massilia, Chryseobacterium, Enterobacter, Microbacterium, Serratia, and Xanthomonas. Under controlled conditions, Rhizobium sp. CPO4.13C or Agrobacterium tumefaciens CPO4.15C significantly increased the plant height (46% and 41%, respectively), whereas Bradyrhizobium sp. CPO4.24C promoted the nodule formation (36 nodules/plant). The co-inoculation of B. japonicum USDA110 and Bradyrhizobium sp. CPO4.24C enhanced plant growth, height (33.87 cm), root nodulation (69 nodules/plant) and N-fixation (3.10 µmol C2H4 h-1 plant-1) in comparison to the negative control.Research highlights: Results suggest that the native Bradyrhizobium sp. CPO4.24C may be used as a biofertilizer directed to developing sustainable soybean cropping at tropical regions.

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