Дисертації з теми "Co 191 1974"
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1
Jordan, David John. "Army co-operation missions of the Royal Flying Corps/Royal Air Force 1914 - 1918." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487881.
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2
Narain, Namrata. "Co-option and control : the role of the colonial army in India, 1918-1947." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272251.
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3
Madarasz, Jeannette Zsusza. "Ordinary socialism? : communication, comprimise, and co-existence in the GDR : a case study of four social groups, 1971-1989." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246877.
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4
Schwidder, Lutz J. [Verfasser]. "Das Hamburger Kolonialhandelshaus Wm. O'Swald & Co. und die Einführung von "Techniken" in die Kolonien 1890 - 1914 / Lutz J. Schwidder." Hamburg : Diplom.de, 2005. http://d-nb.info/1187956732/34.
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5
Pierre, Joële. "La construction pompidolienne de l'Europe face au défi de la problématique allemande (1969-1974)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Si la France n’est plus qu’une puissance moyenne en déclin relatif, la RFA est dans une phase de take off économique et amorce un rayonnement international. Dès son investiture, Brandt lance l’émancipation de l’Allemagne. L’Ostpolitik pourrait-elle avoir la priorité pour le gouvernement fédéral sur la politique communautaire ? La menace soviétique sur l’Allemagne est à prendre très au sérieux pour Pompidou. Réunification ; Neutralisation. Face à cette situation pluriellement très préoccupante, Pompidou a besoin de l’Europe ; mais en 1969, la construction européenne est dans l’impasse. 1971, Pompidou lance son modèle de construction de l’Union Européenne : le ‘gaullisme européen’. Son atout, Edward Heath, un ‘Européen sincère’. « On œuvre en commun, même avec l’Allemagne », affirme le Président. Le traité de l’Elysée : essentialité majeure dans l’apprentissage de l’autre ; embrayage du moteur franco-allemand ; banalisation des relations franco-allemandes. Ses enjeux : Pôle monétaire européen ; Coopération politique extérieure commune (Moyen-Orient) ; Programme ambitieux de la Conférence de Paris ; Identité Européenne ; Politique extérieure commune franco-allemande face à Moscou. Mais une politique autonome européenne pouvait-elle exister pour Washington ? Nixon et Kissinger manœuvrent pour imposer le partnership atlantique aux Européens. Crises du dollar (1971, 1973) ; Condominium américano-soviétique ; Conférence sur l’énergie. Bonn s’évertue en vain à œuvrer comme médiatrice entre Paris et WashingtonWhile France is only a middle power in relative decline, the FRG is in a phase of economic take off and begins an international influence. Upon his nomination, Brandt launches the emancipation of Germany. Could Ostpolitik have priority for the federal government over European Community policy? The Soviet threat to Germany is to be taken very seriously for Pompidou. Reunification; Neutralization. Faced with this plurially worrying situation, Pompidou needs Europe; but in 1969, the construction of Europe is deadlocked. 1971, Pompidou launches its construction model of the European Union: 'European Gaullism'. His asset, Edward Heath, a 'sincere European'. "We work jointly, even with Germany," says the President. The Elysée Treaty: major essentiality in the learning of the other; clutch of the Franco-German engine; normalization of Franco-German relations. Its challenges: European Monetary Pole; Common foreign policy cooperation (Middle East); Ambitious program of the Paris Conference; European identity ; Franco-German Common Foreign Policy against Moscow. But could an autonomous European policy exist for Washington? Nixon and Kissinger maneuvered to impose Atlantic partnership on Europeans. Dollar crises (1971, 1973); US-Soviet Condominium; Conference on Energy. Bonn strives in vain to work as a mediator between Paris and Washington
6
Pierre, Joële. "La construction pompidolienne de l'Europe face au défi de la problématique allemande (1969-1974)." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Si la France n’est plus qu’une puissance moyenne en déclin relatif, la RFA est dans une phase de take off économique et amorce un rayonnement international. Dès son investiture, Brandt lance l’émancipation de l’Allemagne. L’Ostpolitik pourrait-elle avoir la priorité pour le gouvernement fédéral sur la politique communautaire ? La menace soviétique sur l’Allemagne est à prendre très au sérieux pour Pompidou. Réunification ; Neutralisation. Face à cette situation pluriellement très préoccupante, Pompidou a besoin de l’Europe ; mais en 1969, la construction européenne est dans l’impasse. 1971, Pompidou lance son modèle de construction de l’Union Européenne : le ‘gaullisme européen’. Son atout, Edward Heath, un ‘Européen sincère’. « On œuvre en commun, même avec l’Allemagne », affirme le Président. Le traité de l’Elysée : essentialité majeure dans l’apprentissage de l’autre ; embrayage du moteur franco-allemand ; banalisation des relations franco-allemandes. Ses enjeux : Pôle monétaire européen ; Coopération politique extérieure commune (Moyen-Orient) ; Programme ambitieux de la Conférence de Paris ; Identité Européenne ; Politique extérieure commune franco-allemande face à Moscou. Mais une politique autonome européenne pouvait-elle exister pour Washington ? Nixon et Kissinger manœuvrent pour imposer le partnership atlantique aux Européens. Crises du dollar (1971, 1973) ; Condominium américano-soviétique ; Conférence sur l’énergie. Bonn s’évertue en vain à œuvrer comme médiatrice entre Paris et WashingtonWhile France is only a middle power in relative decline, the FRG is in a phase of economic take off and begins an international influence. Upon his nomination, Brandt launches the emancipation of Germany. Could Ostpolitik have priority for the federal government over European Community policy? The Soviet threat to Germany is to be taken very seriously for Pompidou. Reunification; Neutralization. Faced with this plurially worrying situation, Pompidou needs Europe; but in 1969, the construction of Europe is deadlocked. 1971, Pompidou launches its construction model of the European Union: 'European Gaullism'. His asset, Edward Heath, a 'sincere European'. "We work jointly, even with Germany," says the President. The Elysée Treaty: major essentiality in the learning of the other; clutch of the Franco-German engine; normalization of Franco-German relations. Its challenges: European Monetary Pole; Common foreign policy cooperation (Middle East); Ambitious program of the Paris Conference; European identity ; Franco-German Common Foreign Policy against Moscow. But could an autonomous European policy exist for Washington? Nixon and Kissinger maneuvered to impose Atlantic partnership on Europeans. Dollar crises (1971, 1973); US-Soviet Condominium; Conference on Energy. Bonn strives in vain to work as a mediator between Paris and Washington
7
Shi, Xiaoxuan. "L’industrie lyonnaise de la soie et la Chine : réalités et limites de l’expansion commerciale des soyeux lyonnais (milieu du XIXe siècle à 1914)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUL045.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'industrie de la soie a joué un rôle central dans les échanges commerciaux mondiaux au XIXe siècle. Lyon, capitale historique pour l’industrie de la soie en Europe, constituait aussi l’un des centres commerciaux les plus importants du continent, déjà à l’époque romaine, puis, à nouveau, à partir du XVIe siècle. Au XIXe siècle, Lyon était l'un des centres les plus importants de la soie au monde, en grande partie grâce à ses liens étroits avec la Chine, laquelle était le plus grand fournisseur de matières premières pour la soierie lyonnaise. En même temps, la Chine, où la technique de la fabrication de soie a été découverte sous la dynastie des Shang , est une destination indispensable pour les soyeux lyonnais. En effet, l'ouverture de la Chine au commerce étranger, après la Seconde Guerre de l'Opium, permit aux soyeux lyonnais de s'implanter et de réaliser des opérations de commerce de la soie en Chine. Depuis le XIXe siècle, ces commerces s’intensifient en profitant de l’établissement de concessions françaises en Chine et de la mise en place de la route maritime entre Marseille et Shanghai. Les soyeux lyonnais réussirent à conquérir le marché chinois et ils développaient une stratégie de partenariat avec les négociants locaux pour acquérir des soies grèges directement en Chine et les envoyaient à Lyon sans passer par Londres afin de concurrencer les Britanniques. Puis ce réseau lyonnais travailla avec le plus puissant acteur britannique, qui avait installé des filatures et des ateliers de tissage sur place. Cette stratégie leur permit de devenir des acteurs majeurs du commerce de la soie en Chine et de renforcer leur position sur le marché mondialSilk industry played a central role in global commercial exchanges during the 19th century. Lyon, the historical capital of European silk industry, constitutes also one of the most important commercial centers of the continent, as early as in the roman period, again from the 16th century. In the 19th century, Lyon was renowned as one of the most important global silk business centers, mostly due to its close link to China, which was the biggest silk exporting country for the silk industry of Lyon. China, where the silk manufacturing techniques were invented during the Shang Dynasty, was an indispensable destination for silk manufacturers of Lyon. In fact, the opening of China to foreign trade, especially after the Second Opium War, which permits these silk manufacturers to establish and operate in the silk trade in China. To the mid-19th century, those silk trades were stepping up, with the establishment of the French concession in Shanghai as well as the opening of the direct maritime route between Marseille and Shanghai, Lyon’s silk entrepreneurs attempted, some of them by direct competition, others opting to work in partnership with well-established British trade houses in China, first to short-circuit the British monopoly and then to secure the silk supply by themselves. The efforts made by the silk entrepreneurs of Lyon made them predominant players in the global silk trad and contributed to the silk trade development between China and Europe during the 19th Century
8
Genisel, Mustafa Fatih. "Synthesis Of Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn Sulfides By Solid-gas Reactions, Investigation Of Structural And Conducting Properties." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606746/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study some of the first row transition metal oxides were transformed to metal sulfides by new solid gas reaction system.
Transition metal sulfides have wide application area in industry and technology. Several techniques are known for the production of metal sulfides. Such as reactions between metal or metal oxide with H2S, precipitation in several liquid medium, reaction between metal and sulfur in closed vessel, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. These techniques will have some disadvantagesfor example, reactants are rarely available or expensive materials, their production systems are complicated and hard to set up these systems, products contain oxygen or hydrogen or corresponding metal sulfate as impurities. In our new sulfidizing system the reactants are metal oxides, carbon and SO2. These materials can be found easily. Especially, SO2 usage in this system is a big advantage of giving possibility of usage the hazardous waste product of SO2 in industry. The sulfidizing gas mixture was obtained by passing SO2 over activated carbon at 750 OC in a vertical tubular furnace. The obtained gas contains, mainly, CS2, CO and COS. The sulfidizing reactions took place in the horizontal tubular furnace at 450OC-1250 OC. The duration of the reaction, (three hours), and flow rate (60ml/min) of the SO2 gas were kept constant. The products were examined by X-ray powder diffraction and Raman scattering spectroscopy. All examined metal oxides were transformed to metal sulfides by sulfidizing gas mixture successfully. Ti3S5 was obtained from TiO2. Cr2S3 was obtained from Cr2O3. MnS (Alabandite) was obtained from MnO2. FeS and Fe1-xS (Pyrrhotite) were obtained from Fe2O3. Co9S8 (Cobaltpentlandite) and CoS (Jaipurite) were obtained from Co3O4. NiS was obtained from NiO. Cu7.2S, Cu1.6S (Calcocite-Q), Cu1.81S, Cu7S4 (Anilite) Cu9S5 (Digenite), Cu8S5 (Geerite) were obtained from CuO, ZnS was obtained from ZnO. The electrical conductivity character of each product obtained by sulfidizing reaction was analyzed in the temperature range of 77 K-300 K. Titanium sulfide, cobalt sulfide and nickel sulfide showed metallic conductivity, cupper sulfide and iron sulfide showed semiconductor behavior in this temperature range.
9
Funke, Michael. "Regulating a Controversy : Inside Stakeholder Strategies and Regime Transition in the Self-Regulation of Swedish Advertising 1950–1971." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-260201.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis concerns the development of the self-regulation of advertising in Sweden from 1950 until 1971. Self-regulation was initiated in the 1930s due to a business desire to regulate fair competition in marketing, and while it initially was a minor operation, the 1950s and 1960s were characterized by extensive development. When self-regulation was overtaken by state policies in 1971, it included several interlocking systems, of which parts survived the introduction of the state regime. The thesis’ aim has been to analyze how the rapid regime transitions in the self-regulation regime can be understood. The existing literature identifies four major transitions that occurred during the studied time period. To understand them, the thesis has studied the policy processes leading up to these transitions. Focus has been on the business interest organizations that controlled the regime and their regulatory strategies. Theoretically, the analysis has departed from the hypothesis that tensions between these organizations, due to their members’ different market interests and varying levels of exposure to regulation and public badwill, to a significant degree informed their strategic choices as well as policy outcomes. The results show that the policy processes preceding the regime transitions were characterized by internal tensions, whereby organizations representing advertisers, and to a lesser degree media carriers, due to their members’ higher level of exposure to regulation and public badwill, successfully supported stronger market policing, while ad agencies, being less exposed, as well as a peak industry organization for the proliferation of marketing largely opposed such measures, preferring a more lenient regulation. However, due to increased exposure to regulation and bad will, the ad agencies finally abandoned their opposition and took the lead in regulatory innovation through the introduction of an extensive clearance program that survived the launch of the state regime, becoming a key component in the co-regulatory structure that followed.
10
Metin, Onder. "Synthesis And Characterization Of Water Soluble Polymer Stabilized Transition Metal(0) Nanoclusters As Catalyst In Hydrogen Generation From The Hydrolysis Of Sodium Borohydride And Ammonia Borane." Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612717/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Metal nanoclusters exhibit unique properties which differ from their bulk
materials, owing to the quantum size effects. For example, the catalytic activity of
transition metal nanoclusters generally increases with decreasing particle size.
However, nanoclusters tend to be fairly unstable with respect to the agglomerate into
bulk metal in solution and thus special precautions have to be taken to avoid their
aggregation or precipitation during the preparation of such nanoclusters in solution.
In order to obtain stable nanoclusters dispersed in solution, a stabilizing agent is
usually added into the reaction system. The stabilization of metal nanoclusters in
solution can be achieved either by electrostatically by using charged ions such as
acetate ion or sterically by long chain molecules such as polymers. Polymers are one
of the most widely used steric stabilizers for the preparation of stable metal
nanoclusters in solution. The use of polymers as stabilizer for the synthesis of
transition metal nanoclusters provides advantegous regarding solubility,
conductivity, thermal stability and reusability. The metal nanoclusters stabilized by
polymers generally show higher catalytic activity, stability and optical properties. In
this dissertation we report the preparation and characterization of water soluble
polymer stabilized transition metal(0) (metal= Ni, Co and Ru) nanoclusters and their
v
catalysis in hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride
(NaBH4) and ammonia borane (AB) which are the best candidates as chemical
hydrogen storage materials for on-board applications. The water soluble polymer
stabilized nickel(0), cobalt(0) and ruthenium(0) nanoclusters were prepared by using
two different facile methods(i) the reduction of metal precursors by sodium borohydride in the presence poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) in methanol solution after 1h reflux, (ii) the in situ generation during the hydrolysis of ammonia borane in the presence of poly(4-styrene sulfonicacid-co-maleic acid) (PSSA-co-MA). The characterization of both type of polymer stabilized transition metal(0) nanoclusters were done by using UV-Visible electronic absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FT-IR techniques. The catalytic activity of PVP stabilized nickel(0), cobalt(0) and ruthenium(0) nanoclusters was tested in the hydrolysis of NaBH4 and AB. The catalytic acitivity of PSSA-co-MA stabilized nickel(0), cobalt(0) and ruthenium(0) nanoclusters was tested only in the hydrolysis of AB in which they were in situ generated. The kinetics of hydrogen generation from both hydrolysis reactions in the presence PVP or PSSA-co-MA stabilized nickel(0), cobalt(0) and ruthenium(0) nanoclusters were studied depending on the polymer to metal ratio, catalyst concentration, substrate concentration and temperature as well as the activation parameters (Arrhenius activation energy (Ea), activation enthalpy (
11
Fournier, Caroline. "La prolifération des versions multiples dans le cinéma en Espagne de 1955 à 1967." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La prolifération des versions multiples dans le cinéma en Espagne de 1955 à 1967 résulted’une situation complexe, qui trouve son origine dans les conditions de production et dedistribution, dans une législation qui ne cesse d’évoluer pour mieux contrôler le domaine, et aussidans l’émergence de voix discordantes au sein de la création.Le premier facteur déterminant est la mise en place de structures administratives decontrôle, dont la censure se révèle l’instrument le plus direct, mais qui ne doit pas faire oublier laportée des autres mécanismes d’autorisation et de protection économique : il s’agit d’imposer aucinéma les cadres de l’idéologie du régime franquiste et de l’Église. Il ne faut cependant pas sousestimerl’importance de l’industrie dans cette pratique systématique : les formes de production,de distribution, de diffusion, l’émergence de nouveaux courants et les difficultés techniques jouentelles aussi un rôle essentiel.Après une analyse générale de ces facteurs étroitement liés entre eux, un éventail de neufétudes de cas dresse un portrait de la pluralité filmique dans une Espagne qui traverse unepériode d’espoir et de velléités d’ouverture. À travers l’approfondissement de la genèsecompliquée de films représentatifs des principaux genres et courants ainsi que des différentesétapes qui jalonnent l’histoire du cinéma espagnol de 1955 à 1967, il apparaît quel’interdépendance de l’État et de l’industrie constitue le terrain propice à l’existence systématiquede variantes voulues ou imposéesThe proliferation of multiple versions in cinema in Spain from 1955 to 1967 is due to a complexsituation originating from the conditions of production and distribution, a legislation that constantlyevolved in order to control the sector more efficiently and the emergence of dissenting voices amongcreators themselves.The first decisive factor is the setting up of administrative organs of control, among whichcensorship proves to be the most straightforward instrument, although other significant mechanismssuch as licensing or protectionism are equally important: their aim is to impose upon cinema theideology of the Franco regime and Catholic Church. However, the role of the industry in this systematicpractice should not be underestimated: a significant part is played by the forms of production,distribution and diffusion, the emergence of new trends and also technical difficulties.After a general analysis of these closely interconnected factors, a sample of nine case studiesprovides a portrait of film plurality in Spain as it is undergoing a period of hope and timid opening.Through an in‐depth study of the complicated creation of films representative of the main genres andcurrents as well as the different stages in the history of Spanish cinema from 1955 to 1967, it appearsthat the interdependency of the State and the industry is the breeding ground for a systematic use ofmultiple versions, whether deliberate or imposed
12
"Analysis of CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel in Korea : 1961-1994." MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/3619.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes bibliographical references (p. 14).Abstract in HTML and technical report in HTML and PDF available on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://mit.edu/globalchange/www/)
13
"Zambia : conflict and co-operation in Southern Africa, 1964-1988." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12571.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
M.A. (History)In the last three decades Zambia's relations with neighboring states in southern Africa have undergone many changes and have fluctuated from one extreme to the other. From having been in a "state of war" with some of her neighbors, and then having moved away from this to a state where co-operation has taken place, illustrates the extremities of the two poles between which Zambia's foreign relations function. The factors which have influenced this ever changing foreign policy are extremely complex and are intricately interwoven. No single factor can be identified as the most important, although the geographical constraints of Zambia's position, and the many factors which are linked to them, tend to dominate the making of foreign policy. The main dilemma facing Zambia is that she is economically dependent on the countries with which she has had poor relations. While having had to criticize, condemn and be actively involved in attempting to bring an end to the racial policies followed by some of her southern African neighbors, she has also had to, at times, back down on her criticisms when economic or military reprisals from these neighboring states hate detrimentally affected her own position too much. However, when having backed down, or modified her aggressive attitude to these minority governments, she has, as a FrontIine State incurred the wrath of certain independent African states. Because of this fluctuating foreign policy, President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, has been accused of following a policy of "gross duplicity," as well as of backing down when the price of principles has become too high.
14
Hégrová, Dita. "Podnikatel a podnikání v časech státního intervencionismu a dirigismu. Josef Hégr (1896 - 1971)." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-397907.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Diploma thesis called Entrepreneur and entrepreneurship in times of state interventionism and dirigisme. Josef Hégr (1896 - 1971) focuses on the aspects of entrepreneurial experience, background and corporate engagement of Josef Hégr, a native of Chotětov (a small rural village located near Mladá Boleslav). The graduate of the business academy was going up from being a bureaucrat in charge of accounting in the international business company called Balkan - a company for trade and industry, to becoming a co-owner of this joint-stock company. Later he continuously worked as a co-owner of the joint-stock company Czech International Transport Company Karlík and Co. until 1948. Josef Hégr became a Czech entrepreneur in transport and agriculture and in the 1930s after he had bought the manor of Horky nad Jizerou and related businesses. His business activities were escalating during the Second World War. And, he worked in national Czech companies where he defended national Czech interests. Concerning the Czech entrepreneurship, he tried to protect much from the occupation forces, and became a crisis manager. All his entrepreneurial activities ceased to exist after the beginning of Communist regime. The entrepreneur was marginalised within people- democratic society. During his life he even waited to see...
15
Ferrandiz, Susan. "McIntyre, Pennsylvania, the everyday life of a coal mining company town: 1910-1947 photos, documents, memories of town residents /." 2002. http://academics.sru.edu/library/theses/Mcintyre_acrobat/Introduction.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
16
JOHANSEN, Anja. "Bureaucrats, generals and the domestic use of military troops : patterns of civil-military co-operation concerning maintenance of public order in French and Prussian industrial areas, 1889-1914." Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5846.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Defence date: 20 April 1999Supervisor: Prof. Raffale Romanelli, European University Institute ; Co-supervisor: Prof. Michael Müller, University of Halle-Wittenberg ; External supervisor: Dr. Vincent Wright, Nuffield College, Oxford ; External examiner: Prof. Peter Becker, European University Institute
First made available online 21 September 2017
The purpose of the thesis is to understand the role of the army in the management of civil conflicts within the 'democratic' republican system in France and the 'semiabsolutist' and 'militaristic' Prussian system. In both countries, existing interpretations of the domestic role of the army focus on legal-constitutional perspectives, governmental and parliamentary policy making, and social conflicts, and are often normative. However, the lack of a cross-national comparative perspective has led to a series of conclusions that are called into question when the French and Prussian cases are compared. The thesis seeks to answer the question why the authorities in French and Prussian industrial areas, when confronted with similar challenges from mass protest movements between 1889 and 1914, adopted strategies that involved very dissimilar roles for the army in maintaining public order. On the basis of empirical observations of the process of bureaucratic decision making and inter-institutional co-operation between the state administration and the military authorities in Westphalia and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, the analysis was established using a 'historical institutionalist' framework of interpretation. The thesis puts forward two main arguments: that the strategies adopted by the French and Prussian authorities in the early 1890s that involved very dissimilar roles for the army in domestic peacekeeping were linked to dissimilar perceptions of the threat to the regime. The French Republic, despite its democratic and civilian ideals, made extensive use of the army because the fragility of the regime meant that it could not afford the danger that public unrest might get out of control. Conversely, the Prussian authorities considered their regime to be sufficiently stable to experiment with strategies to deal with public unrest that did not imply military intervention, even if these strategies provided a much lower degree of control over public unrest. The other main conclusion of the study is that the repeated implementation in the French case o f strategies that involved mobilisation of the army and the implementation in the Prussian case of strategies that drew upon civil forces alone, led to different strategies, organisations and uses of forces available. Hence, veiy dissimilar patterns of inter-institutional co-operation developed between the state administration and the military authorities in Westphalia and Nord-Pas-de-Calais.