Статті в журналах: "CNOSSOS-EU"

1

Youdale, Chris, Simon Shilton, and James Trow. "Impact of Ground Cover Dataset Selection on CNOSSOS-EU Calculated Levels." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 4674–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0676.

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The United Kingdom Department for Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) commissioned a series of studies investigating the sensitivity of the CNOSSOS-EU noise assessment method. CNOSSOS-EU presents challenges in terms of input data accuracy and availability. For this reason, the studies were commissioned to support data decision making and quantify potential uncertainty in Defra's national noise model. A study was undertaken to identify how the selection of a ground cover dataset may influence calculated noise levels using the CNOSSOS-EU noise assessment method and computational load. Acoustic test models were developed incorporating prepared ground cover datasets based on CORINE Land Cover 2018, CEH Land Cover Map 2019 and OS Mastermap Topography. Noise calculations in accordance with CNOSSOS-EU were carried out for rural and urban/suburban propagation environments. A statistical analysis of the differences between each selected dataset was then undertaken. The paper discusses the findings of this analysis along with generic rules which were identified with respect to modelling ground effect using CNOSSOS-EU.

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2

Kumar, Kavisha, Hugo Ledoux, Richard Schmidt, Theo Verheij, and Jantien Stoter. "A Harmonized Data Model for Noise Simulation in the EU." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9020121.

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This paper presents our implementation of a harmonized data model for noise simulations in the European Union (EU). Different noise assessment methods are used by different EU member states (MS) for estimating noise at local, regional, and national scales. These methods, along with the input data extracted from the national registers and databases, as well as other open and/or commercially available data, differ in several aspects and it is difficult to obtain comparable results across the EU. To address this issue, a common framework for noise assessment methods (CNOSSOS-EU) was developed by the European Commission’s (EC) Joint Research Centre (JRC). However, apart from the software implementations for CNOSSOS, very little has been done for the practical guidelines outlining the specifications for the required input data, metadata, and the schema design to test the real-world situations with CNOSSOS. We describe our approach for modeling input and output data for noise simulations and also generate a real world dataset of an area in the Netherlands based on our data model for simulating urban noise using CNOSSOS.

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3

Vinci, Davide, Joshua Nunn, James Trow, and Simon Shilton. "Determining and quantifying effects of Favourable Propagation on CNOSSOS-EU Calculated Noise Levels." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 4690–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0678.

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The United Kingdom Department for Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) commissioned a series of studies investigating the sensitivity of the CNOSSOS-EU noise assessment method. CNOSSOS-EU presents challenges in terms of input data accuracy and availability. For this reason, the studies were commissioned to support data decision making and quantify potential uncertainty in Defra's national noise model. A study was undertaken to identify approaches to quantifying the effect of favourable propagation (FP) when calculating noise levels using the CNOSSOS-EU noise assessment methodology. Literature reviews allowed the identification of two methodologies for quantifying the occurrence of FP, and their respective data requirements. Data requirements were reviewed against data available from meteorology stations across UK and a method selected. FP was calculated for met sites in England and presented in tables and in the form of meteorological roses. Analysis was then undertaken exploring the effect of including of FP on sound propagation using CNOSSOS-EU using a test model. Comparisons were then made against assuming 100% favourable and 100% homogeneous conditions to identify the importance of calculating the occurrence of FP in noise exposure data.

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4

Phillips, Jonathan, James Trow, and Simon Shilton. "Sensitivity of Input Parameter on CNOSSOS-EU Railway Emission Levels." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 4698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0679.

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The United Kingdom Department for Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) commissioned a series of studies investigating the sensitivity of the CNOSSOS-EU noise assessment method. CNOSSOS-EU presents challenges in terms of input data accuracy and availability. For this reason, the studies were commissioned to support data decision making and quantify potential uncertainty in Defra's national noise model. The quality framework set out in Directive 996/2014 requires uncertainty in rail emission levels at source to correspond to an uncertainty of ±2dB(A). Due to the CNOSSOS-EU rail emission model being of multivariate complexity, and the multitude of possible parameter combinations, a scenario and parametric-based approach was taken to the study. The variation in rail emission levels was presented for each parameter for a set of rail vehicle speeds and rail infrastructure scenarios. The results of the analysis indicated which input parameters the CNOSSOS-EU rail noise emission model is most sensitive to. It was found that emissions are most sensitive to changes in the number of axles on the vehicle (i.e. wheel / rail interaction), the density of track joints (impact noise), the curvature of the track (squeal noise), and the construction of bridges (structural resonances). However, the choice of rail roughness, vehicle transfer function, and track transfer function (except in the case of direct fastenings) were found to have a limited impact on rail emission levels.

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5

Yli-Tuomi, Tarja, Anu W. Turunen, Pekka Tiittanen, and Timo Lanki. "Exposure–Response Functions for the Effects of Traffic Noise on Self-Reported Annoyance and Sleep Disturbance in Finland: Effect of Exposure Estimation Method." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031314.

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Large variations in transportation noise tolerance have been reported between communities. In addition to population sensitivity, exposure–response functions (ERFs) for the effects of transportation noise depend on the exposure estimation method used. In the EU, the new CNOSSOS-EU method will change the estimations of exposure by changing the assignment of noise levels and populations to buildings. This method was officially used for the first time in the strategic noise mapping performed by Finnish authorities in 2017. Compared to the old method, the number of people exposed to traffic noise above 55 dB decreased by 50%. The main aim of this study, conducted in the Helsinki Capital Region, Finland, was to evaluate how the exposure estimation method affects ERFs for road traffic noise. As an example, with a façade road traffic noise level of 65 dB, the ERF based on the highest façade noise level of the residential building resulted in 5.1% being highly annoyed (HAV), while the ERF based on the exposure estimation method that is similar to the CNOSSOS-EU method resulted in 13.6%. Thus, the substantial increase in the health effect estimate compensates for the reduction in the number of highly exposed people. This demonstrates the need for purpose–fitted ERFs when the CNOSSOS-EU method is used to estimate exposure in the health impact assessment of transportation noise.

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6

Shilton, Simon, and Joshua Nunn. "Determining CNOSSOS-EU Meteorological correction factors in Ireland." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 6250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0929.

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Ahead of the Round 4 strategic noise mapping under the END, TII commissioned a research project to determine the meteorological correction factors required for CNOSSOS-EU road and railway traffic noise calculationsacross Ireland. Methodologies for determining the percentage favourable propagation were identified under NMPB2008 and NORD2000, and the input data requirements of the methods assessed. Meteo data available from Met Eireann and TII weather stations was collected and collated and compared with the requirements of the two methodologies. The data available in from Irish met stations led to the selection of the methodologyfrom NORD2000 being selected. Thirty years of hourly data was analysed for 26 counties to provide long term weather data for temperature, relative humidity, mean sea level pressure, and percentage of favourable propagation suitable for calculations under CNOSSOS-EU.This paper will present an overview of the methodology, available data and results obtained.

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7

Genell, Anders, Mikael Ögren, Erik Nyberg, Andreas Gustafson, and Tomas Jerson. "Impact of railroad switches on rail noise exposure near stations." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 4110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0587.

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According to Common NOise aSSessment methOdS in EUrope (CNOSSOS-EU) in Annex II of Directive 2002/49/EC, noise from road, rail and airplane traffic, as well as noise from industries, shall be assessed using this common method. For railway noise in Sweden, noise assessment has previously been done using the Nordic Assesment Method for Train Noise, revised 1996 (NMT96). NMT96 includes a simple correction for rail joints of +3dB and for rail switches of +6dB. CNOSSOS-EU instead introduces a speed dependent correction based on a third octave band wavelength spectrum adding up to 20dB rolling noise energy in lower frequencies and down to -40 dB in higher frequencies. Measurements recently performed for two different rail switch types along the Swedish rail system indicate that the frequency distribution corresponds well to the CNOSSOS-EU correction for one type of rail switch but not for the other, and for the overall level difference the opposite is true. In order to investigate to what extent this deviation is affecting noise exposure an inventory of more than 11000 rail switches along the swedish railroad network has been performed to identify what types are situated in densely populated areas such as railway stations.

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8

Moscovici, Anca Maria. "Preliminary Results in the Development of a Database for Noise Maps." Applied Mechanics and Materials 801 (October 2015): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.801.102.

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The control of roads traffic, of noise, of all other problems which occur on national road sections are much more manageable through Geographic Information Systems. The possibility of changing parameters in real time from a database, allows rapid information on problems encountered and efficient solutions at a more sustained rate.This paper presents a proposed solution to improve the Geographic Information System by adding noise data, by carrying out a case study on the road section Sag - Voiteg that connects Timisoara (Romania) and Belgrade (Serbia). The existing GIS system was established in 2012 according to the legislation in force at the time. As Year 2017 will mark the next stage of issuing the noise maps according to the rules set by CNOSSOS-EU, the measurements done for this study will follow these new methods. CNOSSOS-EU accurately describes the objectives and methodology requirements, establishes clear criteria for road traffic and sound propagation.The advantage of uniformity standards and methods of control in all EU Member States allows comparative studies on pollution, the number of people affected, etc.

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9

Phillips, Jonathan, Simon Shilton, and James Trow. "Sensitivity of Input Parameter on CNOSSOS-EU Road Emission Levels." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 4625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0666.

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The United Kingdom Department for Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) commissioned a series of studies investigating the sensitivity of the CNOSSOS-EU noise assessment method. CNOSSOS-EU presents challenges in terms of input data accuracy and availability. For this reason, the studies were commissioned to support data decision making and quantify potential uncertainty in Defra's national noise model. The quality framework set out in Directive 996/2014 requires uncertainty in road emission levels at source to correspond to an uncertainty of ±2dB(A). By calculating emissions across a range of values for input parameter within various scenarios in which all other parameters were kept constant, changes in road traffic noise emissions were observed. This was performed separately for each of the five CNOSSOS-EU vehicle categories as well as for a selection of hypothetical composite road traffic flows. A similar analysis was then performed for a series of road surface types. The results were used to indicate which input parameters road traffic noise emissions were most sensitive to. The results identified that uncertainty in traffic flow speed has a tolerance of ±11 kmh-1 for cars and two-wheelers, and ±24 kmh-1 for HGVs in order to meet the quality framework. Significant variation in emissions were found across surface types, indicating the importance of obtaining representative road surface data. The study found that traffic volumes should be within 60% of their true value. The effect of road gradient was found to be dependent on flow composition and speed. Road traffic noise emissions were found to be insensitive to changes in air temperature. Composite flow analysis using English traffic statistics with various proportions of HGVs showed that these assumptions become more important on lower speed roads, while the proportion of two-wheelers is relatively insignificant with respect to overall noise emissions.

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10

Balogh, Edina, Tamás Schmelz, and Tibor Sipos. "A magyarországi akusztikai járműkategóriák megfeleltetése a CNOSSOS-EU módszer járműosztályainak." Közlekedés és Mobilitás 1, no. 1 (October 24, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55348/km.7.

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A közúti stratégiai zajtérképek előállítása során a hazai forgalomszámlálási gyakorlat nem teszi lehetővé a „szóló nehéz tehergépkocsi”, valamint a „motorkerékpár és segédmotoros kerékpár” forgalmi kategóriába tartozó járművek egyértelmű besorolását a CNOSSOS-EU módszer járműosztályaiba. Eltérő besorolási változatok zajkibocsátásra gyakorolt hatását elemezve előbbi kategóriára általánosan, utóbbira pedig a belterületi útszakaszokra vonatkozóan igazoltuk a probléma akusztikai relevanciáját.

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11

Hartog Van Banda, Erwin. "The three methods of calculating population exposure according to CNOSSOS-EU." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 3999–4005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0570.

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In December 2020, the EU commission published amendments on CNOSSOS-EU in report 'C(2020) 9101 final'. In this report an additional method for the calculation of population exposure is described, based on a Median value. In the original CNOSSOS document, 2 methods are described, Method 1 - Most exposed façade and Method 2 - Length of representative façade. Method 1 is used for buildings that represent a single dwelling or 1 dwelling per floor. Method 2 is used for apartment buildings that have dwellings with a single façade exposed to noise. The new Method 3 can be used for apartment buildings that have more than 1 façade exposed to noise, or for apartment buildings where no information on how many facades are exposed to noise is available. It will be difficult for authorities to create a dataset that distinguishes between a single façade and multiple façades exposed to noise. Therefore, it seems likely that Method 3 will be more frequently used. When comparing Methods 2 and 3, it is found that Method 3 leads to a higher number of exposed people and dwellings. In this paper the 3 methods are explained and compared using noise and population data for a city in Europe.

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12

Balogh, Edina Anna, Tamás Schmelz, and László Orosz. "Sensitivity of CNOSSOS-EU sound propagation model to digital surface components." Acta Technica Jaurinensis 15, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14513/actatechjaur.00644.

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The accuracy of input data is a key issue in sound propagation model calculations. This paper aimed to assess the effect of building and land cover input data accuracy on CNOSSOS-EU sound propagation model outputs. Calculations were performed for a study site with a quite diverse land cover structure, located along a major road in Monor, Hungary. Nine test cases were defined based on building and land cover datasets with different accuracy. Comparing the results of the test cases to each other, it was found that in residential areas, the sound propagation model is more sensitive to the building data than to the land cover data. Therefore, it is recommended to use more detailed building input data in those areas, while using a land cover database with higher resolution than CORINE land cover data does not provide significantly better results. In non-residential areas, the influence of land cover input data on model results increases significantly.

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13

Shilton, Simon, and RafDouglas C. Tommasi. "Implementing the CNOSSOS-EU correction near traffic light junctions and roundabouts." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 6258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0930.

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Under the Environmental Noise Directive (END), the Round 4 strategic noise maps are to be calculated using the methodology set out in Directive 2015/996 (as amended) (CNOSSOS-EU). As part of the road traffic source emission model, a correction for the effect on noise levels due to the acceleration and deceleration of vehicles shall be applied near crossings with traffic lights and roundabouts. As part of the revision of the EPA guidelines on strategic noise mapping in Ireland, a technical investigation was carried out to identify the effect of the correction factor on road traffic noise emissions, and determine whether there was a practical approach to implement the correction factor within the upcoming noise mapping. This paper will provide an overview of the results, including the change in noise level emissions for low speed low flow roads, and high speed high flow road. It will also present a practical approach to preparing the road traffic flow models in GIS based on available datasets.

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14

Heutschi, Kurt, Barbara Locher, and Michael Gerber. "sonROAD18: Swiss Implementation of the CNOSSOS-EU Road Traffic Noise Emission Model." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 104, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.919209.

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15

Khan, Jibran, Matthias Ketzel, Steen Solvang Jensen, John Gulliver, Erik Thysell, and Ole Hertel. "Comparison of Road Traffic Noise prediction models: CNOSSOS-EU, Nord2000 and TRANEX." Environmental Pollution 270 (February 2021): 116240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116240.

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16

Grilo Bensusan, Alvaro, and Javier Mitjavila. "Verification of Railways Noise Mapping Using CNOSSOS-EU: Case Study on Freight Trains." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 6612–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0998.

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Freight trains are a relevant source of environmental noise and require an acoustical assessment to quantify the exposure of the population using noise mapping. Once the results of the noise calculations have been developed, it might be necessary to adopt mitigation strategies that can be validated using these noise models. It is becoming increasingly common to undertake some form of validation exercise to cross-reference the calculated levels with measurements to reduce the uncertainty in the action planning. Based upon the results of the monitoring, the measured data may then be stratified regarding the source data and meteorological data and introduced into the calculation model, to enable the model to replicate the situation during the measurement windows (meta-models). The results from the calculations of each of these meta-models may then be compared with the noise measurement results as the basis for the validation study. This paper presents an overview of a verification project undertaken in South America where such a process was followed using the CNOSSOS-EU as the basis of comparison.

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17

Heutschi, Kurt, Barbara Locher, and Michael Gerber. "Erratum to sonROAD18: Swiss Implementation of the CNOSSOS-EU Road Traffic Noise Emission Model." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 105, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.919351.

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18

Faulkner, Jon-Paul, and Enda Murphy. "Road traffic noise modelling and population exposure estimation using CNOSSOS-EU: Insights from Ireland." Applied Acoustics 192 (April 2022): 108692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2022.108692.

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19

Bąkowski, Andrzej, and Leszek Radziszewski. "Measurements of urban traffic parameters before and after road reconstruction." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0035.

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Abstract The study analyzed the parameters of vehicle traffic and noise on the national road in the section in the city from 2011 to 2016. In 2013–2014 this road was reconstructed. It was found that in most cases, the distribution of the tested variable was not normal. The median and selected percentiles of vehicle traffic parameters and noise were examined. The variability and type A uncertainty of the results were described and evaluated. The results obtained for the data recorded on working and non-working days were compared. The vehicle cumulative speed distributions, for two-way four-lane road segments in both directions were analyzed. A mathematical model of normalized traffic flow has been proposed. Fit factor R2 of the proposed equations to the experimental data for passenger vehicles ranges from 0.93 to 0.99. It has been shown that two years after the road reconstruction, the median noise level did not increase even though traffic volumes and vehicle speeds increased. The Cnossos noise model was validated for data recorded over a period of 6 years. A very good agreement of the medians determined according to the Cnossos-EU model and the measured ones was obtained. It should be noted, however, that for the other analyzed percentiles, e.g. 95%, the discrepancies are larger.

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20

Morley, D. W., K. de Hoogh, D. Fecht, F. Fabbri, M. Bell, P. S. Goodman, P. Elliott, S. Hodgson, A. L. Hansell, and J. Gulliver. "International scale implementation of the CNOSSOS-EU road traffic noise prediction model for epidemiological studies." Environmental Pollution 206 (November 2015): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.031.

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21

Pallas, Marie-Agnès, Michel Bérengier, Roger Chatagnon, Martin Czuka, Marco Conter, and Matthew Muirhead. "Towards a model for electric vehicle noise emission in the European prediction method CNOSSOS-EU." Applied Acoustics 113 (December 2016): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.06.012.

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22

Salomons, Erik, and Michael Dittrich. "Health impact assessment of road traffic noise in the EU in 2020-2035." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 1977–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2019.

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The negative health effects of road traffic noise in the EU are analyzed over the period 20202035. For a baseline scenario, with autonomous traffic growth and fleet development, it is found that the EU health burden in 2030 is equivalent to the loss of 1.7 million 'healthy life years'. Various noise abatement scenarios are analyzed, with noise solutions such as quiet road surfaces, quiet tyres, and electric vehicles. The health benefits of the scenarios are calculated as healthburden differences from the baseline scenario. The calculation methodology is based on the noise exposure distributions reported in 2017 by EU member states, for urban agglomerations and for major roads. Changes in noise exposure are calculated with EU model Cnossos for vehicle emission, considering different types of roads (residential streets, main roads, motorways,...). The monetized health benefits are used as input for a costbenefit analysis of the scenarios over the period 2020-2035. For quiet tyres, for example, high health benefits and low costs are found, resulting in a high cost-to-benefit ratio. This work was part of a study for the European Commision, exploring different options for reducing the EU health burden caused by noise from road, rail, and air traffic.

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Aletta, Francesco, Stefano Brinchi, Stefano Carrese, Andrea Gemma, Claudia Guattari, Livia Mannini, and Sergio Maria Patella. "Analysing urban traffic volumes and mapping noise emissions in Rome (Italy) in the context of containment measures for the COVID-19 disease." Noise Mapping 7, no. 1 (August 3, 2020): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/noise-2020-0010.

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AbstractThis study presents the result of a traffic simulation analysis based on Floating Car Data and a noise emission assessment to show the impact of mobility restriction for COVID-19 containment on urban vehicular traffic and road noise pollution on the road network of Rome, Italy. The adoption of strong and severe measures to contain the spreading of Coronavirus during March-April 2020 generated a significant reduction in private vehicle trips in the city of Rome (-64.6% during the lockdown). Traffic volumes, obtained through a simulation approach, were used as input parameters for a noise emission assessment conducted using the CNOSSOS-EU method, and an overall noise emissions reduction on the entire road network was found, even if its extent varied between road types.

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Bandeira, Jorge M., Pavlos Tafidis, Eloísa Macedo, João Teixeira, Behnam Bahmankhah, Cláudio Guarnaccia, and Margarida C. Coelho. "Exploring the Potential of Web Based Information of Business Popularity for Supporting Sustainable Traffic Management." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 21, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2020-0004.

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AbstractThis paper explores the potential of using crowdsourcing tools, namely Google “Popular times” (GPT) as an alternative source of information to predict traffic-related impacts. Using linear regression models, we examined the relationships between GPT and traffic volumes, travel times, pollutant emissions and noise of different areas in different periods. Different data sets were collected: i) crowdsourcing information from Google Maps; ii) traffic dynamics with the use of a probe car equipped with a Global Navigation Satellite System data logger; and iii) traffic volumes. The emissions estimation was based on the Vehicle Specific Power methodology, while noise estimations were conducted with the use of “The Common Noise Assessment Methods in Europe” (CNOSSOS-EU) model. This study shows encouraging results, as it was possible to establish clear relationships between GPT and traffic and environmental performance.

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25

Salomons, Erik M., and Michael Dittrich. "Health burden of road traffic noise in the EU in 2020–2035." Noise Control Engineering Journal 70, no. 5 (September 1, 2022): 446–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1/377038.

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The negative health effects of road traffic noise in the EU are analyzed over the period 2020–2035. For a baseline scenario, with autonomous traffic growth and fleet development, we find that there will be 31 million highly annoyed persons and 15 million highly sleep-disturbed persons in the EU in 2030. The corresponding EU health burden in 2030 is equivalent to the loss of 1.7 million “healthy life years”. Various noise abatement scenarios are analyzed, with noise solutions such as quiet road surfaces, quiet tires, and electric vehicles. The health benefits of the scenarios are calculated as health-burden differences from the baseline scenario. The calculation methodology is based on the noise exposure distributions reported in 2017 by EU member states, for urban agglomerations and for major roads. Changes in noise exposure are calculated with EU model Cnossos for vehicle emission, considering different types of roads (residential streets, main roads, motorways,...), and taking into account the separate contributions of rolling noise and propulsion noise to the vehicle emission. Two different noise valuation methods are used to express the health benefits in Euros. The monetized health benefits are used as input for a cost-benefit analysis of the scenarios over the period 2020–2035. For quiet tires, for example, high health benefits and low costs are found, resulting in a high benefit-cost ratio. This work was part of a study for the European Commission, exploring different options for reducing the EU health burden caused by noise from road, rail, and air traffic.

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26

Kephalopoulos, Stylianos, Marco Paviotti, Fabienne Anfosso-Lédée, Dirk Van Maercke, Simon Shilton, and Nigel Jones. "Advances in the development of common noise assessment methods in Europe: The CNOSSOS-EU framework for strategic environmental noise mapping." Science of The Total Environment 482-483 (June 2014): 400–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.031.

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27

van Blokland, Gijsjan, and Luc Goubert. "Uncertainty in the standardized method "Characterization of the acoustic properties of road surfaces" by CEN TC227 WG5." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 6 (August 1, 2021): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1431.

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TC227 of CEN has developed a method to determine the effect of the road pavement on the sound emission of road vehicles. The proposed methods can be applied to define the acoustic label value of a generic or proprietary pavement type, to check compliance of a pavement with the specifications for that pavement type and to monitor the development of the acoustic properties over the lifetime of the product. With the procedure one can additionally derive the coefficients for the pavement correc tion in the noise emission formulae for road vehicles in the CNOSSOS-EU calculation model. The application of the method exhibits a limited accuracy. The paper investigates the sources of uncertainty of the standardized method and combine the contributions into a single overall uncertainty according to the procedures laid down in Guide 98-3 of ISO. The uncertainty is determined for each of the listed application areas. From the uncertainty analysis the major contributions are identified. Improvement of the method shall focus on only these contributions.

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Jenkin, Lance, Jeffrey Peng, and Jeffrey Parnell. "Variability of noise prediction models in catchments featuring significant barriers and noise-enhancing meteorological conditions." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015778.

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Accurate prediction of noise propagation from industrial sources forms a vital foundation from which to determine noise pollution levels on sensitive communities, as well as informing any mitigation measures required to address unacceptable impacts. A variety of sound propagation model options are available to practitioners in commercial software platforms such as SoundPLAN and CadnaA, and the ability to design effective noise barriers is contingent on the selection of a model that is suitable for the situation under consideration. This is particularly important in noise catchments that feature noise-enhancing meteorological conditions and where significant barriers exist, or are proposed between the industrial estate and potentially noise affected residential communities. In this work, sound levels computed using CONCAWE, ISO 9613-2, Nord2000 and CNOSSOS-EU sound propagation models for homogenous and favourable conditions are compared. The cross-sectional profile of the case study featured in this work is based on a real-world situation in the built-up suburban area of Sydney, Australia. Current findings highlight some key considerations, limitations, and pitfalls associated with older empirically derived sound propagation models.

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Baclet, Sacha, Siddharth Venkataraman, Erik Gomez, and Hamza Bouchouireb. "A machine learning- and compressed sensing-based approach for surrogate modelling in environmental acoustics: towards fast evaluation of building façade road traffic noise levels." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 6040–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0898.

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State-of-the-art urban road traffic noise propagation simulation methods such as the CNOSSOS-EU framework rely on ray tracing to estimate noise levels at specific locations on façades, so-called receiver points; this method is computationally expensive and its cost increases with the number of receiver points, which limits the spatial accuracy of such simulations in the context of real-time or near-real-time urban noise simulation applications. This contribution aims to investigate the applicability of multiple data-driven methods to the surrogate modelling of traffic noise propagation for fast façade noise calculation as an alternative to these traditional, ray-tracing-based methods. The proposed approach uses compressed sensing to select a small subset of receiver points from which the data set of the entire façade may be reconstructed, associated with a Kriging model and neural networks, used to predict noise levels for these sensors. The prediction performance of each of these steps is evaluated on an academic test case, with two levels of complexity based on the dimensionality of the problem.

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30

Oshima, Takuya, Fumiya Takeda, and Yumi Kurosaka. "Influence of vehicle source directivity in Japanese and European outdoor sound prediction models under a semi-finite thick barrier configuration." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 5147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2980.

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The Japanese ASJ RTN-Model 2018, European Harmonoise and CNOSSOS-EU outdoor sound prediction models are respectively known to have symmetric, asymmetric and omnidirectional sound emission directivities along front-back direction of the source vehicle. However, the influence of such difference in directivities to final predicted sound levels has not been investigated much. In this study, the influence is investigated using the ASJ Model and the Harmonoise under a configuration of semi-finite thick barrier along a source road. The configuration is an idealization of Japanese roadside buildings that have gaps in between, unlike European buildings that continuously extend over a whole urban block. Under the configuration, distribution of A-weighted sound levels around the end face of the barrier are computed with and without source directivity taken into account by each model. It is found from the results that the source directivity of the ASJ model makes little difference in the noise level distribution. In contrast, the source directivity of Harmonoise is found to make differences of 0.5-0.8 dB at right behind the barrier depending on vehicle running direction. However, a combined effect of source directivity and reflection at the end face is found to be negligible.

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Yasuda, Yosuke, Yu Kamiya, and Makoto Morinaga. "Wave-based numerical investigation on diffraction correction for a low-height barrier in energy-based sound propagation model for road traffic noise." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 5740–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0848.

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In energy-based noise propagation prediction methods, such as CNOSSOS-EU in Europe and ASJ RTN-Model in Japan, sound propagation is calculated by using the equation of sound attenuation by the geometrical divergence of the sound power from a sound source and adding various attenuation corrections such as diffraction effect and ground effect. In the ASJ RTN-Model, the insertion loss due to a semi-infinite barrier to a free field is generally used for the diffraction correction for a single barrier, the top of which is regarded as a knife wedge, whereas the diffraction correction for a low-height barrier is different from that for a general single barrier. It is given as the insertion loss due to a low-height barrier to a semi-infinite barrier, the top height of which is at the ground surface level, in a free field: the diffraction correction is zero when the low-height barrier is 0 m high. However, its range of application is not clear. In this paper, the diffraction correction for a low-height barrier is discussed by comparing the results of three-dimensional wave-based numerical analysis and propagation calculations using the ASJ RTN-Model.

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Sousa, Laura, Luís Pereira, David Montes-González, Denilson Ramos, Paulo Amado-Mendes, Juan Miguel Barrigón-Morillas, and Luís Godinho. "Experimental Analysis and Simulation of a Porous Absorbing Layer for Noise Barriers." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 18, 2023): 2638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042638.

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Noise barriers are common noise mitigation measures usually implemented near roads or railways, with proven efficiency. This work presents a study of a porous concrete material incorporating expanded clay as aggregate, to be used on the sound-absorption layer of noise barriers. A theoretical material model is calibrated using experimental data and then used to estimate the diffuse field sound absorption from the normal incidence sound absorption estimation/measurement. Validation of such estimation is performed by comparing to reverberant room measurements. Numerical simulations are carried out using the boundary element method (BEM) and the CNOSSOS-EU calculation method to assess the performance of different types of barriers incorporating this material. L-shaped and vertical barriers are tested, as well as low-height and conventional (taller) barriers, employed in the context of a railway noise scenario. Different results are obtained by the two methods, mainly due to the different underlying physical principles. Good insertion loss values may be obtained using both conventional and low-height noise barriers together with the porous concrete material if a careful choice of its location within the barrier is made.

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Berger, Markus, and Ralf Bill. "Combining VR Visualization and Sonification for Immersive Exploration of Urban Noise Standards." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 3, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti3020034.

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Urban traffic noise situations are usually visualized as conventional 2D maps or 3D scenes. These representations are indispensable tools to inform decision makers and citizens about issues of health, safety, and quality of life but require expert knowledge in order to be properly understood and put into context. The subjectivity of how we perceive noise as well as the inaccuracies in common noise calculation standards are rarely represented. We present a virtual reality application that seeks to offer an audiovisual glimpse into the background workings of one of these standards, by employing a multisensory, immersive analytics approach that allows users to interactively explore and listen to an approximate rendering of the data in the same environment that the noise simulation occurs in. In order for this approach to be useful, it should manage complicated noise level calculations in a real time environment and run on commodity low-cost VR hardware. In a prototypical implementation, we utilized simple VR interactions common to current mobile VR headsets and combined them with techniques from data visualization and sonification to allow users to explore road traffic noise in an immersive real-time urban environment. The noise levels were calculated over CityGML LoD2 building geometries, in accordance with Common Noise Assessment Methods in Europe (CNOSSOS-EU) sound propagation methods.

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Alías, Francesc, Rosa Ma Alsina-Pagès, Ferran Orga, and Joan Claudi Socoró. "Detection of Anomalous Noise Events for Real-Time Road-Traffic Noise Mapping: The Dynamap’s project case study." Noise Mapping 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/noise-2018-0006.

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Abstract Environmental noise is increasing year after year, especially in urban and suburban areas. Besides annoyance, environmental noise also causes harmful health effects on people. The Environmental Noise Directive 2002/49/EC (END) is the main instrument of the European Union to identify and combat noise pollution, followed by the CNOSSOS-EU methodological framework. In compliance with the END legislation, the European Member States are required to publish noise maps and action plans every five years. The emergence of Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks (WASNs) have changed the paradigm to address the END regulatory requirements, allowing the dynamic ubiquitous measurement of environmental noise pollution. Following the END, the LIFE DYNAMAP project aims to develop a WASN-based low-cost noise mapping system to monitor the acoustic impact of road infrastructures in real time. Those acoustic events unrelated to regular traffic noise should be removed from the equivalent noise level calculations to avoid biasing the noise map generation. This work describes the different approaches developed within the DYNAMAP project to implement an Anomalous Noise Event Detector on the low-cost sensors of the network, considering both synthetic and real-life acoustic data.Moreover, the paper reflects on several open challenges, discussing how to tackle them for the future deployment of WASN-based noise monitoring systems in real-life operating conditions.

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35

Cai, Yutong, Wilma L. Zijlema, Dany Doiron, Marta Blangiardo, Paul R. Burton, Isabel Fortier, Amadou Gaye, et al. "Ambient air pollution, traffic noise and adult asthma prevalence: a BioSHaRE approach." European Respiratory Journal 49, no. 1 (October 20, 2016): 1502127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02127-2015.

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We investigated the effects of both ambient air pollution and traffic noise on adult asthma prevalence, using harmonised data from three European cohort studies established in 2006–2013 (HUNT3, Lifelines and UK Biobank).Residential exposures to ambient air pollution (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 µm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) were estimated by a pan-European Land Use Regression model for 2007. Traffic noise for 2009 was modelled at home addresses by adapting a standardised noise assessment framework (CNOSSOS-EU). A cross-sectional analysis of 646 731 participants aged ≥20 years was undertaken using DataSHIELD to pool data for individual-level analysis via a “compute to the data” approach. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to assess the effects of each exposure on lifetime and current asthma prevalence.PM10 or NO2 higher by 10 µg·m−3 was associated with 12.8% (95% CI 9.5–16.3%) and 1.9% (95% CI 1.1–2.8%) higher lifetime asthma prevalence, respectively, independent of confounders. Effects were larger in those aged ≥50 years, ever-smokers and less educated. Noise exposure was not significantly associated with asthma prevalence.This study suggests that long-term ambient PM10 exposure is associated with asthma prevalence in western European adults. Traffic noise is not associated with asthma prevalence, but its potential to impact on asthma exacerbations needs further investigation.

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36

Lupi, Marino, Marco Boero, Daniele Conte, Luca Naso Rappis, Mauro Vannucci, and Alessandro Farina. "An ITS System for Reducing Congestion and Noise Pollution due to Vehicles to/from Port Terminals." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 6, 2022): 14579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114579.

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This paper deals with a new ITS system aimed at reducing road congestion and noise emissions on the urban roads leading to port terminals. This system is composed of: traffic video cameras, VMS panels and an app. These three components are connected and managed by an integrated ITS system management platform, called “LIST Port ITS System Central” in this paper. Video cameras measure traffic characteristics, such as flow rates, speed and composition of the vehicle stream and provide these data to the LIST Port ITS System Central. The central elaborates the data and provide the traffic flow characteristics to the app. The app calculates, in real time, the best route to/from port terminals, according to traffic congestion and noise emissions, and provides this information to the Central. Then, the app shows to the user the best route and the traffic and noise status in real time. The calculation of the best routes takes place according to the “physical capacity” and “acoustic capacity” of road infrastructures. Noise emissions are directly calculated from traffic characteristics by means of the CNOSSOS-EU model, and are after compared to the noise emission limit levels established by law. The services provided by the LIST Port ITS system are new, because, currently, routing strategies are usually based only on congestion, while noise pollution is almost always neglected. Noise pollution could be a more restrictive constraint because the “acoustic capacity” is often lower than the physical one.

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37

Fredianelli, Luca, Stefano Carpita, Marco Bernardini, Lara Ginevra Del Pizzo, Fabio Brocchi, Francesco Bianco, and Gaetano Licitra. "Traffic Flow Detection Using Camera Images and Machine Learning Methods in ITS for Noise Map and Action Plan Optimization." Sensors 22, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051929.

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Noise maps and action plans represent the main tools in the fight against citizens’ exposure to noise, especially that produced by road traffic. The present and the future in smart traffic control is represented by Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), which however have not yet been sufficiently studied as possible noise-mitigation tools. However, ITS dedicated to traffic control rely on models and input data that are like those required for road traffic noise mapping. The present work developed an instrumentation based on low-cost cameras and a vehicle recognition and counting methodology using modern machine learning techniques, compliant with the requirements of the CNOSSOS-EU noise assessment model. The instrumentation and methodology could be integrated with existing ITS for traffic control in order to design an integrated method, which could also provide updated data over time for noise maps and action plans. The test was carried out as a follow up of the L.I.S.T. Port project, where an ITS was installed for road traffic management in the Italian port city of Piombino. The acoustic efficacy of the installation is evaluated by looking at the difference in the acoustic impact on the population before and after the ITS installation by means of the distribution of noise exposure, the evaluation of Gden and Gnight, and the calculation of the number of highly annoyed and sleep-disturbed citizens. Finally, it is shown how the ITS system represents a valid solution to be integrated with targeted and more specific sound mitigation, such as the laying of low-emission asphalts.

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Guarnaccia, Claudio. "EAgLE: Equivalent Acoustic Level Estimator Proposal." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030701.

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Road infrastructures represent a key point in the development of smart cities. In any case, the environmental impact of road traffic should be carefully assessed. Acoustic noise is one of the most important issues to be monitored by means of sound level measurements. When a large measurement campaign is not possible, road traffic noise predictive models (RTNMs) can be used. Standard RTNMs present in literature usually require in input several information about the traffic, such as flows of vehicles, percentage of heavy vehicles, average speed, etc. Many times, the lack of information about this large set of inputs is a limitation to the application of predictive models on a large scale. In this paper, a new methodology, easy to be implemented in a sensor concept, based on video processing and object detection tools, is proposed: the Equivalent Acoustic Level Estimator (EAgLE). The input parameters of EAgLE are detected analyzing video images of the area under study. Once the number of vehicles, the typology (light or heavy vehicle), and the speeds are recorded, the sound power level of each vehicle is computed, according to the EU recommended standard model (CNOSSOS-EU), and the Sound Exposure Level (SEL) of each transit is estimated at the receiver. Finally, summing up the contributions of all the vehicles, the continuous equivalent level, Leq, on a given time range can be assessed. A preliminary test of the EAgLE technique is proposed in this paper on two sample measurements performed in proximity of an Italian highway. The results will show excellent performances in terms of agreement with the measured Leq and comparing with other RTNMs. These satisfying results, once confirmed by a larger validation test, will open the way to the development of a dedicated sensor, embedding the EAgLE model, with possible interesting applications in smart cities and road infrastructures monitoring. These sites, in fact, are often equipped (or can be equipped) with a network of monitoring video cameras for safety purposes or for fining/tolling, that, once the model is properly calibrated and validated, can be turned in a large scale network of noise estimators.

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Faulkner, Jon Paul, Enda Murphy, Henry Rice, John Kennedy, and Eamonn Bourke. "Railway Noise Modelling and Population Exposure Estimation Using Cnossos-Eu: Lessons from Ireland." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4093565.

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40

Venkataraman, Siddharth, Romain Rumpler, Siv Leth, Martin Toward, and Tohmmy Bustad. "Improving strategic noise mapping of railway noise in Europe: Refining CNOSSOS-EU calculations using TWINS." Science of The Total Environment, May 2022, 156216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156216.

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Venkataraman, Siddharth, Romain Rumpler, Siv Leth, Martin Toward, and Tohmmy Bustad. "Improving Strategic Noise Mapping of Railway Noise in Europe: Refining Cnossos-Eu Calculations Using Twins." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4054700.

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42

Mac Domhnaill, Ciarán, Owen Douglas, Seán Lyons, Enda Murphy, and Anne Nolan. "Road traffic noise and cognitive function in older adults: a cross-sectional investigation of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (October 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11853-y.

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Abstract Background The World Health Organization published updated Environmental Noise Guidelines in 2018. Included are recommended limit values for environmental noise exposure based on systematic reviews for a range of health outcomes, including cognitive impairment. There is emerging evidence in the literature that chronic exposure to road traffic noise may affect cognitive function in older adults, but this relationship is not well established. This study spatially linked nationally representative health microdata from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing to building-level modelled noise data for two cities in the Republic of Ireland. This was used to investigate associations between exposure to road traffic noise and cognitive function in a sample of older adults, independent of a range of socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics, as well as exposure to air pollution. Methods We used the Predictor-LimA Advanced V2019.02 software package to estimate noise originating from road traffic for the cities of Dublin and Cork in Ireland according to the new common noise assessment methodology for the European Union (CNOSSOS-EU). Noise exposure values were calculated for each building and spatially linked with geo-coded TILDA microdata for 1706 individuals aged 54 and over in the two cities. Ordinary least squares linear regression models were estimated for eight standardised cognitive tests including noise exposure as an independent variable, with standard errors clustered at the household level. Models were adjusted for individual sociodemographic, behavioural and environmental characteristics. Results We find some evidence that road traffic noise exposure is negatively associated with executive function, as measured by the Animal Naming Test, among our sample of older adults. This association appears to be accounted for by exposure to air pollution when focusing on a sub-sample. We do not find evidence of an association between noise exposure and memory or processing speed. Conclusions Long term exposure to road traffic noise may be negatively associated with executive function among older adults.

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