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1
Li, Xi Qin, Su Yan Cai, Bing Liu, and Xue Qun He. "Study on Emission Control of CNG Engine Based on D-S Evidence Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 109 (October 2011): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.109.281.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To reduce emissions, CNG engines are commonly equipped with three-way catalytic converters. However when the engines run at transient conditions, the air fuel ratio can not be precisely controlled at theoretical value by traditional means, so the catalytic converters can not achieve their desired effect. This paper presents a new method for CNG engines to control air fuel ratio at transient conditions. The moments which intake and exhaust valves open are used as the trigger signals for ECU to collect the test data simultaneously. The dynamic information of CNG engine is detected by multiple sensors; the nonlinear coupling relationship between air fuel ratio of CNG engine and the operating conditions are established through information fusion and neural network control. The requirement of real time control for air fuel ratio is achieved, so the emissions of CNG engines are reduced further.
2
Jamrozik, Arkadiusz, Wojciech Tutak, and Karol Grab-Rogaliński. "An Experimental Study on the Performance and Emission of the diesel/CNG Dual-Fuel Combustion Mode in a Stationary CI Engine." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 12, 2019): 3857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203857.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the possibilities to reduce diesel fuel consumption and at the same time reduce the emission of diesel engines, is the use of alternative gaseous fuels, so far most commonly used to power spark ignition engines. The presented work concerns experimental research of a dual-fuel compression-ignition (CI) engine in which diesel fuel was co-combusted with CNG (compressed natural gas). The energy share of CNG gas was varied from 0% to 95%. The study showed that increasing the share of CNG co-combusted with diesel in the CI engine increases the ignition delay of the combustible mixture and shortens the overall duration of combustion. For CNG gas shares from 0% to 45%, due to the intensification of the combustion process, it causes an increase in the maximum pressure in the cylinder, an increase in the rate of heat release and an increase in pressure rise rate. The most stable operation, similar to a conventional engine, was characterized by a diesel co-combustion engine with 30% and 45% shares of CNG gas. Increasing the CNG share from 0% to 90% increases the nitric oxide emissions of a dual-fuel engine. Compared to diesel fuel supply, co-combustion of this fuel with 30% and 45% CNG energy shares contributes to the reduction of hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, which increases after exceeding these values. Increasing the share of CNG gas co-combusted with diesel fuel, compared to the combustion of diesel fuel, reduces carbon dioxide emissions, and almost completely reduces carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas of a dual-fuel engine.
3
HÄNGGI, Severin, Thomas HILFIKER, Patrik SOLTIC, Richard HUTTER, and Christopher ONDER. "Control-oriented analysis of a lean-burn light-duty natural gas research engine with scavenged pre-chamber ignition." Combustion Engines 176, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-106.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Natural gas is well-suited as a fuel in the transport sector. Due to its excellent combustion characteristics, engines operating with compressed natural gas (CNG) reach high efficiency, especially if operated at lean conditions. However, CNG engine research mainly focusses on stoichiometric conditions in order to use a three-way catalytic converter for the exhaust gas after treatment system. With the objective to explore the potential of CNG engines operated at lean conditions, a turbo-charged CNG engine with high com-pression ratio is developed and optimized for lean operation. In order to increase the ignition energy, the CNG engine is equipped with scavenged pre-chambers. A specific control structure is developed, which allows to operate the engine at a pre-defined (lean) air-to-fuel ratio. Further functionalities such as the combustion placement control and algorithms to estimate the conditions inside of the pre-chamber are implemented. The first part of this paper describes this engine control structure, which is specifically developed for the lean-burn CNG engine. In the second part, the effects of pre-chamber scavenging on engine performance criteria such as the combustion stability, engine efficiency or engine emissions are analyzed. With the objective to use pre-chamber scavenging to improve engine performance, a scavenging feed-back control strategy is proposed. In order to control the ignition delay, this strategy adapts the amount of CNG injected into the pre-chamber with a linear controller or an extremum seeking algorithm depending on the air-to-fuel ratio of the main chamber.
4
Nguyen Thanh Tuan, Le Minh Xuan, Nguyen Trung Hieu, Doan Phuoc Tho, and Nguyen Phu Dong. "Research using the CNG fuel system from the petrol fuel system for the honda wave engine." Journal of Technical Education Science, no. 66 (October 28, 2021): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54644/jte.66.2021.1068.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents research on Honda wave motorcycle engines using CNG gas based on a corresponding gasoline fuel injection system. In the study, we choose a solution using two nozzles suitable when switching to using CNG fuel. According to the throttle opening, the test results are conducted and can confirm that the engine, when using CNG, has reduced power and torque compared to gasoline. However, using a CNG fuel supply system from the fuel injection system saves time and cost of design and manufacture. The installation is simple, no need to interfere with the engine combustion chamber. As a result, the engine on the car operates reliably, stably, and reliably.
5
Kakaee, Amirhasan, and Majid Karimi. "A Comparative Study on Influence of Natural Gas Composition on the Performance of a CNG Engine." Mapta Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (MJMIE) 2, no. 3 (December 20, 2018): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33544/mjmie.v2i3.76.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel and it has high energy conversion efficiencies for power generation in internal combustion engines. Natural gases have varying composition depending on the place where they are produced. This paper studies the effects of natural gas composition on the combustion and emissions characteristics of CNG engines and presents the overall combustion characteristics obtained from running a 1.65 L, 4-cylinder EF 7 CNG engine. Engine power, Torque, BMEP and BSFC were measured under steady state operation conditions at full load conditions. The obtained simulation results were compared with experimental ones in the literature and showed that the CNG composition had a considerable influence on engine performance and fuel economy. A correlation has been proposed to help gain insight into the relationship between the Methane Number (MN) and engine power, and it provides a practical method for estimating the engine power when the composition of natural gases varies.
6
Permana, Ade Indra. "Performance Analysis of Diesel Engine Simulation Into CNG Engine." AME (Aplikasi Mekanika dan Energi): Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin 8, no. 2 (August 5, 2022): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/ame.v8i2.6944.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<pre><em>The fundamental problem in meeting fuel consumption for the operation of diesel engines is in terms of costs and ensuring the availability of the fuel. So that the idea of using alternative fuels other than diesel fuel arises. And the recommendation is gas fuel (compressed natural gas) for several reasons including cheaper prices and Indonesia has abundant natural gas reserves. Because the properties of CNG and diesel oil are different, it is necessary to modify the diesel engine before being able to use alternative gas fuels. And in this journal, what is analyzed is the performance of diesel engines and diesel engines that have been modified into CNG engines connected to RPM. The analyzed performance includes brake power, brake torque, fuel consumption, and volumetric efficiency. The analysis process is carried out through a simulation using the GT-Power software. From the simulation, it is known that the use of CNG as a fuel reduces exhaust emissions even though it reduces engine performance in terms of power, torque, BMEP. And tends to increase fuel consumption.</em><em></em></pre>
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Maehara, Mitsuhiro, Kuniaki Nakajima, Takenori Fukushima, Kozo Uchiyama, Seiichi Shiga, Mikiya Araki, Hisao Nakamura, and Tomio Obokata. "Operation of a Two-Stroke S. I. Engine with Scavenging-Port Injection of CNG(CNG and Alternative Fuels, CNG Engines)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2004.6 (2004): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2004.6.409.
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Liu, Yu, Guo Chang Zhao, Zhi Hai Kou, and S. S. Chung. "A Study on the Spray Characteristics of SIDI CNG Engine Based on a Visualization System." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1060–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1060.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is regarded as one of the most promising alternative fuels, is widely used for the automobile engines. In order to improve the thermal efficiency of CNG engine, the direct-injection (DI) technology has been adopted. The stratified CNG mixture can be ignited by the spark plug which is installed near the injector nozzle, so the lean combustion can be subsequently achieved. For the direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engine, the reliable ignition is a foundational problem for the reliable operation, so it is very important to study on the spray characteristics of DISI engine. In our study, a combustion chamber is designed and a visualization system is built. The DI CNG spray's injection process was digital recorded with the schlieren optical system under different experiment conditions. The spray characteristics of the DI CNG engine were analyzed with the experimental results.
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Herynek, Roland, Kaufmann Heiko Kaiser, Winfried Langer, and Frank Miller. "Future Engine Control for Spark-Ignited CNG Engines." ATZautotechnology 12, no. 3 (June 2012): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s35595-012-0120-1.
Повний текст джерела
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Herynek, Roland, Heiko Kaiser, Winfried Langer, and Frank Miller. "Future Engine Control for Spark-Ignited CNG Engines." Auto Tech Review 1, no. 12 (March 1, 2012): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s40112-012-0191-9.
Повний текст джерела
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Herynek, Roland, Kaufmann Heiko Kaiser, Winfried Langer, and Frank Miller. "Future Engine Control for Spark-Ignited Cng Engines." Auto Tech Review 3, no. 8 (August 2014): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s40112-014-0715-6.
Повний текст джерела
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Herynek, Roland, Heiko Kaiser, Winfried Langer, and Frank Miller. "Future Engine Control For Spark-Ignited CNG Engines." MTZ worldwide 73, no. 6 (June 2012): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38313-012-0187-5.
Повний текст джерела
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Romański, Andrzej, and Elżbieta Cygan-Bączek. "High Performance Valve Seat Materials for CNG Powered Combustion Engines." Materials 14, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 4860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174860.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The conventional copper infiltrated high speed steel (HSS) valve seats used in gasoline engines are not suitable for CNG combustion because the exhaust gas temperature is at least 80 °C higher, which drastically shortens the service life of the engine valves. Therefore, a proprietary high-alloy HSS-base material was designed to combat hot corrosion and mechanical wear of valve seat faces in CNG fuelled engines. A batch of −100 mesh water atomized HSS powder was commissioned. The powder was vacuum annealed in order to reduce oxygen content and increase its compressibility. To improve the final part machinability, 1.2% MnS was admixed to the HSS powder prior to compaction. The green compacts were sintered at 1135 °C in nitrogen to around 83% TD and subsequently infiltrated with a copper alloy. After installing the valve seat components on a cylinder head, the engine was tested for 100 h according to the automotive industry valve seat wear test procedures. Both the periodic 8-h checks as well as the final examination of the valve seats showed very slow wear, indicating their suitability for CNG powered engines.
14
SOLTIC, Patrik, Thomas HILFIKER, Richard HUTTER, and Severin HÄNGGI. "Experimental comparison of efficiency and emission levels of four-cylinder lean-burn passenger car-sized CNG engines with different ignition concepts." Combustion Engines 176, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Today’s passenger car CNG engines are based on petrol engines which typically have restrictions preventing the exploitation of the full potential of methane based fuels, especially if they have to be operated also on petrol as a second fuel. Additionally, the use of three-way-catalysis limits the engine operation to λ = 1. Here, we present the efficiency potential and the raw emission characteristics for a dedicated four cylinder passenger car CNG engine without sticking to the usual combustion peak pressure and λ limitations. Lean com-bustion reduces the knocking tendency but, because of the higher pressure levels, increases the ignition energy demand. Therefore, dif-ferent ignition systems (spark plug, prechamber, Diesel pilot) have been used.
15
Ali, Mas Fawzi Mohd, Amir Khalid, and Yoshiyuki Kidoguchi. "Effect of Two-Stage Injection Timing on a Gas-Jet Ignition CNG Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.342.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Compressed natural gas (CNG) engines normally operate in lean condition to take the advantage of higher efficiency and better fuel economy. Several studies have shown that gas-jet ignition with two-stage injection technique is effective to extend the lean combustible range of CNG engines. This paper investigates the effectiveness of such technique using a prototype lean burn direct injection CNG engine. The experiment was conducted at speed of 900 rpm, fuel injection pressure of 3 MPa, equivalence ratio φ=0.8, and ignition timing at top dead center. The effect of first injection timing on the test engine performance and exhaust emission was analyzed. The result shows that the first injection timing is crucial in determining the performance of the engine. First injection timings when the piston is near to bottom dead center produced relatively stable combustion. First injection timings when the piston is at midpoint produced misfire. First injection timings near the gas-jet ignition produced unstable combustion except at a certain timings which produced acceptable combustion with low hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions.
16
Ilves, Risto, Rauno Põldaru, Andres Annuk, and Jüri Olt. "THE IMPACT OF A TWO-PHASE DIESEL FUEL PILOT INJECTION ON THE COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS AIR–FUEL MIXTURE COMBUSTION PROCESS IN A DIESEL ENGINE." Transport 37, no. 5 (December 20, 2022): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2022.17938.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, there is a global trend towards the use of alternative fuels in order to reduce environmental pollution. For example, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has become more widely used around the world. The use of different fuels in engines affects the combustion process and efficiency, with the latter potentially being reduced by such means as, for example, the use of gaseous fuels in conventional diesel engines. Therefore, it is also important to know how CNG combusts in a diesel engine and how the combustion process can be improved. Consequently, the aim of the study is to give an overview of the effect of divided Diesel Fuel (DF) pilot injection on the combustion process of a naturally aspirated diesel engine using dual-fuel mode, with one fuel being DF and the other CNG. The focus of the article is on the commonly used engines on which the diesel injection system works regularly, and CNG fuel is injected into the intake manifold as an additional fuel. The engine DF quantity and injection timing are regulated by the acceleration pedal. The article provides an overview of the diesel and dual-fuel combustion process, and compare the DF and dual-fuel combustion processes. For this purpose, a test was carried out in order to measure the various involved parameters, such as the combustion pressure, torque, and fuel consumption. The results demonstrated that ignition delay does not significantly vary with the use of gas as a fuel source, and the maximum combustion pressure is actually higher with gas. The combustion is more rapid in dual-fuel mode and results indicate that when using dual-fuel mode on regular engines, it would be necessary to regulate the pre- and main-injection timing.
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Fawzi, Mas, Mohd Norfaiz Hashim, Fathul Hakim Zulkifli, and Shahrin Hisham Amirnordin. "Optimizing the Ignition Timing of a Converted CNG Mono-Gas Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 554 (June 2014): 474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.474.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Governmental policies on renewable energy and environmental act are aggressively being enforced to mitigate recent climate change. Natural gas is not renewable but it is the most abundant and has the lowest Lifecycle CO2emission among fossil fuel. Realizing such promising alternative, many logistics and transportation companies are converting their existing diesel-fueled vehicle to CNG-fueled. Researchers have shown that CNG engines offer advantages compared to diesel and gasoline engines such as high efficiency and low emissions. Prior to this work, a 4.3L 4-cylinder diesel engine was modified and retrofitted with a CNG mono gas system. However, it was observed that the engine, CNG-fueled combustion is not stable especially at idling speed. The purpose of this study is to optimize the ignition timing best suited for idling both in normal operating mode (700-850 rpm) and in cold start mode (1000-2000 rpm). The ignition timings tested were 20oBTDC and 25oBTDC. The measurements were made at engine speeds from 700 to 2500 rpm. Some irregularities were found in the result, but overall, the ignition timing 25oBTDC is better than 20oBTDC in terms of fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions. For this particular system, the results recommend that the idling engine speed should be at 700-800 RPM and 1500 RPM during the normal mode and cold start mode respectively. The use of engine speed of 1000 to 1300 rpm should be minimized to reduce overall exhaust gas emissions.
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Yontar, Ahmet Alper, and Yahya Doğu. "Effects of equivalence ratio and CNG addition on engine performance and emissions in a dual sequential ignition engine." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1067–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419834190.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Compared to widening usage of CNG in commercial gasoline engines, insufficient but increasing number of studies have appeared in the open literature during last decades, while engine characteristics need to be quantified in exact numbers for each specific fuel and engine. CNG usage in spark-ignition engine offers many advantages such as high specific power outputs, knock resistance, and low CO2 emission. Engine performance and emissions are strong functions of equivalence ratio. This study focuses on determination of the effects of equivalence ratio on engine performance and emissions for a unique commercial engine for three fuels of gasoline, CNG, and gasoline–CNG mixture (90%–10%: G9C1). For this aim, the tests and the three-dimensional in-cylinder combustion computational fluid dynamics analyses were employed in quantification of engine characteristics at wide open throttle position. Equivalence ratios were defined between 0.7 and 1.4. The engine’s maximum torque speed of 2800 r/min was examined. The tested commercial engine is an intelligent dual sequential ignition engine which has unique features such as diagonally positioned two spark-plugs, dual sequential ignition with variable timing and asymmetrical combustion chamber. This gasoline engine was equipped with an independent CNG port-injection system and a specific engine control unit for CNG. In addition, the engine test system has a concomitant dual fuel delivery system that supplies gas fuel into intake airline while liquid gasoline is injected behind the intake valve. Other than testing the engine, the three-dimensional in-cylinder combustion computational fluid dynamics analyses were performed in Star-CD/es-ice software for the three fuels. The CFD model was built by using renormalization group equations, k–ε turbulence model, and G-equation combustion model. Computational fluid dynamics analyses were run for the compression ratio of 10.8:1, equivalence ratio of 1.1, and engine’s maximum torque speed of 2800 r/min. Test results show that brake torque for all fuels increases rapidly from the lean blend to the rich blend. The brake-specific fuel consumption for all fuels decreases from Φ = 0.7 through the stoichiometric region and then slightly increases up to Φ = 1.4. The volumetric efficiencies for three fuels have similar decreasing trend with respect to equivalence ratio. Overall, CNG addition decreases the performance values of torque, brake-specific fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, while it decreases emissions of CO2, CO, HC, except NOx. Engine model results show that the maximum in-cylinder pressure is 72 bar at 722 crank angle degree (CAD), 68 bar at 730 CAD, and 60 bar at 735 CAD for gasoline, CNG, and G9C1, respectively. The cumulative heat release for gasoline is 9.09% higher than G9C1, while G9C1 is 15.71% higher than CNG. The CO2 mass fraction for gasoline is about 22.58% lower than G9C1, while it is 40.32% higher than CNG. The maximum mass fraction value of CO is 0.21, 0.17, and 0.08 for gasoline, CNG, and G9C1, respectively. The CO for G9C1 is overall 60.04% lower than CNG and 67.45% lower than gasoline. At maximum point, HC for G9C1 is 31.43% and 71.43% higher than gasoline and CNG, respectively. CNG has the highest level of NOx formation. Maximum NOx mass fractions are 0.0098, 0.0070, and 0.0043 for CNG, G9C1, and gasoline, respectively. After the ignition, the flame development is completed at 1.07, 1.18, and 1.28 ms for gasoline, G9C1, and CNG, respectively. Flame velocities are 28.52, 30.93, and 34.11 m/s for CNG, G9C1, and gasoline, respectively, at 2800 r/min and Φ = 1.1. When the time between ignition moment and top dead center moment is considered, the increment rate of flame center temperature is 904.19, 884.10, and 861.77 K/s for CNG, gasoline, and G9C1, respectively. The highest temperature increment rate occurs for CNG.
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Rahmad, Hadi, Mujahid Wahyu, and Devina Rosa Hendarti. "Pengaruh Temperatur Mesin Terhadap Kadar Emisi NOx pada Motor dengan Bahan Bakar Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)." Jurnal Energi dan Teknologi Manufaktur (JETM) 3, no. 02 (December 31, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jetm.v3i02.59.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increase in NOx levels produced by CNG-fueled engines occurs when the fuel switches from gasoline to gas fuel (CNG). The author changed the otto 4 stroke gasoline engine, into a CNG-fueled motorbike and provided additional cooling in the form of a burst of air to the cylinder block. Changes in engine block temperature are detected using a temperature sensor placed on the engine oil. Bursts of air cooling result in temperature changes in engine oil. Changes in engine oil temperature are accompanied by changes in the resulting NOx emissions. This study shows that with a decrease in engine oil temperature in the combustion engine, NOx emission levels also decrease. From the research results it can be ignored that by providing additional air bursts will be able to reduce NOx emissions by up to 18%
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Alimin, Ahmad Jais, Muhammad Yusri Ismail, and Shahrul Azmir Osman. "Predicting the Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Medium Duty Engine Retrofitted with Compressed Natural Gas System Using 1-Dimensional Software." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.702.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The rise of crude oil price and the implications of exhaust emissions to the environment from combustion application call for a new reliable alternative fuel. A potential alternative fuel for compression ignition (C.I.) engine is the compressed natural gas (CNG). For C.I. engines to operate using CNG, or to be converted as a retrofitted CNG engine, further modifications are required. Previous works reported loss in brake power (BP) and increase in hydrocarbon (HC) emission for C.I. engine retrofitted with CNG fuelling. Verification of performance characteristics for CNG retrofitted engine through experimental analysis requires high cost and is very time consuming. Thus, a 1-Dimensional simulation software, GT-Power, was introduced in this study to reduce the experimental process and setup. A 4-cylinder medium duty C.I. engine (DE) and CNG retrofitted engine (RE) GT-Power models were used in this simulation work over various operational conditions: low, medium and high load conditions. As compared with DE model, results from RE model showed that RE model achieved an average 4.9% improvement for brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and loss in BP by 37.3%. For nitrogen oxides (NOX) and carbon dioxides (CO2) RE model predicted reduction of 48.1% (engine mode 1-9) and 33.4% (all engine modes), respectively. Moreover, RE produced 72.4% more carbon monoxide (CO) and 90.3% more HC emission.
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Alimin, Ahmad Jais, Muhammad Yusri Ismail, and Shahrul Azmir Osman. "Predicting the Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Medium Duty Engine Retrofitted with Compressed Natural Gas System Using 1-Dimensional Software." Applied Mechanics and Materials 660 (October 2014): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.468.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The rise of crude oil price and the implications of exhaust emissions to the environment from combustion application call for a new reliable alternative fuel. A potential alternative fuel for compression ignition (C.I.) engine is the compressed natural gas (CNG). For C.I. engines to operate using CNG, or to be converted as a retrofitted CNG engine, further modifications are required. Previous works reported loss in brake power (BP) and increase in hydrocarbon (HC) emission for C.I. engine retrofitted with CNG fuelling. Verification of performance characteristics for CNG retrofitted engine through experimental analysis requires high cost and is very time consuming. Thus, a 1-Dimensional simulation software, GT-Power, was introduced in this study to reduce the experimental process and setup. A 4-cylinder medium duty C.I. engine (DE) and CNG retrofitted engine (RE) GT-Power models were used in this simulation work over various operational conditions: low, medium and high load conditions. As compared with DE model, results from RE model showed that RE model achieved an average 4.9% improvement for brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and loss in BP by 37.3%. For nitrogen oxides (NOX) and carbon dioxides (CO2) RE model predicted reduction of 48.1% (engine mode 1-9) and 33.4% (all engine modes), respectively. Moreover, RE produced 72.4% more carbon monoxide (CO) and 90.3% more HC emission.
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Osman, Shahrul Azmir, Ahmad Jais Alimin, Mohd Yusri Ismail, and Koh Wern Hui. "Performance and Emission Characteristics of Direct Injection C.I Engine Retrofitted with Mono-CNG System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.443.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Diesel engines are widely used in logistics and haulage as vehicular prime movers. In the mechanized and fast-moving forward world of today, the consumption of petroleum products has become an important yardstick of a country’s prosperity. This ever-increasing consumption has led the world to face the twin challenge of energy shortage and environmental deterioration. Natural gas has been one of the highly considered alternative fuels for both spark ignition (S.I) and compressed ignition (C.I.) engines. The advantages and benefits of CNG have made it the preferred choice as alternative fuel in the transportation sector. This present study focused on the effects of retrofitted direct injection C.I. engine with mono-CNG system to its performance and exhaust emissions. The engine speed was varied from 850 rpm to 2500 rpm, with load test conditions of 0Nm, 27.12Nm and 53.23Nm, using an engine dynamometer. Results indicated that CNG has the potential to provide better fuel consumption compared to diesel fuel. Meanwhile, the characteristics of exhaust gas emissions such as smoke opacity and CO2 gave promising results compared to CO, HC and NOX, for diesel combustion.
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STELMASIAK, Zdzisław, Jerzy LARISCH, and Dariusz PIETRAS. "The influence of natural gas additive on the smoke level generated by diesel engines." Combustion Engines 161, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116895.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper presents the results of investigations performed on a Fiat 1.3 MultiJet engine fueled with natural gas (CNG) and diesel oil. The primary aim was to determine the influence of a small additive of natural gas on the exhaust gas opacity under variable engine operating conditions. The tests were performed for the engine work points n–Mo (engine speed– torque) reproducing the NEDC cycle. The selection of the work points was carried out according to the criterion of greatest share in the NEDC homologation test, covering the entire engine field of work used in the realization of the test on a chassis dynamometer. In the tests, the authors applied different energy shares of natural gas in the range 15–35.6%. The smoke opacity was analyzed in the FSN and mass scales [mg/m3 ]. The results of the investigations may be used in the design of electronic controllers for natural gas engines and in the adaptation engines to CNG fueling.
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Sutkowski, Marek, and Andrzej Teodorczyk. "A Numerical Analysis of Methane Direct Injection System for Spark Ignition Engines(CNG and Alternative Fuels, CNG Engines)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2004.6 (2004): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2004.6.395.
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Kadam, Sumit A., Debjyoti Bandyopadhyay, Nishant S. Kulkarni, Sandeep D. Rairikar, and S. S. Thipse. "Upgrading the performance of a six-cylinder CNG Engine with the induction of Turbocharger for HCV application." International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology 11, no. 04 (August 4, 2021): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14741/ijcet/v.11.4.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The world is having catastrophe of environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion. Adaptation of alternative fuels is a healthy solution in reducing exhaust emissions in the automobile sector. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as a fleet fuel has played a vital role in the HCV sector. Many developmental and optimization work has been taken place for the CNG engines in the recent times. Due to the recent upsurge in diesel prices, the HCV sector is moving towards the CNG fuel vehicle. The HCV sector requires a heavy performance engine for its day-to-day application. In this research paper a baseline six-cylinder, naturally aspirated CNG engine used for bus application is selected to upgrade its power and torque performance. Based on the baseline CNG engine data, an appropriate turbocharger for the engine is selected with the help of M/s Garrett turbocharger manual. A 2-D simulation of the turbine is also carried out to understand the pressure and temperature distribution profile inside the turbine. The experimental results showing the increase in power, torque, volumetric efficiency, BMEP and thermal efficiency is illustrated in the research work below.
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WEIßNER, Michael, Frank BEGER, Martin SCHÜTTENHELM, and Gunesh TALLU. "Lean-burn CNG engine with ignition chamber: from the idea to a running engine." Combustion Engines 176, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Current and further developing CO2- and emission regulations worldwide and the competition to full electric mobility deliver a chal-lenge for internal combustion engines in general. A state of the art solution is the use of natural gas mainly contending methane to reduce CO2 significantly and to offer lowest emission levels. The EU-funded project GasOn developed engine concepts to fully exploit the advantages of CNG. This article describes the development of an innovative, monovalent engine dedicated to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and characterised by the lean burn concept and the innovative pre-chamber combustion.
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Yang, Jun, Jian Wang, Xuesheng Zhou, and Yanxiao Li. "Stochastic Air-Fuel Ratio Control of Compressed Natural Gas Engines Using State Observer." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (March 12, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2028398.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, the air-fuel ratio regulation problem of compressed natural gas (CNG) engines considering stochastic L2 disturbance attenuation is researched. A state observer is designed to overcome the unmeasurability of the total air mass and total fuel mass in the cylinder, since the residual air and residual fuel that are included in the residual gas are unmeasured and the residual gas reflects stochasticity. With the proposed state observer, a stochastic robust air-fuel ratio regulator is proposed by using a CNG engine dynamic model to attenuate the uncertain cyclic fluctuation of the fresh air, and the augmented closed-loop system is mean-square stable. A validation of the proposed stochastic robust air-fuel ratio regulator is carried out by the numerical simulation of two working conditions. The accuracy control of the air-fuel ratio is realized by the proposed stochastic robust air-fuel ratio regulator, which in turn leads to an improvement in fuel economy and emission performance of the CNG engines.
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Ramasamy, D., K. Kadirgama, M. M. Noor, and M. M. Rahman. "Experiments on Dissimilar Valve Lift (DVL) for Turbulence Increment on a Bi-Fuel Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Engine." Defect and Diffusion Forum 370 (January 2017): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.370.19.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Current engines are readily available for CNG bi-fuel conversions because it requires only minor engine modifications. However, CNG flame speed is lower than gasoline, therefore reducing the power and range of the vehicle when operating on CNG. This situation can be improved by increasing the flame speed via higher turbulence generated by swirl motion. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was used to analyse the swirl generated by dissimilar valve lift (DVL) profiles on the intake valve. A 3D engine simulation shows differences in swirl motion and turbulence between the original symmetric valve lift profile and the DVL. The swirl before combustion was found to increase almost 25%. The higher swirl number can increase the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) level which improves better fuel mixing. The 1 mm DVL proved to be the better choice from CFD analysis and later was tested on a K3-VE engine. Pressure analysis shows peak pressure increased by 5.6% and burn rate shows CNG had a slower burning speed on the small engine
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SZPICA, Dariusz, and Marcin DZIEWIĄTKOWSKI. "Catalyst Conversion Rates Measurement on Engine Fueled with Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Using Different Operating Temperatures." Mechanics 27, no. 6 (December 10, 2021): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.mech.30164.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Further restrictions on the use of compression-ignition engines in transportation are prompting the search for adaptations to run on other fuels. One of the most popular alternative fuels is Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), which due to its low carbon content can be competitive with classical fuels. This paper presents the results of testing a Cummins 6BT compression ignition engine that has undergone numerous modifications to convert to CNG power. The sequential gas injection system and the ignition system were installed in this engine. The compression ratio was also lowered from 16.5 to 11.5 by replacing the pistons. Tests conducted on an engine dynamometer were to show the differences in emission and conversion in the catalyst of hydrocarbons contained in the exhaust gases. Two structurally different catalysts operating at different exhaust temperatures (400 and 500)±2.5°C were used. The catalyst operating at 500±2.5°C showed a 23.5% higher conversion rate than the catalyst operating at a lower temperature in the range of the speed range tested. Also the external indicators, such as power and torque for the case of higher operating temperature took values over 70% higher. The research is one of the stages of a comprehensive assessment of the possibility of adaptation of compression ignition engines to CNG-only fueling.
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Ingawale, Shrikant Madan, J. S. Bagi, and L. S. Nikam. "Comparative study of a performance of an internal combustion engine and its emission working on conventional fuel (Diesel) and alternative fuel (Bio-CNG)." Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering 6, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30464/jmee.2022.6.1.67.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Currently, the world is facing problems regarding environmental pollutions due to the combustion of fossil fuels. The combustion of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases that lead to the greenhouse effect. The main symptom of the greenhouse effect is increased earth surface temperature. Also, the resources of fossil fuels are depleting rapidly and can take thousands of years to reproduce, so the time has come to go for lesser polluting renewable fuels. In this research, Bio-CNG is considered as an alternative fuel to conventional fuel i.e. Diesel. The performance test on four-stroke IC Engines working on the Bio-CNG and Diesel fuel is conducted simultaneously. The performance parameters such as Brake Power, Indicated Power, Thermal Efficiencies, Mechanical, Volumetric efficiency for both fuels are compared. Along with the performance, the emission is also recorded and compared. The results have shown that Bio-CNG has slightly less performance ability for similar engines working on Diesel fuel. But this study also shows that Bio-CNG possesses the ability to replace the conventional fuel with some engine and exhaust system modifications. The higher calorific value (47000kJ/kg) and lower or negligible carbon emission make it the best sustainable fuel substitute to conventional fuel i.e. Diesel.
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FLEKIEWICZ, Marek, and Grzegorz KUBICA. "Current status and prospects for the use of low-carbon gaseous fuels in transport." Combustion Engines 160, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116904.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper presents a detailed analysis of the issues related to an improvement of the efficiency of energy conversion in SI engines, fueled by low-carbon gaseous fuels. The research was conducted on an engine fueled with natural gas (CNG) and methane/hydrogen blends. The applied gaseous fuels are characterized by a reduced share of carbon, which enables a reduction of the emission of CO2. The object of the research was a 1.6 dm3, 4-cylinder engine originally fitted in Opel Astra F. The engine was equipped with a CNG injection system. The final analysis includes the influence of the ignition advance angle and fuel composition on the engine performance and exhaust gas composition.
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Warguła, Łukasz, Mateusz Kukla, Piotr Lijewski, Michał Dobrzyński, and Filip Markiewicz. "Impact of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Fuel Systems in Small Engine Wood Chippers on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 6709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246709.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The projected increase in the availability of gaseous fuels by growing popularity of household natural gas (NG) filling stations and the increase in the production of gaseous biogas-derived fuels is conducive to an increase in the use of NG fuel. Currently, natural gas in various forms (compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG)) is popular in maritime, rail and road transport. A new direction of natural gas application may be non-road mobile machines powered by a small spark-ignition engine (SI). The use of these engines in the wood chippers can cause the reduction of machine costs and emissions of harmful exhaust gases. In addition, plant material chippers intended for composting in bio-gas plants can be driven by the gas they are used to produce. The biogas can be purified to bio-methane to meet natural gas quality standards. The article presents the design of the natural gas supply system, which is an upgrade of the Lifan GX 390 combustion engine spark ignition engine (Four-stroke, OHV (over head valve) with a maximum power of 9.56 kW), which is a common representative of small gasoline engines. The engine is mounted in a cylindrical chipper designed for shredding branches with a maximum diameter of up to 100 mm, which is a typical machine used for cleaning work in urban areas. The engine powered by CNG and traditionally gasoline has been tested in real working conditions, when shredding cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Beitr. Naturk. 4:17. 1789 (Gartenkalender4:189–204. 1784)). Their diameter was ca. 80 mm, 3-metere-long, and humidity content ca. 25%. The systems were tested under the same actual operating conditions, the average power generated by the drives during shredding is about 0.69 kW. Based on the recorded results, it was found that the CNG-fuelled engine was characterized by nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions higher by 45%. The other effects of CNG were a reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of about 81%, 26% and 57%, respectively. Additionally, the use of CNG reduced fuel consumption by 31% and hourly estimated machine operating costs resulting from fuel costs by 53% (for average fuel price in Poland: gasoline: 0.99 EUR/L and CNG: 0.71 EUR/m3 on 08 November 2020). The modernization performed by the authors ensured the work of the drive unit during shredding, closer to the value of stoichiometric mixtures. The average (AVG) value of the air fuel ratio (AFR) for CNG was enriched by 1.2% (AVG AFR was 17), while for the gasoline engine the mixture was more enriched by 4.8% (AVG AFR was 14). The operation of spark-ignition (SI) combustion engines is most advantageous when burning stoichiometric mixtures due to the cooperation with exhaust aftertreatment systems (e.g., three-function catalytic converter). A system powered by CNG may be beneficial in systems adapting to operating conditions, used in low-power shredding machines, whose problem is increased HC emissions, and CNG combustion may reduce them. The developed system does not exceed the emission standards applicable in the European Union. For CO emissions expressed in g/kWh, it was about 95% lower than the permissible value, and HC + NOx emissions were 85% lower. This suggests that the use of the fuel in question may contribute to tightening up the permissible emission regulations for non-road machinery.
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FABIŚ, Paweł, Bartosz FLEKIEWICZ, and Marek FLEKIEWICZ. "On board recognition of different fuels in SI engines with the use of dimensional and non-dimensional vibration signal parameters." Combustion Engines 136, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117222.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gaseous fuels such as natural gas and propane butane mixtures are currently the most popular fuels for dual fuel internal combustion engines. Gaseous fuels are more resistant to knocking than conventional liquid fuels they mix better with air. There have been many published works on the use of gaseous fuels but the problem of the combustion noise, as a very important source of acoustic discomfort is not getting enough attention. Combustion noise occurs in a direct and indirect form. It is transmitted throughout the engine block as a vibration at a different spectrum of frequencies. In this study an attempt has been made to correlate the combustion noise with the operating parameters of an engine fueled with LPG, CNG and CNG-hydrogen mixtures as compared to petrol fueled engine. Signals of multiple resonance in the combustion chamber and corresponding vibration signals of the cylinder block of engine have been considered for one combustion cycle. A four cylinder, 1.6 dm3 spark-ignition engine converted to run on LPG, CNG and CNG-hydrogen mixtures has been tested in the project. A well known diagnostic parameter was used for comparison of the engine noise for its operation on gasoline and alternative fuels. A new non-dimensional indicator has also been proposed for the engine vibration estimation purposes the Increase Wavelet Ratio C’ab, precisely described in the paper.
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BIELACZYC, Piotr, and Andrzej SZCZOTKA. "The potential of current european light duty CNG-fuelled vehicles to meet Euro 6 requirements." Combustion Engines 151, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Natural gas is one of the most promising alternative fuels to meet the new stringent Euro 6 emissions regulations in the European Union, as well as the planned CO2 emissions reductions. For spark-ignition (SI) engines, bi-fuel fuelling equipment is widely available and engine conversion technology for European automobiles is well established, thereby facilitating usage of CNG in this engine type. This study investigates the implications of natural gas fuelling of a passenger car featuring a spark-ignition engine regarding the possibility of meeting Euro 6 emissions limits for gaseous pollutants. This paper presents an analysis of CO, THC, NMHC, NOx and CO2 emissions during testing of a vehicle on a chassis dynamometer, fuelled with CNG, in the context of the new Euro 6 emissions requirements. The analyses were performed on a Euro 5 bi-fuel vehicles with an SI engine equipped with an MPI feeding system operating in closed-loop control, a typical three-way-catalyst, and a heated oxygen sensor. The vehicles had been adapted by their manufacturer for fuelling with CNG by using additional special equipment mounted onto the existing petrol fuelling system. The vehicles tested featured a multipoint gas injection system latest generation. The tests subject to the analyses presented here were performed in the Engine Research Department of BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute Ltd in Bielsko-Biala, Poland, within a research programme investigating the influence of alternative fuels on exhaust emissions from automotive vehicles with spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines.
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Parthasarathy, M., P. V. Elumalai, M. Murunachippan, P. B. Senthilkumar, Saboor Shaik, Mohsen Sharifpur, and Nima Khalilpoor. "Influence of Injection Pressure on the Dual-Fuel Mode in CI Engines Fueled with Blends of Ethanol and Tamanu Biodiesel." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022 (November 28, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6730963.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The acceleration of global warming is primarily attributable to nonrenewable energy sources such as conventional fossil fuels. The primary source of energy for the automobile sector is petroleum products. Petroleum fuel is depleting daily, and its use produces a significant amount of greenhouse emissions. Biofuels would be a viable alternative to petroleum fuels, but a redesign of the engine would be required for complete substitution. The use of CNG in SI engines is not new, but it has not yet been implemented in CI engines. This is due to the fuel having a greater octane rating. The sole use of CNG in a CI engine results in knocking and excessive vibration. This study utilizes CNG under dual-fuel conditions when delivered through the intake manifold. In a dual-fuel mode, compressed natural gas (CNG) is utilized as the secondary fuel and a blend of 90% tamanu methyl ester and 10% ethanol (TMEE10) is used as the primary fuel. The injection pressure (IP) of the primary fuel changes between 200 and 240 bar, while the CNG induction rate is kept constant at 0.17 kg/h. The main combustion process is governed by the injection pressure of the pilot fuel. It could be affecting factors such as the vaporization characteristics of the fuel, the homogeneity of the mixture, and the ignition delay. Originally, tamanu methyl ester (TME) and diesel were used as base fuels in the investigation. As a result of its inherent oxygen content, TME emits more NOx than diesel. The addition of 10% ethanol to TME (TMEE10) marginally reduces NOx emissions in a CI mode because of its high latent heat of vaporization characteristics. Under peak load conditions, NOx emissions of TMEE10 are 6.2% lower than those of neat TME in the CI mode. Furthermore, the experiment was conducted using TMEE10 as the primary fuel and CNG as the secondary fuel. In the dual-fuel mode, the TMEE10 blend showed higher combustion, resulting in an increase in performance and a significant decrease in emission characteristics. As a result of the CNG’s high-energy value and rapid burning rate, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of TMEE10 improves to 29.09% compared to 27.09% for neat TME. In the dual-fuel mode of TMEE10 with 20.2% CNG energy sharing, the greatest reduction in fuel consumption was 2.9%. TMEE10 with CNG induction emits 7.8%, 12.5%, and 15.5% less HC, CO, and smoke, respectively, than TME operation.
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Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Donatas Kriaučiūnas, Alfredas Rimkus, Grzegorz Przybyła, Paweł Droździel, and Dalibor Barta. "Effect of Hydrogen Addition on the Energetic and Ecologic Parameters of an SI Engine Fueled by Biogas." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020742.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The global policy solution seeks to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and biogas (BG) represents a solutions to these problems. The use of biogas could help cope with increased amounts of waste and reduce usage of fossil fuels. Biogas could be used in compressed natural gas (CNG) engines, but the engine electronic control unit (ECU) needs to be modified. In this research, a spark ignition (SI) engine was tested for mixtures of biogas and hydrogen (volumetric hydrogen concentration of 0, 14, 24, 33, and 43%). In all experiments, two cases of spark timing (ST) were used: the first for an optimal mixture and the second for CNG. The results show that hydrogen increases combustion quality and reduces incomplete combustion products. Because of BG’s lower burning speed, the advanced ST increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 4.3% when the engine was running on biogas. Adding 14 vol% of hydrogen (H2) increases the burning speed of the mixture and enhances BTE by 2.6% at spark timing optimal for CNG (CNG ST) and 0.6% at the optimal mixture ST (mixture ST). Analyses of the rate of heat release (ROHR), temperature, and pressure increase in the cylinder were carried out using utility BURN in AVL BOOST software.
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PIELECHA, Ireneusz, Wojciech BUESCHKE, Maciej SKOWRON, Łukasz FIEDKIEWICZ, Filip SZWAJCA, Wojciech CIEŚLIK, and Krzysztof WISŁOCKI. "Prechamber optimal selection for a two stage turbulent jet ignition type combustion system in CNG-fuelled engine." Combustion Engines 176, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Searching for further reduction of fuel consumption simultaneously with the reduction of toxic compounds emission new systems for lean-mixture combustion for SI engines are being discussed by many manufacturers. Within the European GasOn-Project (Gas Only Internal Combustion Engines) the two-stage combustion and Turbulent Jet Ignition concept for CNG-fuelled high speed engine has been proposed and thoroughly investigated where the reduction of gas consumption and increasing of engine efficiency together with the reduction of emission, especially CO2 was expected. In the investigated cases the lean-burn combustion process was conducted with selection of the most effective pre-combustion chamber. The experimental investigations have been performed on single-cylinder AVL5804 research engine, which has been modified to SI and CNG fuelling. For the analysis of the thermodynamic, operational and emission indexes very advanced equipment has been applied. Based on the measuring results achieved for different pre-chamber config-urations the extended methodology of polioptimization by pre-chamber selection and the shape of main chamber in the piston crown for proposed combustion system has been described and discussed. The results of the three versions of the optimization methods have been comparatively summarized in conclusions.
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Hajialimohammadi, Alireza, Saeed Ahmadisoleymani, Amir Abdullah, Omid Asgari, and Foad Rezai. "Design and Manufacturing of a Constant Volume Test Combustion Chamber for Jet and Flame Visualization of CNG Direct Injection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 2539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.2539.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Constant volume transparent test combustion chambers are extensively used for investigating injection and fuel burning properties of various combustion engines. Their configuration depends on the engine type and the research purpose. Material of components, shape and dimensions of the chamber and its parts, ease of use, accessibility, sealing and safety of the assembly are the parameters needed to be considered in designing the test cell. This paper explains, structural design of a test combustion chamber and its optical windows using finite element analysis of ANSYS 12.0 software for bearing high pressure variations and thermal shocks of combustion. It was designed for conducting CNG direct injection study on direct injection SI CNG engines for maximum design pressure of 100 bars. Optical diagnostic methods and high speed photography through quartz windows are used for the jet and flame developments. Satisfactory test results of the fabricated system proved that the finite element method can successfully be employed for design of such a system.
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Lebedevas, Sergejus, Laurencas Raslavičius, and Martynas Drazdauskas. "Comprehensive Correlation for the Prediction of the Heat Release Characteristics of Diesel/CNG Mixtures in a Single-Zone Combustion Model." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 3722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043722.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fuel combinations with substantial differences in reactivity, such as diesel/CNG, represent one of the most promising alternative combustion strategies these days. In general, the conversion from diesel to dual-fuel operation can be performed in existing in-use heavy-duty compression-ignition engines with minimum modifications, which guarantee very little particles, less nitrogen oxide (NOx), and reduced noise by half compared to diesel. These factors make it feasible to retrofit a CNG fuel system on an existing diesel engine to operate it in dual fuel mode. However, the single-zone combustion models using the traditional single-Wiebe function are exceptionally adopted to assess the dedicated dual fuel engines, whereas the heat loss to the walls is estimated by using the Woschni heat loss formulation. It means that the fast and preliminary analysis of the unmodified engine performance by 1-zone models becomes complicated due to the obvious deterioration of the energy parameters, which, in turn, was predetermined from the deviation in the thermodynamic cycle variables as the calculation outcome. In this study, the main novelty lies in the fact that we propose a novel composition-considered Woschni correlation for the prediction of the heat release duration characteristics of diesel/CNG mixtures for the unmodified diesel engine. The elimination of former deficiencies distinctive to a single-zone thermodynamic model by applying the interim steps described became the core of the research presented in this paper. It led to successful derivation of the necessary correlation for modelling the heat release duration characteristics of an ICE operated in the dual fuel mode.
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GIS, Wojciech, Edward MENES, and Jerzy WAŚKIEWICZ. "The analysis of the potential for the use of gaseous fuels in the municipal bus transit in Poland – part 2." Combustion Engines 150, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper discusses issues related to the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) in combustion engines particularly in municipal bus transport. The ecological aspects of the use of natural gas in road transport have been analyzed particularly the exhaust emissions in comparison to the emissions from diesel engines. Advantages and disadvantages of natural gas fueling as well as the current level of CNG use in transport have been presented both in Poland and worldwide. The authors have also indicated the motivating arguments for the use of natural gas.
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GIS, Wojciech, Edward MENES, and Jerzy WAŚKIEWICZ. "The analysis of the potential for the use of gaseous fuels in the municipal bus transport in Poland – part 1." Combustion Engines 148, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117055.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper discusses issues related to the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) in combustion engines particularly in municipal bus transport. The ecological aspects of the use of natural gas in road transport have been analyzed particularly the exhaust emissions in comparison to the emissions from diesel engines. Advantages and disadvantages of natural gas fueling as well as the current level of CNG use in transport have been presented both in Poland and worldwide. The authors have also indicated the motivating arguments for the use of natural gas.
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Karczewski, Mirosław, and Grzegorz Szamrej. "Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Replacing Diesel Fuel by CNG on the Emission of Harmful Exhaust Gas Components and Emission Changes in a Dual-Fuel Engine." Energies 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010475.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The constant development of civilization increases environmental pollution as a result of industrial activity and transport. Consequently, human activity in this area is restricted by regulations governing the permissible emission of harmful substance components into the environment. These include substances emitted by combustion engines, the use of which remains high in many industries. Consequently, research is being conducted to reduce the emissions of harmful exhaust components from existing and newly manufactured internal combustion engines. This research presents a used semi-truck engine, in which an innovative Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) supply system was applied. Using this fuel supply installation allows a mass exchange of the base diesel fuel to natural gas of up to 90%. The study evaluated the effect of the diesel/CNG exchange ratio for different engine operating conditions (engine load, speed) on the concentration of toxic components, such as CO, NO, NO2, NOX, as a sum of NO, NO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8, NH3, and CH2O. The use of a dual-fuel system had a positive effect on the emissions of some harmful exhaust components, even in an engine from a vehicle that had been running for many years on diesel and at high mileage, but, simultaneously, the emissions of some harmful exhaust gas components increased.
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STELMASIAK, Zdzisław, Jerzy LARISCH, and Dariusz PIETRAS. "Issues related to naturally aspirated and supercharged CI engines fueled with diesel oil and CNG gas." Combustion Engines 169, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-205.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study presents results of a research work on two various Diesel engines adapted for dual fuel feeding with CNG gas and diesel oil. The first engine is naturally aspirated, medium-sized engine, corresponding to engines mounted as power units in trucks and buses. Natural gas was used as the main fuel to this engine, and amount of diesel oil was reduced to minimum according to criterion of correct operation of injection system and reliable ignition of gaseous mixture. The second engine was a high-speed, supercharged engine of Fiat 1.3 MJT type, destined to powering of passenger cars. This engine is equipped with modern engine technologies, high-pressure injection system of Common Rail type with division of fuel dose and recirculation of exhaust gases, with catalytic converter and DPF filter. To fueling of this engine was used small additive of gas, aimed at reduction of smokiness of exhaust gases. Performed research has shown beneficial effect of gas on engine efficiency, reduction of concentration of nitrogen oxides, smokiness of exhaust gases and emission of particulate matter. Simultaneously, however, emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons had increased, especially in area of partial engine loads. Results of the study are pointing at possibility of installation of dual fuel system in traction engines with different size.
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Yuvenda, Dori, Bambang Sudarmanta, Jamaludin Jamaludin, Oki Muraza, Randi Purnama Putra, Remon Lapisa, Krismadinata Krismadinata, et al. "Combustion and Emission Characteristics of CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine with Variation of Air Fuel Ratio." Automotive Experiences 5, no. 3 (December 18, 2022): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.7807.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a popular alternative fuel because of its more environmentally friendly properties than fossil fuels , including applications in diesel engines. However, supplying too much compressed natural gas fuel causes poor engine performance and emissions due to a decrease in the air-fuel ratio on the dual-fuel engine. The addition of air using electric superchargers was done to return the air-fuel ratio to ideal conditions. Lambda value (λ) was variation under low load (1.52 to 2.71), medium load (1.18 to 2.17), and high load (0.94 to 2.17) on a CNG-diesel dual fuel engine. The addition of pure air in each load can increase combustion stability in certain lambda, which was indicated by an increase in thermal efficiency, heat release rate, and a decrease in ignition delay, combustion duration, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions.
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Nakhawa, Husein Adam, and S. S. Thipse. "Characterization of the Ultrafine and Nano Particle Emissions on Modified Indian Driving Cycle for Passenger Cars Operating on CNG Phase Wise Analysis." Advanced Engineering Forum 14 (October 2015): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.14.86.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The ultrafine and nano particles compared to larger particles are gaining high importance because of their vulnerable effects to environment and human health causing respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease, and various types of cancers leading to premature death [1]. WHO report points out that approximately, two thirds of the global burden of disease due to urban outdoor air pollution is mostly from the developing countries in Asia (Cohen et al. 2004)[2]. By number, nearly all of the particles emitted by a diesel engine are nanoparticles which are also true for gasoline engines [3]. This is addressed by new UN Regulations by introducing the emission norms for diesel and GDI vehicles for particle number and PM2.5 as 6 x 10 11 and 4.5 mg/km respectively [4]. However, other S.I. engines like CNG, even though they look clean as there is no visible smoke but emitting large number of particles is necessary to investigate. This research paper focuses on characterization of ultrafine and nano particle emissions from CNG vehicle on Indian driving cycle and it covers experimental Investigation to identify the significance of different operating phases viz. idling, acceleration, deceleration and cruising for their contributions to particle number and size distribution pattern over urban as well as on extra urban part of the cycle. CNG passenger car shows large peak of PN emissions during cold starting phase at the beginning of the test cycle which is almost twice that of diesel vehicle. However, this concentration peak will decrease near to 25% on light operating loads during urban part of the cycle, but during acceleration and cruising operation on extra urban cycle under heavy load the PN emissions from CNG car are higher in magnitude. The particles emitted from CNG buses are too small to contribute to PM10 as they are of ultrafine and nano size range.
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Ismail, M. M., M. Fawzi, F. H. Zulkifli, and S. A. Osman. "Effects of Fuel Ratio on Performance and Emission of Diesel-Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Dual Fuel Engine." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 2, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i2.86.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent research breakthrough reveals that diesel-CNG dual fuel (DDF) combustion can potentially reduce exhaust emission of internal combustion engines. However, problem arises when knock phenomenon occurs producing high carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emission due to uncontrolled blending ratio of diesel-CNG fuel on specific engine load. This study will determine the limit of dual fuel ratio before knock occurrence while analysing performance and exhaust emission of an engine operating with diesel and DDF fuel mode. A 2.5 litre 4-cylinder direct injection common-rail diesel engine was utilised as a test platform. The models tested were 100% Diesel, 90% DDF, 80% DDF and 70% DDF, representing diesel to CNG mass ratio of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30 respectively. It was found that DDF engine performance was lower compared to diesel engine at 1500 rpm engine speed. At higher engine speed, the 70% DDF showed engine performance comparable to diesel engine. However, high HC emission with knock onset and a decrease of Nitrogen Oxide (NOX) emission were recorded. This study suggests the preferred limit of dual fuel ratio should not be lower than 70% DDF which will be able to operate at high engine speed without the occurrence of knock and poor exhaust emission.
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Schiffgens, H. J., H. Endres, H. Wackertapp, and E. Schrey. "Concepts for the Adaptation of SI Gas Engines to Changing Methane Number." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906880.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In a joint project of FEV Motorentechnik and Ruhrgas AG, the design of stoichiometric and lean-burn Otto engines was optimized by selective modifications to the design and operating parameters to accommodate changing methane numbers (LPG addition to CNG). Of particular importance was knock-free engine operation at a low NOx output to meet the requirements of the German Clean Air Code while concurrently achieving both high efficiencies and mean effective pressures. Based upon the results obtained, concepts for the control of Otto-cycle gas engines to accept changing methane numbers were developed. The newly developed gas engine control device allows these concepts to meet the requirement of the German Clean Air Code with economically viable conditions while preventing engine knock. Furthermore, the test results show that dedicated Otto-cycle gas engines can meet the most stringent emission limits for commercial vehicles while maintaining high efficiencies.
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Záležák, Zoltán, Rastislav Bernát, and Norbert Kecskés. "Use of Alternative Fuels at Selected Types of Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 801 (September 2013): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.801.131.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Every car needs for operation, if possible, the highest quality fuel. Fossil fuels produced from crude oil by conventional technology are being increasingly replaced by alternative fuels. It is caused by new technologies that allow combustion of such fuels and, at the same time, provide economically more efficient operation of cars. From the perspective of ecology, they are also of great importance when it comes to meeting the strict emission standards of the European Union. The experiment compares two types of alternative propulsion with LPG and CNG at selected makes of Fiat cars with 1.4 litre engines. These engines can also utilize conventional fuels – petrol and are mass-produced directly from the factory. The measurements themselves were carried out during predetermined driving cycles such as urban, extra-urban and highway. All the three categories of measurements were carried out under normal driving conditions in a standard manner in compliance with all traffic regulations. Based on all measurements obtained from both engines with LPG and CNG propulsion, we found that the car with the LPG engine became economically more advantageous. The benefit was found in expenses return with this system as well as in measured consumption, prices and availability of filling stations.
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Nakhawa, Husein Adam, and S. S. Thipse. "Comparative Study of Characterization of the Ultrafine and Nanoparticle Emissions on Modified Indian Driving Cycle for Passenger Cars Operating on Diesel and CNG – Phase Wise Analysis." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 20 (October 2015): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.20.41.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Today, in the automotive emissions ultrafine and nanoparticles emissions are of very high importance because of their vulnerable effects to environment and human health causing respiratory problems like bronchitis, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and various types of cancers spreading in all age groups in the society leading to premature death [1]. Therefore, characterization of ultrafine and nanoparticles in terms of their size distribution and number concentration for the automobiles operating on various fuels and traffic conditions is of great importance in understanding the phenomenon and the adverse effects. Various research studies carried out at international level show the adverse health effects due to ultrafine particles from C.I. and S.I. engines and hence, there is definite need to examine for the particulate mass, size and number concentration considering social needs [2].Even after very stringent emission norms which were tightened over the years and today down to more than 97% from it’s baseline norms couldn’t show proportionate improvement in the ambient air quality. Climate effects inevitably lead to health effects leading to premature death due to ultrafine particles from the automotive exhaust [1]. Recent WHO report confirmed the vulnerable effect of diesel particles in terms of carcinogenicity and severe health effects of diesel fuel used in automotive sector [3]. European regulations has taken the steps to address this concern by introducing new norms for particle number and PM2.5 as 6 x 1011 and 4.5 mg/km respectively [4]. Investigations carried out on GDI vehicles show substantial ultrafine and nanosize particle emissions and by number, nearly all of the particles emitted by a diesel engine are nanoparticles which are also true for gasoline engines [5]. Like gasoline engines other S.I. engines, even though they look very clean as there is no visible smoke and large particles emitted in their exhaust, it is necessary to investigate them. Very limited research work has been carried out particularly, on CNG engines/ vehicles for their PM and PN levels at national and international level. Characterization of ultrafine and nanoparticles in terms of their size distribution and number concentration for the automobiles operating on various fuels and traffic conditions is of great importance in understanding the phenomenon and their significance.In this context and understanding the social need this research work was carried out to investigate experimentally the significance of CNG and diesel passenger car for it’s contribution to particle number (PN) and PM2.5. This work includes comparative investigation of CNG and diesel passenger cars to characterize the ultrafine and nanoparticle emissions on modified Indian driving cycle. CNG passenger car show large peak of PN emissions during cold starting phase at the beginning of the test cycle which is almost twice that of diesel vehicle but it settles down to lower level as the vehicle gets warmed up. During acceleration and cruising operation on extra urban cycle under heavy load the PN emissions from CNG car are higher in magnitude. For diesel car, urban part of cycle contributes approximately 53% compared to 25% for CNG vehicle and rest 47% and 75% is contributed by extra urban part towards PN emissions.This research paper covers experimental Investigation carried out to compare the behavior of diesel and CNG passenger cars to characterize the particle emissions and to identify the significance of different operating phases viz. idling, acceleration, deceleration and cruising for their contributions to Particle number and size distribution pattern on urban and on extra urban part of the driving cycle.
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Mikulski, Maciej, and Sławomir Wierzbicki. "EFFECT OF CNG IN A FUEL DOSE ON THE COMBUSTION PROCESS OF A COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE." TRANSPORT 30, no. 2 (May 30, 2015): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1045938.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Currently, one of the major trends in the research of contemporary combustion engines involves the potential use of alternative fuels. Considerable attention has been devoted to methane, which is the main component of Natural Gas (NG) and can also be obtained by purification of biogas. In compression-ignition engines fired with methane or Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), it is necessary to apply a dual-fuel feeding system. This paper presents the effect of the proportion of CNG in a fuel dose on the process of combustion. The recorded time series of pressure in a combustion chamber was used to determine the repeatability of the combustion process and the change of fuel compression-ignition delay in the combustion chamber. It has been showed that NG does not burn completely in a dual-fuel engine. The best conditions for combustion are ensured with higher concentrations of gaseous fuel. NG ignition does not take place simultaneously with diesel oil ignition. Moreover, if a divided dose of diesel is injected, NG ignition probably takes place at two points, as diesel oil.