Дисертації з теми "Clonidine – administration et posologie"
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Roche, Marine. "Développement de méthodes analytiques pour l'étude de la stabilité et de la compatibilité de médicaments sous forme de solution ou de systèmes dispersés. Application en anesthésie-réanimation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILS021.
Повний текст джерелаThe research subject of this PhD focused on the development of analytical methods to assess the stability or incompatibilities of injectable anaesthetic drugs in solution or in dispersed systems.The first part of this work involved a study of the stability of cisatracurium besylate ampoules produced by the pharmacy of Lille University Hospital to ensure continuity of care for intensive care patients in the context of supply disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The stability study was conducted on a batch of 4,000 ampoules stored at 2-8°C for 18 months. This study required the validation of a stability-indicating HPLC-UV method for the determination of cisatracurium and laudanosine, one of its degradation products described as a marker of its instability. In addition, the use of an HPLC-mass spectrometry method enabled the identification of degradation products and the study of degradation pathways. Our results showed that cisatracurium solutions at 10mg/mL were stable for 15 months under our preparation and storage conditions. The main degradation pathway observed under our study conditions (ester hydrolysis) differed from that previously described (Hofmann pathway). This highlights the imponderability of conducting stability studies under conditions representative of the actual use of drugs. The second part of this thesis led us to study the incompatibility between different drugs used in anaesthesia and intensive care units. The models studied were the simultaneous administration of propofol and alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists (α2A; clonidine or dexmedetomidine) used in multimodal analgesia. The data available in the literature refers to concentrations and ratios that are not representative of those encountered in hospital wards, potentially exposing patients to drug hazards. We assessed the compatibility of propofol-α2A combinations under conditions mimicking those encountered in critical care units. Eight conditions per combination were evaluated over 96 hours, in triplicate, varying the simulated mass flow rates for each drug and for patient weights of 45 and 150 kg. To assess the chemical compatibility of these combinations, we developed and validated 3 stability-indicating HPLC-UV assay methods to study the stability of propofol, clonidine and dexmedetomidine in combination for 96 hours. The physical compatibility of the emulsion in combination was assessed using a granulometer coupled to a zeta potential measurement (with positive and negative controls). Our results demonstrated the physico-chemical stability of propofol-α2A mixtures representative of those used in current practice.In conclusion, the results of this work have provided scientific validation of hospital pharmacy and care service practices. They also highlighted the fundamental role of pharmacists in guaranteeing the quality of patient drug management, by using their skills in analytical chemistry to assess compatibility and stability data
Le, Verger Martine. "Mise au point de formes à libération modifiée d'isradipidine : caractérisation physico-chimique et étude du devenir in vivo." Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN12167.
Повний текст джерелаHombreiro, Perez Monica. "Mise au point et étude biopharmaceutique de microparticules associant deux principes actifs : Nifédipine et Chlorhydrate de Propranolol." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN12004.
Повний текст джерелаGaignaux, Amélie. "Développement et évaluation de nouvelles formulations à libération prolongée à base de microparticules de PLGA en vue d'une administration intra-articulaire dans le traitement de pathologies inflammatoires." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209388.
Повний текст джерелаDes microparticules de PLGA chargées en clonidine ou en bétaméthasone ont donc été optimisées afin d’obtenir des efficacités d’encapsulation appréciables (clonidine HCl :EE ≈ 20% ;dipropionate de bétaméthasone :EE ≈ 70%), une taille adaptée à l’administration intra-articulaire (12 – 38 µm) et une libération de la molécule s’échelonnant sur 5 à 8 semaines. La libération prolongée de la clonidine implique des mécanismes de diffusion de la molécule ainsi que de dégradation/érosion du polymère. Au vu de l’absence de réaction inflammatoire, les microparticules développées sont correctement tolérées par les chondrocytes, synoviocytes, PBMC et neutrophiles, principales cellules impliquées dans les mécanismes inflammatoires de l’arthrose et de l’arthrite rhumatoïde. L’évaluation de l’efficacité anti-inflammatoire des microparticules vides et chargées en clonidine ou en bétaméthasone via l’étude de l’expression et de la sécrétion de différents médiateurs de l’inflammation a permis d’aboutir à plusieurs conclusions :(i) les microparticules vides sont associées à un effet anti-inflammatoire, (ii) les microparticules chargées en clonidine n’ont pas montré d’activité anti-inflammatoire propre pouvant être attribuée à la clonidine, et (iii) les microparticules de bétaméthasone ont confirmé l’effet anti-inflammatoire de la bétaméthasone. Enfin, l’étude de la toxicité des principes actifs et microparticules vides ou chargées a montré une toxicité significative de la clonidine sur les synoviocytes. Néanmoins, l’encapsulation des principes actifs dans les microparticules de PLGA a permis d’éliminer cette toxicité, protégeant donc efficacement les cellules articulaires.
Les microparticules développées permettent alors d’envisager l’encapsulation d’autres molécules anti-inflammatoires ou une combinaison de molécules ayant des effets complémentaires (anti-inflammatoire et antidouleur). L’utilisation de la clonidine dans ces indications devra être réévaluée en étudiant de façon approfondie son efficacité dans la douleur. / Both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are articular diseases characterized by the degeneration of the joint cartilage, resulting from the production of various inflammatory mediators. The current treatment of these diseases is restricted to alleviate the painful and inflammatory episodes of the patients and to improve its quality of life. In osteoarthritic patients, few treatments allow to significantly stop the evolution of the degradation of the cartilage and, consequently, the disease. In rheumatoid arthritis, the evolution can be slowed down following the administration of some drugs. Nevertheless, these treatments are often associated to a short-term efficacy. The objective of this work is to develop new therapeutic options that allow to reduce the frequency of administration and the side effects of the current treatments. The intraarticular delivery combined to controlled-release presents the advantage to expose the sites directly involved in the evolution of the disease to one or more molecules effective to relieve the pain, inflammation and to help the regeneration of the cartilage.
Clonidine or betamethasone-loaded PLGA microparticles were optimized to reach suitable encapsulation efficiencies (clonidine HCl: EE ≈ 20%; betamethasone dipropionate: EE ≈ 70%), an appropriate size for an intraarticular delivery (12 – 38 µm) and a controlled-release of the molecule over 5 to 8 weeks. The release of clonidine implies mechanisms of diffusion and degradation/erosion of the polymer. Given the absence of an inflammatory reaction, the developed microparticles were properly tolerated by the chondrocytes, synoviocytes, PMBC and neutrophils, which are the main cells involved in the inflammatory reaction of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The assessment of the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the drug-free and drug-loaded microparticles through the evaluation of the expression and the secretion of various inflammatory mediators allowed to draw several conclusions: (i) drug-free microparticles were associated to an anti-inflammatory effect, (ii) clonidine-loaded microparticles did not show any anti-inflammatory activity that could be attributed to clonidine, and (iii) betamethasone- loaded microparticles confirmed the anti-inflammatory effect of betamethasone. Finally, the evaluation of the toxicity of the drugs and microparticles showed a significant toxicity of clonidine against synoviocytes. Nevertheless, the encapsulation of the drugs in PLGA microparticles induced the suppression of this toxicity, protecting in this way the articular cells.
Entrapping other anti-inflammatory molecules or a combination of molecules with complementary effects (anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive drugs) in the PLGA microparticles developed has to be considered. Moreover, the use of clonidine in these indications has to be reassessed by a thorough study of its anti-nociceptive potential.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Lecleire, Stéphane. "Modulation de l'inflammation intestinale et du métabolisme protéique par l'arginine et la glutamine : Etude chez le volontaire sain et au cours de la maladie de Crohn." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077065.
Повний текст джерелаThe first study aimed to evaluate the effects of pharmacological doses of arginine on duodenal biopsies obtained in healthy volunteers, cultured with increasing doses of arginine and a control solution, in basal and experimental inflammation conditions. The effect of arginine on gut inflammation was assessed by the measure in the culture media of the main pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines by ELISA. Arginine had no effect on gut inflammation in these conditions. Arginine increased NO production in a dose-dependent manner in inflammatory conditions, and this production was correlated to IL-8 production. The second study aimed to evaluate the effects of arginine on gut protein synthesis and proteolysis. Duodenal biopsies obtained in healthy volunteers after enteral infusion of arginine or a control solution were analysed by GC-MS in order to determine the enrichment in stables isotopes in duodenal mucosa and in plasma with arginine and control solution. Moreover, proteolysis was analysed by RT-PCR of the three main proteolysis enzymes (ubiquitin, m-calpain, cathepsin). Arginine did not have any effect on gut protein synthesis or proteolysis in healthy volunteers. The third study was designed to assess the effects or arginine combined to glutamine on gut inflammation in patients with active Crohn's disease. Colonic biopsies were obtained and cultured in four different conditions including physiological and pharmacological doses of arginine and/or glutamine. Gut inflammation was evaluated by the dosage in different culture media of the main pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines by ELISA, and by the expression of p65 NF-kappaB, IkappaB, and p38 MARK by Western-blot. Arghigh/Glnhigh significantly decreased the production of TNFalpha, 1L-1beat, IL-8 and IL-6. Argˡ°ʷ/G\nhigh decreased IL-6 and IL-8 production, whereas Arghigh/Glnˡ°ʷ did not affect cytokine and NO production. Argˡ°ʷ/Gln and Arghigh/Glnhigh decreased NF-kappaB p65 subunit expression, whereas p38 MARK was only decreased by Arghigh/Glnhigh. Combined pharmacological doses of Arg and Gin decreased TNFalpha and the main pro-inflammatory cytokines release in active colonic CD biopsies via NF-kappaB and p38 MARK pathways. These results could be the basis of prospective studies evaluating thé effects of enteral supply of combined Arg and Gln during active CD.
Ruppé, Etienne. "Épidémiologie, quantification et conséquences du portage intestinal d'entérobactéries multirésistantes." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077067.
Повний текст джерелаThe recent widespread of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria, especially those producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), has jeopardized the efficacy of currently advised treatments of the infections they cause. The intestinal microbiota might play a key role in this phenomenon as being the main reservoir for enterobacteria. Still, data about intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria remain scarce for some aspects that could benefit to the patients. In the present work, we aimed to add knowledge to the different phases of the intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria (pre-colonization, colonization and post-colonization). We first focused on the pre-colonization phase and studied the determinants that lead to the intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria. We found that such bacteria had spread even in extremely remote places, and that at hospital admission, the prediction of their digestive carriage was poorly effective based on the clinical data available at that time. About colonization itself, we worked on the quantitative dimension of the carriage of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and introduced a new marker: the relative abundance i. E. The ratio between the intestinal densities of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and that of total enterobacteria. We observed the evolution of this marker after a short exposure to levofloxacin, a widely-prescribed fluoroquinolone. Furthermore about thé colonization phase, we developed a microbiological method to recover enterobacteria producing the OXA-48 carbapénémase, subsequently to its incidental detection in a patient with no obvious risk factors for carriage of such bacteria. Eventually, we studied the post-colonization phase (i) in establishing for the first time the link between the relative abundance of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and their occurrence in urinary-tract infections in women, and (ii) in observing the in vivo transfer of the KPC carbapenemase from a Greece-acquired strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae to a commensal K. Pneumoniae. In conclusion, our results highlighted the central role played by the intestinal microbiota and opened new, concrete perspectives of the management of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria
Segal, Nicolas. "Arrêt circulatoire : Optimisation pharmaco-mécanique et post conditionnement ischémique." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077038.
Повний текст джерелаDespite numerous experimental and clinical studies in the field of cardiac arrest, only 1 to 8% of the patients leave the hospital with good neurological recovery. Therefore, it is necessary to propose new therapeutics to increase survival after cardiac arrest. To achieve this goal, it seems essential to improve the quality of chest compressions during resuscitation and to protect the myocardium and the brain against ischemia reperfusion injuries. In the first part of this work, we evaluated the current practices to assess if they are beneficial to the patients. Thus, based on a new imaging technic of microcirculation, we checked with direct visualization the effects of the intrathoracic pressure regulation on the microcirculation of the organs. Then, this work studied the impact of supraglottic airway devices on cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Finally, we studied the potentially deleterious effects of epinephrine on vital organ perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The second part of this work was focused on optimizing vital organ perfusion by a new technique called SNPeCPR. Finally, the last part focused on the protection of reperfusion injury after cardiac arrest by an adaptation of ischemic postconditioning in cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Ramadan, Wiâm. "Étude des répercussions d'un régime enrichi en graisses, du diabète de type 2 et de la metformine sur la fonction respiratoire à l'éveil et au cours du sommeil chez le rat mâle adulte." Amiens, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AMIED004.
Повний текст джерелаTo day, it is difficult to distinguish the respective role of obesity and metabolic disorders as insulin resistance and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus in the occurrence of respiratory disorders and notably sleep apneas since these disorders are typically diagnosed late in their course. Data from literature suggest that, although increase morbidity and mortality from this syndrome, the mechanisms underlying this pathology remain poorly understood. This lack of knowledge stems in part from a paucity of animal models to study naturally occurring apnea during sleep. The aim of this work was to study insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus repercussions on energetic metabolism, ventilation, apneas occurrence in absence of obesity and diaphragmatic contractility by using the rat model fed high fat diet developed by Reed et al (metabolism, 2000). Our study was also designed to assess whether the use of metformin, one of the most common drugs used in the treatment of insulin resistance, could reverse or suppress the possible ventilation impairments and apnea occurrence. This study demonstrates that insulin resistance increases apneas score during sleep in absence of obesity. This increase was reversed by metformin treatment reinforcing the idea that insulin resistance could induce ventilatory disorders during sleep independently of obesity. This study also demonstrated that metformin treatment in parallel with high fat fed diet prevent the development of sleep apnea syndrome. The decrease, in vitro, of the force of diaphragm, the principal inspiratory muscle, could be linked to an increase of apnea during sleep. Indeed, morphological modifications in diaphragmatic fibres had been shown with an increase of type IIb fibres and a decrease of type I and IIa fibres in diabetic rats
Boulamery-Velly, Audrey. "Variabilité pharmacocinétique et pénétration tissulaire des carbapénèmes." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20708.
Повний текст джерелаSilvain, Johanne. "Approche translationnelle génétique, moléculaire et pharmacologique de la thrombose coronaire." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077111.
Повний текст джерелаCoronary thrombosis, a coagulation phenomenon yet physiological, lead, because of the brutality of his appearance in a confined space -the coronary artery- to an acute anoxia and irreversible myocardial damage whose consequences in the short and long term can be catastrophic in terms of morbidity and mortality. Among the five "clinico-biological projects" presented here, the first observation is the first ex-vivo study in human of the dynamics of composition of the thrombus responsible for the occlusion during intracoronary myocardial infarction. The second project is a princeps study demonstrating that there is an impact of red blood cells transfusion on platelet reactivity and provides answers on the pathophysiology of the reported harmful effects associated with this therapy. The third is a study on genetic determinants of the architecture and fonction of the network of fibrin, a major component of the thrombus and validates the concept of the existence of pharmacogenetic résistance to fibrinolysis in some patients. The fourth study is a pharmacological study on the variability of response to treatment by clopidogrel and demonstrates the usefulness of increasing the dose to overcome the poor response of some patients and improve their prognosis. Finally, the fifth study concerns the validation of a rapid biological test for measuring the anticoagulant activity obtained with enoxaparin in order to optimize and individualize the care of patients undergoing percutaneous revascularization with angioplasty of occluded coronary arteries
Hoffart, Valérie. "Applications de l'encapsulation à une forme orale d'héparine de bas poids moléculaire et à l'immunoépuration plasmatique." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN12508.
Повний текст джерелаHuiart, Laetitia. "Hormonothérapie et cancer du sein : mesure de l'adhésion au traitement en bases de données médico-administratives." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5048/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe use of oral anticancer therapies has significantly increased in recent years. Adherence to these therapies has therefore become a major issue in the field of oncology. This thesis focuses on the question of treatment adherence in oncology, and more specifically on the use of medical records and administrative databases to estimate adherence and persistence to hormonal therapy—now a major form of oral breast cancer therapy. Our perspective is based on pharmacoepidemiology, i.e. the study of drugs in a clinical setting. The first part of this thesis synthesizes current knowledge on adherence and persistence to hormonal therapy for BC – i.e. tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitor therapies.The second part, which is based on the study of two cohorts constituted (1) from the UK General Practice Research Database and (2) from the French National Health Insurance System, demonstrates that - More than half of women younger than 40 at diagnosis do not receive any tamoxifen at 5years of follow-up. This group of women presents the highest rates of treatmentinterruption. - Among women over 50 at diagnosis, those receiving some form of AI therapy discontinue less frequently than those on tamoxifen treatment. - Determinants of non-persistence identified in the studies under review include low social support and self-reporting of non-compliance among younger women. Among older women, those using complementary or alternative medicine or suffering from comorbidities are more likely to discontinue their treatment, whereas women usingpolypharmacy are less likely to discontinue. - In previous studies, a large proportion of women who discontinued their treatment resumed after a prolonged gap. To account for these temporary treatment discontinuations, we used multi-state models. The probability of being off treatment estimated from these models is lower than that estimated from Kaplan-Meier estimates, after the 1st year of treatment. Adherence to hormonal therapy is largely suboptimal. Some of its determinants are modifiablefactors, while others can be used to identify sub-groups of patients at high risk of non-adherence. Accounting for temporary treatment discontinuation is important when measuring nonpersistence. Adherence is a key element for the translation of efficacy measured in clinical trials into effectiveness in real life. There is an urgent need to acknowledge the problem of nonadherence to oral therapy in oncology
Hai, Jun. "Antibiotics and nanoparticles targeting via the iron acquisition pathway : The case of cells infected or not Chlamydia trachomatis." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC165.
Повний текст джерелаThe poor intracellular penetration of the most commonly used antibiotics or other drugs renders intracellular infections and/or other diseases, such as cancers difficult to treat. The strategy of a Trojan horse delivering the drug into the required spot is among the interesting routes exploited to overturn this therapeutic deficiency. Among these two are of interest, the first concerns Chlamydia trachomatis response to antibiotherapy and the second concerns the delivery of therapeutic nanoparticles to specific cells such as cancerous. In this work, transferrin, the major protein implied in the acquisition of iron, was used as a Trojan horse to deliver antibiotics and/or nanohybrid constructs. In the first case amoxicillin was grafted onto transferrin and the system tested in vitro and in HeLa cells infected with Chlamydia. It showed to be at least ten times more efficient that amoxicillin which may implicate transferrin in iron acquisition by Chlamydia. In the second case, a series of three nanoconstructs of superparamagnetic maghemite nanoparticles canying transferrin were synthesized and characterized. The three nanoconstructs are internalized in HeLa cells by the transferrin-receptor mediated endocytosis. These promising results are of interest in antibiotherapy for the antibiotic-transferrin constructs as well as in imagery, magnetic hyperthermia and chemotherapy for the nanoconstructs
Pelayo, Sylvia. "D'une coopération verticale et intégrative à une planification coopérative des actions : le cas de la gestion des prescriptions thérapeutiques hospitalières." Lille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIL2S045.
Повний текст джерелаAngoulvant, François. "Evaluation et amélioration de l'usage des antibiotiques aux urgences pédiatriques." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077212.
Повний текст джерелаAntibiotics are frequently prescribed in pediatric emergencies department, most often for acute respiratory infections. Faced with the growing problem of resistance to antibiotics, the evaluation and improvement of the antibiotic prescriptions is crucial. Indicators of antibiotic consumption in hospital and in in ambulatory settings existed for a long time. However, despite the weight of antibiotics' prescriptions in pediatric emergencies department, few studies were conducted in these settings. This Doctoral work was designed to evaluate and improve the use of antibiotics in pediatric emergency department. Our first objective was to develop indicators and tools relevant to assess qualitatively and quantitatively antibiotics' prescriptions in pediatric emergencies department. We have shown that simple indicators, such as the percentage of patients with acute respiratory infection treated by antibiotics, were useful to monitor the evolution of the antibiotic prescriptions during interventions to improve them. The methodology is based on the automated extraction of data from the medical record to collect hundreds of thousands cases in several sites. The second issue was the education of patients and familles to the proper use of antibiotics in pediatric emergencies department. We performed a randomized, controlled blind trial in which 300 children have been included. We have showri an improvement in satisfaction and knowledge about the proper use of antibiotics after a therapeutic education on this topic versus a control intervention
Torrents, Romain. "Toxicité de la méthadone." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0769/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis study investigates the toxicity of methadone (accidental pediatric ingestions, misuses, suicidal behaviours and reported symptoms in treated patients) using Poison Center databases and also the Methaville study. It highlights the severityof pediatric methadone poisoning, and confirms that the capsule form does not appear more dangerous than the syrup form, which exists since 1995 in France. We also found many significant differences between the 2 types of methadone exposure to define distinct patient profiles. The study of symptoms reported by patients treated with methadone allows us to identify risk factors to consider for a better medical management
Medja, Fadia. "Neuroprotection du cerveau en développement contre la toxicité glutamatergique : rôle du thiorphan, de la nicotine et du préconditionnement hypoxique." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077008.
Повний текст джерелаPerinatal brain injuries are the cause of neurological disability in the premature or term infant. The major brain lesions associated with cerebral palsy are often found in the white matter in preterm infants while they are mostly localized in the cortico-subcortical regions in term neonates. The origin of these lesions is multifactorial and involves glutamate excitotoxicity. Using a mouse model of neonatal brain injury, based on the injection of ibotenate, a glutamate analog, we investigated the efficiency of two complementary strategies, one aimed at modulating endogenous factors and the other at evaluating the influence of exogenous agents to identify new targets in the treatment of neonatal encephalopathy. We showed that thiorphan, a neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, injected up to 12 hours after the insult, decreased the size of the cortical lesions. This protection is mediated by substance P and, to a lesser extent, neurokinin A, two members of the tachykinin family. We investigated the neuroprotective properties of nicotine in neonates and evaluated the respective contributions of two dominant isoforms of acetylcholine receptor, namely, α4ß2 and al. Our results suggest that only the α4ß2 isoform seems to be responsible for nicotinic protection. Finally, hypoxic preconditioning protects the white matter and cortex from further excitotoxic injury. VEGF plays a key role in this process by acting through Flk1/VEGFR2 receptor. In summary, we have shown that the modulation of nicotinic, cholinergic, and tachykinergic Systems, as well as increased levels of VEGF in the brain, have neuroprotective effects against neonatal brain injuries
Saeed, Kilani Mohammad Ali. "L'utilisation des agents d'embolisation liquides dans les vaisseaux périphériques : mise au point, défis et futures perspectives : preuves de concept d'un nouvel agent sclero-embolique : Alconyx." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5052/document.
Повний текст джерелаCommercially available liquid embolization agents used in endovascular treatment have many limitations. Polymeric agents as Onyx and cyanoacrylate are available. Ethanol also is a potent sclero-embolic agent. Cyanoacrylates are effective liquid embolic agents, however, their rapid polymerization makes their behaviour unpredictable with possibility of incomplete treatment. These properties render their use challenging.Onyx is easy to use. However, in very small arterial niduses, Onyx, is unable to penetrate deeply. Deep penetration is obtained with ethanol, associated with risk of systemic migration.Poor visualization of ethanol under fluoroscopy is major drawback. Mixing Onyx with ethanol had never been described in the literature till now. In this work, various mixtures have been tested with different concentrations of Onyx 18 and absolute ethanol. Alconyx 25 (75% Onyx 18; 25% ethanol) seems to be a promising product. We proved its ease of injection in vivo and in vitro, its cohesive nature showing no fragmentation or interruption of the injected column as well as its good visualization under fluoroscopy. It was able to penetrate deeply in the arterial bed. The occlusive properties of Alconyx 25 were rated as good as Onyx 18 under high pressure in vitro. Further investigation is needed to better understand the behavior of ethanol in the suspension and its effect on tissues compared to Onyx diluted simply with an equivalent amount of DMSO. Studies on other commercially available concentrations of Onyx would certainly be interesting
Daskalogianni, Chrysoula. "Studies on the mechanisms that allow the Espstein-Bar virus encoded EBNA1 to evade immune recognition." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077066.
Повний текст джерелаThe Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encoded EBNA1 is the only viral protein expressed in all EBV-associated malignancies, therefore represents an important target for anti-cancer therapy. Despite the fact that EBNA1 is a non-self antigen, the immune System fails to destroy EBNA1 expressing tumour cells. EBNA1 evades the immune System by a unique mechanism involving a Gly-Ala repeat (GAr) sequence near the N-terminus of EBNA1, which has the dual capacity to control protein synthesis and degradation in cis. Our research is focused on elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying this double effect of the GAr in order to better understand how EBNA1 avoids antigen presentation via the MHC class I pathway. We investigated the effects of GAr on the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and concluded that GAr is a position- and substrate-specific regulator of the 26S proteasome. In those cases when the GAr protects a substrate from 26S-dependent degradation it causes a small substrate fraction to be partially degraded. We show that this partial degradation is probably due to an endoproteolytic activity of the protéasome caused by the GAr interfering with the unfolding activity of the 19S regulatory particle. The second part of this study deals with the effect of GAr on protein synthesis. We demonstrate that GAr affects the initiation step of mRNA translation in order to reduce the production of antigenic peptide precursors throughout the entire mRNA. This mechanism, used by the EBNA1 protein of EBV, is probably also applied by other viruses via RNA structures in the 5' UTR of viral mRNAs
Gilabert, Marine. "Recherche de biomarqueurs pronostiques et prédictifs de la réponse thérapeutique des tumeurs pancréatiques : "le projet pacaomics"." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5012/document.
Повний текст джерелаWe developed an efficient strategy in which PDAC samples from 17 consecutive patients were collected by Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA) or surgery and preserved, by an original approach, as breathing tumors by xenografting and as a primary culture of epithelial cells. Transcriptomic analysis was performed from breathing tumors by an Affymetrix approach. We observed a significant heterogeneity in the RNA expression profile of tumors. However, the bioinformatic analysis of this data was able to discriminate between patients with long- and short-term survival corresponding to patients carrying poorly-differentiated PDAC tumors respectively. We identified 942 genes with statically different expression. Among these genes, 439 were under-expressed and 505 genes over-expressed (fold change ≥2) in short survivors. Primary culture of cells allowed us to analyze their relative sensitivity to anticancer drugs in vitro by a "Chemogram", by similarity with the antibiogram for microorganisms, establishing an individual profile of drug sensitivity. As expected, the response was patient-dependent. Interestingly, we also found that the transcriptome analysis predict the sensitivity of cells to the five anticancer drugs the most frequently used to treating patients with PDAC. In conclusion, using this approach, we found that the transcriptomic analysis could predict the sensitivity to anticancer drugs and the clinical outcome of patients with PDAC
Maurice-Szamburski, Axel. "Le vécu du patient en anesthésie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5020.
Повний текст джерелаThe last 20 years, mortality due to anesthesia was divided by 10. This decline in mortality allows to bring more attention to certain evaluation criteria, reported by patients, such as experience or satisfaction. Applied to the perioperative context, the patient experience can be a major outcome of anesthesia, alongside morbidity and mortality. Different empirical approaches, are implemented for several years to improve the patient experience. Sedative premedication is widely practiced before surgery worldwide. Another common strategy to improve the patient experience is to perform continuous sedation in interventions performed under regional anesthesia. These practices rely on a low level of evidence and their effectiveness is not evaluated. Such an assessment would require the use of validated tools together with a clinical experimental approach placing the patient experience as the primary endpoint.This thesis allowed to develop two tools for analyzing the perioperative period, i.e. an evaluation of preoperative anxiety and the assessment of perioperative patient experience in regional anesthesia. These tools have been deployed in a clinical research process to formally evaluate the effectiveness of sedative premedication and intraoperative sedation in two separate randomized studies. The results show that if preoperative anxiety is related to poorer overall experience of the perioperative period, the systematic implementation of premedication or sedation does not result in a better experience for the patient and could lead to significant adverse effects
Riff, Camille. "Pharmacocinétique de la ropivacaïne et de la lidocaïne au cours de la chirurgie carcinologique du sein et évaluation de la toxicité aux anesthésiques locaux en anesthésie locorégionale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0395/document.
Повний текст джерелаNew locoregional anaesthetic techniques have permitted an improvement of care. However, local anaesthetics (LA) expose patients to systemic toxicity risks. It is essential to set guidelines for the use of these techniques. A retrospective study includes cases of suspected LA systemic toxicity. Systemic toxicity of LA occur when a large amount of LA reaches the systemic circulation. This thesis shows that the interpretation of plasmatic concentrations remains difficult because of the significant pharmacokinetics variability in the different nervous blocks. The second study deals with the population PK of lidocaine administrated in tumescent local anaesthetic. It is the first description of lidocaine PK is performed in this indication. The lidocaine concentrations remain low during the whole time of the operation. The modelling approach has allowed to highlight the slow systemic absorption process of lidocaine after injection of a tumescent solution. The third study focuses on the PK of ropivacaine administrated via continuous wound infusion in 10 women. It is the first time that the PK of ropivacaine administered using wound infusion is described. The modelling approach shows that systemic absorption of ropivacaine delayed and the maximal serum concentration is reached 2 hours after the end of ropivacaine infusion. These studies explored the PK properties of LA used as an anaesthetic or analgesic drug. The objective of this work is to contribute to a better knowledge of therapeutics and a better handling of patients
Boucherie, Quentin. "Analyse de la dynamique d'exposition aux médicaments psychoactifs : modélisation et impact sur l'estimation des risques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5048.
Повний текст джерелаIn pharmacoepidemiology, one of the main concerns is analysis of drug exposure time in claim databases. In real-life settings, trajectories of patients ‘exposure are complex especially with psychoactive drugs and difficult to measure with traditional methodologies. In a first stage, we have highlighted the methadone exposure paths including between its two dosages formulations. This work underlined the multiplicity of exposure trajectories to methadone and the difficulty of making an accurate description. Consequently, we developed a multi-state model on a large claims database (SNIIR-AM) in order to investigate variations of methadone exposure with time. In this work, we identified the presence of periods or drug exposure cannot be observed in these databases. These periods lead to an unobservable or immeasurable exposure time bias in which patients are misclassified as unexposed. In a second stage, we assessed their impact on the prevalence of long-term antipsychotic use in community-dwelling patients with dementia considering hospitalization periods during which drugs administered are not available within almost all health insurance databases. Under extreme bias hypothesis the prevalence of long-term antipsychotic users almost doubled. Finally, we sought to model unobservable periods due to hospitalization and to apply several methods for addressing this bias and assess their impact on risk estimates. This approach was applied to the study of the association between benzodiazepines and mortality and was performed on the EGB database. In this thesis work we have developed methodologies for a more accurate analysis of the dynamics of drug exposure
Molino, Yves. "Mise en place de modèles in vitro de barrière hémato‐encéphalique et étude du transfert transendothélial de vecteurs et conjugués ciblant le récepteur au LDL." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5076/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the central nervous system (CNS) from plasma fluctuations of endogenous, but also exogenous molecules, including therapeutic molecules. The BBB’s restrictive properties are compensated by the presence of different mechanisms that provide transport of nutrients across the BBB, including transcytosis of endogenous ligands mediated by receptors. Our objective is to improve drug delivery across the BBB and we developed “vectors” that target different recpetors. During our thesis we developed and optimized cellular tools and approaches, in particular syngeneic in vitro models of the BBB and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) from both rat and mouse, based on the co-culture of brain (BMECs) or spinal cord (SCMECs) microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) and astrocytes. Among the receptors we studied, we show that the LDL receptor (LDLR) is expressed at the apical plasma membrane of BMECs and confirmed that it is involved in transcytosis of LDL through the vesicular compartment, while avoiding the lysosomal compartment, further establishing its interest as a target receptor. We show that our vectors conjugated to an organic molecule or to a protein cargo are endocytosed by BMECs in a LDLR-dependent manner, avoid the lysosomal compartment and cross the BMEC monolayers. Finally, we developed BBB and BSCB in vitro models in inflammatory conditions, considering that MECs inflammation is associated with many CNS lesions and pathologies. These models will be useful to better understand the inflammatory processes of CNS endothelial cells and to evaluate vectorization strategies preferentially targeting CNS structures in pathological condition
Giorla, Elodie. "Rôle du noyau subthalamique dans les processus hédoniques et dans l'influence des facteurs sociaux proximaux sur la prise de cocaïne chez le rat." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0222/document.
Повний текст джерелаIt has been shown that subthalamic nucleus (STN) is involved in motivation, increasing it for food, while decreasing it for cocaine. It has also been shown that STN is involved in emotional processes. The idea of motivation is hardly dissociable from the notion of pleasure. We currently know the role of STN in motivation, but not so much has been done regarding its implication in hedonic processes. The first aim of my work was to separate motivation from pleasure to better understand the role of STN in hedonic processes, using choice procedures between hedonic (saccharine) and caloric reward (glucose), and between food or cocaine. We wanted thus to understand better the role of STN in the modulation exerted by the context, especially the social context, on cocaine intake. We know that drug addiction often develops in a social context. However, even if global social context has been studied a lot, it is only since recently that animal studies have taken into account the role of proximal social factors (PSF, those that are immediately present at the time of drug exposure). However, these studies do not provide any information regarding neurobiological basis. Here, we examine how PSF interact with the STN, in the context of cocaine intake. Altogether, these results contribute to a better understanding of the STN involvement in the control of pleasure. Moreover, they provide evidence of the influence of proximal social factors on drug consumption and its neurobiological basis among which the STN seems to play a critical role
Guérin, Mathilde. "Développement d'une approche de protéomique quantitative appliquée au diagnostic des cancers du sein HER2 positif." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0046.
Повний текст джерелаTherapeutics targeting HER2 protein or its pathway considerably improved the prognosis of HER2-positive BC. The actual approaches to evaluate HER2 expression, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization), are labor-intensive and low-throughput, and present discrepancies between them. Therefore, there is a real need to develop other strategies to rationalize the use of targeted therapeutics. Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM) is a mass spectrometry-based approach for targeted proteomics able to detect and quantify numerous proteins with high-throughput allowing to follow mutated or activated status of targeted proteins. PRM could be a way to rationalize the use of targeted therapeutics to go through a more « personalized » medicine. The objective was to detect and quantify proteins implicated in HER2 pathway (EGFR, HER2, HER3, PTEN), phosphorylated peptides of HER2 and their response under treatment. We first selected proteotypic peptides of each protein and protein assays were generated. We detected and quantified proteotypic peptides of proteins of interest 1/on 17 breast cell lines on control condition and under treatment (trastuzumab or lapatinib). 2/ on more complex samples including patients-derived xenografts and human breast cancers. We correlated our data to gold standards western blot and IHC and to transcriptomic signatures previously validated. In the future, this approach could envision a picture of the expression and activation of proteins implicated in HER2-pathway. However, our strategy could be improved by more efficient mass spectrometers and the use of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples to be used in clinical practice
Million, Matthieu. "Caractérisation des altérations du microbiote digestif associées à l'obésité et rôle de la manipulation du microbiote digestif dans l'obésité." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5024.
Повний текст джерелаThe revolution of large scale molecular sequencing methods allowed the identification of specific alterations in the gut microbiota associated with obesity such as a decreased Bacteroidetes / Firmicutes ratio in obese individuals. Since then, many studies have described different alterations associated with obesity, including an increase in members of the Lactobacillus genus, but results are often controversial. To clarify whether the genus Lactobacillus was associated with obesity, we conducted two case-control studies (the second being the follow-up of the first study with a total of 263 individuals) allowing us to understand that gut microbiota alterations are more reproducible at the species level. We found a greater concentration of Lactobacillus reuteri in the gut microbiota of obese while concentrations of Bifidobacterium animalis, Methanobrevibacter smithii and Escherichia coli were reduced. We were able to establish a dose-dependent relationship between the concentration of Lactobacillus reuteri and body mass index. In addition, we performed a meta-analysis on the results of published studies and we found an association between the Bifidobacterium (6 studies, 348 individuals) and Methanobrevibacter (3 studies, 195 individuals) with absence of obesity. (…)
Greillier, Laurent. "Développement de nouvelles stratégies visant à améliorer la prise en charge du mésothéliome pleural malin." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5068/document.
Повний текст джерелаMalignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare cancer with poor prognosis. As MPM diagnosis remains difficult today, we first assessed the potential value of transcriptome analysis, from cells in pleural fluid, with diagnostic purpose. If this approach looks feasible, its technical constraints make it incompatible with routine practice. The second axis of our work concerned MPM local treatment, with the assessment of intrapleural (IP) administration of two chemotherapy drugs: pemetrexed and lipoplatin. Results obtained in an animal model show that the pharmacokinetic profiles of these two drugs are significantly different between intravenous and IP administration. With the goal of identifying new therapeutic targets, we explored the adrenomedullin (AM) pathway in MPM. AM and its receptors are jointly expressed in pleural biopsies from MPM. Moreover we demonstrated in vitro that AM increases the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of MPM cells, through the MAPK signaling pathway. Inhibition of AM or its receptors appears as a promising therapeutic strategy, because of its direct effects on malignant cells, but also its indirect effects, via tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis inhibition (in vivo). Finally, we assessed new endpoints for phase II clinical studies. We showed that the progression-free survival rate at 9 weeks is the most performant criterion to predict overall survival
Candy, Kerdalidec. "Etude des mécanismes d'action des huiles essentielles/minérales pédiculicides." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0287.
Повний текст джерелаThe emergence of resistance in Pediculus h. capitis, to chemical-based insecticides has result the development of "mechanical" oil-based pediculicides. Despite this interest, little is known on the precise mechanism of action of these products. In the current thesis, we have concentrated on the modes of action of 5 essential oils commonly used as pediculicides as well as one mineral oil, dimeticone. At the first step, the pediculicidal efficacy of essential oils was evaluated by in-vitro bioassay. Among oils examined, only E. caryophyllata has proved to be very effective followed by Litsea cubeba. In the second step, the resistance of head lice to drowning and anoxia was assessed. The lice were resistant up to 24 h in the water without drowning whereas they were quickly drown and died in the dimeticone, in less than 30 min. In addition, the lice were died by drowning during immersion in the pure biochemical components of essential oils. In the same way, the lice were resistant to anoxia up to 14 h in an enclosed box without oxygen. In the third step, the neurotoxic activity of the main components derived from mentioned essential oils were analyzed on the cockroach, Periplaneta americana as the sole model available. According to the patch-clamp technique, no electrophysiological activity was detected using habitual concentrations. Finally, the bacterial flora of mentioned specimens was studied using molecular analysis. Based on our results, Bartonella quintana was detected for the first time in the body lice collected in Bobigny. According to the genotyping results, the lice of Bobigny belong to three clades of A, B and E. The latter is newly reported in the current thesis
Moal, Valérie. "Infections par virus de l'hépatite E après transplantation rénale à Marseille." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5042.
Повний текст джерелаHepatitis E virus (HEV) is endemic worldwide. In developing countries, HEV is a major cause of acute hepatitis and hepatitis E is a disease transmitted by the faecal-oral route through contaminated water. The estimated mortality rate of acute hepatitis E in the setting of outbreaks ranges from 0.2 to 4%. In developed countries, hepatitis E of autochthonous origin emerged at the beginning of twenty-first century and a porcine reservoir for HEV has been established that is a source for zoonotic transmission. In 2008, for the first time, chronic forms of hepatitis E have been reported showing that HEV was also a cause of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. These new forms of hepatitis E have been reported in immunocompromised patients due to solid organ transplantation, infection by human immunodeficiency virus, hematological malignancies or treatment of these malignancies. The objectives of this Thesis have been to describe the clinical and epidemiological features of hepatitis E, to examine some immunological aspects of the host and some virological aspects of HEV in order to understand the mechanisms leading to the development of chronic hepatitis E in the population of kidney transplant recipients followed at the University Hospital of Marseille. In a retrospective study, we described the characteristics and natural history of 16 HEV infections diagnosed in patients presenting with unexplained hepatitis. We described that hepatitis E progressed the most frequently towards chronicity and possibly towards liver cirrhosis. We showed that after dose reduction of immunosuppressants, more than half of the chronic infections resolved