Статті в журналах: "Clitoridectomy"

1

Morowitz, Harold J. "Clitoridectomy." Hospital Practice 23, no. 7 (July 15, 1988): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1988.11703512.

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2

Kandela, Peter. "Clitoridectomy." Lancet 353, no. 9162 (April 1999): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)75985-7.

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3

THOMAS, LYNN M. "IMPERIAL CONCERNS AND ‘WOMEN'S AFFAIRS’: STATE EFFORTS TO REGULATE CLITORIDECTOMY AND ERADICATE ABORTION IN MERU, KENYA, c. 1910–1950." Journal of African History 39, no. 1 (March 1998): 121–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185379700710x.

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During the colonial period, European officers undertook a series of campaigns in conjunction with African officials to regulate the severity of clitoridectomy and to alter the timing of female initiation in Meru, Kenya. While their efforts to ban the more drastic forms of clitoridectomy contributed to the government's stated objective of gradually eliminating the practice, this anti-clitoridectomy stance was compromised by their parallel efforts to enforce female initiation at an earlier age in order to combat abortion. Officers attributed the apparently high prevalence of abortion in Meru to the late age at which clitoridectomy took place. Whereas in other areas of central Kenya female initiation took place prior to puberty, in Meru, it was a pre-nuptial rite. Officers observed that as ‘custom’ prohibited uninitiated females from bearing children, unexcised girls who became pregnant most often obtained abortions. To eliminate the possibility of a girl being sexually mature but unexcised, administrators enforced measures requiring girls to be excised before puberty.

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4

O’Connell, Helen E., Britt Haller, and Venetia Hoe. "Moving from critical clitoridectomy." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 60, no. 5 (October 2020): 637–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajo.13243.

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5

Kang, Oksun. "“The Sacrifice and Circumcision/Clitoridectomy, Paternal Descent.”." Literature and Religion 27, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14376/lar.2022.27.3.39.

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6

Kirby, Vicki. "On the cutting edge: Feminism and clitoridectomy." Australian Feminist Studies 2, no. 5 (December 1987): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08164649.1987.9961564.

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7

Roberts, J. "US grants asylum to woman fleeing clitoridectomy." BMJ 312, no. 7047 (June 29, 1996): 1630–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7047.1630c.

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8

Ginsburg, Faye. "What Do Women Want?: Feminist Anthropology Confronts Clitoridectomy." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 5, no. 1 (March 1991): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/maq.1991.5.1.02a00030.

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9

Richens, Yana. "Vulvectomy and clitoridectomy: A woman's guide to FGM." British Journal of Midwifery 14, no. 7 (July 2006): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2006.14.7.21426.

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10

Veale, David, and Joe Daniels. "Cosmetic Clitoridectomy in a 33-Year-Old Woman." Archives of Sexual Behavior 41, no. 3 (August 12, 2011): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9831-4.

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11

Amenabar Beitia, José Martín. "MIEDOS MASCULINOS Y MUTILACIÓN GENITAL FEMENINA." RAUDEM. Revista de Estudios de las Mujeres 1 (May 22, 2017): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/raudem.v1i0.569.

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ResumenEl presente trabajo constituye una aproximación psicológica a la mutilación genital femenina, dándose a conocer las motivaciones, expectativas y fantasías que la sustentan y que, por cierto, ponen de relieve como elemento medular el miedo del hombre ante la sexualidad femenina. El análisis del mito de la vagina dentada es muy ilustrativo al respecto. Por otra parte, como ejemplificación de la problemática abordada, se toma en consideración el relato aportado por una mujer sobre la mutilación genital padecida siendo niña y el gran sufrimiento que ello le causó. Y, por último, se incorporan ciertas reflexiones que inspiraron este artículo.Palabras clave: Mutilación genital femenina, clitoridectomía, infibulación, miedo a la mujer, mitología, vagina dentada, sexualidad femenina.English title: Male fears and female genital mutilation Abstract: This paper takes a psychological approach to genital feminine mutilation, showing the motivations, expectations and fantasies that sustain it, and which demonstrate that men’s fear of feminine sexuality is a fundamental element underpinning the practice. Analysis of the myth of the toothed vagina is illustrative and pertinent. It must be viewed alongside a woman’s evidence concerning her genital mutilation in infancy, and her ongoing resultant suffering. In conclusion, mention will be made of some reflections that prompted this paper.Key words: Genital feminine mutilation, clitoridectomy, infibulation, fear of the woman, mythology, toothed vagina, feminine sexuality.

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12

Jesmin, U. H. Ruhina. "BOOK REVIEW: MARIA KIMINTA’S FIGHT AGAINST FGM." RAUDEM. Revista de Estudios de las Mujeres 9 (December 21, 2021): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/raudem.v9i1.5417.

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Maria Kiminta’s personal account, Kiminta: A Maasai’s Fight against Female Genital Mutilation, is a survivor memoir which reveals her genital mutilation and her comprehensive range of vision on FGM in an audacious, argumentative, and persuasive fashion. It lucidly and pragmatically recounts her first-hand experiences as a Maasai FGM survivor; thus, it is an essential memoir on FGM advocating the global movement to eradicate the horrendous practice. The memoir is also significant in that it renders the readers the resources/arguments to realize the violence and depth of excruciating pain on female sex, to understand “loss to development as a whole” (Kiminta 2015: 44), and to support the movement. Her memoir focuses on a pivotal stage of her life, that is, her clitoridectomy and her holistic findings related to FGM as part of her anti-FGM activism in Germany. Her simultaneous placing of arguments and counter arguments to justify her claims/arguments with fact/data enables her to achieve an objective tone in her memoir. In so doing, she indistinctly divides the memoir into seven parts, such as her clitoridectomy at the age of ten in Kenya, causes behind FGM practice, strategies to execute FGM, impacts of FGM, points of claim and counter claim, hindrances to implementation of anti-FGM Acts, and her recommendations.

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13

Bennett, Paula. "Critical Clitoridectomy: Female Sexual Imagery and Feminist Psychoanalytic Theory." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 18, no. 2 (January 1993): 235–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/494792.

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14

Onyancha, Boaz K. "African Transition Rituals Celebrating Gender and Human Sexuality: Implications for African Christian Theology." East African Journal of Traditions, Culture and Religion 4, no. 1 (November 8, 2021): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajtcr.4.1.461.

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Transition rituals are prominent practices among African traditional communities. Among the Gusii community of western Kenya the ritual is performed for both boys and girls. The boys are taken through circumcision while girls go through clitoridectomy. The ritual for girls is widely criticized and opposed by among others the Christian Church. The ritual for girls is resisted on several grounds, but it still persists. The question which many have asked is, why this persistence? This paper raises a number of arguments among them being that; in Africa, gender and human sexuality are celebrated through painful rituals. Men and women are made rather than born. In this discussion, I argue that opposition to clitoridectomy is ill informed, because it is the element of the pain that accompanies the ritual that is the reason why the ritual persists. The paper draws equivalents between the Gusii traditional transition ritual with the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, namely that from a theological perspective, the rituals should be perceived constructively as preparatory for Christian evangelization as they point to the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is suggested that the Church should view the rituals constructively instead of opposing them. This situation, among other factors, has over the years rendered ineffective the Church’s efforts at evangelization not only in Gusii community but also in other African communities where this ritual is upheld

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15

Bastien Charlebois, Janik. "Revisiting the Claims of Past Medical Innocence and Good Intentions." Social Sciences 13, no. 6 (May 22, 2024): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci13060279.

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Medical professionals usually reject critiques of deferrable treatments that alter the sex characteristics of infants and children without personal informed consent on the grounds that intersex adults’ experiences reflect ‘obsolete’ practice. However, past practice is also protected from criticism by claiming ‘good intentions’, a commitment to the child’s best interest and context-dictated constraints on medical practice. I first examine foundational literature of the Optimal Gender Policy to verify the presence of statements of interests or motives, I then collect affect displays to identify motives, and I observe attitudes to clitoridectomy. Affect displays point to motives that are relevant in interpretive sociology, as they allow access to cultural or institutional dispositions when justification talk has not been provided. While a statement of interest is absent from the foundational literature, I identify the following affect displays: (1) unease and disgust; (2) attachment to heteronormativity, as well as three kinds of gratification or pleasure rewards; (3) power pleasure; (4) surgical pleasure; (5) and cosmetic pleasure. As surgical action appeases some of these affects and nourish others, previous medical professionals had interests that were their own and not centred on the children. Examination of attitudes to clitoridectomy reveals that clinicians were aware of the (phallo)clitoris’ importance to sexual pleasure but dismissed it, further invalidating claims that past practice was based on children’s best interest.

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16

Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff. "Menarche, menopause and reproduction in the Kipsigis of Kenya." Journal of Biosocial Science 21, no. 2 (April 1989): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017879.

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SummaryAmong the Kipsigis, a population of south-western Kenya who do not use contraception, age at menarche and age at last live birth could be determined for a cohort of post-menopausal women, through reference to clitoridectomy ceremonies that can easily be dated. While a woman's age at last live birth was strongly associated with the length of her reproductive lifespan, completed family size was better predicted by age at menarche. The demographic implications of variation in menarcheal age are discussed.

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17

Sheehan, Elizabeth. "Victorian clitoridectomy: Isaac Baker Brown and his harmless operative procedure." Feminist Issues 5, no. 1 (March 1985): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02685571.

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18

Bowra, Carolyn. "The Debate on Clitoridectomy: “Act of Love” or Act of Oppression?" Australian Year Book of International Law Online 15, no. 1 (1994): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660229-015-01-900000007.

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19

Gwako, Edwins Laban Moogi. "Continuity and Change in the Practice of Clitoridectomy in Kenya: a Case-Study of the Abagusii." Journal of Modern African Studies 33, no. 2 (June 1995): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00021108.

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In Kenya, the Kuria, Suba, Meru, and Abagusii are among the contemporary cultural groupings which continue to believe in the importance of female circumcision. The ceremonies may have been partly abrogated or modified, but operations to cut off the tip of the clitoris of young girls are still carried out, not least in the expectation that the needed spirit of endurance will shape their character into adulthood. Although the primary objective of clitoridectomy is to initiate female children into womanhood, it is also performed in many African countries to ensure virginity, to enhance fertility and fecundity, and to promote cleanliness.

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20

Charlier, Philippe, and Saudamini Deo. "Paul Broca’s clitoridectomy as a cure for “nymphomania”: A pseudo-medical mutilation." Torture Journal 29, no. 2 (October 30, 2019): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v29i2.114013.

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21

Frederiksen, B. F. "Jomo Kenyatta, Marie Bonaparte and Bronislaw Malinowski on Clitoridectomy and Female Sexuality." History Workshop Journal 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbn013.

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22

Clarence-Smith, William Gervase. "Eunuchs and Concubines in the History of Islamic Southeast Asia." MANUSYA 10, no. 4 (2007): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01004001.

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In the early 17th century, male servant eunuchs were common, notably at the Persianised Acehnese court of Iskandar Muda. By mid-century, the castration of male slaves mysteriously disappeared. Concubinage, however, lasted much longer. While there were sporadic attempts to stamp out abuses, for example sexual relations with pre-pubescent slave girls, and possibly, clitoridectomy, a reasoned rejection of the institution of concubinage on religious grounds failed to emerge. This paper discusses the sexual treatment of slaves across Islamic Southeast Asia, a subject which sheds important light on historical specificities pertaining to both Islam and sexuality in the region, yet which continues to be treated with silence, embarrassment or even scholarly condemnation.

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23

Singh, Abhimanyu, Bhagyesh Sapkale, and Anupama Sawal. "A review of persistent genital arousal disorder: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment." Multidisciplinary Reviews 7, no. 8 (May 6, 2024): 2024167. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024167.

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A medical disease known as persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) is the cause of chronic genital arousal. It usually has little to do with sexual desire and can be rather upsetting. The literature on PGAD, emphasizing symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, is reviewed in this study. PGAD is a condition about which there is still much to understand. However, research has linked it to OAB, restless leg syndrome, certain medications, and problems with the spinal cord. Diagnosis depends on the ability to distinguish between physically exhibited arousal and sexual desire, which is motivated by psychology. Current treatment options include education campaigns, counseling, medication, and potential spinal triggers. Other more invasive therapies have also been used, such as clitoridectomy and pudendal nerve ablation, but their success rates have varied.

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24

Waldinger, Marcel D., Pieter L. Venema, Ad P. G. Van Gils, Eltjo M. J. Schutter, and Dave H. Schweitzer. "Restless Genital Syndrome Before and After Clitoridectomy for Spontaneous Orgasms: A Case Report." Journal of Sexual Medicine 7, no. 2 (February 2010): 1029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01571.x.

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25

Pape, Madeleine. "Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: A History of a Medical Treatment." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 70, no. 4 (June 14, 2015): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrv020.

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26

Rodriguez, Sarah B. "Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: A History of a Medical Treatment." Nursing History Review 25, no. 1 (2017): 154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1062-8061.25.1.154.

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27

O'Callaghan, Claire. "Neo-Victorian After-Affects: Female Genital Mutilation in Emma Donoghue's ‘Cured’ – The Scandalous Case of Isaac Baker Brown." Victoriographies 6, no. 2 (July 2016): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2016.0229.

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Emma Donoghue's neo-Victorian short story ‘ Cured’ (2002) re-assesses the British gynaecological practice of clitoridectomy conducted in the mid-nineteenth century by the pre-eminent surgeon Isaac Baker Brown. Donoghue revisits the scandal surrounding Baker Brown's medical experimentation from a feminist perspective, offering a reimagining of the case of patient ‘P. F.’ documented in Brown's published medical notes. This article argues that Donoghue utilises the discourses of trauma and affect to re-create and re-evaluate this gendered and scientific case history and to articulate a harrowing feminist narrative elided by Baker Brown's public testimony. By re-expressing Miss F.'s painful plight, Donoghue not only invites the reader to bear after-witness to Baker Brown's barbarous practices but also vehemently critiques this aspect of female history, exposing how unethical and unnecessary his medical intervention was upon women in nineteenth-century England.

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28

Lee, Hee-Ryung. "Canine Disorder of Sex Differentiation." Pakistan Veterinary Journal 40, no. 04 (December 1, 2020): 540–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2020.050.

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The disorder of the X chromosome causes defects in sex differentiation in the female phenotype. This work reports a six-month-old, Cocker Spaniel dog with intersex disorder diagnosed as pseudo-hermaphroditism. The dog was brought to the clinic with a swollen reddish penis-like protrusion, which was partially covered by the sheath. Clinical examination revealed the presence of raised nipple-like structures, resembling the nipples and extending from chest to groin region. However, the testes could not be detected. PCR analysis revealed the absence of the Y chromosome. A corrective surgery, including clitoridectomy, and removal of uterus and testicles-like structures, was performed. Histological examination of the removed organs showed underdeveloped testes and well-recognized endometrium. This report suggests that surgical correction may be used to overcome any possible complications in a six-month-old dog with pseudo-hermaphroditism

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29

Veale, David. "Cosmetic Clitoridectomy in a 33-Year-Old Woman: Reply to Friedman (2011) and Levine (2011)." Archives of Sexual Behavior 41, no. 4 (March 29, 2012): 1057–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9953-3.

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30

Hall, Lesley A. "Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: a history of a medical treatment, Sarah B. Rodriguez." Women's History Review 26, no. 2 (September 27, 2016): 301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2016.1203120.

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31

Moustafa, Tamir. "CONFLICT AND COOPERATION BETWEEN THE STATE AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS IN CONTEMPORARY EGYPT." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 1 (February 2000): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800021024.

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Al-Azhar, traditionally Egypt's most respected and influential center for Islamic study, adopted an increasingly bold platform opposing Egyptian government policy throughout the mid-1990s. Al-Azhar defied government policy on a variety of sensitive issues, including population control, the practice of clitoridectomy, and censorship rights. Moreover, al-Azhar directly challenged the government in high-profile forums such as the United Nations International Conference on Population and Development, held in Cairo in September of 1994. This open opposition was remarkable in light of the tremendous capacity that the Egyptian government has shown in the past to manipulate and control al-Azhar. Over the past century, and particularly since the 1952 Free Officers' coup, the Egyptian government virtually incorporated al-Azhar as an arm of the state through purges and control over Azhar finances, and by gaining the power to appoint al-Azhar's key leadership. Presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat, and Husni Mubarak all benefited from this dominance over al-Azhar by securing fatwas legitimating their policies. Given this overwhelming leverage, what can explain al-Azhar's increased opposition to the government throughout the mid-1990s?

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32

Rodriguez, S. W. "Rethinking the History of Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy: American Medicine and Female Sexuality in the Late Nineteenth Century." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 63, no. 3 (February 13, 2008): 323–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrm044.

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33

Eder, Sandra. "Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: A History of a Medical Treatment by Sarah B. Rodriguez." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 89, no. 4 (2015): 816–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2015.0129.

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34

THOMAS, LYNN M. "“Ngaitana(I will circumcise myself)”: The Gender and Generational Politics of the 1956 Ban on Clitoridectomy in Meru, Kenya." Gender & History 8, no. 3 (November 1996): 338–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.1996.tb00062.x.

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35

Edwards, Susan. "Fornah v Secretary of State for the Home Department, House of Lords [2006] UKHL 46, [2006] 3 FCR 381, [2007] 1 All ER 671." Denning Law Journal 19, no. 1 (November 27, 2012): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v19i1.387.

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FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION – VIOLENCE AGAINST GIRLS AND WOMEN AS A PARTICULAR SOCIAL GROUPZainab Esther Fornah was fifteen years old when on 15th March 2003, as an unaccompanied minor, she arrived at UK’s Gatwick airport claiming asylum. As she was a child she was taken into the care of West Sussex Social Services Child Asylum Team. She had fled Sierra Leone where she had been captured by rebels, who had killed her family, and was repeatedly raped. She did not want to return to her uncle’s village fearing that she would be forcibly genitally mutilated, as was customary practice. Whilst her father was alive he was able to protect her from this practice. Female genital mutilation, has variously been described as female circumcision and as clitoridectomy, as if to render benign this very specific inhumane habituated practice against females. It involves cutting away the clitoris, labia minora, labia majora and vulva of a female. The area remaining is then sewn together leaving a small aperture to allow for menstruation and urination. This maiming is often perpetrated without anaesthetic and some children do not survive. The World Health Organisation defines this particular form of torture, somewhat blandly, as “the partial or complete removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or any other non-therapeutic reason.

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Abdoli, Sara, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, and Ensiyeh Jenabi. "Investigation of Prevalence and Complications of Female Genital Circumcision: A Systematic and Meta-analytic Review Study." Current Pediatric Reviews 17, no. 2 (August 23, 2021): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573396317666210224143714.

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Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the complications of circumcision and determine its prevalence in the studied areas. Methods: In this study, the electronic databases of Scopus, PubMed, SID, Web of Science and Magiran were selected to search the total population of observational studies published in Persian and English on the prevalence and circumcision complications in girls. The keywords searched for this purpose were as follows: female genital mutilation, Infibulations, Epidemiologic Methods, Clitorectomies, Female Circumcision, Clitorectomy, Clitoridectomy Complications, Prevalence, associated disease, coexistent conditions, and sequels associated with concomitant conditions, and coexistent disease and their Persian equivalent words. Prevalence estimates of all studies were pooled using a random-effects model at a confidence level of 95%. The bias in the published results of the studies and any reporting errors were examined using Begg and Egger’s statistical tests. Out of 3756 studies, 45 articles were included in the study after excluding irrelevant and repetitive articles. Results: After reviewing the articles in this field, it was determined that female genital mutilation has sexual complications, problems during childbirth, physical and psychological complications. The prevalence of female genital circumcision in the world and Iran in the study areas was obtained using the random effect model, which was estimated to be 61% (95%, CI = 0.49, 0.73) and 61% (95%, CI = 0.52, 0.70), respectively. In other areas, the prevalence was reported to be close to zero. In total, among different countries of the world, of the 207,709 participants surveyed, 110,596 had undergone female genital circumcision (110,596 of 207,709). Conclusion: The effects of female genital mutilation on girls are high and require government intervention in various countries.

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Neill, Lorna, Zac Dolan, Siobhan Murphy, John McSorley, and Gary Brook. "O28 Experience of female genital mutilation (FGM) in a sexual health clinic." Sexually Transmitted Infections 93, Suppl 1 (June 2017): A10.2—A10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053232.28.

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IntroductionAfter recommendations from the Intercollegiate Guidelines in 2013, our sexual health clinic introduced a diagnostic code and mandatory proforma to identify, record and report FGM.MethodsRetrospective case note review of all patients coded FGM.ResultsAll patients presenting were over 18. There were 210 FGM patients; 30/210 Type 1 (clitoridectomy); 40/210 Type 2 (excision); 35/210 Type 3 (infibulation); 79/210 Type 4; 26/210 unclassified. 71 had consensual FGM as adults; of whom 69 were Type 4 (typically genital piercing), 2 were Type 1.In FGM performed under 18 years old (139); average age of cutting was 6 years. Countries involved; Somalia 67% (93/139), Sierra Leone 7% (9/139), Eritrea, Nigeria and Ethiopia 4% (6/139) respectively. 14% (19/139) reported complications.12% (17/139) had prior reversal. 4% (6/139) expressed interest in reversal. 98% (136/139) knew FGM is illegal in the UK.Abstract O28 Table 1Associations if FGM performed under 18 years old or over 18 years old.AssociationFGM types 1–4 <18yrsFGM type 1–4 >18yrsP valuePelvic pain/PID17% (23/139)6% (4/71)0.0289HIV/Hepatitis B/C11% (15/139)3% (2/71)0.0596There was no significant difference in the rates of bacterial STI’s between both groups.DiscussionOur proforma assists in identifying and accurately recording information regarding FGM. No women required referral to police or social services. Some were signposted for surgical intervention. An increased incidence of pelvic pain was noted in those whose FGM was performed as children, with no reflected increase in bacterial STI’s. An increased prevalence of blood borne viruses was also noted. Most women reported negative attitudes to FGM. Sexual health clinics are well placed to assist in awareness, risk assessment and education surrounding FGM.

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FLOOD, DAWN. "Sarah B. Rodriguez, Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: A History of Medical Treatment (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2014), pp. ix + 280. ISBN: 978-1-58046-498-7 (hb)." Gender & History 28, no. 2 (July 12, 2016): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12229.

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39

Chaperon, Sylvie. "Rodriguez, Sarah B.: Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States. A History of a Medical Treatment. Rochester, University of Rochester Press, 2014. 292 p. $ 70.–. ISBN 978-1-58046-498-7." Gesnerus 74, no. 1 (November 6, 2017): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-07401017.

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40

FUNKE, JANA. "Sarah B. Rodriguez, Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: A History of a Medical Treatment (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2014, £45.00/$70.00). Pp. 280. isbn978 1 5804 6498 7." Journal of American Studies 50, no. 2 (March 31, 2016): 492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875816000153.

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41

Krege, Susanne, Henrik Falhammar, Hildegard Lax, Robert Roehle, Hedi Claahsen-van der Grinten, Barbara Kortmann, Lise Duranteau, and Agneta Nordenskjöld. "Long-Term Results of Surgical Treatment and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—A Multicenter European Registry Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 4629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154629.

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Representatives for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) continue to desire early feminizing surgery in girls with 46,XX-CAH. The aim of this analysis, which included 174 46,XX- individuals with salt-wasting (SW) or simple-virilizing (SV) CAH, a female gender identity, and an age > 16 years participating in a multicenter cross-sectional clinical evaluation study (dsd-LIFE), was to evaluate the long-term results of surgery and patient-reported outcomes (PRO). The gynecological examination (n = 84) revealed some shortcomings concerning surgical feminization. A clitoris was absent in 9.5% of cases, while a clitoral hood was missing in 36.7% of cases. Though all women had large labia, they didn’t look normal in 22.6% of cases. Small labia were absent in 23.8% of cases. There was no introitus vaginae, and the urethra and vagina had no separate opening in 5.1% of cases. A mucosal lining was missing in 15.4% of cases. Furthermore, 86.2% of the women had scars at the region of their external genitalia. A vaginal stenosis was described in 16.5% of cases, and a meatal stenosis was described in 2.6% of cases. Additionally, PRO data showed a very-/high satisfaction rate of 21.3%/40.2% with cosmesis and 23.8%/38.1% with functionality, while 3.3%/10.7% showed a very-/low satisfaction with cosmesis as well as 5.6%/10.3% with functionality. The remaining women—24.6% and 23.8%—were indifferent. Satisfaction concerning sex life was very-/high in 9.6%/27.7%. In 12.0%/16.9% it was very-/low. Furthermore, 33.7% had no opinion. Furthermore, 27.0%/31.6% of the women reported that clitoriplasty, but not clitoridectomy, had a very-/positive influence on their lives, while 1.3%/8.9% felt it to be very-/negative, and 28.4% were indifferent. Vaginoplasty had a very-/positive influence in 25.7%/33.8% and a very-/negative effect in 3.6%/6.8%. 29.7% had no opinion. Additionally, 75.7% of the women preferred feminizing surgery during infancy/childhood, especially concerning clitoreduction. In conclusion, though the majority of the participants (76%) preferred early feminizing surgery and 60% described a positive effect on their lives, about 10% felt it to have been negative. About 15% of the women suffered from insufficient cosmesis and functionality after surgery. Sex life was even described as poor in nearly 30%. Therefore, the decision about early genital surgery in 46,XX-CAH girls should be considered carefully. Parents should get detailed information about possible complications of surgery and should receive support to understand that postponing surgery does not inevitably cause harm for their child. Importantly, genital surgery when performed in children should only be performed in expert centers with a specialized team including surgeons who are trained in feminizing surgery.

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Balbo, Eduardo A. "La mujer, la neurofisiología y la locura." Asclepio 42, no. 2 (December 30, 1990): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.1990.v42.2.563.

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La Inglaterra del siglo xix, en la que hablar de sexo era tabú, fue rica en textos médicos con una gran diversidad de opiniones acerca de las alteraciones de la sexualidad. La conducta de la mujer y su patología mental fueron el objeto principal de estudio de la psiquiatría victoriana. Los nuevos aportes de la neurofisiologia de la época, fueron el origen de nuevas concepciones acerca de la naturaleza de la locura, que motivaron agresivos tratamientos, como la clitoridectomía, generando marcadas controversias y conflictos en los grupos médicos del momento.

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Al-amin, Usman. "Clitoridectomy among Shuwa Arabs of Borno, Nigeria." Journal of Science, Humanities and Arts - JOSHA 8, no. 4 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17160/josha.8.4.785.

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44

Roman, Juliane Laís, Ariele Aparecida Ferreira, Ana Paula Rossa, Wisley Iemanjá Malaquias Dos Santos, Renato Silva De Sousa, Jorge Luiz Costa Castro, Vinicius Gonzalez Peres Albernaz, and Peterson Triches Dornbusch. "Clitoridectomy and Urethrostomy in a Pseudohermaphrodite Dog." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 49 (February 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.105237.

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Background: Hermaphroditism is a rare congenital disease that causes ambiguous sexual features. True hermaphrodites have testicular and ovarian tissue, whereas pseudohermaphrodites have only one type of gonadal tissue, genitalia, but secondary characteristics of the opposite sex. Pseudohermaphrodites are classified as male or female according to their gonads. Treatment of pseudohermaphroditism consists of surgical removal of the gonads including reconstruction of abnormal genitalia, especially if the urethra is involved. Therefore, the objective of this report is to describe a case of a male pseudohermaphrodite in a dog treated with clitoridectomy with urethrostomy.Case: A 7-month-old, mixed-breed dog was referred due to the presence of a flaccid structure similar to a small penis, containing an os clitoris, bulbourethral glands, and urethra protruding from the vulva. Physical examination, complete blood count and serum biochemistry were within normal ranges. Hormonal levels of estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone were 56.39 pg/mL, 127.9 ng/mL, and 0.892 ng/mL, respectively. The abdominal ultrasound and posteriorly the exploratory celiotomy found a normal size prostate and two round organs resembling testicles connected to a uterus-like tubular structure. The patient underwent surgical abdominal exploration that confirmed the ultrasonographic findings and led to gonadohysterectomy. Also, clitoridectomy and urethrostomy were performed to excise the protruded structure and maintain normal urethral patency. The histopathological examination of the clitoris and penis confirmed it was a male genital organ, however, the abdominal structures were compatible with the testicles, epididymis, uterus, and even a broad ligament. These organs are normally found in cases of male pseudohermaphroditism. The testicles were histologically composed of regular seminiferous tubules, single layer Sertoli cells but there were no spermatogenic cells. After ten months of follow-up, the patient was alive, without urination impairment or any other clinical signs.Discussion: The animal presented the protrusion of the penile structure as the sole clinical sign. The reproductive system had a female origin, been possible its masculinization due to high testosterone concentration that induced the development of Wolff ducts, resulting in the formation of the epididymis, deferent ducts, and seminal vesicles. In these cases, it led to an enlarged clitoris. The patient described had hormonal levels compatible with a neutered male/female or a female in anestrus. The clinical signs become evident as the clitoris gets hypertrophied increasing the sensibility, resulting in constant licking of the mucosa, chronic inflammation, and mucopurulent discharge. This patient was diagnosed with male pseudohermaphroditism as it had cryptorchid male gonads along with the uterus and external genitalia of a female dog but containing traces of male genitals such as the os clitoris. Surgery is indicated when there are clinical signs or when the clitoris had an os clitoris or urethra due to an intersex abnormality. The surgical resection of the external male genitalia associated with the excision of the internal reproductive tract treated while preserving the urethra in this animal. Clitorectomy is a simple technique and creates a normal female anatomy ending the clinical signs of the exposed clitoris and improving the quality of life.Clitoridectomy and Urethrostomy in a Pseudohermaphrodite Dog

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Luongo, Katherine Angela. "The Clitoridectomy Controversy in Kenya: the "Woman's Affair" that Wasn't." Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies 28, no. 2-3 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/f7282-3016578.

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46

Favali, Lyda. "What is Missing? (Female Genital Surgeries - Infibulation, Excision, Clitoridectomy - in Eritrea)." Global Jurist Frontiers 1, no. 2 (January 20, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1535-1653.1014.

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47

Ankeli, Gabriel Odeh. "Euthanasia, Female Genital Mutilation, Children with Disabilities: A Review on Societal Issues and Their Scientific Implications." Archives of Current Research International, June 10, 2019, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/acri/2019/v17i430118.

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This paper reviewed some societal challenges, their causes, possible scientific solutions to them and the controversies arising from each of them. Three societal problems were identified which are; Euthanasia, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and Children with Disabilities (CWDs). The different types of Euthanasia were identified as the active and passive ethanasia respectively also the FGM was discussed under three main types, namely; clitoridectomy, excision, infibulation and others, while the CWDs was also discussed, the causes and challenges they go through such as discrimination and institutional and environmental challenges. In each case their causes, effects and scientific solutions were proffered.

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"Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: A History of a Medical Treatment." Journal of American History 102, no. 2 (August 26, 2015): 517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jav385.

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49

Darby, Robert. "Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: A History of a Medical Treatment." Journal of Social History, June 24, 2015, shv050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shv050.

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50

Flemming, Rebecca. "The Classical Clitoris: Part I." Varia, no. 12 (December 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.54563/eugesta.1280.

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This article provides a global and focused survey of the rich surviving evidence for the classical Greek and Roman clitoris (or nymph). It starts with the surviving anatomical descriptions, with the clitoris in its healthy, according to nature condition, and explores the different attitudes and understandings that were articulated in this context. Then it moves to the clitoris contrary to nature, examining the pathologies delineated in the medical tradition and their cures within their wider cultural and political settings. These therapies included clitoridectomy, the surgical removal of the nymph, putting the spotlight on questions of female sexuality and its control in the Roman world. There is a mismatch between the medical accounts of the clitoris in health and disease it is argued, driven in part by particular Roman imperial concerns about gender and sexuality, represented by the transgressive figure of the tribas.

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