Дисертації з теми "Climate change"
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1
Kozey, James M. "Managing global climate change, addressing climate change in Canadian organizations." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/MQ48239.pdf.
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Chandler, Kevin Vachudová Milada Anna. "The climate change stalemate ideological tensions in international climate change negotiations /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2759.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 10, 2010). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of a Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science." Discipline: Political Science; Department/School: Political Science.
3
Harris, Philip P. "Modelling South American climate and climate change." Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436614.
4
Gramcianinov, Carolina Barnez. "Changes in South Atlantic Cyclones due Climate Change." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14133/tde-03122018-151737/.
Анотація:
Cyclones distribution and intensities impact directly on human activities, mainly due to their associated intense precipitation and winds. The main aim of this thesis is to understand changes in the cyclones originated in the South Atlantic focusing on their genesis and intensifying mechanisms. Cyclones are identified and tracked based on the relative vorticity field at 850 hPa computed from the winds. The characteristics of the cyclones are obtained by diagnostic variables sampled within a radial distance from each cyclone center and to produce a spatial distribution of the cyclone properties at the time of genesis. Also, cyclone centered composites are used to analyze the cyclone structure and the evolution of cyclones during their genesis. The climatology of cyclones was done using NCEP-CFSR and shows four main cyclogenesis regions in the South Atlantic Ocean: on the Southern Brazilian coast (SE-BR, 30°S), over the continent near the La Plata river discharge region (LA PLATA, 35°S), on the southeastern coast of Argentina (ARG, 40°S-55°S) and on the Southeastern Atlantic (SE-SAO, centered at 55°S and 10°W). To access changes in cyclone development, we used the CMIP5 HadGEM2-ES historical experiment (1980-2005) and RCP8.5 future projection (2074-2099). The HadGEM2-ES can represent the main South Atlantic characteristics of cyclones according to NCEP-CFSR climatology. However, there is an underestimation in cyclone frequency in the equatorward side of the storm track, particularly in the LA PLATA region. The HadGEM2-ES RCP8.5 future projection shows a general decrease of approximately 10% of cyclogenesis in the South Atlantic domain, which is mainly related to the poleward shift of the storm track. However, LA PLATA region presents a slight increase in its cyclogenetic activity (6.1 and 3.6%), in the summer and winter, respectively). The increase in genesis at 30°S over the continent is associated with the strengthening of the upper-level jet and the increase of warm and moisture advections at the same location. The enhance in the moisture transport from the tropics is also related to the intensification of the cyclone in the domain, mainly northward of 35°S. Finally, a downscaling using WRF was performed in an attempt to improve the climate model resolution. However the downscaling produces less and weaker cyclones in the NCEP-CFSR and HadGEM2-ES runs. The only region that presented an improvement was LA PLATA, due to the better representation of local features related to orography and moisture processes. The downscaled HadGEM2-ES RCP8.5 also shows an increase in cyclogenesis in the LA PLATA region and other locations. The HadGEM2-ES RCP8.5 projection and its downscaling shows that the cyclogenesis in some locations of South America is increasing, mainly due to the increase in the low-level moisture content and the strengthening of the equatorward flank of the upper-level jet. The cyclones in this locations will be slightly intense (between 20°S and 30°S) and will affect a narrow area close to the South American coast.A distribuição e intensidade dos ciclones afeta diretamente as atividades humanas devido a precipitação e fortes ventos associados a esses sistemas. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é entender as mudanças nos ciclones gerados no Atlântico Sul devido às mudanças climáticas, focando em seus mecanismos geradores e intensificadores. Os ciclones foram identificados e rastreados utilizando a vorticidade relativa em 850hPa, calculada a partir do campo de ventos horizontal. Também foram usadas composições centradas para a análise da estrutura e evolução dos ciclones durante seu desenvolvimento. A climatologia de ciclones feita com o NCEP-CFSR mostra quatro regiões ciclogenéticas principais no Oceano Atlântico Sul: na costa sul do Brasil (SE-BR, 30°S), sobre o continente próximo da desembocadura do Rio da Prata (LA PLATA, 35°S), na costa sudeste da Argentina (ARG, 40°S-55°S) e no Sudeste do Atlântico (SE-SAO, centrada em 55°S, 10°W). Para analisar as mudanças no desenvolvimento dos ciclones, nós utilizamos os experimentos histórico (1980-2005) e RCP8.5 (2074-2099) do HadGEM2-ES (CMIP5). O HadGEM2-ES é capaz de reapresentar as principais características dos ciclones do Atlântico Sul, quando comparado à climatologia. No entanto, existe uma subestimativa do número de ciclones no lado equatorial da região de máxima atividade ciclônica, principalmente na região LA PLATA. A projeção futura HadGEM2-ES no cenário RCP8.5 mostra uma redução de aproximadamente 10% na ciclogêneses no domínio do Atlântico Sul, principalmente associada ao deslocamento em direção ao polo da região de máxima atividade ciclônica. Porém, a região LA PLATA apresenta um pequeno aumento em sua atividade ciclogenética (6.1 e 3.6%), no verão e inverno, respectivamente). O aumento na ciclogênese em 30°S está associada ao fortalecimento do jato de altos níveis e ao aumento da advecção quente e de umidade nessa localidade. O aumento do transporte de umidade dos trópicos está associado também à intensificação dos ciclones observada na projeção futura, principalmente ao norte de 35°S. Por fim, uma regionalização com o modelo WRF foi usada para melhorar a resolução do modelo climático. Porém, as simulações regionais subestimaram os ciclones em número e intensidade. A única região que em as regionalizações apresentaram melhor desempenho foi a LA PLATA, devido a uma melhor representação de feições locais associadas a orografia e processos úmidos. A regionalização do cenário futuro RCP8.5 também apresentou aumento da ciclogênese do LA PLATA, mas para o inverno. Tanto a projeção RCP8.5 do HadGEM2-ES quanto sua regionalização mostram que a ciclogênese em algumas regiões da América do Sul está aumentando, principalmente devido ao aumento de umidade em baixos níveis da atmosfera e fortalecimento do lado ramo equatorial do jato de altos níveis. Os ciclones nessas localidades serão intensos (entre 20°S e 30°S) e tendem a afetar uma região mais próxima à costa.
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de, Groot Caroline Sofie. "Security risks of climate change : Climate change induced conflicts in western Kenya." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-364947.
Анотація:
The purpose of this paper is to examine links between climate change and conflicts. The report aims to produce relevant insights on the security risks posed by climate change in the rural pastoral area Sarambei in western Kenya. The research was conducted in spring 2018 and founded by an MFS-scholarship from Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). The research examines the hypothesis that climate change is increasing the risk of insecurity. Through qualitative methods twenty respondents living in Sarambei and five experts were interviewed. The main finding of the study is that climate change is happening, affecting the people in Sarambei and are creating conflicts through water scarcity. However, it is difficult to say that climate change is the only source for these conflicts, but instead emerges from the interaction of multiple factors.
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Evans, Christopher A. "Rural Western Australians attitudes to climate change, climate change science and governance." Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2535.
Анотація:
Researching southwest WA farming communities attitudes to climate change (n=411) identified three typologies of ‘Acceptors’, ‘Uncertains’ and ‘Sceptics’ underpinned by extent of experience. ‘Acceptors’ valued science’s knowledge and believed climate change was a human induced threat. ‘Uncertains’ were unsure of science’s knowledge and if climate change was human induced and a threat. ‘Sceptics’ with more experience than the other two clusters did not value science’s knowledge; believed climate change was natural and not a threat.
7
Slechten, Aurelie. "Policies for climate change." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209493.
Анотація:
In my thesis, I address two important issues: (i) the creation of a price signal through the use of carbon markets (or cap-and-trade schemes) and (ii) the necessity to reach a global agreement on greenhouse gas emission reduction policies. It consists of three separate papers. Chapters 2 and 3 of this thesis emphasize theoretically and empirically the fact that achieving international cooperation on climate change is very difficult. Chapter 3 suggests that the global nature of the climate change problem and the design of climate agreements (i.e. the means available to reduce CO2 emissions) may explain this failure. Chapter 2 shows theoretically that asymmetric information between countries may exacerbate the free-rider problem. These two chapters also provide some possible solutions to the lack of international cooperation. To address the issue of information asymmetry, chapter 2 proposes the creation of institutions in charge of gathering and certifying countries' private information before environmental negotiations. If achieving international cooperation is still not possible, chapter 3 suggests that regional cooperation may supplement global treaties. Chapter 1 presents an example of such a regional agreement to reduce CO2 emissions. The EU emissions trading system is a cornerstone of the European Union's policy to combat climate change. However, as it is highlighted in chapter 1, the design of such regional carbon markets really matters for their success in reducing carbon emissions. This chapter shows the interactions between intertemporal permit trading and the incentives of firms to undertake long-term investments in abatement technologies.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
8
Vuori, Vappu. "“1,5℃ to Stay Alive” - Climate Justice Discourse and Climate Change Denial Discourse in Climate Change Politics." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22691.
Анотація:
Climate change as a global phenomenon threatens human rights and causes social injustices. This thesis examines the genealogies of climate justice discourse and climate change denial discourse in the context of international climate change politics. The aim is to understand the construction of and the correlation between the discourses and how the discourses relate to human rights. The thesis employs discourse analysis with a conception of climate justice and a neoclassical realist theory applied to climate change politics. Climate justice discourse is found to interact with chiefly moral and political terms, whereas the denial discourse interacts mainly with economic and scientific terms. Consequently, there is a lack of interaction between the discourses as they operate in different levels of communication and it has, to some extent, caused stalemate in climate change politics. Additionally, while climate justice discourse makes use of the human rights framework, the denial discourse undermines it.
9
Bahadur, Aditya Vansh. "Policy climates and climate policies : analysing the politics of building resilience to climate change." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/48873/.
Анотація:
This thesis seeks to examine the politics of building resilience to climate change by analysing the manner in which policy contexts and initiatives to build climate change resilience interact. For analysis, the ‘policy context' is broken into its three constituent parts- actors, policy spaces and discourses. This permits the addition of new knowledge on how discourses attached to resilience are dissonant with those prevailing in ossified policy environments in developing countries; the influence of actor networks, epistemic communities, knowledge intermediaries and policy entrepreneurs in helping climate change resilience gain traction in policy environments; and the dynamic interaction of interest, agendas and power within decision-making spaces attached to resilience-building processes. This analysis takes place by employing a case-study of a major, international climate change resilience initiative unfolding in two Indian cities. Using data gathered through a variety of rigorous qualitative research methods employed over 14 months of empirical inquiry the thesis highlights issues of politics and power to argue that they are significant determinants of processes to deal with climate impacts. More specifically, it expands current understandings of engaging with climate impacts by exposing gaps in resilience thinking and argues against a technocratic approach to designing and executing resilience policies. In doing so it also demonstrates that resilience, with its emphasis on systems thinking, dealing with uncertainty and community engagement brings new challenges for policy makers. As the study is located in the urban context, it highlights the manner in which fragmented urban policy environments, dense patterns of settlement in cities, urban livelihood patterns and prevailing epistemic cultures can pose obstacles for a policy initiative aimed at building resilience to climate change. Finally, the research underlines the importance of coupling resilience with local narratives of dealing with shocks and stresses, argues for genuine iteration and shared learning during decision-making and highlights the need to celebrate multiple visions of resilience. Findings from this research can help inform a growing number of policy initiatives aimed at deploying resilience to help those battling the exigencies of a changing climate in some of the world's most vulnerable areas.
10
Mustafa, Artan. "Climate Change and Freedom." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-163167.
Анотація:
This paper examines the relation between climate change discourse and freedom which is held both as a self-evident value and a vital attribute for modern democracy. I argue that the discourse refutes individual freedom. It does so both through the goals and ends it promotes as well as the solutions it puts forward to achieve them, in other words through means, in the areas of economy, rights and political organization which reduce choices and diminish space of action for individuals. It opens the path to authoritarian regimes and the like by disempowering people in the name of natural order. This and other anomalies within the discourse make it the opposite of what it pretends to be - a revolutionary one; at least, unless it solves the question of freedom that resembles human nature.
11
Torpman, Olle. "Libertarianism and Climate Change." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Filosofiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-128935.
Анотація:
In this dissertation, I investigate the implications of libertarian morality in relation to the problem of climate change. This problem is explicated in the first chapter, where preliminary clarifications are also made. In the second chapter, I briefly explain the characteristics of libertarianism relevant to the subsequent study, including the central non-aggression principle. In chapter three, I examine whether our individual emissions of greenhouse gases, which together give rise to climate change, meet this principle. I do this based on the assumption that we are the legitimate owners of the resources we use in those activities. In the fourth chapter, I question this assumption and scrutinize libertarianism’s restrictions on appropriations of climate-relevant resources, which leads me to distinguish between some different versions of the libertarian view. Toward the end of the chapter, I also examine libertarianism’s answer to the political question regarding how emission rights should be distributed. The fifth chapter investigates libertarianism’s verdicts for mere risks of infringement, as stemming from people’s emissions and acts of appropriations. In chapter six, I investigate the libertarian right to self-defense against both the effects of climate change and other people’s climate-relevant activities. In chapter seven, I discuss two intergenerational issues related to climate change: what libertarianism says concerning future generations and how libertarianism might deal with the problem of historical emissions. The eighth chapter explores the implications of libertarianism regarding collective moral wrongdoing in connection to climate change. In chapter nine, I take a look at the libertarian room for governmental responses for tackling climate change. The tenth and final chapter is a summary. The overall conclusion of the dissertation is that libertarianism recommends that we reduce our emissions and decrease our extraction of natural resources such as forests and fossil fuels. Furthermore, governments are permitted to undertake some quite substantial actions in order to fight the causes of climate change. I end with some bottom-up reflections on what these conclusions might say about the plausibility of libertarianism. I claim that although libertarianism after all manages to explain some of our moral intuitions regarding climate change, it is questionable whether libertarianism’s explanation is better than those offered by alternative moral theories.
12
Teryda, Olesya. "Causes of climate change." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2019. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13172.
13
Shovkoplyas, M. "Climate change - global warming." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2004. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/23323.
14
Горобченко, Денис Володимирович, Денис Владимирович Горобченко, and Denys Volodymyrovych Horobchenko. "Climate change uncertainty debates." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/12811.
Анотація:
Anyone familiar with the climate change debate is familiar with the ―scientific uncertainty‖ argument, which usually goes something like this:
The response to climate change must be based on sound science, not on speculation or theory. There is too much uncertainty and too much that we do not know about climate change. It would be irresponsible to undertake measures to reduce emissions, which could carry high economic costs, until we know that these are warranted.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/12811
15
Gallic, Ewen. "Climate change and agriculture." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1G007/document.
Анотація:
Le climat de la planète se réchauffe et ses effets sont entachés d'une forte incertitude. Une hausse de la température et de la fréquence d'événements extrêmes tels des inondations ou des sécheresses est prévue. La forte dépendance de l'agriculture aux conditions climatiques en fait de facto un champ d'application privilégié. Cette thèse se destine ainsi à étudier la relation entre climat et agriculture, afin d'évaluer les conséquences potentielles du changement climatique, en mêlant travaux empiriques et théoriques. Les deux premiers chapitres se concentrent sur les pays en développement au travers de deux études examinant la production et les profits agricoles ainsi que les décisions de consommation des ménages agricoles indiens. Les divers scénarios climatiques envisagés montrent un effet global négatif sur la production et les profits, particulièrement pour les ménages agricoles du sud du pays. L'irrigation tout comme le mélange des cultures permettent toutefois de réduire les dommages subis, notamment pour les petits exploitants. Les deux chapitres suivants considèrent des pays économiquement développés, en commençant par une étude des rendements céréaliers européens. Les projections sous les différents scénarios climatiques indiquent une faible croissance des rendements du blé d'ici à la fin du XXIe siècle, comparativement aux observations des 25 dernières années. Ces gains faibles sont toutefois accompagnés d'une forte hétérogénéité régionale. Pour le maïs, des faibles gains d'ici la moitié du XXIe s'effacent derrières de plus fortes pertes dans le long terme. L'approche partielle est ensuite délaissée pour laisser place à une analyse en équilibre général s'attachant à étudier les effets de court terme des chocs climatiques sur les cycles économiques, à travers leur impact sur l'agriculture. Une hausse de la variance des chocs climatiques conformément à celle prévue par des scénarios climatiques entraîne un accroissement substantiel de variables macroéconomiques telles la production et l'inflationGlobal climate is warming, and the effects of climate change are associated with a lot of uncertainty. Not only average temperatures are expected to rise, but also the occurrence of extreme events such as floods or droughts. Agriculture is particularly at risk, due to the importance of weather conditions in production. This thesis therefore aims at investigating the relationship between weather variations and agricultural production, to better assess the potential effects of climate change on agriculture, relying on both theoretical and empirical methods. The first two chapters focus on developing countries and provide two empirical studies based on Indian data at the individual farm level that link climate to agricultural production and profits and to consumption decisions. We find contrasted results, with an overall damaging effect of climate change scenarios on Indian agricultural production and profits, especially for farmers in southern India. Irrigation may however help mitigating the losses, as well as crop mixing, particularly for small farms. The last two chapters consider developed countries. The first step focuses on crop yields in Europe. Under the tested climate scenarios, wheat yields are projected to slightly increase by the end of the 21$^\textrm{st}$ century relative to the observed yields from the past 25 years. These small gains are however accompanied by a lot of regional heterogeneity. For European corn yields, the projections highlight small gains in by the middle of the 21$^\textrm{st}$ century, followed by relatively higher losses in the long run. The second step relies on a general equilibrium approach, and aims at investigating the short-run impacts of weather shocks on business cycles, through their damaging effects on agriculture. Increasing the variance of climate shocks in accordance with forthcoming climate change leads to a sizeable increase in the volatility of key macroeconomic variables, such as production and inflation
16
Saltyte, Migle <1990>. "Climate Change in Fiction." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15838.
Анотація:
It has been said that throughout history, fiction has always responded to wars, crises and calamities. This is only natural bearing in mind that narratives have been said to help deal with threats by making them understandable and therefore bearable, and even being an essential part of healing, not just metaphorically but physically as well. Naturally, this highlights the importance of fiction as the field which invents, reflects upon, and changes narratives that influence our daily lives. It also explains why we expect fiction to respond to the most urgent and pressing issues of our times, of which today climate change is undoubtedly the most serious. This thesis aims to take a broader look at a diverse sample from the existing body of climate change fiction and examine what it reveals about the approach to climate change in Anglophone literature, how it addresses the issue, and whether it presents an artistically compelling work. The thesis examines the following works: MaddAddam by Margaret Atwood; Flight Behaviour by Barbara Kingsolver; The State of Fear by Michael Crichton; Windup Girl by Paolo Bacigalupi; Solar by Ian McEwan; The Carbon Diaries: 2015 by Saci Lloyd, as well as the collection of short stories Loosed Upon the World. It also examines a number of children’s books.
17
Lanzi, Elisa <1981>. "Essays in technical change and climate change." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/949.
Анотація:
Characteristics of the economy such as the share of polluting sectors, and their pollution intensity are key to understanding how to limit costs of climate policies. In particular, this thesis focuses on four different aspects. The first is the increase in climate policy costs in the presence limited sectoral malleability of capital, and thus the impossibility to reallocate capital from the “dirty” to the “clean” sector. Second, we consider the influence of the sectoral coverage of climate policies such as the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. Third, we focus on innovation within the energy sector to illustrate that there are internal dynamics that should be considered as they can lead to higher efficiency in the production of the dirty energy good. Finally, we estimate a model of directed technical change to study the effect of climate policies on the direction of technical change in the energy sector.Questa tesi é focalizzata sulla connessione tra I cambiamenti climatic, l’innovazione ed il capital fisico. Caratteristiche dell’economia di un paese come il contributo dei settori inquinanti, e la loro intensitá di inquinamento sono fondamentali per comprendere come limitare i costi delle politiche sui cambiamenti climatici. In particolare questa tesi e’incentrata su quattro aspetti. Primo, sull’aumento dei costi delle politiche sui cambiamenti climatici in presenza di una possibilitá limitata ti riallocare il capitale dai settori inquinanti a quelli“puliti”. Secondo, consideriamo l’influenza della copertura settoriale delle politiche sul cambiamento climatico come il sistema di scambio di permessi dell’UE. Terzo, ci focalizziamo sull’innovazione nel settore energetico per illustrare che ci sono dinamiche interne che dovrebbero essere considerate, poiché possono portare a un miglioramento dell’efficienza energetica. Infine, stimiamo un modello di cambiamento technologico per studiare gli effetti delle politiche sul cambiamento climatico sulla direzione del cambiamento tecnologico nel settore ambientale.
18
Dunn, Katherine Margaret. "Prototyping Models of Climate Change: New Approaches to Modelling Climate Change Data. 3D printed models of Climate Change research created in collaboration with Climate Scientists." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17623.
Анотація:
Prototyping Models of Climate Change: New Approaches to Modelling Climate Change Data, identifies a gap in existing knowledge on the topic of 3D Printed, three dimensional creative visualisations of data on the impact of climate change. Communication, visualisation and dissemination of scientific research data to the general-public is a priority of science organisations. Creative visualisation projects that encourage meaningful cross-disciplinary collaboration are urgently needed, from a communication standpoint and, to act as models for agile responsive means of addressing climate change. Three-dimensional creative visualisations can give audiences alternate and more direct means of understanding information by engaging visual and haptic experience. This project contributes new knowledge in the field by way of an innovative framework and praxis for the communication and dissemination of climate change information across the disciplines of contemporary art, design and science. The focus is on projects that can effectively and affectively, communicate climate science research between the disciplines and the general-public. The research generates artefacts using 3D printing techniques. A contribution to new knowledge is the development of systems and materials for 3D printing that embody principles of sustainable fabrication. The artefacts or visualisations produced as part of the research project are made from sustainable materials that have been rigorously developed and tested. Through a series of collaborations with climate scientists, the research investigates methodologies and techniques for modelling and fabricating three-dimensional artefacts that represent climate change data. The collaborations and the research outputs are evaluated using boundary object theory. Expanding on existing boundary object categories, the research introduces new categories with parameters specifically designed to evaluate creative practice- science collaborations and their outputs.
19
Hirst, David. "Negotiating climates : the politics of climate change and the formation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 1979-1992." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/negotiating-climates-the-politics-of-climate-change-and-the-formation-of-the-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-ipcc-19791992(ee23545e-3448-4a74-aa8a-36b5d622a81a).html.
Анотація:
Climate change emerged as a topic of public and political concern in the 1980s alongside the discovery of the ‘Antarctic Ozone Hole.’ The issue was raised up the political agenda in the latter half of the 1980s by scientists and international administrators operating in a transnational setting –culminating in the eventual formation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988. Created to produce a comprehensive assessment of the science, impacts and possible response strategies to climate change, the Panel managed to bridge to the two worlds of science and politics as a hybrid science-policy organisation, meeting the divergent needs of a variety of groups, specifically in the US Government. This thesis will provide an analysis of the negotiations that resulted in the formation of the IPCC in 1988. In particular, I examine the power politics of knowledge production in the relationship between a transnational set of scientists engaged in assessments of climate change and national policymakers. I argue that the IPCC was established as a means of controlling who could speak for the climate, when and how, and as such the Panel legitimised and privileged certain voices at the expense of others. In addition to tracing and examining the history of international climate change assessments in the 1980s, I will scrutinise how the issue became a topic of international political concern. Focusing on the negotiations between the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United States of America in the formation of the IPCC, I will argue against the received view that the U.S. has consistently been in a battle with climate science and the IPCC. As I will show that the U.S. government was both integral to the decision to establish the IPCC and also one of its strongest backers. Following the formation of the Panel I examine the ad hoc decisions taken and processes adopted during the First Assessment (AR1) that contributed to the anchoring of the IPCC as the central authority on climate related knowledge. As such I show that in the absence of any formal procedural guidance there was considerable leeway for the scientists and Working Group Chairs to control and shape the content of the assessment. Finally, I analyse the ways in which U.S. and UK policymakers strategically engaged with the Panel. Significantly, I show that the ways in which the U.S. pushed all political debates to the heart of the scientific assessment imparted a linear approach to policymaking –assessment precedes and leads the policymaking –contributing to the increasing entanglement of the science and politics of climate change. Moreover, the narrow technical framing of the issue and the largely tokenistic attempts to involve participants from developing countries in the IPCC resulted in the UN resolutions (backed by developing countries) establishing the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee/United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (INC/UNFCC) contrary to the wishes of U.S. policymakers.
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Coulter, Liese. "Future climate narratives: knowledge informing climate change adaptation." Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/380061.
Анотація:
In the current era, recognized by some as the Anthropocene, consequences from climate
change are affecting ecosystems, societies and economies; making it vital to enact adaptation
measures to manage impacts that cannot be avoided. Significant resources and attention have
been invested to improve climate knowledge and its communication on a global level, which is
essential for adaptation. However, some facility with prospection, or future thinking is also
needed to plan for uncertain and future-oriented risks. Future thinking is a cognitive task initiated
by individuals who may be engaged in planning for their own family or community. Such
autonomous adaptation is not well studied but may have a profound effect on the future trajectory
of both climate and society. Therefore, this research focused on what future climate narratives are
being constructed and shared by those engaged in working with climate change knowledge; and
to share those more broadly.
In this research, interviews with Australian and Canadian professionals who worked with
climate change in research, policy, and practice were analysed to gauge in what way their climate
knowledge was linked to autonomous adaptation in personal circles. A novel Future Climate
Narrative (FCN) typology was developed as a structural guide for qualitative analysis, informed
by literature relating to future thinking, climate change adaptation and narrative communication.
Consequently, inductive thematic analysis identified four main climate change adaptation
narratives focused on: Distance, Vulnerability, Agency, and Change.
The research finds that even well-informed professionals who are willing to address
climate change in public, are reluctant to discuss the topic in personal and social circles; instead,
engaging in Distance Narratives that position climate issues as affecting future generations and
faraway lands. Participants made binary assessments when using Vulnerability and Agency
Narratives to depict threats as either negligible, due to high social capacity to adapt and so
requiring no additional personal agency; or as overwhelming, if that social net was insufficient
and therefore, personal agency would be insignificant in the face of global change. Neither
assessment motivated improving personal agency to adapt to climate change. In contrast, the few
participants who engage in Change Narratives express a sense of personal agency to enable
transformation as a response to expected disruptions and display a facility to mentally link with
the past to inform the future. However, the incompatibility of the Change and Distance Narratives
creates a barrier to sharing plans for autonomous adaptation in social circles.
To develop well informed and well-shared climate change adaptation narratives, old
understandings need to be updated with increased focus on future thinking to continually imagine
and re-imagine adaptive behaviours. Otherwise, possible benefits from current adaptive advantages may not be realized. Considering autonomous adaptation to climate change, the
convergent contexts of climate change, the imagined future and shared personal narratives chart a
small but growing field of academic inquiry, to which this research contributes.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Hytten, Karen F. "The Social Construction of Climate Change: Deconstructing the Climate Change Debate in Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366505.
Анотація:
Since the 1980s there has been a growing recognition of the significant risks associated with climate change. By 2007, the scientific evidence that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions were causing global warming was irrefutable. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released its Fourth Assessment Report which describes in great detail the biophysical and social impacts of climate change, some of which are already being experienced. Many argue that Australia is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. It is also widely acknowledged that as one of the highest per-capita emitters in the world, Australia has a particular responsibility to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. However, despite this, Australia’s response to climate change has been largely inadequate, giving rise to a need for research into factors shaping this response.
Research has identified the important role that discourses play in shaping perceptions of climate change and responses to the issue. As a complex and intangible issue, climate change needs to be represented through concepts, terms and the communication of scientific knowledge. Thus people’s understanding of climate change is mediated by the information available to them, the discourses within which it is embedded, and the ways that these discourses construct the issue.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environemnt
Full Text
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Sandu, Suwin. "Assessment of carbon tax as a policy option for reducing carbon-dioxide emissions in Australia." Electronic version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/535.
Анотація:
University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Engineering.This research has analysed the economy-wide impacts of carbon tax as a policy option to reduce the rate of growth of carbon-dioxide emissions from the electricity sector in Australia. These impacts are analysed for energy and non energy sectors of the economy. An energy-oriented Input–Output framework, with ‘flexible’ production functions, based on Translog and Cobb-Douglas formulations, is employed for the analysis of various impacts. Further, two alternative conceptions of carbon tax are considered in this research, namely, based on Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) and Shared Responsibility Principle (SRP). In the first instance, the impacts are analysed, for the period 2005–2020, for tax levels of $10 and $20 per tonne of CO2, in a situation of no a-priori limit on CO2 emissions. The analysis shows that CO2 emissions from the electricity sector, when carbon tax is based on PPP, would be 211 and 152 Mt, for tax levels of $10 and $20, respectively (as compared to 250 Mt in the Base Case scenario, that is, the business-as-usual-case). The net economic costs, corresponding with these tax levels, expressed in present value terms, would be $27 and $49 billion, respectively, over the period 2005-2020. These economic costs are equivalent to 0.43 and 0.78 per cent of the estimated GDP of Australia. Further, most of the economic burden, in this instance, would fall on the electricity sector, particularly coal-fired electricity generators – large consumers of direct fossil fuel. On the other hand, in the case of a carbon tax based on SRP, CO2 emissions would be 172 and 116 Mt, for tax levels of $10 and $20, respectively. The corresponding net economic costs would be $47 (0.74 per cent of GDP) and $84 (1.34 per cent of GDP) billion, respectively, with significant burden felt by the commercial sector – large consumers of indirect energy and materials whose production would contribute to CO2 emissions. Next, the impacts are analysed by placing an a-priori limit on CO2 emissions from the electricity sector – equivalent to 108 per cent of the 1990 level (that is, 138 Mt), by the year 2020. Two cases are analysed, namely, early action (carbon tax introduced in 2005) and deferred action (carbon tax introduced in 2010). In the case of early action, the analysis suggests, carbon tax of $25 and $15, based on PPP and SRP, respectively, would be required to achieve the above noted emissions target. The corresponding tax levels in the case of deferred action are $51 and $26, respectively. This research also shows that the net economic costs, in the case of early action, would be $32 billion (for PPP) and $18 billion (for SRP) higher than those in the case of deferred action. However, this research has demonstrated, that this inference is largely due to the selection of particular indicator (that is, present value) and the relatively short time frame (that is, 2005–2020) for analysis. By extending the time frame of the analysis to the year 2040, the case for an early introduction of carbon tax strengthens. Overall, the analysis in this research suggests that an immediate introduction of carbon tax, based on SRP, is the most attractive approach to reduce the rate of growth of CO2 emissions from the electricity sector and to simultaneously meet economic and social objectives. If the decision to introduce such a tax is deferred, it would be rather difficult to achieve not only environmental objectives but economic and social objectives as well.
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Tidwell, Amy C. "Assessing the impacts of climate change on river basin management a new method with application to the Nile river/." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19830.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph.D)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.Committee Chair: Georgakakos, Aris; Committee Member: Fu, Rong; Committee Member: Peters-Lidard, Christa; Committee Member: Roberts, Phil; Committee Member: Sturm, Terry; Committee Member: Webster, Don.
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Roux, Louis Johannes. "Climate change mitigation strategies and its effect on economic change." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020816.
Анотація:
Scientists started to study the relationship between changing weather patterns and the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other harmful gasses. They soon discovered compelling evidence that CO2 concentration and other gases have been increasing and it was causing temperatures to increase in certain areas on the earth, which disturb historic weather patterns. Climate change has become a very popular field of study in the modern science. Europe first introduced measures to reduce carbon emissions but it was the Kyoto in 1997 where global leaders were asked to participate in a joint protocol to reduce greenhouse gases. South Africa responded to climate change challenges in 2008 with the Long term Mitigation Scenarios (LTMS). The Integrated Resource Plan for electricity to 2030 was developed from the LTMS scenarios and after some major amendments it was accepted and promulgated by Government and has recently been included in the National Development Plan to 2030 (NDP). There are concerns about the achievability of some of the objectives listed in the NDP and this study explored the IRP2010 as the proposed strategy to meet energy demand and reduce emissions. The purpose for this study was to answer this question: Is there an optimum climate change mitigation strategy for South Africa and how can the effect thereof be simulated on economic growth? Through primary and secondary research during the study it was possible to define some 32 categories of energy producing assets that are commercially active or nearly market-ready. The characteristics of the various assets and the relevant fuel are defined in mathematical equations. It was found that the three portfolios that matched the 450TWh electricity requirement would perform substantially better than the NDP portfolio in terms of cost and similar on emissions with marginally fewer employment opportunities created. The proposed electricity strategy in this study was 390TWh and 33.5 Million tonnes of oil consumption by 2030. This strategy was substantially more affordable than the 450TWh strategy. Trends in the Supply and Use tables since 1993 were studied and then forecasted to 2030 to determine consumption levels on electricity and liquid fuel into the future. It was found that electricity demand is seriously overestimated and South Africa would end up with large excess capacity in electricity infrastructures if the NDP energy strategy (IRP2010) is implemented. It is concluded that the NDP energy strategy to 2030 is based on an incorrect electricity demand forecast. It would lead to excessive investment in an electricity infrastructure. Government has confirmed that part of the new infrastructure would be nuclear. It is also found that NDP has not clearly supported nuclear as part of the strategy. Nuclear is partly the reason why the capital requirement of the NDP portfolio is so much higher than the other portfolios. It is the conclusion of this study that South Africa do not need to invest in a nuclear build programme as the electricity demand would be adequately covered by adding the new Medupi and Kusile power stations, Ingula pump storage scheme, some wind and solar renewables, electricity from cogeneration, biogas, biomass, small hydro and imported hydro from neighbour countries. To invest in electricity capacity to generate 450TWh annually by 2030 would result in excessive energy cost, GDP growth could be up to 1% lower due to underperforming capital investments in the electricity infrastructure and higher energy cost would lead to a decline in global competitiveness.
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Swaffield, Joanne Clare. "Climate champions and discourses of climate change : an analysis of the communication of climate change in large corporations." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1690.
Анотація:
This thesis focuses on the communication of climate change in large corporations. Over the last 40 years, concern about climate change has increased and climateprotecting behaviour is now widely advocated by many actors, including businesses. This thesis adopts a discursive approach to climate change and aims to understand how a particular group of people, namely ‘climate champions’ in large corporations, talk and think about climate change in their daily lives. The theoretical part of the thesis begins from the assumption that neoliberalism is the dominant discourse at the beginning of the twenty-first century. It considers the relationship between neoliberalism and the natural world and examines how climate change has been discursively constructed in this neoliberal context. The main focus of the thesis is the different ways of actually dealing with climate change based on the distinction between climate change as a small ‘glitch’ in the neoliberal system and climate change as a fundamental problem. The main part of the theoretical framework identifies seven climate discourses that are rooted in this distinction. The discourses either conform to the principles of neoliberalism (reformist discourses) or reject neoliberal ideas (revolutionary discourses). Empirically, the project attempts to analyse the everyday communication of climate change by using these seven discourses. Specifically, it focuses on the role of designated ‘climate champions’ (individuals given responsibility for promoting climate protecting behaviour) in large corporations. The thesis uses interviews with 44 participants to identify which discourses the champions drew upon when they talked about climate change. It focuses on the dominance of particular discourses and how dominant ideas are reinforced or challenged on a daily basis. The thesis concludes that, although reformist discourses were indeed very influential, the champions drew upon many different discourses when they promoted climate protecting behaviour and discussed climate change. They both reinforced and resisted reformist discourses depending on the audience and the context in which they were talking.
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Aleryd, Sarah, and Garpenholt Lydia Frassine. "From Climate Change to Conflict : An analysis of the climate-conflict nexus in communications on climate change response." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Jönköping University, HLK, Globala studier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49218.
Анотація:
This study explores the portrayal of the climate-conflict nexus in global and national communications on climate change response. It utilizes a qualitative inductive approach and the IPCC AR5 (2014) was chosen to represent global communication documents, while two Afghan communications, the Initial as well as Second National Communication, on climate change and response were used to represent the national level. Through a content analysis, several themes were discerned through which the climate-conflict nexus is portrayed. It can be concluded that there are several differences between the global versus Afghan communication documents, as well as between the Initial National Communication (2012) and the Second National Communication (2017). The Second National Communication overall attempts to mirror the communication used by the IPCC by using the same themes but in a more indirect way. The analysis finds that the climate-conflict nexus is often portrayed through indirect communication and that this leads to a lack of conflict-sensitivity in the Afghan national documents, concluding by making suggestions on how to improve conflict-sensitivity in these documents.
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Lipin, Tan. "Climate Change in China : Exploring Informants' Perceptions of Climate Change through a Qualitative Approach." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129326.
Анотація:
Climate change is not only a natural phenomenon, but also a global social issue. Many studies try to explore the mechanisms behind climate change and the consequences of climate change, and provide information for developing the measures to mitigate or adapt to it. For example, the IPCC reviews and assesses climate-change-related scientific information produced worldwide, thus aiming to support decision-making from a scientific perspective. However, though various international and regional climate change policies are developed to combat climate change, yet the implementation of climate change policies need to be further improved, especially requiring active public engagement in taking actions on climate change. The policies regarding saving energy and reducing emissions are closely related to people’s daily life, which requires the public actively change their consumption habits and lifestyle. China, as the biggest GHG emitter, is stressed to reduce its emissions during previous climate negotiations. This thesis emphasizes the severity of climate change in China through reviewing relevant studies and visualizing China’s future climate change, which meanwhile points out the necessity of addressing climate change in China. In addition, China’s climate change policies and the achievements thereof is critically reviewed, which reveals the existing problems and difficulties of policy implementation, and thereby emphasizes the importance of public engagement in implementing climate change policy. Moreover, 26 informants have been interviewed through China’s biggest social media – Tencent QQ, through which informants’ perceptions of climate change, expressed attitudes to and reported actions of addressing climate change is analysed. Furthermore, barriers to informants’ engagement with climate change is exposed. Accordingly, this thesis discusses several suggestions for enhancing public engagement with climate change.
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Lucas, Natalie Rose. "Preventing Climate Change: Game Theory in International Climate Politics." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297705.
Анотація:
Climate change is a focus of policy debate throughout the world, including international forums a such as United Nations. Despite the great attention given to climate change, little in the way of collective international policy has been forthcoming. This thesis provides a game theoretic analysis of the current lack of international policy. No effective policy is apt to emerge unless everyone comes together to make drastic reforms to policies that affect climate change across the world. This thesis goes into detail as to why, internationally, we are stuck in a suboptimal equilibrium (as in the "stag hunt" game) in climate change negotiations. It then offers several conclusions as to how the game can be solved in order for this problem to have resolutions.
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Perch-Nielsen, Sabine Louise. "Climate change and tourism intertwined." kostenfrei, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/view/eth:30509.
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Xu, Bo. "Climate change mitigation in China." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-93109.
Анотація:
China has been experiencing great economic development and fast urbanisation since its reforms and opening-up policy in 1978. However, these changes are reliant on consumption of primary energy, especially coal, characterised by high pollution and low efficiency. China’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with carbon dioxide (CO2) being the most significant contributor, have also been increasing rapidly in the past three decades. Responding to both domestic challenges and international pressure regarding energy, climate change and environment, the Chinese government has made a point of addressing climate change since the early 2000s. This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of China’s CO2 emissions and policy instruments for mitigating climate change. In the analysis, China’s CO2 emissions in recent decades were reviewed and the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis examined. Using the mostly frequently studied macroeconomic factors and time-series data for the period of 1980-2008, the existence of an EKC relationship between CO2 per capita and GDP per capita was verified. However, China’s CO2 emissions will continue to grow over coming decades and the turning point in overall CO2 emissions will appear in 2078 according to a crude projection. More importantly, CO2 emissions will not spontaneously decrease if China continues to develop its economy without mitigating climate change. On the other hand, CO2 emissions could start to decrease if substantial efforts are made. China’s present mitigation target, i.e. to reduce CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 40-45% by 2020 compared with the 2005 level, was then evaluated. Three business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios were developed and compared with the level of emissions according to the mitigation target. The calculations indicated that decreasing the CO2 intensity of GDP by 40-45% by 2020 is a challenging but hopeful target. To study the policy instruments for climate change mitigation in China, domestic measures and parts of international cooperation adopted by the Chinese government were reviewed and analysed. Domestic measures consist of administration, regulatory and economic instruments, while China’s participation in international agreements on mitigating climate change is mainly by supplying certified emission reductions (CERs) to industrialised countries under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The most well-known instruments, i.e. taxes and emissions trading, are both at a critical stage of discussion before final implementation. Given the necessity for hybrid policies, it is important to optimise the combination of different policy instruments used in a given situation. The Durban Climate Change Conference in 2011 made a breakthrough decision that the second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol would begin on 1 January 2013 and emissions limitation or reduction objectives for industrialised countries in the second period were quantified. China was also required to make more substantial commitments on limiting its emissions. The Chinese government announced at the Durban Conference that China will focus on the current mitigation target regarding CO2 intensity of GDP by 2020 and will conditionally accept a world-wide legal agreement on climate change thereafter. However, there will be no easy way ahead for China.QC 20120424
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Coristine, Laura Elizabeth. "Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35245.
Анотація:
Conservation is plagued by the issue of prioritization - what to conserve and where to conserve it - which relies on identification and assessment of risks. In this body of work, I identify some of the risks related to climate change impacts on biodiversity, as well as potential solutions. Climate changes are underway across nearly all terrestrial areas and will continue in response to greenhouse gas emissions over centuries. Other extinction drivers, such as habitat loss due to urbanization, commonly operate over localized areas. Urbanization contributes, at most, less than 2% of the total range loss for terrestrial species at risk when averaged within an ecodistrict (Chapter 2).
Documented impacts of climate change, to date, include: extinction, population loss, reduction in range area, and decreased abundance for multiple taxonomic groups. Examining species’ and populations’ physiological limits provides insight into the mechanistic basis, as well as geography, of climate change impacts (Chapter 3). Climate changes, and the ecological impacts of climate changes, are scale-dependent. Thus, the biotic implications are more accurately assessed through comparisons of local impacts for populations. Under a scenario of climate change, equatorward margins may be strongly limited by climatic conditions and not by biotic interactions. Yet, geographic responses at poleward margins do not appear directly linked to changes in breeding season temperature (Chapter 4). New ideas on how regions with attenuated climate change (climate refugia) may be used to lower species climate-related extinction risk while simultaneously improving habitat connectivity should be considered in the context of potential future consequences (i.e. range disjunction, alternative biological responses) (Chapter 5). Contemporary climate refugia are identifiable along multiple climatic dimensions, and are similar in size to current protected areas (Chapter 6). Determining how, when, and where species distributions are displaced by climate change as well as methods of reducing climatic displacement involves integrating knowledge from distribution shift rates for populations, occurrence of climate refugia, and dispersal barriers. Such assessments, in the Yellowstone to Yukon region, identify dramatically different pathways for connectivity than assessments that are not informed by considerations of species richness and mobility (Chapter 7).
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Harris, Devian K. "The Politicization of Climate Change." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/49.
Анотація:
For decades, rhetoric has been utilized by both politicians and those in the scientific community to convey either support for or denial of the existence of climate change. This study combined two forms of rhetoric in the forms of both framing and politicization to determine which form of rhetoric is most powerful in influencing a person’s attitudes and behavioral intentions. Pro climate change frames are expected to increase support for climate change action, while anti climate change politicization is expected to decrease support for climate change action. The results of this study show that select frames have the intended effect of influence on increasing support for climate change measures. Surprisingly, the results also show that politicization that questions the science of climate change has the power to both increase and decrease support for attitudinal measures with regard to climate change.
33
Gill, Susannah. "Climate change and urban greenspace." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489279.
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Vaughan, Naomi Ellen. "Climate Change Mitigation & Geoengineering." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520435.
Анотація:
Climate change mitigation via a reduction in the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (C02) is the principle requirement for reducing global warming, its impacts, and the degree of adaptation required. Here, the trade-offs between delaying mitigation action and the strength of mitigation action required to meet particular atmospheric CO2 concentrations are explored using a conceptual model of emission trajectories and a simple Earth system model. The results show that avoiding dangerous climate change is more likely if global mitigation action commences as soon as possible and that starting mitigation earlier is also more effective than acting more aggressively once mitigation has begun, given realistic limits of rates of decarbonisation. A detailed examination of the latest datasets on CO2 emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels and cement production show a significant shift in the dominant drivers of global CO2 emissions, with a substantial growth in emissions from coal since 2002, and coal surpassing oil as the main source of emissions from fossil fuels in 2006. When compared to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios, recent emissions are shown to be higher than five of the six Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) emission scenarios, and the growth rate in emissions for 2000 to 2007 are higher than the growth rates for the current decade, in four of the six scenarios. If the post-2002 emissions continue, driven by a growth in coal which is the most carbon intensive fossil fuel, then the task of mitigation becomes more challenging, the importance of building adaptive capacity more pressing and calls into question whether mitigation alone is sufficient to meet the aspiration of avoiding dangeriiious climate change. Given the significant and widening gap between the current trajectory of CO2 emissions and the trajectory that would provide the greatest probability of avoiding dangerous climate change, there has been a resurgence of interest in geoengineering in recent years. Climate geoengineering seeks to rectify the current radiative imbalance via either (1) reducing incoming solar (shortwave) radiation or (2) removing CO2 from the atmosphere and transferring it to long-lived reservoirs, thus increasing outgoing longwave radiation. A critical review of the geoengineering literature shows that shortwave geoengineering can rectify a global radiative imbalance but ocean acidification and residual regional climate changes would still occur and the intervention could bring about unforeseen Earth system responses that may in turn increase the radiative imbalance. Creation of CO2 sinks (longwave geoengineering) involves less risk than shortwave geoengineering, as it acts upon the primary cause of the radiative imbalance and has a more limited capacity for `failure'. Geoengineering does not provide a `solution' to anthropogenic climate change. In order to meet the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), demonstrable and significant mitigation action must get under way soon, with the creation of CO2 sinks a potential complement. The necesscity of undertaking geoengineering will ultimately be dicated by the magnitude of climate interference judged to be dangerous and the strength of mitigation agreed and adhered to by the international community in Copenhagen in December 2009
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Page, Edward. "Intergenerational ethics and climate change." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/52245/.
Анотація:
Global climate change has important implications for the way in which benefits and burdens will be distributed amongst present and future generations. As a result, it raises important questions of intergenerational distributive ethics, which is the issue of how benefits and burdens should be distributed across generations. It is shown that two serious problems arise for those who wish to approach these questions by utilising familiar ethical principles. The first (the Non-Reciprocity Problem) arises from the apparent lack of reciprocity evident in dealings between members of different generations. The second (the Non-Identity Problem) arises from the fact that the very social policies which climatologists and scientists claim will reduce the risks of climate change will also predictably, if indirectly, determine which individuals will live in the future. The troubling questions which these problems raise for theorising about intergenerational ethics are discussed at length, and it is argued that they do not, ultimately, pose an insurmountable barrier for such theorising, and in particular for the idea that present persons have wide ranging obligations to members of future generations. It is argued, however, that these two problems do severely limit the extent to which theories which are reciprocity-based and/or identity-dependent can be extended to cover issues of intergenerational distribution. Reciprocity-based theories assume that obligations of distributive ethics are owed only to those who can benefit others; whereas identity-dependent theories assume that acts, or social policies, cannot violate the requirements of distributive ethics if they do not harm, or disadvantage, particular individuals. Some positive grounds for our obligations to future generations are also outlined. In particular, the idea that members of existing generations ought not act so as to undermine the integrity of various future communities, such as nations or cultures, is defended.
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Oliveira, Karen Alvarenga de. "Climate change and distributive justice." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418105.
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Gallie, Nicholas. "The sublime of climate change." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/76096/.
Анотація:
The category 'sublime', when applied to the natural world, has long been associated in Western culture, with extremes of vastness and power. When encountered, that which is deemed sublime, by virtue of these qualities, has the effect of overwhelming the mind, such that it is thrown simultaneously into a state of astonishment, admiration and horror. We are both humbled and elevated by what we behold and momentarily struck dumb, such that, in its Kantian formulation, our appreciation of that which we take to be sublime, granted us through the powers of reason, has the effect of ennobling us, as moral beings. The concept of the sublime has continuously evolved from its classical origins right up to its present day post-modern formulations. The diversity of its forms suggests that the sublime can be regarded as polythetic. My thesis examines, how, through its different formulations, the sublime may be meaningfully applied to our perceptions of present day climate change, and the different implications arising from these applications. My thesis asks: what is the sublime of climate change? When we look at climate change through the lens of the sublime, what do we see, and what is obscured? What is the effect on us, of opening ourselves to climate change as sublime? What implications might the sublime of climate change have for the future direction of society and therefore for the construction of climate policy and for its communication? Original research, in the form of in-depth, unstructured, one to one interviews was conducted among senior climate scientists, business leaders and policy makers, writers and academics, inviting them to explore the theme of climate change, science and the sublime. My thesis findings are derived from my analysis of these discussions.
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McNamara, Kevin. "Subsidies, Agriculture, & Climate Change." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1223.
Анотація:
This paper looks at the impact of agricultural subsidies on beef production in the fifty states of America, due to the adverse effects that large-scale agriculture production has on the Earth's climate. I examine production, sales, and employment data from the 2012 and 2007 USDA Agriculture Census to examine if there is or isn't a link between these factors and the level of beef subsidies received by each state.
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Bosman, Albé Cobus. "Ecological indicators for climate change." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79275.
Анотація:
The evidence of the effects of human mediated climate change is already evident in most ecosystems. The IPCC projects that there could be as much as a 4˚C increase in global average temperatures by the end of this century. In Mpumalanga the average temperature is projected to increase by as much as 2.8˚C, and annual precipitation levels by as much as 60 mm. Climate change, along with other human mediated factors such as land use changes and the over exploitation of natural resources, will lead to increasing pressures on biodiversity. Anthropogenic climate change will have significant impacts on biodiversity. These include impacts on distribution, abundance and ecological interactions. It is important to adopt biodiversity monitoring programs to understand the effects of anthropogenic climate change on the biota, which will enable best practice management and conservation of biodiversity. So far however, very few existing monitoring programs allow for the detection of climate change effects, as shown by the European project EuMon and the South African National Biodiversity Institute. In a cost-constrained world, the efficient use of resources for conservation has become crucial in ensuring the success of mitigating the effects of global change. Two methods of identifying indicators for the assessment of the effects of climate change on biodiversity were developed. The first method included the development of a pragmatic approach to the identification of suitable indicators and was tested in the Mpumalanga province. This approach identifies suitable species and ecosystem indicators, by subjecting candidate indicator candidates through a series of filters. The second method used a combination of climate and biodiversity data to identify indicators in areas of greatest and least climatic change within the Mpumalanga province. It is recommended that a combination of both methods be used, in order to be most useful in informing current and future monitoring programs.Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Zoology and Entomology
MSc
Unrestricted
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Storozhev, V. V. "Climate change and sustainable development." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45171.
Анотація:
The threat of global climate change poses an unprecedented challenge to humanity. Although climate change is potentially important, it is crucial to recognize also that (especially for the developing countries), there are a number of other priorities that affect human welfare more immediately – such as hunger and malnutrition, poverty, health, and pressing local environmental issues. In this context, predictions about climate change, its impacts, and the costs of mitigation are important for the policy – making dimension, because climate change issues reside within broader questions about sustainable development. One major objective of human development is sustainability, and the pursuit of greater precision in climate prediction can help with progress toward this goal.
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Karaganova, E. "Carbon dioxid and climate change." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11664.
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Shevtsov, Serhii Valeriiovych, Сергей Валерьевич Шевцов, and Сергій Валерійович Шевцов. "Actuality of climate change problem." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8294.
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Uecker, Benjamin Robert. "Climate Change throughout the Dakotas." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27966.
Анотація:
How is the climate changing on a county level throughout North Dakota (ND)
and South Dakota (SD)? To determine this answer, 13 different climate variables
were analyzed: temperature minimums and maximums, precipitation, growing
degree days (GDD), season length, first and last frost dates, standardized
precipitation index (SPI), Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), evapotranspiration
(ET), solar radiation, dew point and wind speed. Annual and monthly climatic
trends, per decade, were developed and analyzed by county. These climatic
variables show various changes throughout North Dakota and South Dakota by
either increasing, decreasing or staying the same.United States Department of Agriculture?s National Institute of Food and Agriculture award number 2014-67003-21772
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Hedlund, Tomas. "Preparing Pupils for Climate Change." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-29876.
Анотація:
Klimatförändringarna är troligen den största utmaningen mänskligheten står inför. För den överskådliga framtiden, nuvarande och kommande generationer kommer att tvingas relatera till den genom hela sina liv. Det finns ett behov av att förbereda dem för de utmaningar klimatförändringarna innebär. Det här examensarbetet kommer att undersöka hur skolor kan förbereda elever för de utmaningar klimatförändringarna kommer innebära, både i form av anpassning till, och begränsning av klimatförändringarna. För att besvara frågeställningen presenteras de huvudsakliga konsekvenserna av klimatförändringarna, och analysen går sedan in i de mest relevanta aspekterna och frågar vad skolor kan göra för att förbereda elever för dessa aspekter. Analysen finner att skolor kan förbereda elever på en mängd olika sätt. Erfarenheterna från Lärande för hållbar utveckling, Undervisning för Globalt Medborgarskap och Fredsundervisning kan vara värdefulla i att stärka elever, underlätta internationellt samarbete, minska riskerna för konflikter, nära hållbara tankesätt och omorientera samhället mot hållbara lösningar. Att undervisa om de politiska aspekterna av klimatförändringarna, med ett särskilt fokus på frågorna om rättvisa i de globala klimatförhandlingarna, befinns vara viktiga i att stärka elever till att kunna influera de beslut som kommer forma deras framtid. Skolor kan även hjälpa till att förbereda elever för livsstilsförändringar och flera olika utmaningar kopplade till anpassningar till klimatförändringarna. Dessa resultat diskuteras sedan och frågan om vad som bör göras lyfts.Climate change is arguably the greatest challenge facing humanity. For the foreseeable future, current and coming generations will be forced to relate to it throughout their lives. There is a need to prepare pupils for the challenges climate change poses. This thesis investigates how schools can prepare pupils for the challenges of climate change, both in terms of adaptation and mitigation. To answer this, the main consequences of climate change are presented and then the analysis delves into the most relevant aspects and asks what schools can do to prepare pupils for these aspects. The analysis finds that schools can prepare pupils in a wide variety of ways. Notably, the experiences of Education for Sustainable Development, Global Citizenship Education and Peace Education can be useful in empowering pupils, facilitating international cooperation, reducing risks of conflict, fostering sustainable thinking and reorienting society towards sustainable solutions. Teaching about the political aspects of climate change, with a specific focus on the issues of equity in the global climate negotiations, is found to be important in empowering pupils to be able to influence decisions that will shape their future. Schools can also help prepare pupils for lifestyle changes and various challenges of adaptation consequences. These results are then discussed where the question of what ought to be done is raised.
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Dubey, Anjali. "Climate Change and Hydrological Budget." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1344872352.
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Troh, Christian. "Climate Change and Internal Displacement." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-106645.
Анотація:
AbstractThere is a major relationship between these two aspects: climate change and IPDs (Internal Displacement Persons) – as climate change is a major challenge for people who faced displacement and leave their shelters – which makes their living conditions worst and it leads result in diminishing the wellbeing of people (Ferris, 2011). Moreover, it has been observed that the researcher has successfully contributed in accomplishing the research concern and attaining the effective results – while involving the role of international Humanitarian Law which is used to protect the needs of climate refugees/people displaced because of climate change – also, the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement can be relevant for meeting the protection needs of people who have been displaced because of climate change. Moreover, the researcher has used critical discussion through effective and factful arguments in the literature review to accomplish the research purpose. Moreover, the investigator involved the analytical and conceptual framework which highly plays a significant role in accomplishing the whole research as it included the concepts and theories which is relevant to the research matter. The researcher included IASC Framework on Durable Solutions for Internal Displaced Persons and the social framework of UNHCR in order to give a proper value to the section. On the other hand, the researcher uses secondary research for collecting data along with thematic/content analysis in order to analyze the research with effective concepts and accurately analyzing the collected information. At last, the research concludes that there are various challenges which the internally displaced people are facing due to the impact of climate change but the researcher included international committees – those are taking actions for resolving the issues of IDPs and refugees such as UNEP, UNIHRC, UNEG, IPCC, and IOM – which significantly contributing for the benefits of IDPs and migrants.
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Taplin, Roslyn Ellen. "Climate Change: A Different Subjectivity?" Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365822.
Анотація:
The issue of the environment first emerged as a focus in contemporary art practice in the 1970s. However, climate change art as a new direction in environmental art has only been an area of significant focus since the early 2000s. As a creative intervention, it is a reaction to the global phenomenon of the build-up of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere, the urgent need for greater diplomatic cooperation internationally and sustained domestic policies and programs to mitigate and adapt to climate change. This doctoral research explores the role of visual art in producing new strategies to mediate the urgency of the climate change issue. My studio practice involving drawing, digital imagery, video and installation has been plaited with three lines of inquiry. First, how may contemporary art address speeches and reports associated with negotiations on climate change? Second, how may people living in varying localities and communities across the globe contribute to mitigating climate change impacts via their multiple efforts? Third, is it possible that climate change art may contribute to an altered subjectivity within viewers and some realisation of future implications of climate change and the ethics of inaction?Thesis (Professional Doctorate)
Doctor of Visual Arts (DVA)
Queensland College of Art
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text
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Möller, Thordis Sybille Wilhelma. "Climate change and European agriculture." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16480.
Анотація:
Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf europäische Agrarmärkte im Jahre 2050, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Getreide- und Ölsaatenmärkte. Dazu werden die klimabedingten Änderungen der Pflanzenproduktivität des Vegetationsmodells LPJmL, welche auf fünf unterschiedlichen Klimamodellprojektionen basieren, in das Marktmodell ESIM implementiert. ESIM ist ein partielles Gleichgewichtsmodell, welches explizit Agrarmärkte der einzelnen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten simuliert. Zur Berücksichtigung der Unsicherheiten die der Klima-Einfluss-Modellierung zugrunde liegt, werden in dieser Arbeit zwei Ansätze berücksichtigt. Zunächst wird, mittels Gauss-Quadraturen, Stochastizitätin das Marktmodell implementiert, um die Unsicherheit bezüglich klimawandelbedingter steigender Ertragsvariabilität, zu berücksichtigen. Die zweite Methode verwendet die fünf individuellen Produktivitätsänderungen aus dem Vegetationsmodell, woraufhin eine Verteilung der Ergebnisse generiert wird. Darüber hinaus wird das Anpassungsverhalten der Landwirte in das Marktmodell integriert. Dies wird mittels der durch den Klimawandel veänderten Profitabilität der Ackerpflanzen berücksichtigt. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Pflanzenproduktivität innerhalb der EU, zumindest bis zum Jahre 2050, weitestgehend positiv vom Klimawandel beeinflusst wird. Die Stärke der Auswirkungen variiert jedoch stark zwischen den einzelnen Ackerpflanzen und Ländern, welche von den zugrundeliegenden Annahmen und Emissionszenarien abhängen. Diese Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zur aktuellen Klimawandeldiskussion indem sie potentielle Schäden und Nutzen des Klimawandels auf den globalen und den europäischen Agrarsektor quantifizert. Darüber hinaus liefern die stochastische Simulation, sowie die multiplen Simualtionsläufe, ein realistisches Spektrum künftiger potentieller Auswirkungen des Klimawandels.This study aims to assess potential economic effects of climate change on European agricultural markets at member state level by 2050, focusing on cereal and oilseed markets. The future scenarios include social as well as economic developments derived from two potential emission scenarios. In this modelling framework, crop simulation results of crop productivity changes from the dynamic vegetation model LPJmL, which are based on five individual climate projections, serve as inputs which are administered as a supply shock to the European Simulation Model (ESIM). ESIM is a partial equilibrium model depicting the agricultural sector of the EU in substantial detail. Changes in yields, production quantity and crop prices by the year 2050 are simulated. In order to account for the uncertainty inherent in climate impact assessments, two approaches are considered in this thesis. First, in order to account for climate change increased yield variability, stochasticity is implemented in ESIM, using the method of Gaussian Quadratures. The second method uses the five individual LPJmL outputs to generate a distribution of results. Further, a closely connected purpose of this study is to consider climate change induced adaptation of farmers to changes in the relative profitability of crops. Simulation results indicate, that agricultural productivity in most European countries is positively affected by climate change, at least until the year 2050. However, the degree of impacts vary among crop categories and countries and are also dependent on scenario assumptions. This thesis contributes to the current discussion about climate change impacts by quantifying the potential damages and benefits that may arise from climate change on EU member state level, as well as globally. Further, the stochastic and multiple simulation results based on different future climate and emission projections deliver a more realistic spectrum of potential impacts.
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Bettio, Giulio <1997>. "Macroeconomic policies for climate change." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20437.
Анотація:
This thesis aims to give a broad and detailed view of the functioning of macroeconomic policies in the context of environmental sustainability.
In the historical period in which we find ourselves, the need for an economic transition to a low-emission and more environmentally friendly economy is compulsory if not urgent.
The outcome of this challenge lies in the efficiency of resource allocation and the ability to implement transactional policies without damaging the current economic situation.
In this respect, the first step towards a more sustainable economy is to outline objectives, as described in chapter one. International institutions, governments and unions of countries have agreed to set common targets for reduction. The Paris Agreement, the Kyoto Protocol and the Green Deal are examples of this. As explained in chapter two, achieving these targets requires the implementation of macroeconomic policies aimed at climate mitigation, supporting green sectors and accelerating the transition, without harming the economic sectors that currently contribute to the economy. Fiscal policies and related instruments, such as carbon taxes and green subsidies, have the role of redistributing resources and capital according to the pollution produced by companies. Monetary policies play an extremely important role in supporting the economy in this transitional period by maintaining financial and price stability. Instruments such as quantitative easing promote liquidity and confidence in economic recovery. Market regulations allow for direct action in the behaviour of companies, limiting the amount of emissions and encouraging innovation and efficiency.
Such policies, if not implemented or used without prior analysis, could expose key economic actors to the physical and transitional risks of climate change. Information and compliance with sustainable criteria (such as ESG criteria) play a crucial role in protecting global production by educating companies and setting standards to be met, without damaging competitiveness.
Finally, macroeconomic policy issues involve a tradeoff between competing forces in the economy. The question is how to assess the magnitude of these forces within an economic system. Applying this concept to the context at hand, the introduction of macroeconomic policies, and related instruments, for environmental sustainability must be taken into account in the development phase of economic models. This phase is crucial for monitoring the implications of climate change and related policies for the economy, the financial system and the transmission of monetary policy through financial markets and the banking system to households and businesses.
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Leib, Joerg. "How adaptation changes the climate game : climate change regimes in a non-cooperative, asymmetric world." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/14648.
Анотація:
The history of the UNFCCC climate negotiations over the past 20 years has shown how difficult it is to reach an international climate agreement that is both legally binding and environmentally effective enough to ensure that humankind can avoid the worst consequences projected from climate change. Some experts even see the world drifting towards a 4°C mean temperature rise. It is therefore necessary to start exploring what future, non-cooperative climate change regimes might be expected to look like. One immediate consequence is that adaptation to climate change has become increasingly relevant; on a humanitarian, political, economic and the scientific level. The economic incentive structure of adaptation is different and, actually, more favourable than that of mitigation, with respect to both their inter- and intratemporal externalities. The ability to adapt makes a higher level of climate change tolerable. Furthermore, my research shows that adaptation empowers the poor to develop and to enforce a more equitable use of the atmospheric carbon sink; it may potentially also lead to an overall reduction of carbon emissions. Ultimately, it turns out that even in a non-cooperative, asymmetric world, there are prospects for clean technology transfer and adaptation funding. Drawing on the AK growth model with climate change developed by Buckle (2009a,b), the aim of this work is (i) to create a tractable, transparent economic growth model that includes climate damages and emissions abatement, (ii) to develop an adequate analytical representation of adaptation, and (iii) to analyze with the help of game-theoretic methods how the option to undertake adaptation affects the strategic nature of climate negotiations and, in particular, the outcome under a non-cooperative climate change regime.