Готові списки джерел за темами / Cleaning degree

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Cleaning degree"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Cleaning degree"

Wang, Shu Ai, Feng He Tao, and Chang Zhi Jia. "Application of Extendable Optimal Degree in Determinating Weaknesses of the Cleaning Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 80-81 (July 2011): 719–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.80-81.719.

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Firstly, the index system influencing cleaning quality was established based on AHP theory and the weight were calculated. According to the weight value, the key factors which affected cleaning process were determined. Secondly, the model calculating the weak degree of index factors was established by introducing a basic concept (eligible degree) from extendable optimal degree. According to the weak degrees, using the method for determining the number of principal components in principal components analysis method, the weak factors were determined in key factors. Finally, taking the cleaning process of cooling system of the car diesel engine in some repair factory for an example was analyzed, the result showed that the method to determine weaknesses was effective.

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Butu, Larisa, Marinela Marinescu, Claudia Borda, Delicia Arsene, and Ivaylo Slavchev. "Experimental Research on Quality Assessment of Ultrasonic Cleaning Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 371 (August 2013): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.371.205.

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This article presents the way to determine the cleaning degree of the parts made of microelectronic parts. The cleaning degree of parts depends on: temperature of the cleaning medium, the cleaning liquid nature, cleaning liquid viscosity, time of cleaning. Primarily the choice of the cleaning mediums depends on the type of contaminant that needs to be removed from the cleansed object, respectively on the chemical that can attack these contaminants. The cleaning degree can be determined using two parallel methods, respectively: the method of mass loss and the method of microscopy. The method of weighting justifies the cleaning by mass loss, while the method of microscopy allows clear visualization and removal of any contaminants

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LaBonte, George A., and Robert J. Leso. "Cleaning Paper Birch in a Birch-Aspen Stand in Maine: A 34-Year Case History." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 7, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/7.1.22.

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Abstract Periodic measurements were made for 34 years following cleanings in a 7-year-old paper birch-quaking aspen stand. The results demonstrate the value of removing aspen to assure a high proportion of birch. At age 41, in the fall of 1985, the untreated control plot is an essentially pure aspen stand. The cleaned portion contains various proportions of birch, depending on the season of initial cleaning and degree of release. A mixture of the herbicides, 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, was used to do part of the cleaning. The best results were obtained from a combination of a partial cleaning in July and August of 1951, followed by a total cleaning 7 years later, where the stand is now dominated by paper birch. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):22-23, March 1990.

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Liu, Haoting, Yafei Xue, Jiacheng Li, Weijie Wu, and Jinhui Lan. "Investigation of Laser Power Output and Its Effect on Raman Spectrum for Marine Metal Corrosion Cleaning." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010012.

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The relationship between the laser power output and its effect on Raman spectrum is investigated for a laser cleaning application of marine metal corrosion processing. First, an image feature based on a corrosion degree evaluation is implemented before cleaning. The image features include texture coarseness, texture entropy, texture intensity, texture contrast, the texture’s cluster degree, and texture homogeneity. To decrease the image feature dimension for a convenient application, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is used to estimate the weight of each feature. Then the linear weighted sum of image features can be computed to get only one evaluation result. Second, a series of laser power outputs are implemented for the cleaning application under a typical corrosion degree. Then the analysis results of Raman spectrum can be obtained. The analyzed spectrum results include the corrosion components and their contents. Lastly, the relationship between laser power output and Raman spectrum under a typical initial corrosion degree can be constructed. This research study can build the prediction result of the cleaning effect map for the workpiece and guide the secondary processing of metal surface cleaning.

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Piepiórka-Stepuk, Joanna, Jarosław Diakun, and Marek Jakubowski. "The Parameters of Cleaning a CIP System Affected Energy Consumption and Cleaning Efficiency of the Plate Heat Exchanger." Chemical and Process Engineering 38, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2017-0009.

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Abstract This paper presents a study on the effect of cleaning factors on the energy consumption of the cleaning process in a CIP system, and the correlation between single components of electricity necessary to perform this process and the cleanliness degree obtained. Studies were carried out in a laboratory cleaning station, wherein a plate heat exchanger contaminated with hot milk was included. The research program was developed according to a 5-level statistical plan. Based on the results, obtained with Experiment Planner 1.0, a regression function of energy requirement considering variables such as: cleaning time, temperature and flow rate of the cleaning liquid via the cleaned exchanger has been developed. Describing this relationship, linear and quadratic functions with double interactions were used. Significance level for the analysis was established at α = 0.05. Correlation analysis between components of the electricity necessary to perform the cleaning process (pump drive and heating of the cleaning agent) and the resulting degree of cleaning of heat exchanger plates was performed.

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Appourchaux, T., M. C. Rabello-Soares, and L. Gizon. "Loi and Gong Low-Degree Rotational Splittings." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 185 (1998): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900238515.

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Two different data sets have been used to derive low-degree rotational splittings. One data set comes from the Luminosity Oscillations Imager of VIRGO on board SOHO; the observation starts on 27 March 96 and ends on 26 March 97, and are made of intensity time series of 12 pixels (Appourchaux et al, 1997, Sol. Phys., 170, 27). The other data set was kindly made available by the GONG project; the observation starts on 26 August 1995 and ends on 21 August 1996, and are made of complex Fourier spectra of velocity time series for l = 0 − 9. For the GONG data, the contamination of l = 1 from the spatial aliases of l = 6 and l = 9 required some cleaning. To achieve this, we applied the inverse of the leakage matrix of l = 1, 6 and 9 to the original Fourier spectra of the same degrees; cleaning of all 3 degrees was achieved simultaneously (Appourchaux and Gizon, 1997, these proceedings).

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Lin, Jian-Shian, Chieh-Lung Lai, Hsiu-Jen Lin, Ya-Chun Tu, and Yoshimi Takeuchi. "Optical Mold Cleaning Using Carbon Dioxide." International Journal of Automation Technology 4, no. 1 (January 5, 2010): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2010.p0039.

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An optical mold cleaning technique comprised of supercritical CO2 fluids and a CO2 snow particle cleaning process is proposed in this paper. Our results indicate that using supercritical CO2 fluids with cosolvents significantly improves cleaning effectiveness. There is a high degree of cleaning efficiency even when supercritical CO2 fluids are used alone, without any cosolvents. We have also determined that two key factors in controlling the effectiveness of the CO2 snow cleaning process are the density and pressure of the CO2 propellant. Since CO2 cleaning generates much less pollution than current methods, it will be an important cleaning technique in the future.

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Li, Xiao Hong, Guang Wei Zhang, Peng Zhang, and Du Juan Li. "Study on Vacuum Degree of Mechanical Cleaning System for Product Oil Tank." Advanced Materials Research 742 (August 2013): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.742.488.

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A practical calculation method to determine the vacuum degree of a mechanical cleaning system is proposed mainly based on the theories of fluid mechanics. The system for cleaning of product oil tanks is operated relying on vacuum suction and simplified without heating section comparing with the system for crude oil tanks. It shows that the determination of vacuum level depends on two factors: to overcome the frictional resistance of suction tank's inlet pipes and to meet the net positive suction head (NPSH) required for a centrifugal pump fixed on outlet pipes of a suction tank. So, the higher and lower limits of vacuum degree can be found. The calculating method of vacuum degree is proved in a real system.

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KHOKHLOV, A. L., A. A. GLUSHCHENKO, I. R. SALAKHUTDINOV, E. N. PROSHKIN, and D. M. MARIN. "THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION OF INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS OF A HYDROCYCLONE UPON THE DEGREE OF CLEANING OF THE USED OILS FROM THE INSOLUBLE IMPURITIES." Periódico Tchê Química 15, no. 30 (August 20, 2018): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v15.n30.2018.603_periodico30_pgs_599_608.pdf.

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The immediacy of the problem under investigation is connected with the need for the development of the environmentally friendly technologies for cleaning of the used mineral oils from the insoluble impurities. The purpose of this article is to describe the theoretical investigation of the influence of the geometrical parameters of the cylindroconical hydrocyclone upon the degree of cleaning of the used high-viscosity mineral oils from the insoluble impurities and from the wear metal particles. The main approach to the investigation of this problem is as follows: analysis of the behavior of an insoluble particle in the stream of oil under the influence of the forces, which act upon the particle. Such analysis makes it possible to determine the geometrical and operating parameters of the cylindroconical hydrocyclone, which exert the greatest influence upon the degree of cleaning of oils. This article presents the theoretical justification of influence of the geometrical parameters of the cylindroconical hydrocyclone upon the degree of cleaning of the used oil. In addition, this article describes the separation criterion, which makes it possible to determine optimum dimensions of the hydrocyclone and perform a comparative assessment of the hydrocyclones with different geometrical parameters in respect of the efficiency of cleaning of oils from the insoluble impurities.

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Rudenko, Е. Yu, Е. N. Makeeva, V. V. Vaschenko, V. V. Bakharev, G. S. Mukovnina, and V. V. Ermakov. "How the Modifying Methods Influence Over the Properties of Waste Kieselgur Used for Removing Oil from Waste Waters." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-1-20-25.

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The research of a spent kieselgur obtained during beer filtration as a sorbent for cleaning of waste waters from oil. The thermal processing of a spent kieselgur influences over its ability to remove oil in the process of cleaning of waste waters. It has been discovered that the highest degree of removing oil from standardized test solutions of waste waters is provided by a spent kieselgur modified at a temperature of 400 °C. Modifying a spent kieselgur with sulphuric, hydrochloric and phosphoric acids at different temperatures increases its sorption properties in relation to oil. The maximum removal of oil from standardized test solutions of waste waters is achieved by using a spent kieselgur modified with 20 % sulphuric acid at 100 °С for cleaning them. Using a modified spent kieselgur allows increasing the degree of cleaning of waste waters contaminated with oil.

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Дисертації з теми "Cleaning degree"

Райко, Валентина Федорівна, та Мусій Абрамович Цейтлін. "Дослідження особливостей пиловловлювання на протитечійних контактних елементах". Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/39314.

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Досліджено характеристики вловлювання тонкодисперсого пилу та утворення відкладень накипу на зрошуваних ґратчастих та дiрчастих протитечійних (провальних) тарілках з великою перфорацією. Знайдено, що ступень вловлювання полідисперсного пилу з медіанним розміром часток 23 мкм на гратчастих тарілках дещо вищий ніж на дірчастих. Ступень очистки газу найбільш залежить від швидкості газу у повному перерізі апарату і має максимум в діапазоні 1,5 – 2,0 м/с, який становить 99,8 % при частці вільного перетину тарілок 15 % та зменшується до 99,2 при вільному перетині 35 %. Істотного впливу зрошення на досліджуваний параметр не виявлено. Дослідження утворення накипу показали, що найбільший вплив на швидкість утворення відкладень на тарілках мають концентрація гідрокарбонату кальцію та температура. Менший, але помітний вплив мають також швидкість газу та густина зрошення. Для усіх знайдених залежностей отримані апроксимаційні рівняння.
The characteristics of capture fine dust particles and formation of scale deposits on irrigated lattice and hole counter-current trays with a large perforation are investigated. It was found that the capture stage of a polydisperse dust with a median particle size of 23 μm on lattice plates is somewhat higher than that of the hole. The gas purification stage most depends on the gas velocity in the free section of the apparatus and has a maximum in the range of 1.5 - 2.0 m / s, which is 99.8% with a free section of the plates 15% and decreases to 99.2 with a free intersection 35%. Significant influence of irrigation on the investigated parameter was not detected. Investigations on the formation of scale have shown that the greatest influence on the rate of formation of sediment deposits on the plates has the concentration of calcium bicarbonate and temperature. Smaller but also noticeable effects have the speed of gas and irrigation density. Approximation equations are obtained for all the dependences found.

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Jedličková, Tereza. "Technicko-technologický audit úpravny vody." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-391933.

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The aim of the submitted diploma thesis is the implementation and evaluation of the technical and technological audit of water management systems of water treatment plants – concretely Plzeň Water Treatment Plants. Part of its audit is a description of potable water production, including the evaluation of the TEA Water treatment plant, evaluation of quality assurance of raw and produced drinking water, analysis of costs and pricing costing, personnel evaluation, care of the plant and draft measures for better working of the whole system. The work also focuses on the characteristics, history and the past reconstruction and more detailed description of the individual cleaning stages of the selected water treatment plant in Pilsen. The audit itself was preceded by the study of current legislation, namely the Law No. 274/2001 Coll. and Decree No. 428/2001 Coll. The diploma thesis also describes performing laboratory analyzes in an accredited laboratory of Plzeň Water Treatment Plants.

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Книги з теми "Cleaning degree"

National Association of Corrosion Engineers. Laboratory corrosion testing of metals in static chmemical cleaning solutions at temperatures below 93 degrees C(200F). Houston: NACE, 1993.

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Dahlman, Carl T. Geographies of Genocide, Ethnic Cleansing, and War Crimes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.198.

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Extreme political violence, i.e., genocide, ethnic cleansing, and war crimes, can be examined within three explanatory frameworks important to geographical thought: nature and society; spatial identities; and geopolitics. Extreme violence is often closely associated with humanity’s failure to overcome human nature. These are fundamentally geographical concerns in the sense that they relate to geography’s central interest in humans and their environment. Scholarly works abound with Hobbesian images, often presenting primitive violence as a pervasive social condition in the absence of an effective ruler. The literature on state failure presumes the same contradiction between nature and the social-political order, but in reverse: without a conventional sovereign, social conflict emerges over basic resources. These theories suggest that the causes of extreme political violence can be identified at the intersection of nature and society, where human behavior cannot be extricated from its biological and environmental condition. Identity is understood primarily as cultural difference. Identities are an important element in any explanation of extreme political violence given that it stems from conflict between sociopolitical groups that are defined by some degree of cultural difference. Classical geopolitical analysis of extreme political violence has retained environmental and biological factors as ultimate causes. They assume that scarcity of resources and population growth drive culture, territorialism, and conflict. In contrast, contemporary and critical approaches focus on the language and action of politics, such as statecraft, diplomacy, and popular mobilization.

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Частини книг з теми "Cleaning degree"

Luca, M., A. Ciobanu, and V. Drug. "Colonoscopy Videos: Towards Automatic Assessing of the Bowels Cleansing Degree." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 288–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36841-8_28.

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"Cleaning Degree after Pigging." In Industrial Pigging Technology, 153–72. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/352760913x.ch10.

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"The non-dispersive interaction energy between glass and water as a function of pH is expected to reflect the surface charge generated by the exposed chemical functions on the clean glas s surface. The variations in surface charge, generated by the exposed SiOH and aluminum oxide groups, is expected to give rise to fea-tures representing the surface chemistry of the clean glass. The scatter i n the data shown in Figures 4 and 5 allows only general trends to be discerned. The p.z.c.'s at pH 3 and 9 have been described in the preceding paragraphs. It is interesting to note that the chromic acid cleaned glass surfaces behave in a similar manner, showing virtually identical trends. The pyrolysis cleaned glass surfaces show dif-ferences in their behavior across the different glass compositions. These trends correlate with those observed for organic contamination of these surfaces, as de-scribed in Section 3.1, where the chromic acid cleaned glass surfaces all showed similar behavior, while the pyrolyzed glass showed significant differences in its sensitivity to contamination. In particular, the pyrolyzed silica surface shows far lower non-dispersive interaction energy with water than the pyrolyzed Corning code 1737 or sodalime glasses. This features correlates with the high degree of adsorbed contamination, described in Section 3.1, for the pyrolyzed silica surface. The datum in Figure 5 for the non-dispersive interaction energy between a py-rolyzed silica surface and water at pH 7 corresponds to a contact angle of 31°. This is significantly higher than the contact angle of water on a pyrolyzed silica surface freshly immersed into liquid octane. While the surface cleanliness was measured after cleaning, it was not measured after substrate immersion in the acidic or alkaline solutions. It is possible that the comparatively low non-dispersive interaction energy observed for pyrolyzed silica is partially an artifact caused by contamination of the cleaned silica before immersion into liquid oc-tane. Figure 4 shows similar behavior fo r the glass surfaces, suggesting that the alu-minoborosilicate and sodalime glasses show behavior similar to that of a silica surface. This phenomenon may be due to the leaching of soluble alkaline oxides from the glass surfaces during chromic acid cleaning, leaving a surface enriched in silica that behaves essentially in the same way as a chromic acid cleaned silica surface. In Figure 5, the minimum in the non-dispersive interaction energy between glass and water at pH 9 is not present for pyrolyzed sodalime glass. This mini-mum was presumed to be associated with a high sodium ion concentration in solution, neutralizing the SiO" groups at the glass surface. The presence of sodium oxide (see Table 1) in the sodalime glass composition may generate a high so-dium environment for the the silano l groups at the glass surface. The high sodium concentration in the glass may thus be equivalent to a high sodium concentration in solution, neutralizing the p.z.c." In Surface Contamination and Cleaning, 111–13. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9789047403289-16.

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West, Mark D. "Conclusion: One for the Road." In Drunk Japan, 175–84. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190070847.003.0008.

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The conclusion begins with a final case, in which an intoxicated salaryman is run over by a train, as an example of the degree to which cases have both common themes and individual-specific characteristics. In this case the deceased’s heirs sue the railway company for wrongful death, and the railway company countersues for damages incurred in cleaning up the tracks. The court finds no liability for the railway and orders the deceased’s heirs to pay a portion—but not all—of the costs of cleanup. Along the way the court provides such detail that the deceased emerges as a recognizable individual who drank in familiarly patterned ways. The book concludes by analyzing its key findings, focusing on the rich description of alcohol in Japanese society created by courts and their ability to bring individuals to life in their narratives.

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Bilge, Serap. "Neurotoxicity, Types, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Treatment." In Neurotoxicity - New Advances. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101737.

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Neurotoxicity is a term that refers to the condition in which the nervous system is exposed to dangerous substances (neurotoxicants) either naturally occurring or created, impairing the nervous system’s normal function. Few of these neurotoxins act directly on neural cells, whereas others impair metabolic processes heavily reliant on the neurological system. Neurotoxicity can occur as a side effect of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, drug therapies, organ transplantation, and vulnerability to heavy metals such as mercury and lead, certain foods, pesticides, industrial products, and solvents used in cleaning cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. Additionally, there are a few naturally occurring compounds. Symptoms of intoxication may begin to develop immediately upon exposure or may take time to manifest. These symptoms may include encephalopathy, limb weakness or numbness, cognitive and behavioral impairments. Following the elimination or decrease of exposure to hazardous chemicals, symptomatic and supportive therapy is provided. The prognosis is highly variable and depends on the duration and depth of vulnerability and the degree of the neurological impairment. Neurotoxicant vulnerability can be lethal in rare instances. Patients may survive in some cases despite their failure to heal completely. In other cases, many individuals recover completely following treatment.

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Brown, Jeannette E. "Chemists Who Work in Academia." In African American Women Chemists in the Modern Era. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190615178.003.0007.

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Etta Gravely (Fig. 3.1) is a retired professor of chemistry and former head of the Department of Chemistry at North Carolina A&T State University at Greensboro (North Carolina A&T). Etta was born on August 30, 1939, in Alamance County, NC. Now the town of Green Level, it was then a rural community near Burlington. Most of the people there farmed, raising tobacco. Everyone had private gardens and Etta’s grandmother canned their food. The area where she went to school is still very rural; the school building is now the town hall. Etta’s mother was Kate Lee McBroom and her father Rufus Leith. Her mother, a homemaker, did general house cleaning for families. Her father had a high school degree, had served in the army during World War II, and worked as an orderly in a hospital. Etta is the only child of her mother, but her father had a son named Frederick Leith. Her brother went to Graham Central high school and upon graduation went into the army and subsequently died. Etta did not go to kindergarten because there was none. She started school in the first grade in a four-room school that had classes for grades one and two, three and four, five and six, and seven and eight. The principal was Mrs. Mary Holne, and there were three other teachers, each teaching two grades. Since Etta loved to read and liked to do school work, she skipped fourth grade and went on to fifth grade: fourth and third grade were taught in the same room, and when she completed her third- grade work she would do fourth-grade work. Her teachers probably had bachelor’s or master’s degrees in their subjects. Both Etta’s school and community were segregated; she went to school in 1945, before the Brown vs. Board of Education act, which was Supreme Court decision. When Etta graduated from the country school, she was bused to Pleasant Grove High School—for African American students, five miles from the high school for white students. The school taught grades one through twelve; the curriculum was the usual reading, writing, and arithmetic.

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Malik, Sumira, Shilpa Prasad, Shreya Ghoshal, Shashank Shekhar, Tanvi Kumari, Ankita Agrawal, and Bijaya Samal. "Potential of Thallophytes in Degradation of Dyes." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 440–74. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7062-3.ch017.

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Synthetic dyes cause hazardous health-related problems in humans and affect the biological system underwater. They also have a negative impact on the nutritive value of soils and thereby on crops. Until now there is no effective method to remove the harmful component of dyes from the environment. However, the integrated treatment using bio agents with implication of physical and chemical processes can be effective in the treatment of dye effluents. From the complex azo dyes to their dissociation via thallophytes is a new scope for sustenance. Various studies have supported that laccases have the capability to degrade synthetic dyes that have different chemical structures. Thallophytes have been used to degrade the complex dyes with varying ranges of temperature and pH. Thallophytes have recently been used to treat the textile effluents with effective higher temperature and alkaline pH with decreasing BOD and thus cleaning them from environment in an eco-friendly and cost-efficient manner.

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Ferguson, Kate. "Conclusions and Lessons." In Architectures of Violence, 177–212. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190949624.003.0008.

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Within perpetrating structures, elite architects are able to manipulate domestic and international prejudices by perpetuating myths of non-state violence as part of their imagined exclusionary narrative, in order not only to legitimise violence but seemingly to explain or even predict it. This dimension of atrocity architecture has emerged in part as a response to the apparent rise in proxy wars and the perceived prevalence of irregular structures of violence around the world. Atrocity crimes are political acts, increasingly framed in a context of uncontrollable civilian struggle. In the modern world, mass murder, ethnic cleansing and genocide often require a significant degree of social complicity. Perpetuating narratives of non-state violence enables state elites to encourage and sanction a spectrum of actors—civilian or otherwise—to participate in armed struggle while themselves remaining on the margins. When identity-based crimes are committed by combatants claiming to represent the perpetrating identity rather than the state, the objectives of the crimes are fulfilled as much by the symbolism of their implementation as by their violent actualisation.

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Kumar, Ajay, and Pragati Saini. "Testing and Monitoring of Biodegradable Contaminants in Bioremediation Technique." In Handbook of Research on Inventive Bioremediation Techniques, 470–92. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2325-3.ch020.

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Environmental pollution is one of the most acute global problems. Pollution is present at the every corners of the globe. Several methods are used for monitoring the pollutants in the environment. The present chapter includes the wide variety of testing such as physical, chemical, biological and as well molecular to determine the level of biodegradable contaminated substances in the environment and also check the feasibility of different bioremediation techniques. The monitoring and testing are essential and have an enormous impact on the cost of full-scale remediation. Successful remediation techniques completely degrade the contaminants. A successful bioremediation approach requires sufficient evidences for the non-toxicity of the contaminant. Current monitoring techniques require the disappearance of the contaminants. Different recombinant techniques also play great role to assess the pollution level. In the field and focus on interdisciplinary research, bioremediation technology will go a long way in cleaning our polluted environment in near future. Research on improved microbial strains and bioanalytical methods for measuring the level of contaminants should be strengthen.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Cleaning degree"

Lysakov, Alexander, Gennady Nikitenko, Evgeny Konoplev, and Vitaly Grinchenko. "Method to increase cleaning degree of electrostatic air cleaner." In 17th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Agriculture, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2018.17.n187.

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Morra, M. "An Ultrasonic Meter to Characterize Degree of Fouling and Cleaning in Reverse Osmosis Filters." In REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION:Volume 22. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1570331.

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Platonov, A. "RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CORRECTING THE DEGREE OF DISTRIBUTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF VEGETATION REMOVAL FROM THE TERRITORIES OF LINEAR INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_93-100.

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With the maintenance of transport networks in proper condition, the problem of removing unwanted tree and shrub vegetation continues to be relevant. Work on cleaning the territories of the relevant infrastructure facilities from undesirable vegetation can be performed both manually and mechanically with the involvement of various machines, mechanisms and equipment. Considering that at present, when removing unwanted tree and shrub vegetation from the territories of linear infrastructure facilities, a total of more than 50 technological processes are used, the purpose of the study was to identify the possibility of adjusting the degree of their prevalence by types of infrastructure facilities. The article provides a formula for establishing the degree of prevalence of the technological process of removing vegetation along linear infrastructural objects, the distribution of the specified degree by the sites of impact on unwanted vegetation is presented, the content of the corresponding technological processes is disclosed, recommendations are proposed for adjusting the degree of prevalence of technological processes for removing vegetation from the territories of linear infrastructure facilities. The results of the study can be used by industrial enterprises performing work to maintain the territory of transport infrastructure facilities in a standard condition.

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Layne, Abbie W., Mary Anne Alvin, Evan Granite, Henry W. Pennline, Ranjani V. Siriwardane, Dale Keairns, and Richard Newby. "Overview of Contaminant Removal From Coal-Derived Syngas." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42165.

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Gasification is an important strategy for increasing the utilization of abundant domestic coal reserves. DOE envisions increased use of gasification in the United States during the next 20 years. As such, the DOE Gasification Technologies Program, including the FutureGen initiative, will strive to approach a near-zero emissions goal, with respect to multiple pollutants, such as sulfur, mercury, and nitrogen oxides. Since nearly one-third of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are produced by coal-powered generation facilities, conventional coal-burning power plants, and advanced power generation plants, such as IGCC, present opportunities in which carbon can be removed and then permanently stored. Gas cleaning systems for IGCC power generation facilities have been effectively demonstrated and used in commercial operations for many years. These systems can reduce sulfur, mercury, and other contaminants in synthesis gas produced by gasifiers to the lowest level achievable in coal-based energy systems. Currently, DOE Fossil Energy’s goals set for 2010 direct completion of R&D for advanced gasification combined cycle technology to produce electricity from coal at 45–50% plant efficiency. By 2012, completion of R&D to integrate this technology with carbon dioxide separation, capture, and sequestration into a zero-emissions configuration is targeted with a goal to provide electricity with less than a 10% increase in cost of electricity. By 2020, goals are set to develop zero-emissions plants that are fuel-flexible and capable of multi-product output and thermal efficiencies of over 60% with coal. These objectives dictate that it is essential to not only reduce contaminant emissions into the generated synthesis gas, but also to increase the process or system operating temperature to that of humid gas cleaning criteria conditions (150 to 370 °C), thus reducing the energy penalties that currently exist as a result of lowering process temperatures (−40 to 38 °C) with subsequent reheat to the required higher temperatures. From a historical perspective, the evolution of advanced syngas cleaning systems applied in IGCC and chemical and fuel synthesis plants has followed a path of configuring a series of individual cleaning steps, one for each syngas contaminant, each step controlled to its individual temperature and sorbent and catalyst needs. As the number of syngas contaminants of interest has increased (particulates, hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, halides such as hydrogen chloride, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, alkali metals, metal carbonyls, mercury, arsenic, selenium, and cadmium) and the degree of syngas cleaning has become more severe, the potential feasibility of advanced humid gas cleaning has diminished. A focus on multi-contaminant syngas cleaning is needed to enhance the potential cost savings, and performance of humid gas cleaning will focus on multi-contaminant syngas cleaning. Groups of several syngas contaminants to be removed simultaneously need to be considered, resulting in significant gas cleaning system intensification. Intensified, multi-contaminant cleaning processes need to be devised and their potential performance characteristics understood through small-scale testing, conceptual design evaluation, and scale-up assessment with integration into the power generation system. Results of a 1-year study undertaken by DOE/NETL are presented to define improved power plant configurations and technology for advanced multi-contaminant cleanup options.

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Sharif Shourijeh, Mohammad, and Hassan Sayyaadi. "A New Mechanism for Wall Climbing Operation Based on 4-Bar Linkage." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95358.

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Wall walking robots are designed for different purposes, rescue operations, wall inspections and jobs such as painting and cleaning and fire fighting for tall buildings. These are some cases that these types of robots are extensively used. This paper describes a design of a new serial mechanism for wall climbing job. In deed we are seeking to define a minimum degree of freedom mechanism to be applied in a robot moving vertically on a surface. This mechanism has 5 links, but at any point it works with its 4 links, actually in each cycle of motion the linkage will be interchanged.

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Billings, Brandon, Greg Rodia, Ryan Scavone, and Marc Tirkschleit. "Advanced Boiler Cleaning Solutions for Increased Boiler Runtime." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5425.

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Clyde Bergemann Power Group (CBPG) and Covanta Niagara, a Waste-to-Energy facility (WTE) plagued by boiler cleanliness issues, have collectively worked to implement a Shower Clean System (SCS) trial in Boiler 3’s second pass. The SCS’s cleaning concept is designed to traverse down through the roof of the boiler into a narrow open pass using a custom design water spray nozzle to clean the water walls. A SCS trial assembly was operated at the facility from July 27, 2010 to September 1, 2010. A total of 16 cleaning cycles were performed. During this trial period, on average, the second pass outlet flue gas temperature saw a 62 degrees Fahrenheit (degF) reduction after a cleaning event was performed. Based on years of SCS operating experience, CBPG determined a cleaning event should not be initiated if the temperature rise in the second pass is less than 30 degF. This insures that the second pass would not be over cleaned causing material stress to the water walls. In order to estimate the proper cleaning frequency for Niagara’s permanent SCS, an average second pass fouling rate was calculated. Using the fouling rate and the minimum allowable flue gas temperature rise, a cleaning frequency was estimated. Based on the trial results, the recommended operating frequency of the permanent SCS at Covanta Niagara will employ the Umbrella nozzle in the second pass twice per day or once per shift (12 hours). This recommendation is based on observations of the six week operating trial of the SCS and is subject to change based on myriad variables such as waste characteristics and first pass outlet flue gas temperatures. Typical boiler operation at Niagara utilizes industrial cleanings once per week to extend its boiler runtime. During the six week trial the SCS helped reduce the total number of industrial cleanings necessitated to keep the boiler online. Once a permanent SCS is implemented and used daily, there could be significant benefits to boiler runtime without having a total dependence on industrial cleanings. Becoming more reliant on the SCS to maintain lower boiler flue gas temperatures will result in less costs associated with online boiler cleaning and potentially less damage to the third pass convective surface from less high pressure water washing.

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Papa, Stefano, Giuseppe di Gironimo, Federica Casoria, and Gioacchino Micciché. "Virtual Prototyping and Simulation of Robotic Devices and Maintenance Procedures for Remote Handling Activities in the Access Cell of DONES." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82390.

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The paper describes the activities of conceptual design of tools and procedures and the virtual simulation of the Remote Handling (RH) tasks provided in the maintenance of the systems present in the Access Cell (AC) of DONES (DEMO Oriented Neutron Source) facility. In particular, the RH maintenance of the Target Assembly (TA) is critical because of its position in the most severe region of neutron irradiation, the Test Cell (TC), where the material specimen are tested to understand the degradation of the materials properties throughout the reactor operational life. The main RH maintenance activity includes the replacement of the entire TA and the cleaning of the surfaces of connection in the TC. The cleaning operation is fundamental because it allows the removal of any lithium solid deposition from the surfaces: any further deposition on the surfaces could compromise the sealing of the TA. The RH is based on the idea of a reconfigurable modular chain of devices connected to the Access Cell Mast Crane (ACMC) located in the AC. To increase the modularity and to reduce the costs of the Remote Handling System (RHS), a telescopic boom is used equipped with a Gripper Change System (GCS) that allows the use of different end effectors. To perform the tasks, a Parallel Kinematic Manipulator (PKM) and a Robotic Arm (RA) are proposed, allowing the tools to move with more degree of freedom in the AC space. The modeling of the devices and the 3D kinematic simulations maintenance operations tasks were simulated and tested in virtual reality environment, aimed at developing and validating the implemented maintenance procedures, in collaboration with the IDEAinVR Laboratory of CREATE/University of Naples Federico II, and the research center at ENEA Brasimone, Italy.

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Stanley, Ian, and Stefan Schmitz. "Advances in Filtration in Automatic Lube Oil Filters." In 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6135.

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In 2006 an automatic lube oil filtration system with an automatic backflushing filter and a centrifuge for diesel locomotives was presented at the ASME Spring Technical Conference [1]. The filter cleans itself continuously and the system can be used instead of conventional disposable paper filters to reduce servicing requirements, improve oil cleanliness and reduce the oil system’s exposure to contaminants. In 2015 at the ASME Fall Technical Conference, a development of the system was presented that introduced an electric pump to boost both centrifuge and automatic filter performance at lower engine speeds, as seen during locomotive idling or coasting. The next development addresses the automatic filter mesh, something that has not improved substantially over the last 20 years. The main challenge with improving the mesh for a backflushing filter has been balancing the filtration grade with self-cleaning performance. By going to a finer mesh that catches ever smaller particles, the filter element tends to become more difficult to backflush. For a given wire diameter the free flow area also decreases when the openings become smaller, reducing the maximum mesh loading. Reducing the diameter of the wire used increases the free flow area, but makes the mesh more fragile and difficult to weld. A recent advancement in the mesh design now allows the automatic filter to filter the oil to a much finer degree than was previously possible while maintaining high self-cleaning performance. The filtration performance was evaluated by using the multi-pass method according to ISO 16889, while the backflushing performance was evaluated on our in-house test stand. Currently these elements are being field tested. Being able to filter and separate much smaller particles is expected to reduce long term engine wear and, in certain cases, improve oil life.

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Abdul Wahab, Norsharmila, Muhammad Haniff Suhaimi, Aryanore Nafarine Antuni, W. Nor Afiqah W Aziz, Muhammad Zaki Mohiyaddin, Aldrick Garcia Mayans, and Shahid Azizul Haq. "Fluid Mapping-While-Drilling De-Risks Reservoir and Fluid Data Acquisition Workflow in a Brown Field." In IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/201023-ms.

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Abstract Located offshore Malaysia, Field A is a highly complex elongated anticlinal structure with hundreds of faults. It includes over 70 hydrocarbon bearing sands deposited in a lower coastal plain environment. Producing since the late 1970s, Field A has gone through several asset rejuvenation plans. The latest one aimed at appraising and draining several untapped fault blocks. Although no major surprises were expected in terms of lithologies, uncertainties remained on fluids’ nature in multiple sands and on the possible isolation of the fault blocks. This paper illustrates how an operating company introduced a new while-drilling downhole formation fluid data acquisition workflow to successfully de-risk and address these challenges. Conventional formation evaluation is challenging in these fluvial environments, as it includes laminated reservoir, variable permeability, and presence of light, potentially saturated, hydrocarbons. Lessons learned from the previous rejuvenation campaign highlighted the importance of formation testing and downhole fluid analysis (DFA). The planned campaign required drilling two complex 3D profile wells (80-degree tangent followed by 35-degree drop through the targets). Pre-drill discussion raised various concerns: potential well control issues due to pumping light hydrocarbons in the borehole; sticking risk due to complex well trajectory and potential depletion; in-situ evaluation of CO2 for well deliverability analysis; and the number of logging runs, wiper, and post-drilling cleaning trips. In addition, the financial constraints on infill development called for the need of early, real-time enabled decisions for perforation and completion optimization. The selected drilling bottomhole assembly consisted of an integrated multi-physics logging-while-drilling toolstring including fluid mapping-while-drilling (FMWD) technology to de-risk the fluid acquisition program. The integration of pressures and DFA measurements with petrophysical data helped to identify and understand the distribution of fluids and fault blocks connectivity. The campaign proved to be very successful. All sand horizons were pressure tested, providing a fluid pressure profile description yielding gradients where applicable, differential pressure estimation, and connectivity information. The uncertainty associated with petrophysical fluid identification was addressed, and the use of FMWD showed no free gas in the tested zones. Fault block isolation was proven. Reservoir fluid and mobility profiling helped to optimize the well perforation and completion strategy and assess the producibility of the wells. The acquisition sequence was safely performed in one trip from bottom to top with no overpull observed. No wiper or post-drilling cleaning trips were required due to continuous mud circulation during data acquisition. This paper describes how this operating company successfully introduced a new while-drilling downhole formation fluid data acquisition workflow in a brown field. The workflow positively impacted the field development decisions. The FMWD de-risked data gathering operation under tight economical constraints and addressed formation evaluation and drilling and completion challenges during the evaluation of untapped blocks in Field A.

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Prasad, Vijaysai, Mark D. Osborn, Shirley S. Au, K. Ravi Chandra Reddy, Sunil S. Shah, Nishith P. Vora, and Anthony Gryscavage. "Predictive Heat Exchanger Efficiency Monitoring." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72007.

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The performance of heat exchangers degrades with time due to fouling or deposition of material on the heat transfer surface. The fouling of critical exchangers in manufacturing plants results in a significant cost impact in terms of production losses, energy efficiency, and maintenance costs. While most plants monitor their exchangers to some degree, the ability to effect real and sustainable improvements requires four components: (1) real time monitoring; (2) an advance warning mechanism; (3) the ability to diagnose the cause of fouling; and (4) the ability to treat the cause in order to slow or reverse the degradation. CHeX is a comprehensive tool which monitors, predicts, and diagnoses heat exchanger performance. The unique features of this advanced technology include: numerous data cleaning steps to improve data quality and isolate a net fouling trend, an adaptive model which learns from the past to predict performance three years in advance, and knowledge-based diagnostics which identify the probable cause(s) of fouling and recommend corrective actions. The final control action is performed by a field engineer in adjusting the fouling treatment. The scope of the current paper includes only the detection and prediction features. To date, CHeX has been validated at three chemical processing plants, for fourteen exchangers. Selected case studies shall be presented to demonstrate the power of its algorithms over traditional calculations.

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