Статті в журналах: "Clean and unclean"

1

Hunter, WhiteFeather. "Mooncalf: ‘Unclean meat’." Technoetic Arts 18, no. 2-3 (October 1, 2020): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/tear_00039_1.

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The calamitous warnings of climate science have been latched onto by a growing roster of biotech start-up companies who propose to invent lab-generated meat alternatives to the ecologically disastrous livestock industry. They use solutionist hype to promote ‘sustainable’, ‘eco-friendly’, ‘cruelty-free’, ‘clean meat’. This moralized marketing, however, masks a continued reliance on animal agriculture. The fact remains that mammalian cells and tissues are grown in vitro using foetal calf serum, a blood-derived nutrient. Is it really possible to grow meat without banking on the bodies of nonhuman others? Might there be more tasteful material? In Bioart Kitchen: Art, Feminism and Technoscience, Lindsay Kelley asks, ‘[h]‌ow do technologies taste?’ This article proposes one answer to her prompt, centred on a technofeminist contextualization of the research-creation project, Mooncalf (2019–present). Mooncalf is a series of wet lab experiments and artistic outputs that showcase the potential viability of human menstrual serum for culturing mammalian tissue. These experiments present a direct provocation that problematizes the cellular agriculture industry as it pertains to the production of ‘clean meat’ and instead works towards a proof-of-concept ‘unclean’ meat prototype. Mooncalf is a symbolic precursor or speculative promise meant to facilitate a ‘cultural taste’ for feminist biotechnologies.

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2

Harvey, Graham. "Purity and Monotheism: Clean and Unclean Animals in Biblical Law." Journal of Jewish Studies 45, no. 1 (April 1, 1994): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18647/1744/jjs-1994.

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3

Aycock, Alan, and Walter Houston. "Purity and Monotheism: Clean and Unclean Animals in Biblical Law." Man 29, no. 1 (March 1994): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803539.

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4

Minniyakhmetova, Tatiana. "The concept of a clean and unclean body — an example of Udmurts." Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 61, no. 2 (December 2016): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/022.2016.61.2.5.

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5

Pardee, Dennis. "Purity and Monotheism: Clean and Unclean Animals in Biblical Law. Walter Houston." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 57, no. 1 (January 1998): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468600.

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6

Milgrom, Jacob. "Book Review: Purity and Monotheism: Clean and Unclean Animals in Biblical Law." Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology 48, no. 4 (October 1994): 422–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002096439404800419.

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7

Amadu, Iddrisu, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Eric Duku, Joshua Okyere, John Elvis Hagan, Thomas Hormenu, and Bright Opoku Ahinkorah. "The Joint Effect of Maternal Marital Status and Type of Household Cooking Fuel on Child Nutritional Status in Sub-Saharan Africa: Analysis of Cross-Sectional Surveys on Children from 31 Countries." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051541.

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The current study sought to investigate the joint effect of maternal marital status and type of household cooking fuel on child nutritional status in sub-Saharan Africa. Data in the children’s files of 31 sub-Saharan African countries were pooled from the Demographic and Health Surveys collected between 2010 and 2019. The outcome variables were three child anthropometrics: stunting (height-for-age z-scores); wasting (weight-for-height z-scores); and underweight (weight-for-age z-scores). The joint effect of maternal marital status and type of household cooking fuel on child nutritional status was examined using multilevel regression models. The results were presented as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) at p < 0.05. The percentages of children who were stunted, wasted and underweight in the 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa were 31%, 8% and 17%, respectively. On the joint effect of maternal marital status and type of household cooking fuel on stunting, we found that compared to children born to married mothers who used clean household cooking fuel, children born to single mothers who use unclean household cooking fuel, children born to single women who use clean household cooking fuel, and children born to married women who used unclean household cooking were more likely to be stunted. With wasting, children born to single mothers who used unclean household cooking fuel and children born to married women who used unclean household cooking fuel were more likely to be wasted compared to children born to married mothers who used clean household cooking fuel. With underweight, we found that compared to children born to married mothers who used clean household cooking fuel, children born to single mothers who used unclean household cooking fuel, children born to single women who used clean household cooking fuel and children born to married women who used unclean household cooking were more likely to be underweight. It is imperative for the governments of the 31 sub-Saharan African countries to double their efforts to end the use of unclean household cooking fuel. This goal could be achieved by promoting clean household cooking fuel (e.g., electricity, gas, ethanol, solar, etc.) through effective health education, and promotion programmes. The attention of policymakers is drawn to the urgent need for children’s nutritional status policies and programmes (e.g., dietary supplementation, increasing dietary diversity, improving agriculture and food security) to be targeted towards at-risk sub-populations (i.e., single mothered households).

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8

DERRETT, J. DUNCAN M. "CLEAN AND UNCLEAN ANIMALS (ACTS 10:15, 11:9): PETER'S PRONOUNCING POWER OBSERVED." Heythrop Journal 29, no. 2 (April 1988): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2265.1988.tb00822.x.

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9

Regnier, Denis. "Clean people, unclean people: the essentialisation of ‘slaves’ among the southern Betsileo of Madagascar." Social Anthropology 23, no. 2 (May 2015): 152–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.12107.

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10

WHITEHEAD, JUDY. "Bodies Clean and Unclean: Prostitution, Sanitary Legislation, and Respectable Femininity in Colonial North India." Gender & History 7, no. 1 (April 1995): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.1995.tb00013.x.

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11

Salvador‐Bello, Mercedes. "Clean and Unclean Animals: Isidore's Book XII from theEtymologiaeand the Structure of Eusebius's Zoological Riddles." English Studies 93, no. 5 (August 2012): 572–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0013838x.2012.698535.

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12

Yu-Ke, Chen, Muhammad Shahid Hassan, Rukhsana Kalim, Haider Mahmood, Noman Arshed, and Muhammad Salman. "Testing asymmetric influence of clean and unclean energy for targeting environmental quality in environmentally poor economies." Renewable Energy 197 (September 2022): 765–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.07.155.

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13

Yu-Ke, Chen, Muhammad Shahid Hassan, Rukhsana Kalim, Haider Mahmood, Noman Arshed, and Muhammad Salman. "Testing asymmetric influence of clean and unclean energy for targeting environmental quality in environmentally poor economies." Renewable Energy 197 (September 2022): 765–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.07.155.

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14

Whitekettle, Richard. "Like a Fish and Shrimp Out of Water: Identifying the Dāg and Remeś Animals of Habakkuk 1:14." Bulletin for Biblical Research 24, no. 4 (January 1, 2014): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26371311.

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Abstract In Hab 1:14, Habakkuk compares the people who are being attacked by an oppressor to fish and other aquatic animals. One thing this comparison conveyed was exile, seen in the attacker’s removal of the fish and other aquatic animals from water, an action that will kill them. The comparison also conveyed the equal treatment of the righteous and the wicked, seen in the attacker’s consumption of the fish and other aquatic animals. According to Lev 11:9–12 and Deut 14:9–10, the only other place in the Israelite textual record where fish and other aquatic animals are mentioned together, fish are clean while other aquatic animals are unclean. Thus, the consumption of the fish and other aquatic animals by the oppressor represented the indiscriminate deportation of both the righteous (the clean fish) and the wicked (the unclean other aquatic animals).

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15

Pope, S. A., T. L. Zhang, M. A. Balikhin, M. Delva, L. Hvizdos, K. Kudela, and A. P. Dimmock. "Exploring planetary magnetic environments using magnetically unclean spacecraft: a systems approach to VEX MAG data analysis." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 4 (April 8, 2011): 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-639-2011.

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Abstract. In situ measurements of the magnetic field are vital to the study of many fundamental problems in planetary research. Therefore the magnetometer experiment is a key element of the payload of Venus Express. In addition to the interaction of the solar wind with Venus, these measurements are crucial for the study of atmospheric escape and detection of lightning. However, the methodology for the magnetic field measurements had to be different to the traditional approach, because Venus Express is not a magnetically clean spacecraft. A technique based on two-point simultaneous measurements of the magnetic field and systems identification software is used to separate the natural magnetic field from the spacecraft generated interference. In this paper an overview of the techniques developed to separate these two field types and the results achieved for 1 Hz Venus Express data are presented. Previous publications suggest that the resulting Venus Express cleaned data is of comparable quality to measurements made from onboard magnetically clean spacecraft (Zhang et al., 2008a, b; Slavin et al., 2009).

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16

Familusi, Ayokunle O., Adebola A. Adekunle, Adedayo A. Badejo, Olayemi J. Adeosun, Kasali A. Mujedu, Joel O. Olusami, Babatunde E. Adewumi, and Damilola A. Ogundare. "Significance of clean water for sustainable good health in Nigeria." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 15, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2021.2.1-8.

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The significance of the impact of water-related diseases on human health has been recognized as a major threat to sustainable human development in some international forums. This study is an investigation into the correlation between unclean water and the outbreak of water-related diseases in Nigeria. It was established from the review of previous researches that the concept of clean water and sanitation is critical to the good health and well-being of all individuals. Nigeria still has a long way to go towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal number 6 (SDG 6) of the United Nations, hence it is high time government at all levels and individuals embraced Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) agenda 2030.

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17

Zhang, Mingyang, Jiali Tan, and Edwin Tai Chiu Cheng. "Pricing of Chinese Certified Emissions Reduction Scheme in a Supply Chain Under the Cap-and-Trade Policy." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2024-0003.

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Abstract Against the backdrop of carbon trading, the Chinese Certified Emissions Reduction (CCER) scheme is one of the most important measures of China to reduce carbon emissions. We study a supply chain consisting of a CCER supplier and a manufacturer that buys CCER quotas from the supplier. The supplier is a non-emissions-control enterprise engaged in clean energy projects, while the manufacturer is classified into three types: a clean, a relatively clean, and an unclean firm. We analyse the impacts of the price and offset rate of CCER quotas on firms’ emissions reductions. We find that when the price of CCER quotas is lower than the price of Chinese Emissions Allowances (CEAs): (1) for both clean and unclean manufacturers, with increasing CCER offset rate (quota price), technical emissions reduction decreases (increases). (2) The incentive for the relatively clean manufacturer to reduce emissions is not affected by other extraneous factors. When the prices of CCER quotas and CEAs are uncertain, we find that (1) the technology abatement decisions of the three types of manufacturer are consistent and the corresponding CCER suppliers price their CCER quotas in the same way. (2) When the proportion of CCER quotas purchased by the manufacturer increases, the unit technical emissions reduction increases. Confirming that introduction of the CCER scheme can reduce carbon emissions, our findings provide theoretical guidance for suppliers to make pricing decisions on CCER quotas and for manufacturers to make technical emissions reduction decisions.

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18

Muhihi, Bikolimana G. "Rethinking Access to Clean Energy for Climate Change Mitigation in Tanzania." Journal of Energy Research and Reviews 16, no. 1 (January 7, 2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2024/v16i1326.

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The effect of climate change is visibly spread with no boundaries all over the world. With multiple effects of climate change, its mitigation mechanisms vary. However, striving for universal access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable clean energy is arguably one of the significant sought mitigation strategies, especially in the context of Africa. This raises concern about whether the road to clean energy in the work of mitigating the devastating climate change is eloquent or a myth. Using ARIMA, the paper forecasted access to electricity to calibrate the reduction of over-dependence on climate change-inducing energy sources such as firewood and charcoal. The paper used time series data from 1992 to 2022, with a forecast of 10 years. The results show that climate change mitigation through clean energy is far from the reality, the level of future access cannot be used to define progress in mitigating climate change. A large percentage of people will remain unconnected while few will be disconnected due to various reasons such as unaffordability and reliability of electricity supply. Along the energy ladder, consumers are likely to remain at the base where unclean energy sources dominate. People are likely to continue with the course of depending more on unclean energy sources thus, making climate change mitigation through access to electricity a less reality, a myth in such short. An equation of the available potential resources for producing more and more reliable modern energy should be balanced by the utility supplier. Expanding the production and distribution levels should also be on a stage. The energy utility should change the monopoly system in the energy sector and embrace innovation and collaboration at large.

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19

Zeng, Hang, Geertrui Rasschaert, Lieven De Zutter, Wesley Mattheus, and Koen De Reu. "Identification of the Source for Salmonella Contamination of Carcasses in a Large Pig Slaughterhouse." Pathogens 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010077.

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To identify the major source of Salmonella contamination in a pig slaughterhouse, samples were collected from the clean and unclean area and Salmonella isolates were further typed. Carcasses entering the clean area showed a Salmonella contamination rate of 96.7% in the oral cavity and 55.0% in the rectum content samples. Evisceration seemed not to be critical as the contamination rate of the carcasses was similar before (16.7%) and after (18.3%) this slaughter step. In the unclean area, a limited number of oral cavity samples were positive after bleeding, while a dramatic increase of positives was observed after dehairing. Salmonella was detected in up to 0.01 mL of the recycled water collected from the dehairing machine. Genotyping of Salmonella isolates showed that similar pulsotypes were present in the oral cavity and recycled water. Based on these observations it can be concluded that the recycled water used in the dehairing machine was the major source for the carcass contamination in this slaughterhouse.

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20

Sundermann, Alexander J., Cornelius J. Clancy, A. William Pasculle, Guojun Liu, Richard B. Cumbie, Eileen Driscoll, Ashley Ayres, et al. "How Clean Is the Linen at My Hospital? The Mucorales on Unclean Linen Discovery Study of Large United States Transplant and Cancer Centers." Clinical Infectious Diseases 68, no. 5 (October 9, 2018): 850–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy669.

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Abstract Mucormycosis outbreaks have been linked to contaminated linen. We performed fungal cultures on freshly-laundered linens at 15 transplant and cancer hospitals. At 33% of hospitals, the linens were visibly unclean. At 20%, Mucorales were recovered from >10% of linens. Studies are needed to understand the clinical significance of our findings.

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21

Kahindi, Roselyn, Alemu Regassa, John Htoo, and Martin Nyachoti. "Optimal sulfur amino acid to lysine ratio for post weaning piglets reared under clean or unclean sanitary conditions." Animal Nutrition 3, no. 4 (December 2017): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2017.08.004.

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22

Ogujiuba, Kanayo, and Naseer Muazu. "Unclean Energy Source Dependence and Sustainability in Nigeria: Consumption Dynamics and Impact of Contextual Factors." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 6 (November 28, 2022): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13663.

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Fuelwood is the primary energy source for throughout the developing world. This, indiscriminate use of fuelwood as energy jeopardizes the environment, and well-being of the people. Despite Nigeria being the energy giant in Africa, most of her people still depend on unclean energy [fuelwood] for cooking, heating, and boiling. This article underlines the dynamics and essential impacts of social cum economic and demographic indexes on household unclean energy dependence. We interviewed 994 household fuelwood consumers, using a two-stage stratified random sampling technique. We used the delineated Enumeration Areas for Katsina State, Nigeria for socioeconomic data. The test re-test reliability method (trustworthiness assessment of the questionnaire) and Cronbach Alpha test (internal constancy) resulted in a value of 0.70 and 0.875 respectively. Using descriptive statistics and logit regression, findings indicate a high level of fuelwood energy dependence among households. Findings show that education level, employment status, and household structure have an opposite and highly statistically substantial relationship with the likelihood of household dependence on fuelwood, while age and household size move in the same trajectory and highly statistically substantial association with the likelihood of family dependence on fuelwood. Thus, the most difficult challenge facing Nigeria as per household dependence on unclean energy (fuelwood) is that the use of fuelwood increase economic, environmental, and health dangers. dangers and It has therefore become imperative for a paradigm shift in policies to change the current narrative toward clean energy.

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23

Koo, Bonjin, and Martin Nyachoti. "216 Effect of Dietary L-valine Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Microbial Metabolites in Weaned Pigs Raised in Varying Sanitary Conditions." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.207.

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Abstract This study investigated the effects of dietary L-valine supplementation and sanitary conditions on growth performance, immune response, and microbial metabolites in weaned pigs. Thirty-two weaned pigs (6.98 ± 0.47 kg) were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement based on dietary Val level and sanitary condition (clean or unclean). The pigs were fed either a basal diet containing the standard levels of Val suggested by NRC (2012) or the basal diet with an additional 0.1% of L-Val. A room designated as the clean room was washed weekly, whereas the designated unclean room was not washed throughout the experiment and 5 kg of manure from the nursery pig barn was spread on the pen floors on day 1. All data were analyzed using a mixed procedure of SAS, with the individual pen as the experimental unit. The pigs raised in unsanitary conditions exhibited a lower average daily gain and average daily feed intake and a higher incidence of diarrhea than those raised in sanitary conditions during the 14-day experimental period (P < 0.05). The pigs in the unclean group also had a lower concentration of butyrate in the jejunum and a higher concentration of ammonia-N in the colon than those in the clean group (P < 0.05). Dietary valine supplementation reduced plasma interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-1 receptor antagonist concentrations as well as isovalerate and ammonia-N concentrations in the colon (P < 0.05). Interactions between dietary Val supplementation and sanitary conditions were observed in the abundance of mRNA-encoding β-defensins 113, 125, and 129 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary Val supplementation beneficially modulates inflammatory response and microbial metabolites regardless of sanitary condition, while transcriptional levels of β-defensins are regulated by dietary Val supplementation in a manner dependent on housing hygiene conditions.

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24

Laia, Harman Ziduhu, Jimmy Sutrisno, and Daniel Ari Wibowo. "The Old Testament Dietary Laws Was Abolished According To Mark 7:19b?" Journal Kerugma 5, no. 2 (October 30, 2022): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33856/kerugma.v5i2.256.

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Various essential discussions have been raised against Mark's parenthetical commentary in 7:19b, one of which is the discussion of eating from that statement. On the one hand, some take the text as a clear teaching of the Bible about the abolition of the food law in the Torah, as a result of which the law no longer binds both Jewish believers and Gentile believers. On the other hand, some consider it meaningless as the abolition of the food law in the Torah. Within this group, various meanings have been proposed. Historically, lexically, grammatically, and contextually it shows that Mark 7:19b is not a teaching of the abolition of the food law in the Torah, but a "guarantee" for the Gentile believers in Rome as Mark's gospel audience that there will be no unclean food for them because of contamination. or consumed with dirty hands (not washed), but the food is kept clean, so it cannot defile those who eat it. Therefore, Mark 7:19b will be of no significance to the reader if it is understood as teaching the abolition of the food law because they do not have binding laws on unclean and kosher food and need to be abolished, it is only given to the Jews. Therefore, for them, the food is kept clean. Even if the abolition of the food law in the Torah is done, it has nothing to do with Gentile believers.

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25

Wang, Xin. "Creation of Modern Instruments for Glassware Cleaning and Cleanliness Testing." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 1103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.1103.

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As we all know, glass instrument reactive substances in Physical, chemical experiments, bloom residue attached to the inner wall of the instrument after a chemical reaction, often heated to high temperatures or placed the longer reactive substances glass instrument, but not easy to clean. Use unclean instruments, will affect the experimental results, and even let the experimenter observed error phenomenon, induction, reasoning out the wrong conclusions. Therefore, the chemical experiments using glass instruments must be washed clean. In this paper, by using ordinary scrub, ultrasonic cleaning, using a muffle furnace or oven drying, last extraction air form headspace and using GC-MS to detect it, then you will know glass instrument is thoroughly clean or not.

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26

Kratochwil, Friedrich. "Religion and (Inter-)National Politics: On the Heuristics of Identities, Structures, and Agents." Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 30, no. 2 (April 2005): 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030437540503000201.

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Starting from the puzzling effects of religion on conflict, both its escalation and deescalation, this article investigates the role of religion in maintaining boundaries (sacred/profane, clean/unclean, good/evil, etc.) that become constitutive of “self” and “society.” The conceptual tools developed in this context are then applied to the issue of “fundamentalism” in contemporary politics.

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27

Houston, W. "Review: The Laws of Clean and Unclean Animals in Leviticus II. Their Nature, Theology, and Rationale. An Intertextual Study." Journal of Theological Studies 53, no. 1 (April 1, 2002): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jts/53.1.131.

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28

WAHLEN, CLINTON. "Peter's Vision and Conflicting Definitions of Purity." New Testament Studies 51, no. 4 (October 2005): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688505000263.

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Luke depicts the problem of incorporating Gentiles into the Church as rooted in conflicting definitions of purity. Apart from the principal Torah distinction between clean and unclean animals, a third category is mentioned: ‘common’, referring to doubtfully pure food. Parallels to this usage are found in a range of Jewish literature, from the Hasmonaean to the Rabbinic period. The notion of doubtfully pure food can help explain Peter's refusal to slaughter and eat from the mixed group of animals in his vision. Categorizing people like Cornelius as ‘potentially defiled’ may have constituted a human ‘fence’ between scrupulous Jews and unclean pagans. Adherence to the stipulations of the apostolic decree by Gentile Christians removed the last hindrance to Jewish Christians having table fellowship with them.

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Kahindi, R. K., J. K. Htoo, and C. M. Nyachoti. "Short Communication: Effect of dietary lysine content and sanitation conditions on performance of weaned pigs fed antibiotic-free diets." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 94, no. 1 (March 2014): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2013-016.

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Kahindi, R. K., Htoo, J. K. and Nyachoti, C. M. 2014. Short Communication: Effect of dietary lysine content and sanitation conditions on performance of weaned pigs fed antibiotic-free diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 115–118. One hundred and ninety-two piglets (7.2±0.50 kg body weight) were fed corn–wheat–soybean meal based-diets to determine dietary Lys requirement in a 2×4 factorial setting [two sanitation conditions (SC): clean and unclean, and four dietary lysine contents: 0.94, 1.09, 1.25 and 1.43%]. The average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) linearly increased (P<0.05) with dietary lysine contents, but were lower (P<0.0001) under unclean sanitation conditions from day 0 to 7 but not from day 8 to 21. Overall, dietary lysine contents did not affect average daily feed intake (ADFI), but unclean sanitation conditions reduced (P<0.01) ADFI; however, ADG was increased by both dietary lysine contents and SC? (P<0.001), whereas only dietary lysine contents affected G:F.

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30

López, Alejandro, Francisco D. Molina-Aiz, Diego L. Valera, Araceli Peña, and Karlos Espinoza. "Effect of material ageing and dirt on the behaviour of greenhouse insect-proof screens." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 16, no. 4 (January 8, 2019): e0205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2018164-11711.

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The present work examines the variations in the aerodynamic characteristics of four insect-proof screens by means of wind tunnel tests and digital image processing. The tested insect-proof screens were examined in three different conditions: (i) in their new, unused state; (ii) under conditions of accumulated dust and dirt after a period of 3 to 4 years of use; and (iii) under clean conditions after a period of 3 to 4 years of use and a cleaning treatment with high-pressure water. The deterioration of the screens caused the mesh to become less tense, therefore increasing its thickness and improving its aerodynamic behaviour despite a slight increase of the thread diameter and a subsequent decrease of the 2-dimensional porosity. The pressure drop coefficient, Fφ, of the used but clean screens was 1.5% to 8.8% lower (for u=1.0 m/s) than that of the new ones, thus increasing the discharge coefficient, Cd,φ, by between 0.8% and 4.8% as a result of the presence of the screens. On the other hand, comparison of the used screens in their clean and unclean states showed that the accumulation of dirt has a major bearing on their aerodynamic characteristics: Fφ increased by between 16.5% and 61.2% (for u=1.0 m/s) for the unclean screens, resulting in a Cd,φ reduction of between 7.5% and 21.3% and therefore a lower natural ventilation capacity of the greenhouse. A regular cleaning treatment of the insect-proof screens is a simple measure that improves the natural ventilation capacity of the greenhouse.

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31

Mu'minun, Nona, Rahmat Pannyiwi, Andi Nursiah, A. Nursinah, Nur Triningtias P, and Akbar Akbar. "Clean and Healthy Living Behavior in the Taulotang Tribe Community in Sidenreng Rappang Regency." International Journal of Health Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 12, 2024): 368–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.59585/ijhs.v2i1.320.

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The Taulotang tribe is one of the tribes that only exists in Sidrap district and has real cultural differences from other tribes in Sidrap district. Healthy and clean living behavior is a form of embodiment of the healthy paradigm in individual culture. This research aims to examine the healthy and clean living behavior of the Taulotang Tribe community in Sidrap Regency. This type of research is observational research. This research was carried out in Sidrap Regency. The research population was all 754 families, the research sample was 100 respondents, the sampling technique was simple random sampling and the data analysis used was descriptive analysis. The research results show that the majority are men over 50 years old, have low education and work as farmers. The behavior of using healthy latrines was 54%, 37% used unhealthy latrines, and 9% used poor latrines. The behavior of using clean water is 94% and the use of unclean water is 6%. The behavior of respondents in using trash cans was 37% and 63% did not use trash cans. The behavior of using trash cans, the majority do not use trash cans, namely 63 respondents (63%) and only 37 respondents (37%) who use trash cans. The lack of behavior in using healthy toilets and the lack of behavior in using trash bins is caused by the lack of awareness of respondents regarding healthy and clean living behavior, for this reason, integrated efforts are needed to promote healthy and clean living behavior.The Taulotang tribe is one of the tribes that only exists in Sidrap district and has real cultural differences from other tribes in Sidrap district. Healthy and clean living behavior is a form of embodiment of the healthy paradigm in individual culture. This research aims to examine the healthy and clean living behavior of the Taulotang Tribe community in Sidrap Regency. This type of research is observational research. This research was carried out in Sidrap Regency. The research population was all 754 families, the research sample was 100 respondents, the sampling technique was simple random sampling and the data analysis used was descriptive analysis. The research results show that the majority are men over 50 years old, have low education and work as farmers. The behavior of using healthy latrines was 54%, 37% used unhealthy latrines, and 9% used poor latrines. The behavior of using clean water is 94% and the use of unclean water is 6%. The behavior of respondents in using trash cans was 37% and 63% did not use trash cans. The behavior of using trash cans, the majority do not use trash cans, namely 63 respondents (63%) and only 37 respondents (37%) who use trash cans. The lack of behavior in using healthy toilets and the lack of behavior in using trash bins is caused by the lack of awareness of respondents regarding healthy and clean living behavior, for this reason, integrated efforts are needed to promote healthy and clean living behavior.

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Moberly, R. W. L. "Theological Thinking and the Reading of Scripture: An Auseinandersetzung with Susannah Ticciati." Journal of Theological Interpretation 10, no. 1 (2016): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26373989.

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ABSTRACT This article considers the relationship between the Bible and theology via the work of Susannah Ticciati, who works with the Bible from the perspective of theology. An exposition of Ticciati's account of election and divine jealousy in Rom 9–11 and Deut 32 highlights the role that a postbiblical understanding of creation ex nihilo plays in Ticciati's readings of Scripture. Questions are raised about criteria whereby this sort of theological perspective can be recognized to illuminate, or to skew, a reading of the biblical text. The understanding of clean and unclean in relation to Israel's election in Lev 20 and Acts 10 is proposed as an issue that may pose difficulties for Ticciati's reading of election. Ticciati's work is seen to pose issues of theological hermeneutics in an unusually clear and interesting form.

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Moberly, R. W. L. "Theological Thinking and the Reading of Scripture: An Auseinandersetzung with Susannah Ticciati." Journal of Theological Interpretation 10, no. 1 (2016): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jtheointe.10.1.0103.

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ABSTRACT This article considers the relationship between the Bible and theology via the work of Susannah Ticciati, who works with the Bible from the perspective of theology. An exposition of Ticciati's account of election and divine jealousy in Rom 9–11 and Deut 32 highlights the role that a postbiblical understanding of creation ex nihilo plays in Ticciati's readings of Scripture. Questions are raised about criteria whereby this sort of theological perspective can be recognized to illuminate, or to skew, a reading of the biblical text. The understanding of clean and unclean in relation to Israel's election in Lev 20 and Acts 10 is proposed as an issue that may pose difficulties for Ticciati's reading of election. Ticciati's work is seen to pose issues of theological hermeneutics in an unusually clear and interesting form.

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34

Aristoteles, Aristoteles, Anggi Restu Putri, Arifa Al Husnah, Detri Dipa Utami, Ayu Niara Kalwa, Amelda Amelda, Angel Anjelina, et al. "Peningkatan Pengetahuan Dengan Kesadaran Diri Terhadap Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS)." Journal of Community Development 4, no. 3 (February 24, 2024): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47134/comdev.v4i3.177.

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Until now, public health problems are still a concern. for the government. Public awareness of the importance of health is still low. The level of public health is uneven and very low, especially in people living in slum settlements. Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) is a health behavior carried out with awareness, so that a person can improve their health status. Community behavior that is still unhygienic, coupled with the absence of supporting environmental facilities and infrastructure, has an impact on the health of people living in these slum settlements. Many public health problems may arise due to people's behavior and environmental conditions that do not pay attention to health. The problems found in the Silaberanti sub-district, especially in RT 26, 41 and 42, are a lack of public awareness of clean and healthy living behavior, this can be seen from an unclean environment and improper disposal of rubbish. The solution used to overcome this problem is by increasing awareness community through outreach activities about clean and healthy living behavior and working together to clean the surrounding environment. The results of this activity have a positive impact on society by providing good understanding 90% thereby increasing self-awareness of clean and healthy living behavior.

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Waweru, David, and Naftaly Mose. "Household Fuel Choice in Urban Kenya: A Multinomial Logit Analysis." Financial Internet Quarterly 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fiqf-2022-0011.

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Abstract This study applied a logistic regression model to determine the odds ratio of selecting clean versus unclean energy as the main household fuel choice. This study also undertook to establish the coefficients of the factors determining household fuel energy choice. A large microeconomic dataset from KIPPRA’s comprehensive study and analysis on fuel use patterns in Kenya (2010) was employed to carry out the analysis. This study employed a multinomial logit regression model to determine the fuel choices and patterns of cooking fuels in urban Kenyan households. The results showed that in addition to income, there are several socio-demographic factors such as education, gender, and age that were important in determining household fuel choice. To encourage clean fuel use, the authorities should carry out public education campaigns, and ensure the availability of these fuels in all areas to avoid harmful effects of biomass fuels and kerosene, and more modern and efficient appliances should be made available at affordable rates to ensure more efficient use of these forms of clean energy.

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Rukuni, Tarisai Fritz, Tafadzwa Clementine Maramura, and Marble Mampa. "A clean audit and service delivery comparative study of two municipalities in Mpumalanga province in South Africa." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 11, no. 10 (December 31, 2022): 242–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i10.2164.

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In recent years, most South African (SA) municipalities still need to produce clean audits. In 2018 and 2019, most municipalities in SA needed better-quality financial statements and performance reports. Misrepresentation of financial statements in audit reports is linked to inadequate governance, misappropriation of public funds and poor public service delivery. It is upon this background that this study aimed to: (i) assess perceptions of municipality middle management employees on factors affecting auditing, (ii) evaluate the differences in perceptions among municipality middle management employees on factors affecting auditing, (iii) measure the effect of factors affecting auditing on overall clean audit and (iv) establish the effect of clean audit on service delivery at two municipalities in Mpumalanga province. Using a structured questionnaire, a quantitative descriptive approach methodology was employed to collect data from a minimum sample of 294 employees in the middle management category working within the accounting and finance department at two municipalities in Mpumalanga province, SA. SPSS v28 was used to conduct descriptive and multivariate analyses, including mean, analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation, and regression analysis. Results indicated that employees from the clean audit municipality had positive perceptions of factors affecting clean audit, while employees from the municipality with an unclean audit had negative perceptions. It was also concluded that factors affecting auditing had a statistically significant positive effect on clean audits. The findings in this study led to significant implications for theory and practice.

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Beher, Subham Prasad, Sangeetha Dayalan, Tharani Jayakumar, and Ishwarya Rajendran. "Prevalence of Escherichia coli in Raw Cow’s Milk in Cuddalore District." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2022): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1104.037.

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Milk is considered a complete and nutritious food for the new-born mammal and human beings, but it is considered as a good medium for many microorganisms. The consumption of raw milk and its products, which lead to the transmission of various diseases. The ability of raw milk to support the growth of several pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to spoilage of the product and infections in consumers. In the present investigation a survey was undertaken to collect raw milk samples from Local Vendorsin cuddalore district. Based on the Morphological and Biochemical characterization presence of E.coli were confirmed. Out of Twelve milk sample tested, the sample 2 sample 4, sample 7 and sample 9 exhibit the presence of E.coli. So it is observed raw milk attributed from different dairy farm is enabling cross contamination resembling growth of various microbial organism by different ways such as they are mixed fresh clean milk with mastitis milk, unclean hands of workers, unclean utensils and unhygienic water supply for washing the utensils could be the source for accelerating the bacterial contamination.

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RAHKIO, T. MARJATTA, and HANNU J. KORKEALA. "Airborne Bacteria and Carcass Contamination in Slaughterhouses." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.1.38.

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Microbiological contamination of air and carcasses .was studied in four slaughterhouses by using impactor samples taken at the back-splitting and weighing areas and by sampling carcasses with the swabbing method. Air flow was determined by an air-flow detector, and the movement of workers was observed. The air contamination level in the back-splitting areas (2.25 log CFU/100 liters of air) was generally higher than that in the weighing areas (2.03 log CFU/100 liters of air). Associations between the microbiological contamination of air and carcasses with the movements of workers were found. Layout of the slaughtering line was shown to be important in decreasing airborne contamination. Separation of the clean and unclean parts of the line as well as separation of the weighing area from the other clean parts of the line decreased the contamination level. It appears that airborne bacteria have an important role in carcass contamination.

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., Ika, Rohani ., Sherly Ananda ., and Sifa Safitri . "Pandangan Islam Tentang Kesehatan Dan Higenitas." Jurnal Pendidikan, Sains Dan Teknologi 2, no. 1 (July 26, 2023): 516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47233/jpst.v2i3.1041.

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The environment is a place for humans to live on earth, and the environment is something that cannot be separated from humans so that humans can naturally interact through their environment. A clean environment reflects the quality of life of a healthy community. Humans as caliphs on earth have an important role and obligation to protect and manage their environment properly, so as to create an environment that is clean, healthy, free from disease and free from natural disasters. In the teachings of Islam itself, cleanliness is mandatory and absolute. As the Prophet Muhammad always taught his people to always maintain cleanliness. However, keeping the environment clean is not as easy as imagined, there are still hands who are not responsible for the environment such as littering, even though keeping the environment clean only requires the awareness of all parties and layers of society to create a clean and comfortable environment. And in Islamic teachings about water, sanitation, cleanliness and environmental health, it turns out that all levels of society do not really know and understand it, so that infectious diseases often occur due to unclean water and poor sanitation. The Al-Qur'an and hadith are sources of Islamic teachings which clearly explain in them how humans should maintain health and environmental cleanliness. The hadiths studied are the hadiths contained in al-polar sittah. The method used in this research is normative empirical method. And to obtain data and information related to environmental hygiene and health, researchers used the library research method. In this case, it can be concluded that the concept of environmental hygiene and health in the hadith is the same as the concept of biocentrism environmental ethics, namely the theory that views every life and living creature as having value and worth so that humans have a moral obligation to the environment. Therefore, humans must always maintain the cleanliness of water sources, cleanliness of homes, cleanliness of public areas and not cut down trees and plants in public places without an unclear purpose.

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Ahmad, Iftikhar, Arifa Saeed, Asra Jabbar, and Marie G. Nakitende. "The Impact of Renewable Energy; Financial Development and Economic Growth on Carbon Emission: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan." Journal of Policy Research 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2024): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.61506/02.00210.

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This research investigates the impact of renewable energy; financial development, economic growth, nonrenewable energy and natural resource rents on carbon emissions in Pakistan. An annual data series ranging from 1990 to 2022 is used; while Pesaran’s et al. (2001) cointegration test is utilized and empirical results confirm that renewable energy, financial development, nonrenewable energy and economic growth have long run cointegrating relation with carbon emissions. The results further provide evidence that utilization of clean energy combats carbon emission while financial development, economic growth and unclean energy promote carbon emission. Natural resource rents also help in combating carbon emission but only in long run. These results are reliable as guided by diagnostics used in this research. This research suggests that both clean energy and natural resources must be promoted to combat carbon emissions while financial development; economic growth and nonrenewable energy may be escalated carefully because these are promoting environmental pollution in Pakistan.

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41

Mashadi, Imron. "PENDIDIKAN DAN PENGETAHUAN HIDUP BERSIH DAN SEHAT DALAM PERSPEKTIF ISLAM." Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan dan Keislaman 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55883/jipkis.v2i1.20.

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Thaharah has a general understanding of lifting barriers (dirt) arising from hadas and unclean that includes the body, clothing, places, and objects carried on the body. Thaharah is the key child and the legal condition of prayer. The law of thaharah is obligatory upon every man and woman's face. The most important requirement to perform thaharah is Muslim and having puberty. The means used to perform thaharah are holy water, soil, dust, and other objects that are allowed. Water is used for bathing and ablution, dust and soil are used for beryamum if no water is found, while other objects such as stone, paper, and tissues can be used to perform istinja'. Thaharah has the main function of getting used to clean and healthy living as ordered by religion. Thaharah is also a means to communicate with Allah Swt. The benefits of thaharah in daily life are cleaning the body, clothing, and place from hadas and unclean when about to perform worship. "Whoever ablutes and washes his ablution, sins will come out of his body, to the extent that he will come out from under his nails." (HR. Muslims in the Book of at-Thaharah).

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42

Afonso, Oscar, and Ana Afonso. "Endogenous growth effects of environmental policies." Panoeconomicus 62, no. 5 (2015): 607–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1505607a.

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To analyse the impact of the environmental policies, we start by reviewing the literature on the environment, technological knowledge and economic growth. Then, we build a general equilibrium endogenous growth model where final goods are produced either in the skilled-labour intensive Clean sector or in the unskilled-labour intensive Unclean sector. By solving numerically transitional dynamics towards the unique and stable steady state, we observe that environmental policies encourage scale-invariant technological knowledge bias. This, in turn, promotes environmental quality, the skill premium and economic growth. Moreover, the impact of population growth on the steady-state growth rate is higher under strong households? environmental conscientiousness with future generations.

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Md Mohsin and AKM Mashiul Munir. "Workplace Hygiene Practice among Saloon Workers in Bangladesh Army." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 15, no. 1 (August 20, 2020): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v15i1.48650.

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Introduction: In Bangladesh like any other developing country, saloon is the unique place for transmission of some communicable diseases. Objectives: To explore the level of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding hygienic and cleanliness among saloon workers of Bangladesh Army. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in different barber shops of army units in Dhaka cantonment during the month of May 2011. Data were collected from 115 saloon worker by structured questionnaire through face to face interview. Results: Mean age of 115 respondents’ was 22.65±5.8 years whereas 76% of the respondents have less than 5 years of service. Their monthly income was less than 8000 taka and 70.4% had only primary education. About 77% washed linen used for wrapping twice a week and 16.5% did it in alternate day. About 89.5% had awareness and knowledge of transmission of skin diseases through unclean comb, but only 2.6% did not have any knowledge regarding this matter. In case of disease spread through unclean handle of blade/khur majority 60% respondents were aware about skin disease but only 12% were aware about AIDS and 16.5% were aware about jaundice. Majority (90%) found using antiseptic solution to clean used shaving brush /handle of razors. No respondent clean their hand before providing service to each customer and none used fresh linen for each customer rather 1 linen for every 10-12 customer on average. Conclusion: The study revealed that majority of the saloon workers were either illiterate or had only primary plus level education with poor socio economic background. Despite the knowledge and practice of workplace hygiene among the saloon workers are quite satisfactory levels even though there are areas for further improvement. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.15 (1) 2019: 79-80

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Arias-Palacios, Janeth, Libardo Hernandez-Esquivel, Juan Carlos Marín-Díaz, Natalia Navarro-Peña, and Natalia Santos-Arévalo. "Evaluación del método dilución neutralización aplicado a un desinfectante según la Norma Técnica Colombiana 5473 de 2007." Universitas Scientiarum 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.sc17-1.aotd.

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Objective. Evaluate the dilution-neutralization method proposed in the Colombian Technical Norm 5473/07, by using a gel, alcoholbased disinfectant. Materials and methods. This study was done using Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, and Enterococcus hirae ATCC 10541 as the assay microorganisms. The study was carried out at 20±1°C as obligatory temperature and additionally at 36±1°C. Four contact times between microorganisms and the disinfectant were evaluated (0, 2, 5 and 10 minutes). The assay was done both under clean conditions (0.3 g/L of bovine serum albumin), and unclean conditions (3 g/L of bovine serum albumin and 3g/L of sheep erythrocytes). Results. The implementation of this method produced precise results in all of the six repetitions used during the assay. The obtained results demonstrated a logarithmic reduction higher than five, demonstrating the bactericidal activity exerted by the disinfectant on the control microorganisms. The established experimental conditions and methodology did not affect negatively the growth of any of the strains of microorganisms. Similarly, the neutralizing used did not inhibit the development of the microorganisms of the assay. Conclusions. The method was verified by means of the fulfillment of the limits set by the rule. Our results suggest that the method evaluated by means of the implementation of the protocol established in the Colombian Technical Norm 5473/07, allows evaluating the effectiveness of a disinfectant under selected and controlled experimental conditions. Key words: disinfection, clean conditions, unclean conditions, dilution-neutralization method, logarithmic reduction.

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Vijayasarathy S and Suneetha V. "Un-noticed infections that affects public health: A brief study." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 1343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1995.

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Human body is a perfectly designed and the most effectively functioning bio-machine. When there is no proper care microbes enter our body and lead to septicemia and makes us asthenic. Much of the pathogens gain entry into our body by contaminated food, water and physical contact with the affected person or material. Pathogens are biological fluids which disrupts homeostasis. The pathogens could be viral, bacterial, nematodal, prional or fungal. The impact of the infection depends on the pathogenicity of the infected pathogen. We are always concerned about the places that we see regularly and we hear frequently. We rarely thimk of certain sites that may cause us an infection. Not only drainages or an unclean surrounding is a place where pathogens grow; even nosocomial sites like catheters, ICU’s or operation theaters can be a site of infection. We never even think of these sites but we need to be cautious about such sites. Our own unclean habits lead us to various opportunistic infections from unnoticed sites like toothbrushes, currency notes etc.Our daily usage things like toiletries must be kept moisture free and clean. Moisture content in such things readily promote microbial growth. The reviewed article gives a brief outline of such unnoticed sites of infection.

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Holmes, Dave, Amélie Perron, and Patrick O’Byrne. "Understanding Disgust in Nursing: Abjection, Self, and the Other." Research and Theory for Nursing Practice 20, no. 4 (December 2006): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/rtnp-v20i4a006.

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From the seeming chaos of war zones and emergency rooms to the ritualized order of forensic psychiatric settings and sexual health clinics, nurses often experience feelings of disgust and repulsion in their practice. For these intense feelings to occur, an abject object must exist. Cadaverous, sick, disabled bodies, troubled minds, wounds, vomit, feces, and so forth are all part of nursing work and threaten the clean and proper bodies of nurses. The unclean side of nursing is rarely accounted for in academic literature: it is silenced. Using a theoretical approach, the objective of this paper is to demonstrate how fruitful the concept of abjection is in understanding nurses’ reactions of disgust and repulsion regarding particular patients or clinical situations.

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47

Noetzel, Davi, and Harla Ford. "Culttvar Vs. Seed Damage with and Without Insecticide, 1989." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/17.1.289a.

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Abstract A range of 10 sunflower cultivars were established at the Southwest Experiment Station in Lamberton, MN. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows × 9.15 m long with 1.5 m between replicates. Karate 1 E at 0.044 kg/ha was applied to plots as indicated (+) using a hand held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi in 64 liters/ha. Stand counts were taken from 6.7 m of the 2 center rows. Damaged seed counts were taken by smashing heads prior to threshing, removing a sample of this unclean material, and examining 200 seeds for BSM and SFM larval feeding. Remaining material was then threshed and clean seed weighed for yields.

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Thomasson, Gordon C. "What’s in a Name? Book of Mormon Language, Names, and [Metonymic] Naming." Journal of Book of Mormon Studies (1992-2007) 3, no. 1 (April 1, 1994): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44758651.

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Abstract Anthropological perspectives are presented on names, and on the social and literary function of names, in principle and in the Book of Mormon. The function of names in kinship; secret names; and names, ritual, and rites of passage are first discussed in general and then from a Latter-day Saint perspective. The symbolic use of names and metonymy or metonymie naming are then discussed. Examples are given of biblical and Book of Mormon metonymie naming, nomenclature, and taxonomy. Finally, it is suggested that biblical laws of purity form the foundation for a pattern of metonymie associations with the name Lamanite, where the dichotomy of clean/unclean is used to give name to social alienation and pollution.

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Longe, Omowunmi Mary. "An Assessment of the Energy Poverty and Gender Nexus towards Clean Energy Adoption in Rural South Africa." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 21, 2021): 3708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123708.

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South Africa has about 2.5 million households without electricity access, most of which are located in rural areas and urban informal settlements. The nexus of energy poverty and gender is at play in the affected communities, as women and girls are culturally stereotyped with the task of collecting unclean fuels (e.g., firewood) and using these for their households’ energy demands. Therefore, this study prioritized rural women and girls as respondents in the provinces most affected by gendered energy poverty (GEP) in the country. The study was carried out in selected rural unelectrified areas of Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and KwaZulu-Natal provinces using structured interviews. The study revealed that GEP in the rural areas has exposed women and girls living there to security concerns, health hazards, premature death, domestic fire accidents, time poverty, income poverty, illiteracy, drudgery in households and farm tasks, etc., at different levels of severity. It also showed the effects of perceptions, age, income, and culture on the choice of energy use among the respondents. Mitigation strategies against GEP in rural South African communities through clean energy adoption are also proposed in this paper.

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Chen, Xinyi, Beatriz Munoz, Meraf A. Wolle, Geordie Woods, Michelle Odonkor, Fahd Naufal, Harran Mkocha, and Sheila K. West. "Environmental factors and hygiene behaviors associated with facial cleanliness and trachoma in Kongwa, Tanzania." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 10 (October 28, 2021): e0009902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009902.

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Background Having a clean face is protective against trachoma. In the past, long distances to water were associated with unclean faces and increased trachoma. Other environmental factors have not been extensively explored. We need improved clarity on the environmental factors associated with facial cleanliness and trachoma prevalence, especially when the disease burden is low. Methodology/Principle findings A cross-sectional survey focusing on household environments was conducted in all 92 villages in Kongwa, Tanzania, in a random selection of 1798 households. Children aged 0–5 years in these households were examined for facial cleanliness. In each of the 50 randomly-selected villages, 50 children aged 1–9 years were randomly selected and examined for trachoma. In a multivariate model adjusting for child age, we found that children were more likely to have clean faces if the house had a clean yard (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.37–1.91), an improved latrine (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01–1.22), and greater water storage capacity (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.04), and if there were clothes washed and drying around the house (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.09–1.54). However, measures of crowding, wealth, time spent on obtaining water, or the availability of piped water was not associated with clean faces. Using a cleanliness index (clean yard, improved latrine, washing clothes, ≥1 child in the household having a clean face), the community prevalence of trachoma decreased with an increase in the average value of the index (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.17–4.80). Conclusions/Significance Access to water is no longer a significant limiting factor in children’s facial cleanliness in Kongwa. Instead, water storage capacity and the way that water is utilized are more important in facial cleanliness. A household cleanliness index with a holistic measure of household environment is associated with reduced community prevalence of trachoma.

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