Статті в журналах: "Clayey rocks"

1

Pineda, Jubert A., and Daichao Sheng. "Environmental degradation of clayey rocks." Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 7, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.v07.002.

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2

Maslov, A. V., V. N. Podkovyrov, and L. N. Kotova. "Synrift clayey rocks: bulk chemical composition and position on discriminant paleogeodynamic diagrams." Геохимия 64, no. 6 (June 26, 2019): 618–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-7525646618-633.

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The paper analyzes the bulk chemical composition and distribution of the fields of syn-rift clayey rocks on a number of discriminant paleogeodynamic diagrams. It is shown that, in general, there are significant variations in the bulk chemical composition for syn-rift clayey rocks. Thus, for example, the average SiO2 content varies from 44.74 to 66.42 wt. %, the average content of Al2O3 varies from 16.62 to 29.92 wt. %, and the K2Oaver are in the range 0.24 ... 5.77 wt. %. Based on the distribution of the figurative points of the syn-rift clayey rocks of various objects/riftogenous structures in the F1–F2 diagram, it can be assumed that the sources of fine aluminosilicoclastic were magmatic and sedimentary rocks of a wide range of compositions. The substantial overlap of the fields of various objects in the classification diagrams [(Na2O + K2O)/Al2O3]–[(Fe2O3tot + MgO)/SiO2] and K/Al–Mg/Al indicates, in general, the similarity of the compositions of the syn-rift fine-grained clastic rocks of various types of riftogenic structures. The localization of the composition fields of the clayey rocks of different riftogenous structures on such discriminant paleogeodynamic diagrams as K2O/Na2O–SiO2/Al2O3 and SiO2–K2O/Na2O suggests that they do not allow correctly distinguishing between syn-rift clayey rocks and fine-grained rosks of other geodynamic environments. The position of the syn-rift clayey rocks fields presented in our database on the diagram DF1–DF2 has its own characteristics. In most cases, they occupy a particular position in the areas characterizing collision and rifting environments, and a number of fields are located in all three classification areas of this diagram. A significant part of the midpoints of the syn-rift clayey rocks is localized in the DF1–DF2 diagram in the collision field. It seems that all of the above indicates that the DF1–DF2 diagram also does not allow us to obtain a correct information about the geodynamic nature of terrigenous associations.

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3

Maslov, A. V., V. N. Podkovyrov, E. Z. Gareev, and A. D. Nozhkin. "Synrift sandstones and clayey rocks: bulk chemical composition and location on a number of discriminant paleogeodynamic diagrams." Литология и полезные ископаемые, no. 5 (October 20, 2019): 439–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0024-497x20195439-465.

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The bulk chemical composition of synrift sandstones and associated clayey rocks has been analized, and the distribution of the fields they form has been studied on discriminant paleogeodynamic SiO2K2O/Na2O [Roser, Korsch, 1986] and DF1DF2 [Verma, Armstrong-Altrin, 2013] diagrams. The studied sandstones in terms of bulk chemical composition mainly correspond to greywacke, lititic, arkose and subarkose psammites; Sublitites and quartz arenites are also found. A significant part in the analyzed data massif consists of psammites, in which log(Na2O/K2O)-1.0; missing on the Pettijohn classification chart. This confirms our conclusion, based on the results of mineralogical and petrographic studies, that the sedimentary infill of rift structures unites immature sandstones, the detrital framework of which was formed due to erosion of local sources, represented by various magmatic and sedimentary formations. Synrift clayey rocks, compared with sandstones, are composed of more mature fine-grained siliciclastics. As follows from the distribution of figurative data points of clayey rocks on the F1F2 diagram [Roser, Korsch, 1988], its sources were mainly sedimentary deposits. The content of most of the main rock-forming oxides in the synrift sandstones is almost the same as in silt-sandstone rocks present in the Upper Precambrian-Phanerozoic sedimentary mega-complex of the East European Plate, but at the same time differs significantly from the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic cratonic sediments, as well as from the average composition upper continental crust. It is shown that the distribution of the fields of syntift sandstones and clayey rocks on the SiO2K2O/Na2O diagram does not have any distinct features, and their figurative data points are localized in the areas of terrigenous rocks of passive and active continental margins. On the DF1DF2 diagram, the fields of the studied psammites and clayey rocks are located in areas of riftogenous and collisional environments. We have proposed a different position of the border between these areas in the diagram, which will require further verification.

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4

Kurovets, S. S., and І. V. Artym. "Evaluation of the geological factors impact on capacity and filtration properties of terrigenuous reservoirs of the Pre-Carpathian foredeep." Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, no. 1(44) (May 5, 2018): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9965-2018-1(44)-25-37.

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The following main geological factors that determine the reservoir properties of the terrigenous rocks of the Pre-Carpathian foredeep were identified, namely: mineral composition, structural and texture features, and thermobaric factors. The mineral composition of the rock-forming minerals, the shape, the size of the fragmented grains and pores, their mutual placement, the type of fluid and the thermodynamic state determine the reservoir properties of terrigenous rocks. The best reservoirs are sandstones, compiled with larger and sorted grains. The increase of clay and carbonate material sharply worsens the reservoir properties of rocks. Sealing and secondary processes (sieving, calcifying, pyrolysis) negatively affect the reservoir properties of rocks, reduce their porosity and permeability. Some dependencies were identified. These dependencies make it possible to predict the maximum porosity of sandstones, depending on their immersion in depth. The given porosity data of sandy-clayey rocks shows, that sorted quartz sandstones with insignificant contents of clayey and carbonate materials have greater intergranular porosity and permeability at great depths.

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5

Epov, M. I., P. P. Bobrov, V. L. Mironov, and A. V. Repin. "Dielectric relaxation in oil-bearing clayey rocks." Russian Geology and Geophysics 52, no. 9 (September 2011): 1028–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2011.08.008.

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6

Khramchenkov, M. G. "Rheological double-porosity model for clayey rocks." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 42, no. 7-8 (October 2005): 1006–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.05.013.

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7

Barnichon, Jean-Dominique, Alexandre Dauzères, and Laurent De Windt. "Understanding oxidizing transient conditions in clayey rocks." Applied Geochemistry 98 (November 2018): 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.09.018.

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8

Maslov, А. V. "Bashkirian meganticlinorium: Late Riphean-Vendian hiatuses and possible transformations of basin provenances." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 20, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 455–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2020-20-4-455-470.

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The object of research. At the top of the Upper Riphean-Vendian sedimentary sequence of the Bashkirian meganticlinorium (western and central parts of the named structure, corresponding to the stratotypical locality of Riphean) there is a series of fairly well-established hiatuses – the pre-Uk and pre-Bakeevo. One can also assume the existence of the pre-Uruk and pre-Basa hiatuses. During each of them, the thin-grained aluminosiliciclastic’s distribution systems could be subjected to one or another transformations. However, whether this is actually the case is still not entirely clear. To solve this problem, the lithogeochemical features of clayey rocks of the Inzer, Minyar, Uk, Bakeevo and Basa formations are analyzed. If we assume that the hiatuses are accompanied by restructuring of the provenances, then this can/should lead to the appearance of more fresh, previously not subject to weathering, rock complexes at the paleo-watersheds. This circumstance should cause a change in the lithochemical characteristics of the thin-grained aluminosiliciclastics entering to the sedimentation area. Methods. The analysis of the lithogeochemical features of clayey rocks is based on data on the content of the main rock-forming oxides (about 40 analyzes) and rare and trace elements (total of 70 analyzes). These data make it impossible to investigate the change in different lithogeochemical parameters of clayey rocks (for example, CIA, GM, K2O/Al2O3, or others) from the bottom upwards through the section of each of the formations listed above, therefore we operate with the averages for the formation values of such parameters taking into account the values their standard deviations. Results and conclusions. On the majority of the discriminant diagrams used by us, the figurative data points of the Basa Fm. mudstones occupy a position that to some extent differs from the position of the clayey rocks of other formations. The only lithostratigraphic subdivision in the part of the Upper Precambrian sedimentary sequence of the Bashkirian meganticlinorium under consideration, whose clayey rocks demonstrate a chemically noticeably less mature, compared to the underlying formations, is the Uk Fm. It may be thought that this is the result of the appearance of more fresh (less transformed by weathering) rock complexes at the provenances. The scales of the pre-Bakeevo and pre-Basa breaks, if they existed, were, most likely, noticeably less significant.

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9

Malov, A. I. "Water–Rock Interaction in Vendian Sandy–Clayey Rocks of the Mezen Syneclise." Lithology and Mineral Resources 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:limi.0000033821.50195.ef.

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10

Abukova, Leyla A., and Olga P. Abramova. "Prediction of hydrogeochemical effects in clayey cap rocks during underground storage of hydrogen with methane." Georesursy 23, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2021.1.13.

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Theoretical issues of joint underground storage of hydrogen with methane are poorly studied, and practical examples are rare. Therefore, it is extremely important to analyze the mutual influence of hydrogen-methane mixtures and the host geological environment. This article presents material that makes it possible to substantiate the most significant hydrochemical processes that affect the transformation of cap rocks. For this purpose, the results of our own experiments, as well as published data on the study of the influence of hydrochemical conditions on the diffusion loss of hydrogen, its interaction with rock-forming minerals, organic matter, and pore waters were used. A quantitative assessment of the decrease in the moisture saturation of clay-rocks samples and, as a consequence, the loss of the mass content of mineral and organic substances is given. It was found that the cyclic change of thermobaric effects leads to a change in the redox conditions in the system “rock ↔ pore water” and is accompanied by an increase in the reactivity of calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron. The saturation indices of pore water with carbonate and sulfate calcium salts were calculated under the conditions of their precipitation, dissolution, and removal from solution. The interpretation of the experimental data made it possible to substantiate the most probable transformations in clayey cap rocks, which affect their screening capabilities. It is recommended to take into account, when designing and operating storage facilities for hydrogen-methane mixtures, the variety of accompanying hydrochemical and microbiological processes that affect the change in the filtration properties of cap rocks.

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11

Farhat, F., W. Q. Shen, and J. F. Shao. "A micro-mechanics based viscoplastic model for clayey rocks." Computers and Geotechnics 89 (September 2017): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.04.014.

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12

Hu, Dawei, Hui Zhou, Fan Zhang, Jianfu Shao, and Junfeng Zhang. "Modeling of inherent anisotropic behavior of partially saturated clayey rocks." Computers and Geotechnics 48 (March 2013): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.09.002.

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13

Pinyol, N., J. Vaunat, and E. E. Alonso. "A constitutive model for soft clayey rocks that includes weathering effects." Géotechnique 57, no. 2 (March 2007): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.57.2.137.

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14

Oldecop, Luciano, and Eduardo Alonso. "Modelling the degradation and swelling of clayey rocks bearing calcium-sulphate." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 54 (September 2012): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.05.027.

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15

Etiope, G., and S. Lombardi. "Soil Gas 222Rn in Sedimentary Basins in Central Italy: Its Implications in Radiation Protection Zoning." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 56, no. 1-4 (December 1, 1994): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082459.

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Abstract Soil gas investigations for tectonic prospecting in clayey basins highlighted, over tectonic discontinuities, the occurrence of high Rn concentrations induced by a vertical and rapid migration of deep seated gases through faulted rocks.

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16

Norris, Simon. "Multiple roles of clays in radioactive waste confinement – introduction." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 482, no. 1 (2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp482-2019-4.

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AbstractGeological disposal provides the safe long-term management solution for higher-activity radioactive waste. The development of a repository (or geological disposal facility) requires a systematic and integrated approach, taking into account the characteristics of the waste to be emplaced, the enclosing engineered barriers, and the host rock and its geological setting.Clays and clayey material are important in the development of many national geological disposal systems. Clays exhibit many interesting properties, and are proposed both as host rocks and as material for engineered barriers. Whatever their use, clays present various characteristics that make them high-quality barriers to the migration of radionuclides and chemical contaminants. As host rocks, clays are, in addition, hydrogeologically, geochemically and mechanically stable over geological timescales (i.e. millions of years).

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17

Bleyen, Nele, Joe S. Small, Kristel Mijnendonckx, Katrien Hendrix, Achim Albrecht, Pierre De Cannière, Maryna Surkova, Charles Wittebroodt, and Elie Valcke. "Ex and In Situ Reactivity and Sorption of Selenium in Opalinus Clay in the Presence of a Selenium Reducing Microbial Community." Minerals 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070757.

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79Se is a critical radionuclide concerning the safety of deep geological disposal of certain radioactive wastes in clay-rich formations. To study the fate of selenium oxyanions in clayey rocks in the presence of a selenium reducing microbial community, in situ tests were performed in the Opalinus Clay at the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory (Switzerland). Furthermore, biotic and abiotic batch tests were performed to assess Se(VI) and Se(IV) reactivity in the presence of Opalinus Clay and/or stainless steel, in order to support the interpretation of the in situ tests. Geochemical modeling was applied to simulate Se(VI) reduction, Se(IV) sorption and solubility, and diffusion processes. This study shows that microbial activity is required to transform Se(VI) into more reduced and sorbing Se species in the Opalinus Clay, while in abiotic conditions, Se(VI) remains unreactive. On the other hand, Se(IV) can be reduced by microorganisms but can also sorb in the presence of clay without microorganisms. In situ microbial reduction of Se oxyanions can occur with electron donors provided by the clay itself. If microorganisms would be active in the clay surrounding a disposal facility, microbial reduction of leached Se could thus contribute to the overall retention of Se in clayey host rocks.

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18

Bourbiaux, B. "Low salinity effects on oil recovery performance: underlying physical mechanisms and practical assessment." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 75 (2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2020030.

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This paper is a tentative synthesis of the main knowledge and experience gained from recent studies and application of Low Salinity Water Injection (LSWI) in carbonate and clayey silico-clastic rocks. A physical model based on ionic force is presented to explain the so-called Dual Layer Expansion (DLE) mechanism often invoked to account for the Low Salinity Effects (LSE) on rock wettability and oil recovery. The role played by the Multi Ion Exchange (MIE) mechanism is clarified, at least for clayey rocks. Eventually, the proposed physical analysis shows the complementary roles that injected brine concentration and composition can play on waterflood recovery efficiency depending on the Crude Oil Brine Rock (COBR) system under consideration. To account for the diversity of COBR systems, a straightforward modelling methodology is then proposed to simulate laboratory LSWI tests on a case-by-case basis and infer the actual evolution of residual oil saturation with brine concentration and/or composition. The simulation involves a wettability driver that may be either the global salinity or the square root of ionic force. The analysis of published results actually shows that the latter predicts low salinity effects on residual oil saturation better than the former. Hopefully, this paper contributes to the understanding of the DLE and MIE mechanisms induced by a smart water injection and provides a simple and robust methodology to simulate the reference coreflood experiments that remain necessary to assess and optimize LSWI.

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19

Abutaha, Saja M., János Geiger, Sándor Gulyás, and Ferenc Fedor. "Assessing the representative elementary volume of rock types by X-ray computed tomography (CT) – a simple approach to demonstrate the heterogeneity of the Boda Claystone Formation in Hungary." Geologos 27, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logos-2021-0018.

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Abstract X-ray computed tomography (CT) can reveal internal, three-dimensional details of objects in a non-destructive way and provide high-resolution, quantitative data in the form of CT numbers. The sensitivity of the CT number to changes in material density means that it may be used to identify lithology changes within cores of sedimentary rocks. The present pilot study confirms the use of Representative Elementary Volume (REV) to quantify inhomogeneity of CT densities of rock constituents of the Boda Claystone Formation. Thirty-two layers, 2 m core length, of this formation were studied. Based on the dominant rock-forming constituent, two rock types could be defined, i.e., clayey siltstone (20 layers) and fine siltstone (12 layers). Eleven of these layers (clayey siltstone and fine siltstone) showed sedimentary features such as, convolute laminations, desiccation cracks, cross-laminations and cracks. The application of the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages, Statistical Process Control (ARIMA SPC) method to define Representative Elementary Volume (REV) of CT densities (Hounsfield unit values) affirmed the following results: i) the highest REV values corresponded to the presence of sedimentary structures or high ratios of siltstone constituents (> 60%). ii) the REV average of the clayey siltstone was (5.86 cm3) and (6.54 cm3) of the fine siltstone. iii) normalised REV percentages of the clayey siltstone and fine siltstone, on the scale of the core volume studied were 19.88% and 22.84%; respectively. iv) whenever the corresponding layer did not reveal any sedimentary structure, the normalised REV values would be below 10%. The internal void space in layers with sedimentary features might explain the marked textural heterogeneity and elevated REV values. The drying process of the core sample might also have played a significant role in increasing erroneous pore proportions by volume reducation of clay minerals, particularly within sedimentary structures, where authigenic clay and carbonate cement were presumed to be dominant.

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20

Migaszewski, Zdzisław, Ewa Starnawska, and Agnieszka Gałuszka. "Gorceixite from the Upper Cambrian Rocks of the podwiśniówka Mine Pit, Holy Cross Mountains (South-Central Poland)." Mineralogia 38, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10002-007-0025-6.

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Gorceixite from the Upper Cambrian Rocks of the podwiśniówka Mine Pit, Holy Cross Mountains (South-Central Poland)This report presents the results of a petrographical, mineralogical (SEM/EDS, XRD) and geochemical (XRF, CV-AAS, ICP-MS) study of gorceixite (barium aluminophosphate) from the abandoned Podwiśniówka mine pit. This site is highlighted by the presence of highly acidic pit pond whose chemistry is strongly affected by the exposed pyrite-bearing zone. The gorceixite occurs in the Upper Cambrian carbonaceous clayey shales, quartzites and tuffs in form of minute accumulations varying from about 0.5 to 100 μm in diameter. These accumulations infill voids, cavities, cracks and partly fissures in the rocks examined. The other minerals of the crandallite series, i.e. florencite and goyazite, can be found only in trace amounts. The gorceixite-bearing rocks, especially carbonaceous clayey shales, are characterized by the highest concentrations of REE reaching 455.09 mg·kg-1. In addition, these rocks are distinctly enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE), with the La/Yb ratio ranging from 24.44 through 36.30. Some of the examined gorceixite accumulations are paragenetically linked to the veined pyrite and nacrite. The latter mineral is indicative of crystallization temperatures of about 200 to 300°C. The coexistence of gorceixite with the veined nacrite or pyrite mineralization and the volcaniclastic rocks, as well as the microtextural features and high concentrations of REE in the gorceixite-bearing parent rocks suggest that this mineral formed as a result of both hydrothermal and volcanic activity in a shallow-marine basin during the late Cambrian.

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21

Liu, Zaobao, Jianfu Shao, Shouyi Xie, and Jean Secq. "Gas permeability evolution of clayey rocks in process of compressive creep test." Materials Letters 139 (January 2015): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.10.139.

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22

Fragoulis, D., M. G. Stamatakis, E. Chaniotakis, and G. Columbus. "Characterization of lightweight aggregates produced with clayey diatomite rocks originating from Greece." Materials Characterization 53, no. 2-4 (November 2004): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2004.05.004.

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23

Felitsyn, S. B. "Alkali earth elements in Vendian-Cambrian clayey rocks, the East European Platform." Lithology and Mineral Resources 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0024490206040067.

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24

Adeola, Adewole John, and Abisola M. Oyebola. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Weathering Profiles above the Basement Rocks in Idi- Ayunre and Akure Districts, Southwestern Nigeria." Journal of Geography and Geology 8, no. 2 (March 16, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v8n2p15.

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Idi-ayunre and Akure areas are part of the basement complex of southwestern Nigeria and are predominantly consisted of gneisses, granite and migmatite with some minor quartz veins and pegmatite. These rocks have been greatly weathered to form clay, laterite and soils.Chemical analysis were carried out on basement rocks and exposed profiles. The weathering profile was subjected to X ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to determine mineralogical compositions whereas Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) was calculated from the elemental concentrated data.Weathering of basement rocks in Idi-Ayunre and Akure districts resulted in the formation of soil layer which ranged 0-0.4m, laterite layer 1.2-2.2m, and clayey zone 3.8-6.6m. Quartz, plagioclase, microcline, and biotite were the main minerals in parent rocks. Some of the primary minerals such as biotite and K-feldspar have been weathered to form kaolinite. Quartz, kaolinite and goethite formed the dominant minerals revealed by X-ray diffraction on decomposed granite sequences. The results from chemical analysis showed that Al and Fe have been enriched in weathering profiles of banded gneiss, migmatite gneiss and porphyritic granite whilst on the other hand Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, Ti were reported to be depleted.. Silica was relatively stable from basement to the topsoil in the profile. The CIA generally ranged between 80 - 99The lateritic profiles over banded gneiss, granite and porphyritic granite of Idi-Ayunre and Akure areas varied with the composition of the parent rocks. The thick clayey layers could be of great economic importance for the production of ceramics wares and for constructional purposes.

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25

Stamatakis, M., and G. Stamatakis. "THE USE OF DIATOMACEOUS ROCKS OF GREEK ORIGIN AS ABSORBENTS OF OLIVE-OIL WASTERS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 5 (July 31, 2017): 2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11680.

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Diatomite is a multifunctional industrial mineral, having commercial interest in the food/agricultural and the construction sectors and also in environmental applications. Certain diatomite deposits worldwide are used as absorbents and filtering media in industrial scale. In Greece, several types of diatomaceous deposits (calcareous, clayey or amorphous phases-rich) occur in marine or lacustrine Tertiary basins. Bulk samples originated from western Macedonia, Thessaly and the islands of Samos and Milos were characterized, tested and compared concerning their absorption ability against olive mill wastes. The results of the current research show insignificant variations in the absorption ability of the tested Greek diatomites exhibiting equal or better behavior than some of the commercially used absorbents, either diatomaceous, or clayey. Hence, the Greek raw materials could find applications in the prevention of seashores and river banks pollution from the acidic olive-oil wastes.

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26

Costa, Marcondes Lima da, Dirse Clara Kern, Alice Helena Eleotério Pinto, and Jorge Raimundo da Trindade Souza. "The ceramic artifacts in archaeological black earth (terra preta) from lower Amazon region, Brazil: mineralogy." Acta Amazonica 34, no. 2 (2004): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672004000200004.

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Several archaeological black earth (ABE) sites occur in the Amazon region. They contain fragments of ceramic artifacts, which are very important for the archaeological purpose. In order to improve the archaeological study in the region we carried out a detailed mineralogical and chemical study of the fragments of ceramic artifacts found in the two ABE sites of Cachoeira-Porteira, in the Lower Amazon Region. Their ceramics comprise the following tempers: cauixi, cariapé, sand, sand +feldspars, crushed ceramic and so on and are composed of quartz, clay equivalent material (mainly burned kaolinite), feldspars, hematite, goethite, maghemite, phosphates, anatase, and minerals of Mn and Ba. Cauixi and cariapé, siliceous organic compounds, were found too. The mineralogical composition and the morphology of their grains indicate a saprolite (clayey material rich on quartz) derived from fine-grained felsic igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks as source material for ceramic artifacts, where silica-rich components such cauixi, cariapé and/or sand (feldspar and rock fragments) were intentionally added to them. The high content of (Al,Fe)-phosphates, amorphous to low crystalline, must be product of the contact between the clayey matrix of pottery wall and the hot aqueous solution formed during the daily cooking of animal foods (main source of phosphor). The phosphate crystallization took place during the discharge of the potteries put together with waste of organic material from animal and vegetal origin, and leaving to the formation of the ABE-soil profile.

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27

Maslov, A. V., and V. N. Podkovyrov. "TYPES OF RIVERS FEEDING SEDIMENTARY BASINS ON THE SOUTHEASTERN EDGE OF THE SIBERIAN PLATFORM DURING THE RIPHEAN: SKETCH OF RECONSTRUCTION." Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 40, no. 4 (2021): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.30911/0207-4028-2021-40-4-99-117.

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Some geochemical features of fine-grained clastic/clay rocks of a number of Riphean formations of the Yudoma-Maya region of southeastern Yakutia are considered. A comparison of the distribution character of the data points of individual and average samples of clay rocks in the (La/Yb)N–Eu/Eu* and (La/Yb)N–Th diagrams, which show the composition of the bottom sediments of the estuarine parts of modern rivers of various categories, allowed us to make a number of conclusions. Thus, individual data points on the (La/Yb)N–Eu/Eu* diagram are concentrated mainly in the fields of bottom sediments of rivers feeding on erosion products of mainly sedimentary (categories 1 and 2) and volcanic rocks (category 4), as well as their overlapping zones. The average data point of the clay rocks of the Trekhgorka Formation in this diagram is located in the field of bottom sediments of rivers draining magmatic/metamorphic terranes (category 3). The average data points of shales of the Dim, Talyn, and Svetly formations are located in the zone of overlapping fields of bottom sediments of rivers of categories 1, 2, and 3, i.e., they contain erosion products of both sedimentary formations and magmatic and metamorphic complexes. This is quite well consistent with the real geological situation. At the same time, in the composition of clayey rocks of higher stratigraphic levels of Riphean, erosion products of magmatic/metamorphic terranes are either absent or their proportion is very small. On the (La/Yb)N–Th graph, most of the individual data points of Riphean clayey rocks tend to be in the fields 1, 2, and 4. Their average data points are mainly confined to the overlapping zone of the fields of bottom sediments of rivers of categories 1 and 2. The average data point of clay rocks of Ust-Kirba Formation is located in the field of bottom sediments of rivers that feed on products of erosion from rocks of volcanic provinces. It also does not contradict the real geological situation.

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Maslov, A. V., V. N. Podkovyrov, and L. N. Kotova. "Syn-rift Clayey Rocks: Bulk Chemical Composition and Position on Discriminant Paleogeodynamic Diagrams." Geochemistry International 57, no. 6 (June 2019): 682–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016702919060065.

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Shen, W. Q., J. F. Shao, D. Kondo, and B. Gatmiri. "A micro–macro model for clayey rocks with a plastic compressible porous matrix." International Journal of Plasticity 36 (September 2012): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2012.03.006.

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Adeola, Adewole John, and Emmanuel Tamunobelema Tubonemi. "Mineralogical and Geochemical Trends in the Residual Soils above Basement Rocks in Ore Area, Southwestern Nigeria." Journal of Geography and Geology 9, no. 3 (August 30, 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v9n3p42.

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Residual clays and laterite of economic values often occur within weathering profiles above basement rocks in tropical regions due to supergene enrichment and leaching of liable components. Previous studies in Ore area mainly on geochemistry of the basement rocks with scanty information on the weathered profiles. This study was carried out to determine the compositional characteristics of the basement rocks, the geochemical trends within the profiles above the parent rocks and the evaluation of their economic potentials.Petrographic study was carried out on thin sections of the rock samples. Elemental compositions of the rocks, clay, laterite, and top-soil were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Clay mineralogy was determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Chemical index of Alterations (CIA) was calculated from geochemical data.Weathering of granite and banded gneiss in Ore resulted in the formation of soil layer, which ranged 0-0.5m, laterite 1.2-3m and clayey zone 2.9-3.0m. Quartz, plagioclase feldspars, microcline, biotite and hornblende were the essential minerals in the parent rocks. Granite and banded gneiss is high SiO2 (>65%) but low in MgO (<2.0%) and CaO (<4.0%). Kaolinite (60-80%), goethite (3-12%) and microcline (4-10%) were the dominant minerals in the XRD of the weathering profiles. Traces of illite were present only in granite. The CIA was generally > 85 indicating advanced state of weathering producing lateritic soil. The lateritic profiles over granite and banded gneiss of Ore area varied with the composition of the parent rocks. The clay layer has economic potential for ceramics, fertilizer and structural wares.

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Németh, Tibor, and P. Sipos. "Characterization of Clay Minerals in Brown Forest Soil Profiles (Luvisols) of the Cserhát Mountains (North Hungary)." Agrokémia és Talajtan 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/agrokem.55.2006.1.5.

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The clay mineral composition of four brown forest soil profiles (Luvisols) developed on different parent rocks was studied in detail to determine the major clay mineral alteration processes. In the studied profiles a siltstone bedrock weathered to chlorite/vermiculite and vermiculite in a less developed, shallow soil profile, while the major product of soil formation in a clayey, well-developed deep soil is a typical soil montmorillonite with heterogeneous charge distribution. The most possible pathway of clay alteration is illite smectitization via charge reduction, and considerable degradation of smectite in the soil formed on limestone. On the contrary, weathering of andesite parent rock involves the formation of low charged smectite altering to high charged vermiculite during pedogenesis.

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Stefanou, Evangelos, Nikolaos Kantiranis, Konstantinos Chatzicharalambous, Christina Mytiglaki, Michael Stamatakis, and George Georgiadis. "Diatomaceous Silica in Environmental Applications: A Case Study from the Lacustrine Deposit of Limnos Island, Aegean Sea, Greece." Minerals 12, no. 5 (April 22, 2022): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050523.

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Diatomitic and clastic-volcanoclastic marly samples from the Paranisia area of Limnos Island, were studied mineralogically by X-ray diffraction (XRD), chemically by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and morphologically by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), together with some physical properties such as the insulation block density, specific surface area and porosity. The diatomaceous samples were classified as porcelaneous or clayey (moler type) diatomite. Opal-CT forms microplates disseminated in the groundmass and are diagenetically formed in expense of opal-A dissolution. The purest diatomaceous beds have been transformed into opaline beds (opal-CT-rich rocks), whereas the clayey beds were not influenced by diagenetic transformations. The studied diatomites from Limnos Island are suitable materials for environmental uses, as an absorbent, for the production of insulation bricks or as lightweight aggregates.

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Acar, Altay, İsmail Dinçer, and Mehmet Necdet. "Geotechnical characteristics of the clayey soils and rocks of the North Lefkoşa, Nicosia, Cyprus." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 66, no. 4 (March 20, 2007): 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-007-0090-5.

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Yang, Jianxiong, and Mamadou Fall. "Hydro-mechanical modelling of gas transport in clayey host rocks for nuclear waste repositories." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 148 (December 2021): 104987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104987.

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Petrov, S. M. "Hydrothermal Conversion of Organic Matter of Carbonate Rock near the Critical Water Point." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 628, no. 6 (2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2021-628-6-25-29.

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The paper presents the results of comparative studies to identify the regularities of the transformation of organic matter in a siliceous-clayey carbonate rock in a hydrothermal fluid at temperatures of 340-380°C and pressures of 17-20 MPa. It was found that in a hydrothermal fluid with an excess of water with increasing temperature and pressure in a carbonate rock containing organic matter, oxidation reactions dominate with the accumulation of aromatic hydrocarbons, resins, and asphaltenes. The dependences of the values of the geochemical parameters of hydrocarbons (extracts) of carbonate rock on the temperature and pressure of the hydrothermal fluid are shown. The optimal thermobaric parameters of a hydrothermal fluid for a carbonate rock are 340°C and 17 MPa; under these conditions, the amount of petroleum hydrocarbons increases against the background of a decrease in the content of organic matter, the pore diameter increases, and micropores are formed. The obtained experimental data contribute to the development of technologies for the development of carbonate rocks.

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Napoli, Maria Lia, Lorenzo Milan, Monica Barbero, and Claudio Scavia. "Preliminary Characterisation of an Italian Soft Rock with a Block-in-Matrix Fabric." Geosciences 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020070.

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Mélanges are heterogeneous geological deposits and represent the most widespread bimrock (block-in-matrix) formations. This paper presents the efforts undertaken to characterise an Italian mélange composed of a clayey-marly matrix enclosing strong calcareous blocks. Due to its low uniaxial compressive strength, this geomaterial can be classified as a soft rock. The weak nature of the marly matrix and its water sensitivity, as well as the presence of rock inclusions, made the collection and preparation of intact specimens extremely complex and time-consuming operations. The difficulties encountered during these phases are described in detail; the various non-conventional procedures considered and developed to overcome these problems are also presented. The potential of the solutions proposed lies in the fact that they can be conveniently applied to other soft rocks with a block-in-matrix internal arrangement, such as the Italian mélange. To characterise the Italian mélange, point load and uniaxial compressive tests were carried out. From the results of these tests, a conversion factor equal to 14 is proposed to correct the point load strength index in order to estimate the uniaxial compressive strength of soft rocks, such as the mélange under study. Moreover, to estimate local strains and the deformability of the geomaterial, the non-destructive digital image correlation technique was applied.

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Menshikova, Elena, Boris Osovetsky, Sergey Blinov, and Pavel Belkin. "Mineral Formation under the Influence of Mine Waters (The Kizel Coal Basin, Russia)." Minerals 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040364.

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The development of coal deposits is accompanied by negative environmental changes. In the territory of the Kizel coal basin (Perm Region, Russia), the problem of contamination of water sources by acid mine waters and runoff from rock dumps is particularly acute. Mine waters are acidic (pH 2–3), with high mineralization (up to 25 g/L) and significant content of sulfate ions, iron, aluminum, manganese, toxic trace elements (As, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn). They are formed as a result of the interaction of underground waters from flooded mines of the Kizel basin with coal and rocks of dumps with high sulfur content (15%). Uncontrolled inflow of mine water into rivers (about 22 million m3 annually) leads to significant amounts of iron and aluminum hydroxide precipitation. These precipitations are in active interaction with river water, polluting the rivers tens of kilometers downstream and are entering the Kama reservoir. Studies of alluvial precipitation can be considered as a method of control and predictors of technogenic water pollution. The mineral composition of river sediments was studied with the application of different methods, including studies of sand-gravel and silty-clayey sediments. The sandy-gravel grains in the bottom load are mainly composed by natural minerals and are represented by a significant number of particles of coal dumps, slags and magnetic spherules. The silty-clayey material, mixed with natural minerals, contains a significant number of amorphous phases with a predominance of iron-rich substances, which may actively concentrate toxic elements. The presence of jarosite, goethite, basaluminite, lepidorocite and copiapite in silty-clayey sediments are indicators of the influence of mine waters.

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POPP, Ihor, Petro MOROZ, and Mykhailo SHAPOVALOV. "Lithological-geochemical types of deposits of Cretaceous-Paleogene flysch of the Ukrainian Carpathians and conditions of their formaition." Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals 4, no. 181 (December 27, 2019): 116–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2019.04.116.

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The results of lithological, mineralogical and geochemical investigation of Cretaceous-Paleogene flysch deposits of the Ukrainian Carpathians are cited here. There are three main lithological-geochemical types of these deposits which differ in the composition of rock-forming ingredients of biogenic origin (SiO2 biog, CaCO3, Corg): grey limestone-clayey-terrigenous (type-I), non-carbonate or low-carbonate-clayey-terrigenous (type-II), and black carbonate-silica-terrigenous-clayey (type-III). The deposits of the first type are attributed to alkaline-oxic (oxic-calcitic), the second – to acid and low-alcaline oxic (oxic with redeposited glauconite), the third – to reducing (siderite, dolomite or ferrodolomite and low-reducing calcitic) and strong by reducing (primary-sulfidic or hydrogen sulfidic) mineralogical-geochemical facies. The forming of the Barremian-Albian (Shypot suite; Spas suite) and Oligocene (Menilite suite; Dusynska suite) organic-rich sediments in the Ukrainian Carpathians we associate with the phase of oceanic anoxic events OAE-1 and OAE-4 in the Carpathian segment of the Tethys, where anoxic reducing environments favoured to fossilization of huge amount of the dispersed organic matter. The structural-fabric features and composition of separate lithological types of silicites and diagenetic concretions of the Lower Cretaceous and Oligocene of the Ukrainian Carpathians show that their sedimentogenesis and diagenesis took place in conditions of strong oxygen deficit. The studied siliceous rocks can be considered as indicators of the anoxic events in the Carpathian segment of Tethys ocean. It is shown, that alcaline-reducting environments which was the most favourable for the diagenetic transformation of sedimentary organic matter in to petroleum hydrocarbons, prevailed in the organic-rich deposits of Oligocene age.

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39

Jonczy, Iwona, and Borys Borówka. "Characteristics of Near-Surface Part of the Orzesze Beds in the Region of the Main Saddle in View of Weathering Processes." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2016-0018.

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AbstractThe article presents the characterization of a near-surface part of Orzesze beds in the region of the main saddle. The lithological profile of the region in concern has been confirmed to contain claystones with interburdens of sandstones and sands occurring at the surface. Among the claystones, a coal bed was drilled into.Field observations with a video camera, direct observations made in the boreholes and laboratory studies of the obtained rock samples have indicated high levels of weathering of the clastic formations.The weathering processes within the sandstones form fissures and rock voids by means of which rainwater flows freely into the deeper parts of the rock mass.The mineral composition of the sandstones includes mostly quartz, accompanied by plagioclases, micas, breccias and heavy minerals in smaller amounts. The binding material is cement-type and clayey-carbonate. The sands occurring at the surface constitute their eluvium, which is evidenced by similar texture qualities of both the sediments. The claystones contain mostly kaolinite and quartz; in their composition minerals from smectite group were also found. They are characterized by very high absorbability, which leads to their swelling and washing out. It has been found that the weathered parts of rocks indicate significantly lowered compressive strength in comparison to the values assumed in case of the rocks of the Orzesze beds.

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40

Grishkevich, V. F., G. Kh Shaikhutdinova, and S. V. Lagutina. "Deformations of weakly lithifed rocks of the Bazhenov-Georgievsky complex." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 21, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2021-21-5-699-711.

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Research subject. Deposits of the Upper Jurassic Bazhenov-Georgievsky complex situated in central West Siberian regions. At a frst approximation, the deposits are represented by interlayering pure or carbonatized radiolarites and organic-clay mixites. Materials and methods. A collection of core samples taken from the deposits was analyzed to study the geological and geophysical features of borehole sections, photographs of core samples, and micrographs of thin section. Soft sediment deformations, which appeared within the Bazhenov-Georgievsky complex as a result of earthquakes, were investigated using data obtained by Chinese researchers. Results. It is shown that, at diﬀerent stages of diagenesis, layers with sharply diﬀering density and mechanical properties came into contact, which led to various deformations of weakly lithifed layers during earthquakes. In the early and middle diagenesis, mobile carbonated radiolarites deformed plastic clay interlayers with the formation of carbonate nodules. In the middle diagenesis, in radiolarites, areas of weak lithifcation and mobile radiolarites coexisted. Along with plastic deformations, the processes of autobrecciation and autoﬂuid fracturing of radiolarites, abrasion erosion of the boundaries of clayey varieties took place. In the late diagenesis, lithifed varieties predominated in radiolarites and clayey silicites; as a result of deformations, radiolarites and the argillaceous bridges separating them were transformed into fragments, polished surfaces, and pellets. If, under the inﬂuence of diﬀerential loads, ﬂuidization (softening) and movement of weakly lithifed radiolarites occurred, then the rates of such movements in adjacent layers inevitably diﬀered. Each of the described cases is demonstrated by the core material of specifc boreholes and petrographic thin sections. The scale of the phenomenon is shown from the signs of loading of millimeter interlayers to pressure shafts of brecciated limestones with a thickness of 7–10 m. Conclusions. The West Siberian Plate is epicontinental; therefore, the most intense earthquakes occurred at consolidated basement block boundaries during isostatic subduction and compensations in the Neocomian clinoform ultrafast sedimentation zones. Soft sediment deformations occurred within the Bazhenov-Georgievsky layers recorded the rock history of intense seismic events of the past, their temporary and spatial distribution.

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Kwak, Park, Kim, Chung, and Baek. "Shear Band Characterization of Clayey Soils with Particle Image Velocimetry." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (February 7, 2020): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10031139.

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Identifying the spatial distribution of deformation and shear band characteristics is important for accurately modeling soil behavior and ensuring the safety of nearby geotechnical structures. However, most research on the shear behavior of soils has focused on granular soil and clay-rich rocks, with little focus on clayey soil, and the entire shearing process from the initial state to failure has not been observed. This study evaluated the spatial distribution and evolution of deformation in clayey soils from the initial state to the post-failure state and the shear band characteristics. Plane strain tests were performed on normally consolidated and over-consolidated clay specimens, and digital images were captured through a transparent side wall for particle image velocimetry (PIV) analysis. PIV was performed to evaluate the displacement and deformation of soil particles. The results show that the shear-strain behaviors of two clays during the shearing process could be divided into four stages: initial, peak, softening, and steady state. Shear bands were observed to form in the softening stage, and the shear band slopes were compared to values in the literature. These results can be used to characterize shear bands in clay as well as predict failure behavior and guide reinforcement at actual sites with soft ground.

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42

Mahmoud, Ahmed Abdulhamid, and Hasan Al-Hashim. "Evaluating the integrity of clayey sandstone rocks flooded with high pH EDTA chelating agent solutions." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 177 (June 2019): 614–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.02.074.

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43

Bornert, M., F. ValÃ¨s, H. Gharbi, and D. Nguyen Minh. "Multiscale Full-Field Strain Measurements for Micromechanical Investigations of the Hydromechanical Behaviour of Clayey Rocks." Strain 46, no. 1 (February 2010): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1305.2008.00590.x.

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44

Filippov, A. N., and I. V. Kemkin. "Siliceous-clayey rocks of the Jurassic accretionary prism, Khekhtsir Range, Sikhote Alin: Stratigraphy and genesis." Russian Journal of Pacific Geology 1, no. 1 (February 2007): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s181971400701006x.

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45

Jiang, Tao, Weiya Xu, and Jianfu Shao. "Multiscale Study of the Nonlinear Behavior of Heterogeneous Clayey Rocks Based on the FFT Method." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 48, no. 2 (April 24, 2014): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0581-1.

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46

Vinogradov, V. I., M. B. Burzin, M. I. Bujakaite, D. I. Golovin, V. M. Gorozhanin, A. F. Veis, and V. I. Murav’ev. "Rb-Sr and K-Ar Characteristics of Upper Vendian Clayey Rocks in the Russian Platform." Lithology and Mineral Resources 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 332–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10987-005-0032-x.

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47

FAKHFAKH, E., W. HAJJAJI, M. MEDHIOUB, F. ROCHA, A. LOPEZGALINDO, M. SETTI, F. KOOLI, F. ZARGOUNI, and F. JAMOUSSI. "Effects of sand addition on production of lightweight aggregates from Tunisian smectite-rich clayey rocks." Applied Clay Science 35, no. 3-4 (February 2007): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2006.09.006.

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48

Gonzalez-Blanco, Laura, Enrique Romero, Paul Marschall, and Séverine Levasseur. "Hydro-mechanical Response to Gas Transfer of Deep Argillaceous Host Rocks for Radioactive Waste Disposal." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 55, no. 3 (December 3, 2021): 1159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02717-3.

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AbstractDuring recent decades, argillaceous sedimentary formations have been studied as potential host formations for the geological disposal of long-living and heat-emitting radioactive waste—Boom Clay in Belgium and Opalinus Clay and Brown Dogger in Switzerland. A significant issue in the long-term performance of these potential host rocks concerns the generation and transport of gases. The pressure resulting from the generation of gas in an almost impermeable geological medium in the near field of a repository will increase. Under high gas pressures, the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the host rock are expected to change significantly. Preferential gas pathways may develop which exploit material heterogeneity, anisotropy (bedding planes), rock discontinuities, or interfaces between the different components of the repository, and may eventually lead to the release of the produced gases. Gas flow through these clayey rocks is investigated on the basis of laboratory work. Priority has been given to studying the volume change response of these initially water-saturated materials through relatively fast and controlled volume-rate gas injections. The effect of the gas injection rate, the confining pressure and the bedding orientation on the gas transport properties have been studied with particular attention paid to the coupling with strain behaviour. The results have shown features common to the three formations concerning the gas transfer process through preferential pathways, despite their initially differential properties.

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49

Bobrov, P. P., V. L. Mironov, and A. V. Repin. "Dielectric permittivity spectra of oil-water-saturated sandy-clayey rocks of different mineralogical compositions and relaxation properties of water in these rocks." Russian Geology and Geophysics 56, no. 7 (July 2015): 1065–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2015.06.007.

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Bobrov, P. P., V. L. Mironov, and A. V. Repin. "DIELECTRIC-PERMITTIVITY SPECTRA OF OIL-WATER-SATURATED SAND-CLAYEY ROCKS OF DIFFERENT MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITIONS AND RELAXATION PROPERTIES OF WATER IN THESE ROCKS." Геология и геофизика 56, no. 7 (2015): 1359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15372/gig20150707.

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