Дисертації з теми "Clay-Shale"
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Alkhammali, Sultan A. "Geochemical and clay mineralogical characteristics of the Woodford Shale, Payne County, Oklahoma." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19166.
Повний текст джерелаGeology
Sambhudas Chaudhuri
Chemical and mineralogical compositions of < 2 µm-size fraction clays of the shale source rocks of Devonian-Mississippian age in northern Oklahoma were determined to find any link between the minerals and the generation of petroleum. Ten samples of clay separates were analyzed for their mineral composition, major element contents, K/Rb ratios, and REE contents. XRD analyses and SEM showed the presence of discrete illite, the most dominant clay mineral, with smaller amounts of mixed-layer illite/smectite, chlorite, and kaolinite. The non-clay minerals found in the Woodford Shale from this study include quartz, dolomite, calcite, pyrite, feldspar (albite and microcline), and apatite. The clays in these rocks have a range of K/Rb ratios between 160 and 207. These ratios are considerably lower than the ratios of average silicate minerals (clays), with expected ratios between 250 and 350. It could be that clays received K and Rb from a solution, which was partly involved in oil generation by which oil received more K relative to Rb making the aqueous phase depleted in K/Rb ratios (Alvarez, 2015). Thus, the low K/Rb ratios for these clays may be reflecting signatures of reactions involving oil generation. The total REE contents ranged between 13 and 30 ppm. The low total REE contents of < 2 µm-size fraction clays in the Woodford Shale as compared to average sedimentary rocks which may be represented by values given either PAAS 184 ppm or NASC with 178 ppm, may suggest that the formation of the clays was linked to oil generation, having known of the face from the study of Alvarez (2015) that crude oils could have higher specific REE concentrations than the associated formation waters. PAAS-normalized REE patterns for these samples display positive Gd anomalies. Two out of the ten samples had prominent Ce anomalies. Only three out of ten samples had Eu positive anomalies, one of which was quite prominent. All samples had MREE enrichment, superimposed on either a flat REE distribution patterns with enrichment in LREE. Only one pattern showed the distribution with a distinct HREE enrichment. The MREE anomalies could be from the effect of phosphate mineralization. In fact, the X-ray diffraction patterns of random powder samples showed the presence of fluorapatite and chlorapatite in most of the studied samples. The total organic carbon (TOC) contents of the whole rocks ranged from 0.5 to 6.54 wt.%. Thus, it can be concluded that hydrocarbon generation potential of the Woodford shale (0.8-4.44 wt.%) is significantly higher than Mississippian Lime unit (0.5 wt.%). Only one sample, which belonged to pre-Woodford Shale Hunton group, had the highest value of TOC. The available K-Ar dates of < 2 µm-size fraction clays suggest that the clays are authigenic (illites) for at least some samples. The dates ranged from 318.6 ± 7.9 Ma (Serpukhovian) to 353.9 ± 7.9 Ma (Tournaisian). All dates are younger than the times of deposition of the Woodford Shale. Assuming there is a genetic link between formation of authigenic illite and hydrocarbon generation, this study suggests that oil generation may have taken place on an average about 30 Ma after the deposition of the Woodford Shale.
Hu, Yue. "Total Organic Carbon and Clay Estimation in Shale Reservoirs Using Automatic Machine Learning." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/105040.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Locating "sweet spots", where the shale gas production is much higher than the average areas, is critical for a shale reservoir's successful commercial exploitation. Among the properties of shale, total organic carbon (TOC) and clay content are often selected to evaluate the gas production potential. For TOC and clay estimation, multiple machine learning models have been tested in recent studies and are proved successful. The questions are what algorithm to choose for a specific task and whether the already built models can be improved. Automatic machine learning (AutoML) has the potential to solve the problems by automatically training multiple models and comparing them to achieve the best performance. In our study, AutoML is tested to estimate TOC and clay using data from two gas wells in a shale gas field. First, one well is treated as blind test well and the other is used as trained well to examine the generalizability. The mean absolute errors for TOC and clay content are 0.23% and 3.77%, indicating reliable generalization. Final models are built using 829 data points which are split into train-test sets with the ratio of 75:25. The mean absolute test errors are 0.26% and 2.68% for TOC and clay, respectively, which are very low for TOC ranging from 0-6% and clay from 35-65%. Moreover, AutoML requires very limited human efforts and liberate researchers or engineers from tedious parameter-tuning process that is the critical part of machine learning. Trained models are interpreted to understand the mechanism behind the models. Distribution maps of TOC and clay are created by selecting 235 gas wells that pass the data quality checking, feeding them into trained models, and interpolating. The maps provide guidance on where to drill a new well for higher shale gas production.
Strong, Zachary M. "Evaluating Clay Mineralogy as a Thermal Maturity Indicator for Upper Devonian Black and Grey Shales and Siltstones within the Ohio Appalachian Basin." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1447684617.
Повний текст джерелаMacDonald, Elaine. "Lead and copper retention by a shale derived artificial illite clay soil : a multicomponent study." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38078.
Повний текст джерелаPb and Cu retention from a single metal solution as well as competitive retention of Pb and Cu from a mixed metal solution on each of the untreated and treated artificial soils were examined. Competitive adsorption experiments found that Pb was preferred over Cu for adsorption by the untreated and treated artificial soils and greater quantities of Pb were retained than Pb applied in composite with Cu or Cu applied as a single metal. Pb removed from the artificial soil, using sequential extraction analysis, was compared to Pb retained and mass balance was observed.
The artificial soil was found to contain both variable and constant charge surfaces but the artificial soil contaminant interaction was modelled best using only the variable charge surface. The presence of ion exchange adsorption and Ca competition are examined.
Whittington, II Richard Allen. "Clay Mineralogy and Illite Crystallinity in the Late Devonian to Early Mississippian Woodford Shale in the Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, USA." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/geosciences_theses/13.
Повний текст джерелаTas, Baki Tugrul. "An Experimental Investigation Of The Shale Inhibition Properties Of A Quaternary Amine Compound." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615554/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBONINI, MARIACRISTINA. "Mechanical behaviour of Clay-Shales (Argille Scagliose) and implications on the design of tunnels." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2376323.
Повний текст джерелаThapa, Keshab Bahadur. "An Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Swelling Clays and Clay-Kerogen Interactions in Oil Shale: A Molecular Modeling and Experimental Study." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31719.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Energy (DoE)
Mountain Plains Consortium (MPC)
North Dakota Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (ND EPSCoR)
Zemánek, David. "Žárovzdorné ostřivo se zvýšeným obsahem mullitu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392323.
Повний текст джерелаGautam, Tej P. "An Investigation of Disintegration Behavior of Mudrocks Based on Laboratory and Field Tests." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1352922708.
Повний текст джерелаDinc, Gulce. "Mise en evidence de l’argilocinése massive sur cas naturels." Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU3027.
Повний текст джерелаShale deforms under three major principles; (1) seismic scale plasticity (folding and faulting), (2) fluidization (mud volcanism), and (3) ductile strain/plasticity (distributed slow motion) and can mimic salt deformation under stress and strain. Ductility of these two rocks are governed by processes taking place beyond the ‘scale of observation’ (e.g. crystalline plasticity and pressure solution for salt; shear bands, folding and faulting for shale) forming a ‘distributed deformation’. Certain controlling factors such as confinement pressure, temperature, water content, rate of loading, and amount of sedimentation, modulate the ductile behavior of these rocks. When these controlling factors are met, ductile rocks (e.g. salt and shale) display behavioral similarity to viscous materials (e.g. fluids) in nature and their specific deformation-related signature (e.g. halokinesis, claykinesis) can be recorded within the sedimentary package surrounding these rock formations.However, the mobilization pattern of shales and hence the topic of Shale Tectonism is not yet as-well-identified-as salt due to the usual bad quality of acquired subsurface data (seismic) and the lack of well-preserved outcrop examples we are able to access around the world. Even though certain structures depicted as ‘diapirs’, ‘canopy features’, ‘minibasins’ and ‘welds’ have been recorded by the surrounding sedimentary cover in some natural cases and reported by researchers; unlike salt, no such conclusive remarks are made on the topic of shale mobility. In this PhD study, we worked on a well-imaged high-quality 3D seismic dataset and aimed to make a geometrical analysis of deformation in a shale-prone system (Ceduna Sub-Basin located in Great Bight Basin, Offshore Australia) in order to compare it with Salt Tectonics. The main purpose was to display the importance of mobilized shales on the structural development as well as proposing a kinematic scenario for the whole deltaic system (White Pointer Delta) driven above a thick shale detachment level (Blue Whale Formation). Following our research, we have come to realization that; - At large scale, shales display a plastic deformation pattern and behave like a fluid in a viscous manner mimicking salt deposits, while the deformation signature associated with shale mobilization can be recorded by the sediment strata surrounding these shale remnants (e.g. clay-kinesis). - From technical point of view, there are observed features with characteristics of salt tectonics such as wedges, welds and minibasins in the dataset. The gliding delta evolve from a classic deep water fold and thrust belt towards a thrust duplex, which suggests a change in shale rheology and strain hardening favoring a localization of deformation. - Locally, shales can be fluidized and form mud volcanoes in the studied Ceduna Sub-Basin area. Therefore, we propose that a duplexation mechanism initiates shale mobility above the early down-building structures in this region.It is of utmost importance to further investigate these analogies in order to conclude on the fact that at large scale; shale can mimic salt deformation and that the concept of Salt Tectonics can be applied to Shale Tectonics. First hand results of our research support this idea and encourage a promising path for the way forward
Dixon, Mark. "Smectite/Illite Distribution and Diagenesis in the South Timbalier Area, Northern Gulf of Mexico." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/290.
Повний текст джерелаTonnellier, Alice. "Ecoute sismique des glissements de terrain dans les roches argilo-marneuses : détection et identification des sources intervenant dans la progression des glissements." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00873617.
Повний текст джерелаMatskova, Natalia. "Approche multi-échelle pour la caractérisation de l'espace poreux des réservoirs pétroliers argileux non conventionnels." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2276.
Повний текст джерелаGas shale reservoirs are characterized by pore systems, associated with a heterogeneous spatial distribution of mineral and organic phases at multiple scales. This high heterogeneity requires a multi-scale & multi-tool approach to characterize the pore network. Such an approach has been developed on 7 cores from the Vaca Muerta formation (Argentina), which belong to areas with various hydrocarbon maturities, but with comparable mineral compositions. 3D µtomography and quantitative 2D mapping of the connected porosity by autoradiography have been applied at the core scale, in aim to localize and analyze the spatial heterogeneities, and to identify similar homogenous areas for localizing comparable sub-samples.The correlative coupling of various techniques was applied to achieve quantitative balance of porosity and pore size distribution, from mm to nm scales on representative sub-samples and for the first time, on preserved blocks rather than crushed powders, even for nitrogen gas adsorption experiments. Results of autoradiography are in very good agreement with other total bulk porosities, indicating that all pores are connected and accessed by the 14C-MMA used for impregnation. Decreased total porosity and pore throat/body sizes were also observed as organic matter maturity increased. An innovative approach for electron microscopy images acquisition and treatment provided large mosaics, with the distribution of mineral and organic phases at the cm scale. The correlative coupling with the autoradiography porosity map of the same zone, revealed the spatial correlations between mineralogical variations and porosity
Roberts, Forrest Daniel. "Identifying and mapping clay-rich intervals in the Fayetteville Shale : influence of clay on natural gas production intervals." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/23242.
Повний текст джерелаtext
Fiebelkorn, Jeremy. "Slope Failure in Cretaceous Clay Shale in Western Manitoba: A Case Study." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30337.
Повний текст джерелаFraser, S. A. "Nanoscale imaging of the Woodford Shale, Oklahoma, USA: Organic matter preservation as clay-organic nanocomposites." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/92218.
Повний текст джерелаRegional and within well variability in hydrocarbon production from organic carbon rich shales has demonstrated that these unconventional reservoirs are complex and require an in-depth understanding of geological factors to make successful predictions. Variability is apparent in porosity and permeability, mechanical properties governing fracture susceptibility for enhanced hydrocarbon release, and concentrations of organic carbon (OC). The economically successful, though variable Woodford Shale, Oklahoma, USA, shows a R2 = 0.72 correlation between mineral surface area (MSA) and total organic carbon (TOC) consistent with a mineral surface preservative effect on OC extending across a range of samples from multiple cores and with TOC values of <0.5% to 18%. The TOC and MSA data illustrates the systematic stratigraphic covariant relationship between TOC and MSA showing steps of up to 15% TOC that are matched by similar shifts in MSA. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging performed on ~80 nanometre thick ultramicrotomed thin sections independently confirms quantitative geochemical clay-OC associations at the nanoscopic scale of interaction. Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) spot analyses reveal that organic carbon is entirely constrained to nanoscale clay laminae within the sample. Grey zones encapsulated by clay aggregates appear homogeneous at low magnifications and are similar to discrete organic matter particles commonly interpreted in recent studies. However, high resolution inspection resolves these zones in to laminated clay particles occurring at tens of nanometres. TEM micrographs of later stage submicron-scale quartz grain growth may also explain how the opposing mechanisms of hydrocarbon leaching and entrapment can co-exist for over 300 million years and provide an insight into shale brittleness, known to increase fracture susceptibility. Determining key modes of how OC is preserved during deposition and early diagenesis in proven gas-shales, such as the Woodford Shale encompasses a more holistic approach to enhancing the prediction of prospective hydrocarbon resources in frontier basins.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2012
(5930972), Chen Hsuan Chiu. "Screening of Microorganisms, Calcium Sources, and Protective Materials for Self-healing Concrete." Thesis, 2019.
Знайти повний текст джерелаTo make bacterial-based self-healing concrete, alkaline-resistant bacterial spores, nutrient sources, and a calcium source are incorporated into a concrete matrix. Two ureolytic spore-forming bacteria, Sporosarcina pasteurii, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, and two non-ureolytic spore-forming bacteria, Bacillus cohnii, and Bacillus pseudofirmus, which have been used in previous studies as bacterial concrete healing agents, were compared in this study. The four bacteria were compared for their (1) sporulation rates on different sporulation agar plates, (2) growth in five liquid media, (3) survival rates in light weight aggregates (LWA) and in mortar samples, and (4) calcium carbonate precipitation rates from either calcium lactate or calcium nitrate. Sporulation was successfully induced after three-day incubation at 30°C on an appropriate sporulation medium. High sporulation rates of B. cohnii, and B. pseudofirmus(93% and 99% respectively) were found on alkaline R2A medium (AR2A). A sporulation rate (89%) of S. pasteruiiwas observed on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 2% urea (TSAU).The highest sporulation rate (60%) of L. sphaericuswas found on R2A medium supplemented with 2% urea (R2AU). In the growth study, tryptic soy broth supplemented with 2% urea (TSBU) was a positive control which supported rapid growth of all four bacteria. Sporosarcina pasteurii and L. pasteuriishowed rapid growth rates in alkaline yeast extract broth (AYE) and yeast extract with 2% urea broth (YEU) respectively. In contrast, B. cohnii, and B. pseudofirmusgrew poorly in all media except in the positive control. Viable counts of the four bacterial spores reduced (1.8–3.3 logs) during the first 24 h in mortar samples and then remained stable for next 27 days testing period. Among the four, S. pasteuriishowed the smallest reduction of viable counts (1.8–2.5 logs) in mortar after one day of incubation. Both S. pasteuriiand L. sphaericusshowed high CaCO3 productions (>80%) after 24 h incubation at 30°C in YEU containing either calcium nitrate or calcium lactate. However, B. pseudofirmusand B. cohnii showedlow calcite recovery rates (<11%) in AYE containing eithercalcium nitrate or calcium lactate under the same incubation condition. Overall, S. pasteuriiwas the best bacterial concrete healing agent of the four. This bacterium had (1) rapid growth rate in AYE, (2) about 90% sporulation rate within 3 days, (3) highest survival rates after 24 h in mortar samples and, (4) high CaCO3 precipitation rates, 82 or 98%, in broth containing calcium nitrate or calcium lactate respectively.
In addition, two different lightweight aggregates (LWA), expanded shale (ES) and expanded clay (EC), which were used as bacterial carriers and protective materials, were compared in this study. Each type of LWA was separated into three sizes (<0.85 mm, 0.85– 2.0 mm, and >2.0 mm) and immobilized with spores of B. cohniior B. pseudofirmus.Viable counts recovered from EC and ES reduced <1.0 log after the immobilization process and remained stable during the 150 days testing period. Neither the type nor the particle sizes of the two LWA significantly affected the survival rates of the bacterial spores. This result showed that both EC and ES could be used as carriers for bacterial healing agents. It was also found that when the spores were immobilized with nutrients in LWA, their survival rates in mortar samples can be improved slightly (<1.0 log).
POWELL, J. SUZANNE. "GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BEARPAW SHALE." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/5410.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (Ph.D, Geological Sciences & Geological Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-01-29 01:34:14.071
Ile, Anthony. "Petrophysics and fluid mechanics of selected wells in Bredasdorp Basin South Africa." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3573.
Повний текст джерелаPressure drop within a field can be attributed to several factors. Pressure drop occurs when fractional forces cause resistance to flowing fluid through a porous medium. In this thesis, the sciences of petrophysics and rock physics were employed to develop understanding of the physical processes that occurs in reservoirs. This study focussed on the physical properties of rock and fluid in order to provide understanding of the system and the mechanism controlling its behaviour. The change in production capacity of wells E-M 1, 2, 3, 4&5 prompted further research to find out why the there will be pressure drop from the suits of wells and which well was contributing to the drop in production pressure. The E-M wells are located in the Bredasdorp Basin and the reservoirs have trapping mechanisms of stratigraphical and structural systems in a moderate to good quality turbidite channel sandstone. The basin is predominantly an elongated north-west and south-east inherited channel from the synrift sub basin and was open to relatively free marine circulation. By the southwest the basin is enclose by southern Outeniqua basin and the Indian oceans. Sedimentation into the Bredasdorp basin thus occurred predominantly down the axis of the basin with main input direction from the west. Five wells were studied E-M1, E-M2, E-M3, E-M4, and E-M5 to identify which well is susceptible to flow within this group. Setting criteria for discriminator the result generated four well as meeting the criteria except for E-M1. The failure of E-M1 reservoir well interval was in consonant with result showed by evaluation from the log, pressure and rock physics analyses for E-M1.iv Various methods in rock physics were used to identify sediments and their conditions and by applying inverse modelling (elastic impedance) the interval properties were better reflected. Also elastic impedance proved to be an economical and quicker method in describing the lithology and depositional environment in the absence of seismic trace.
Sedláček, Václav. "Tunel Blanka: Inženýrskogeologické problémy a rizika ražby." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-343023.
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