Дисертації з теми "Clauses sociales et environnementales"
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Charouli, Angeliki. "Les considérations sociales et environnementales dans la passation des marchés publics." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010257.
Повний текст джерелаAs a fundamental driving force of public economy, public procurement has traditionally been an area of diverse and often competing interests. Such contradictory interests are the efficiency of budgetary management and transparency in public life within national legal systems, free competition and open access of financial stakeholders in award procedures within the European regulatory framework. At the same time, the instrumentalisation of public procurement in order to serve political goals not directly linked to it has triggered considerable debate. The attempt of conciliation of social and environmental considerations with the financial requirements of public procurement law aims at enhancing this legal and financial instrument. The role and the legal means for the integration of social and environmental considerations in public procurement, which serve general interest purposes and overriding European law objectives, have not yet been clarified. The regulatory interventions of the Member States, on the one hand, and the harmonization attempts of the European Union, on the other, create a constantly changing political climate. In that context, the role of social and environmental policies is redefined both within the framework of primary objectives of public procurement law, as well as outside this regulatory framework which is used as a policy tool in this context
Charouli, Angeliki. "Les considérations sociales et environnementales dans la passation des marchés publics." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010259.
Повний текст джерелаDorca, Sébastien. "Les normes environnementales et sociales dans le commerce international." Toulouse 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU10047.
Повний текст джерелаThe upsurge of international trade has triggered increasing unequalities in revenus between and inside countries. It has also created more important pressures on environment. This thesis aims at questionning the interest of introducing social and environment standards to correct social economical and environmental problems created by the increase of international trade. Such standards are in fact necessary to fight the unbalance inherent in globalization that can put at risk by this unbalance. Despite their initial cost, these standards generate economic benefits since they increase firm productivity thanks to the innovation. They also enable firms to catch markets shares where quality, environmental and social considerations are a key element in competitivity. They also favour clear strategies lowering incertainty. They imply macroeconomic advantages for countries. Moreover, social and environmental standards may back and dynamise international trade. But the advantages of social and environmental norms are conditionned by institutional aspects. As the implementation of social environment standards prevention-precaution principles and the polluter-payer system which are basic to such standards must be adapted to the economical situation. Then, social and environment standards must be examinated through cost-benefits analysis. Last but not least these standards have to be constraining what implies institutional reforms, since internationally countries do not seem to be capable of implementing such norms. So, the international institutional system must be reformed by creating a World Environment Organisation and by increasing the power of International Labor Organisation
El, Arbi Ahmed Salem. "Etalement urbain et inégalités sociales et environnementales : cas de Nouadhibou - Mauritanie." Thesis, Le Mans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LEMA3002.
Повний текст джерелаFurther to the consequences of important periods of drought (1960s, 1970 and 1980), thenomadic / rural world was emptied of his inhabitants who came suddenly to settle down in thelarge Mauritanian urban centers. These socio-spatial changes transformed deeply theMauritanian society, consisting of Arabic speakers (Arab-Berber called Bîdhanes and thefreed people or ex-slaves called Haratines) and African languages speakers (Fulanis, Wolofs,Soninké and Bambara). In terms of town planning and availability of basic social services, thecities of the country were not prepared for a successful inclusion of the new migrants. As aconsequence, the expansion of the Mauritanian cities was characterized by a fast developmentand by striking socio-spatial disparities. The Mauritanian coast counts only two cities:Nouakchott (capital of the country) and Nouadhibou (the economic capital) which underwentmore anthropological pressure than the other cities in the country, because they offer moreemployment opportunities and access to urban services. Our main hypothesis is that the socialinequality to the lands’ access is at the origin of the uncontrolled urban growth ofNouadhibou. What is the reaction of the populations in front of the uneven access to the landsof Nouadhibou? What are the social and environmental inequalities produced by the processof Nouadhibou’s urban growth? Who lived mainly in the unplanned (“spontaneous”) districtsand the suburbs of Nouadhibou? Our approach consists in tracking the urban evolution ofNouadhibou to measure and characterize the scale of its urban growth, identify its causes aswell as the social and environmental inequalities which are associated to it. We used firstlysatellite pictures and mathematical analyses to measure the urban growth. Then we hadinterviews with families living in various urban zones of the city, based on two approaches,quantitative (160 households) and qualitative (15 households). We created a databasecontaining indicators that measure the undergone disparities, and described the daily real-lifeexperience of the inhabitants. The collected data were analyzed with Shinx V5 software andused for the realization of about ten thematic maps on Map Info.The results of our study show that the social inequalities of access to the urban lands, via theprocess of allocation, are striking in Nouadhibou. Only 93 lands were attributed between 1975and 1984 in spite of increased needs in housing (at the beginning of 1980s, half of thehabitations were spontaneous). Between 1990 and 2002, 92,96 % of the granted lands wereattributed by competent authorities, often in strange and opaque conditions. The genesis of thespontaneous districts (Kebba) reflects the forces of opposition created by the inhabitants toface this type of social inequality. The process of land regularization of the spontaneousdistricts (started in 1985), consisting in rehousing the inhabitants in new urban zones, led toan excessive urban growth. Realization of the urban infrastructures did not follow the processof growing, which is at the origin of social (problem of transport and access to schools, lackof pharmacies…) and environmental inequalities (difficulty of access to the drinkable waterand to electricity, absence of garbage’s collection services…), especially in suburbs.Haratines, who lived previously in the extremities of the Moorish nomadic camps, represent62 % (of our sample) of the spontaneous districts inhabitants and 73 % of the familiesconsulted in the new suburbs of El Weva, where the urban growth of Nouadhibou occurredduring the last years
Casal, Aimée. "Usines d'assainissement des eaux et phénomène Nimby : les conditions environnementales, sociales et individuelles de l'acceptabilité." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05H035.
Повний текст джерелаThe Nimby or Not In My Back Yard is a phenomenon that is commonly observed in the vincinity of new facilities that one recognizes as serving the public interest, but does not wish to see set up near one's home. This research consisted ub updating the environmental, social and individual condtions of the Nimby pheonomen with specific regard to waste water purification plants. The two sites, located in the suburbs of Paris, differ with regard to environmental and population charactersitics, and to the state of advance of each project. 106 esidents were questionned in situ, using a semi open-ended questionnaire and mental maps. Main results show the effect of envrionmental variables (proximity and view on the plant), of social variables (impact of communication), and of individual variables (personnal stress factors and sociodemographic characteristics)) on the aceeptability of rejection of the plant
Bachar, Keira. "L'intégration des dimensions environnementales et sociales dans les pratiques urbaines en Algérie : enjeux et perspectives." Thesis, Le Mans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LEMA3002/document.
Повний текст джерелаSince 2001, the notion of sustainable development becomes one of the essential reference table in new political orientations and legislative framework in Algeria. Many urban improvement projects, housing and equipments, as well as important projects are launched, seeming to prove that the will of public authorities to improve living conditions of citizens isreal. However, the question remains as to the relevance and the coherence of choices, particulary regarding urban planning and built frame management, with the objectives of sustainable development witch taking into account not only the economic dimension, but also environmental and social ones. This work proposes, based on the observation of three cities contexts representing the three major geographical areas of the country (the coast, the highlands and the Sahara) to highlight the conditions of elaboration and production of urban planning in Algeria, particularly through two research areas: - The first one concerns harmonization between urban and natural environments, by analyzing the citie from its ecological situation, angle of understanding and study not really explored, which could provide opportunities for innovation and improvement in urban development. – The second one advocates research of housing and urban planning process including broader view ofmeaning for the term social, which can overtake standard model of housing for deprived social group, and move towards a concept improving the recognition of aspirations and social specifities of populations by promoting notions such as well-being, quality of lived spaces, or residential satisfaction
Saib, Mahdi-Salim. "Construction d'une méthode de caractérisation des inégalités territoriales, environnementales et sociales de santé." Thesis, Amiens, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AMIE0003/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis is to explore spatial indicator crossing-analysis techniques in order to characterize the accumulation and the interrelations of the territorial, environmental and social health (TESHI).This analysis implies to set up integrated approaches based on data representativeness, techniques adapted to specificities of aggregated data, and relevant modeling of the characterized phenomena. A specific aspect of this work is the development of a tool allowing the integration of spatial phenomena at different levels (local, regional and loco-regional). In this project, a pilot study is presented on the Picardy region. The tool has been tested for the analysis of TESHI, thus validating the methodology feasibility and the adaptation of approaches implemented while providing additional keys of interpretation to the relative limits of direct appropriation of the results by the managers
Doyon, Luc. "La variabilité technologique et morphométrique des pointes de projectile aurignaciennes en matière osseuse : implications cognitives, sociales et environnementales." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0677/document.
Повний текст джерелаDuring the second half of MIS3 (ca. 41-29 kyr BP), for the first time in the history of humankind, prehistoric artisansscattered across Europe integrated a variety of osseous materials – ivory, bone, and antler – into their technologicalstrategies in order to manufacture Aurignacian projectile points. These armatures can be categorized into “split-based”and “massive-based” types. Despite their relative standardization, the observed variability of the forms and dimensions ofthese implements requires further investigation. The aim of the present study is to gain a better understanding of the technologicalorganization favoured by these prehistoric artisans, and to improve our knowledge about the dispersal of Homosapiens populations in Europe. Geometric morphometric analysis is adapted to the study of 547 Aurignacian osseousprojectile points recovered from 49 European sites located between the Atlantic and the Carpathian Mountains. This approachallowed the identification of eight volumetric templates used by Aurignacian artisans during the manufacture ofsplit-based points. Two volumetric templates were identified for massive-based points, one of which includes a numberof variants. Spatial and chronological distribution of these templates indicates that, contrary to the dominant hypothesis,Aurignacian projectile points do not represent a proxy for the dispersal of Homo sapiens into Europe. It is argued that amore parsimonious interpretation is to consider them as a signal of the development of innovative socioeconomic strategiesby groups already present on the continent and linked to one another. This innovation corresponds to an adaptivetechnological solution for prehistoric groups engaged in increased mobility. The subsequent adoption of this innovationat a continental scale can be linked to the Campanian Eruption. Finally, the change in types, i.e., the replacement of splitbasedpoints by massive-based points, suggests that an important transformation occurred in the technological strategiesimplemented by earlier and later Aurignacians even though they favoured a similar mobility pattern. Split-based pointsare likely the products of a technological strategy associated with curation of these objects, while massive-based points areconsistent with the implementation of an expedient strategy
Hinnewinkel, Christelle. "La montagne convoitée : contribution à l'étude des dynamiques environnementales et sociales dans les Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu, Inde)." Bordeaux 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR30044.
Повний текст джерелаThe land use of the Nilgiri Plateau in South of India has been totally changed since last century. When population wasn't large, the communities shared the land according to their activities : only the lands near the villages were cultivated. The others were grassland for buffaloes or under forest. Since the coloniale time, the area development (english vegetable and tea plantations) has caused immigration from the plain. At the same time, reservoirs were built in order to stock water for the agriculture in plain. The development schemes try to match up the area development with the need to preserve water ressources
Achour, Sofia. "Luttes sociales et environnementales à l’épreuve du numérique : une analyse comparative du discours autour de 4 controverses françaises et marocaines." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MON30068.
Повний текст джерелаThe 21st century gave birth to the information society, which is built on new communication tools that promote online exchanges that are mainly based on the Internet. These exchanges have become increasingly hard to analyse since many users including scientists, experts and laymen could appropriate any claim to defend their interests. Social network users disrupt the decision making process, leading to new forms of controversy. The following paper aims to study disruptive environmental practices and issues by analysing different media discourses. The objective of this research is to focus on public issues, by highlighting changes in communication practices in the digital era by analysing four case studies. These comparisons allowed us to understand the origin of environmental controversies such as strong citizens involvement in public debates, increasing newspapers propaganda, rising global awareness and unethical communication campaigns
Lopez, Benoît. "Les clauses sociales : contribution à l'étude des rapports entre le droit du travail et le droit international économique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2067.
Повний текст джерелаThe function of international economic law is to regulate international economic flows. The latter stems from the long-standing will of nations to establish, in the global economy, a set of rules capable of structuring their relations. As a result of the latter, trade, investment and capital movements were gradually becoming facts, economic realities captured in legalqualifications. However, one of the major difficulties, which fuels these controversies, lies in the relationship of international economic law with other branches of law, which are also called upon to structure the market legally. In the implementation of its norms, international economic law is indeed called upon to come into contact with many branches of law. However, it is remarkable that, overall, they do not play a comparable role. While some sets of rules appear essential to ensure the functioning of a globalised economy, others maintain more relaxed relations. For the purposes of our research, it is therefore necessary to identify the nature of the links that exist between labour law and international economic law. While the connection of these two branches has led to the development of social clauses, it has not, at present, led to any real change in international economic law. Failing this, some of the irreducible characteristics of labour law continue to limit the fertility of their relationships. For all that, the existence of this connection makes it possible to envisage, for the future, a deepening of relations between these two branches by hitherto unexploited ways. Far from being a pipe dream, the emergence of new synergies between international law and labour law seems conceivable in the light of the legal reception of the concept of sustainable development. A profound change in the relationship between these two branches of law is already apparent and could continue. The explanation of the decisive influence of the concept can be sought in its positioning with regard to transnational economic activities. The latter projects itself on the repercussions and not only on the development of the economy. In doing so, sustainable development presents itself as an alternative way to think and evaluate growth.With regard to the contribution of international economic law to the application of labour law, this change of perspective is decisive. It leads us to see the former as a tool for disseminating the latter. This relationship can be deduced from the interdependence of the pillars that underpin the concept of sustainable development. The interweaving of the social andeconomic pillar calls for economic growth to be considered only on condition that it can, among other things, satisfy social sustainability implying respect for labour law. The existence of this synergy is also indicated by the adoption, in the name of sustainable development, of new social clauses.Sustainable development also augurs well for the evolution towards greater consideration of labour law in view of another of its particularities, its position in the legal field. Indeed, it emerges from the proposals of the doctrine as much as from interpretations coming from international contentious bodies that sustainable development is likely to ensure a role ofconceptual matrix. As such, it is capable and could in the future lead to interpret international economic law by also taking into account the respect of labour law precisely with regard to it contribution to the search for sustainability
Padilla, Cindy. "Inégalités sociales de santé et expositions environnementales. Une analyse spatio-temporelle du risque de mortalité infantile et néonatale dans quatre agglomérations françaises." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0192/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn France, existence of social health inequalities (SHI) has well established. Infant and neonatal mortality are recognized as indicators of the health status of a population. In spite of numerous risk factors already identified, a part of these inequalities remain unexplained, environmental nuisances are suspected. The thesis objectives were to analyze by a spatial and temporal approach, the contribution of exposure to nitrogen dioxide to social inequalities in infant and neonatal mortality in France between 2000 and 2009. We conducted an ecological type epidemiological study using the French census block as the geographical unit in the metropolitan areas of Lille, Paris, Lyon, and Marseille. All cases collected in the cities hall were geocoded using address of parent's residence. Socioeconomic data estimated from the 1999, 2006 national census were used in a composite index which encompasses multiple dimensions to analyze global deprivation. Average nitrogen dioxide concentrations were modeled by the air quality monitoring networks. Generalized additive models allowed to take into account spatial autocorrelation and generate maps using smoothing on longitude and latitude while adjusting for covariates of interest. Using an innovative approach, results highlight the existence of socio-spatial, environmental or cumulate inequalities in infant and neonatal mortality. These results are city-specific, they vary according to the period and the health event demonstrating the difficulty to generalize these observations at the national level
Moumne, Rolla. "La clause sociale entre impératifs économiques et considérations juridiques : Divergences et convergences en matière de régulation sociale et commerciale internationale: l'OIT ou l'OMC comme instances de régulation." Paris 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA020069.
Повний текст джерелаLalloué, Benoit. "Méthodes d'analyse de données et modèles bayésiens appliqués au contexte des inégalités socio-territoriales de santé et des expositions environnementales." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0205/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this thesis is to improve the knowledge about and apply data mining techniques and some Bayesian model in the field of social and environmental health inequalities. On the neighborhood scale on the Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Lille metropolitan areas, the health event studied is infant mortality. We try to explain its risk with socio-economic data retrieved from the national census and environmental exposures such as air pollution, noise, proximity to traffic, green spaces and industries. The thesis is composed of two parts. The data mining part details the development of a procedure of creation of multidimensional socio-economic indices and of an R package that implements it, followed by the creation of a cumulative exposure index. In this part, data mining techniques are used to synthesize information and provide composite indicators amenable for direct usage by stakeholders or in the framework of epidemiological studies. The second part is about Bayesian models. It explains the "BYM" model. This model allows to take into account the spatial dimension of the data when estimating mortality risks. In both cases, the methods are exposed and several results of their usage in the above-mentioned context are presented. We also show the value of the socio-economic index procedure, as well as the existence of social inequalities of infant mortality in the studied metropolitan areas
Kergreis, Sylvie. "Régulations cognitives et sociales dans les concertations agri-environnementales : effets des contextes sociaux et des supports de discussion sur l'évolution des connaissances descriptives et évaluatives des bordures de champs agricoles." Rennes 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN20018.
Повний текст джерелаWe focus on the social processes (group decision making) that construct an emergent attitude about field margins, in France western countryside. Negotiation theories are used to understand what occurs in three agri-environmental meetings. Descriptive and evaluative knowledge about field margins seems to be inaccurate, and agreements are partial or uncertain. Using a modified form of group polarization paradigm, our study examined the social and cognitive conditions under which environmental values tend to become more extreme. Intra-groups and inter-groups social contexts are organized with agricultural and environmental students. Discussion issues about fields margins are supported by descriptive items, evaluative items or photographs, that bring informational or normative influence. Attitudinal shifts are affected both by the type of group composition and the discussion supports. In inter-group context, agricultural interests are generally privileged
Lalloué, Benoît. "Méthodes d'analyse de données et modèles bayésiens appliqués au contexte des inégalités socio-territoriales de santé et des expositions environnementales." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943004.
Повний текст джерелаGalinier, Thomas. "Analyse multifactorielle de la performance des cultures - Méthodes et automatisation pour l’intégration de données agronomiques, environnementales, sociales et économiques - Exemple du maïs grain non-irrigué en Amérique du Nord." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC026.
Повний текст джерелаThe global demand for food and energy is constantly increasing. As access to spare arable land is limited, growers will have to produce about 70% more per hectare by 2050. Optimization and rationalization of the agricultural production systems is then critical to ensure food security under sustainable conditions. The agricultural community would be in a position to optimize crop performance by better understanding the cropping systems, especially regarding potential production and limiting factors. In this context, the ability to characterize crop growing conditions in regards to their impacts on potential yield and yield gap is important in order to identify margins of progress and propose improved farming systems.An approach is proposed to characterize the crop environment of large geographical areas taking into consideration the impact on crop performance of the key resources for plant development (temperature, solar radiation, water and nitrogen). The level of availability of each resource was estimated by using crop modeling approaches integrating weather data and soil characteristics as inputs. The efficiency of use of the available resources was characterized by crop practices, grower strategy and grower technical environment. A generic integration procedure was established and used to describe corn production for grain in North America from 1991 to 2013. The resulting dataset covers 84% of the total corn planted area, deciphered in 1,558 elementary spatial units, for a total of 28,303 independent scenarios. Such a method combines and harmonizes, at scale, yield observations from agricultural statistics with a large set of relevant descriptors of growing conditions.A subset of 21 main limiting factors was identified through variable-selection analysis to explain 66% of the observed yield-gap variability. The relaxed lasso method resulted in an interesting compromise between interpretability and prediction ability. The selected descriptors highlighted the contribution of crop management in yield-gap variability, especially regarding levels of crop intensification and the technical environment of growers. The third main factor is water availability and resulting drought. The integration of knowledge in crop physiology into descriptor design significantly improved the interpretability of the proposal and the confidence of end-users in the approach.Yield-gap patterns were used to identify the set of most frequent Environment Types. Two approaches were proposed: one focused on crop physiology drivers and another also considered market-size homogeneity among Environment Types. This resulted in 11 Environment Types based on crop physiology drivers and 8 Environment Types when combining crop physiology drivers and market constraints. Crop-physiology Environment Types are very informative on the historical evolution of cultural practices and the changes in grower strategies over the studied period. Such categorization of growing conditions demonstrated the ability to reproduce field expertise and support genotype evaluation. Three business Use Cases were used to illustrate the interest of the approach in (i) describing the environmental history of a market, (ii) defining relevant Target Population Environments (TPE) and (iii) evaluating the environmental sampling relevance of Multi-Environment Trials (MET)
Roy-Allard, Florence. "Mises en récits de souffrances sociales environnementales chez les Autochtones de l'état de Oaxaca au Mexique : une articulation à l'imaginaire politique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26013.
Повний текст джерелаThe exploitation of natural resources is often at the heart of power relations in indigenous communities in southern Mexico. Situations of suffering, here explored through an agrarian and forestry conflict in an Aboriginal community in the State of Oaxaca, are subject to various attributions of meaning, or various feelings of nonsense, by local populations. In this thesis, political narratives of suffering will be explored from the point of view of the experiences they represent. Circulation and reproduction of these discourses mean that the social imaginary that can be found within the community transforms and informs politics at the local level. The relations between discourses about social suffering and the political imaginary will be studied at the local level, in the ordinary speech. The objective of this research is to give voice people who usually do not occupy significant place in political studies.
Dupeuble, Sandrine. "Attitudes, valeurs et pratiques autour du tri sélectif et de la gestion des déchets à Marseille et ses environs : les politiques environnementales à l’épreuve des comportements des usagers." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20084.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis Anthropology aims to explore a little-studied subject matter in this field. It takes a critical look at the recyclable waste in a specific context: the sorting device system in Marseille, France. Less studied than other waste categories like organic waste, industrial or energy ... this thesis will focus on the social and cultural dimensions of recyclable waste by connecting and comparing it with all other domestic waste (organic waste, toxic, cumbersome ...). The aim is to reveal the representations and practices associated with these different types of waste; the games and actors’ logic facing the collection device in place; the paths and spatiotemporal storing areas followed by the waste according to their category
Mannes, Alice. "La conscience en droit social." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020044/document.
Повний текст джерелаConsciousness can be defined as the knowledge of one’s existence and the outer world. By extension, it is someone’s clear mental picture of an actual situation and the ability of judging the morality of such a situation is called conscience. When the outer world is the work environment and when the actual situations to deal with are work-related, what could be the role of consciousness and conscience? Could they interfere with work duties or the conduct of good industrial relations? The purpose of this thesis is to study the “issues of conscience” within the corporation, in a broad sense, through the relevant stakeholders’ perspectives – including employers, administrative authorities, workers, trade unions, or even staff representatives – in order to know when individual and collective consciousness and conscience can have a legal impact. One should ask oneself about the existence of a statutory regime for those “issues of conscience” in domestic, comparative and international laws. Some manifestations of consciousness and conscience are already well known, such as whistleblowing or conscience clauses, but some others still need to be provided with a legal framework
Bertin, Mélanie. "Impact des inégalités sociales et de la pollution atmosphérique sur le risque d'issues défavorable de grossesse dans la cohorte mère-enfant PELAGIE : rôle du contexte urbain-rural." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1B010/document.
Повний текст джерелаPregnancy is a sensitive and critical period for the development of the child and the health of adults-to-be. The biological and physiological adaptation of the body dealing physical and psychosocial stressors during this period may exert its effects in adulthood (and possibly over several generations). This delayed toxicity presupposes intrinsically the need to study the effects of exposure to environmental risk factors during fetal life using a holistic approach involving risk factors at both the micro (individual characteristics) and the macro level (physical and psycho-social context). Given the heterogeneity of the Breton territory in which this work was conducted, we explored whether the impact of social inequalities and the physical environment (air pollution) on birth outcomes (fetal growth and the risk of prematurity) could be modified according to an urban or rural place of residence. This work was based on data collected as part of the Breton mother-child cohort PELAGIE, which had included 3421 pregnant women between 2002- 2006. The anthropometric parameters and gestational age at birth were measured by medical personnel at delivery. We defined urban and rural areas according to the definition of “urban units” from the National Census Bureau (INSEE). The annual concentrations of air pollution (nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) were estimated using a land-use regression modeled at a 100 m scale and developed as part of an European project. Finally, neighbourhood deprivation was estimated using a composite index developed at census blocks level and whose use was legitimated over both urban and rural areas. Neighbourhood deprivation was associated with an increased risk of infants with fetal growth restriction, only for women living in rural areas. We also observed an increased risk of preterm birth associated with NO2 concentrations > 16.4 μg.m-3, only among women residing in urban areas. The associations between air pollution and fetal growth, although sex-specific, did not seem on the other hand, to vary significantly according to the urban-rural spectrum. This work confirms the need to explore the influence of both social and environmental inequalities on intrauterine development, and to assess the role of place-based factors, such as the urban-rural context, in shaping these inequalities
Chouillou, Delphine. "La qualité environnementale urbaine : prendre en compte les représentations et les pratiques sociales des habitants dans la fabrique urbaine, l'exemple toulousain." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20058/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn French cities, recent evolutions in urban design and planning have made essential to rebuild the city on itself while respecting its environment. Now, cities have to be of good urban environmental quality. Although it seems obvious today, the making of environmental urban quality is still a question because it is a multi interpreted concept in the scientific field, as well as in the operational field.This Ph.D. in urban planning, well inscribed in the field of social geography, addresses the multiple meanings of urban environmental quality. In particular, it questions the possibility of taking into account the meanings of this concept for the inhabitants in urban projects in Toulouse. The Ph.D. is based on a field investigation by commented paths conducted with residents of a neighborhood subject to severe environmental nuisances, and semi-structured interviews with professionals from Toulouse’s urban projects. The field investigation was supplemented by an analysis of documents on the policy, regulatory and institutional frameworks governing the urban policies
Sébastien, Léa. "Humains et non-humains en pourparlers : l'Acteur en 4 Dimensions Proposition théorique et méthodologique transdisciplinaire favorisant l'émancipation de nouvelles formes de gouvernances environnementales Application au domaine de l'eau sur trois territoires : la Plaine du Forez, les pentes du Kilimandjaro et les Barthes de l'Adour." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00780587.
Повний текст джерелаArnal, Juliette. "La normalisation sociale et environnementale et les relations inter-entreprises." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00269046.
Повний текст джерелаL'éthique de l'entreprise satisfait une demande de repérage et d'affirmation de règles communes relatives à la sphère économique. La formalisation de l'éthique permet à la firme de l'intégrer à ses politiques. Les normes éthiques, outils spécifiques de formalisation, établissent un compromis entre la recherche d'une attitude responsable, un état de la technique et les contraintes économiques. L'intérêt porté aux normes éthiques se justifie par le fait qu'elles représentent des modes de régulation originaux des relations inter-entreprises sur le plan de la coordination et des échanges. Trois caractéristiques de ces normes sont à mettre en perspective : elles sont de nature hétérogène, en plein foisonnement et traduisent une régulation de la sphère privée par elle-même. Dans ce contexte l'éthique de l'entreprise est loin d'être neutre en termes de régulation des fournisseurs et des sous-traitants et plus généralement en termes de rôle de l'entreprise dans la société. L'utilisation de ces normes éthiques révèle une segmentation entre des fournisseurs primaires et secondaires. Les normes éthiques créent de la confiance pour certains et instrumentent la dépendance pour d'autres. Ces pratiques sont confirmées dans une perspective institutionnelle par les modes de construction des normes et les zones d'influence qu'elles créent. Les entreprises, les Etats et les organisations internationales interviennent dans la structuration de l'architecture internationale de la normalisation éthique. Cette architecture révèle le pouvoir structurel de la normalisation en tant que moyen de régulation des relations inter-firmes et du capitalisme.
Bouhadj, Laakri. "Développement d'outils de gestion pour la prise en compte des enjeux de santé dans les opérations d'aménagement urbain : atténuation des vulnérabilités et renforcement de la résilience des systèmes territoriaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS046.
Повний текст джерелаThe design of our cities and regions is crucial for our health and well-being. It notably impacts the quality of our living environment, the air we breathe, the water we drink, our access to green spaces, healthcare services, and employment opportunities (OMS & ONU, 2021). Indeed, our health are influenced by numerous factors that go beyond the scope of pathology alone. The focus of this thesis is to develop a decision support tool that local actors can use to better consider health in urban planning and development plans, documents, and projects.The first objective of the thesis is to characterize the environmental and social health inequalities (ESHI) at the sub-municipal level within the perimeter of the European metropolis of Lille's Territorial Coherence Scheme. A literature review and thematic workshops involving local and regional stakeholders were organized, and a methodological framework was proposed for constructing spatialized composite indices of vulnerability and resilience. Furthermore, a methodology for analyzing the profiles of territory categories resulting from the joint interpretation of the two indices was developed.The second objective is to support and promote the consideration of health issues in urban development projects by proposing an experimental approach applied to two development projects. The in-depth analysis of environmental health issues in the two neighborhoods, along with the contribution of the working group composed of the two project teams and field observations, helped to better understand the factors of vulnerability and resilience present in these neighborhoods. It also enabled the evaluation of the impact of the development project on these neighborhoods and the proposal of a theoretical modeling of improvement prospects for the two development proposals.The obtained results highlight the importance of considering not only the vulnerability and resilience factors of territories but also the spatial dimension. Dividing the European metropolis of Lille's Territorial Coherence Scheme into homogeneous zones would facilitate understanding the dynamics of ESHI at a fine scale. The use of composite indices at the scale of a development project brings to light the issue of transversality and the impact of all involved dimensions. At this scale, composite indices provide an overall vision of the issues within a neighborhood, they also reveal the limitations of development policies for reducing ESHI
Lopez, Alexia. "Enjeux psychosociaux des grandes infrastructures de transport." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984129.
Повний текст джерелаRiofrio, Piché Mélanie. "Les considérations environnementales dans l'arbitrage d'investissement sous l'égide du CIRDI." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12431.
Повний текст джерелаInternational arbitration is one of the most frequently used methods to resolve disputes related to foreign investment. Several international investment agreements include provisions relating to arbitration under the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes established by the Washington Convention of 1966. Arbitral tribunals are called to resolve disputes concerning the conduct of host States vis-à-vis foreign investors. Their decisions have major consequences on the public interest, specifically when it comes to protecting the environment. The growing development of environmental law and its encroachment on investment protection has triggered a series of disputes that are no longer confined to questions of nationalization or breach of contracts as before, but often revolve around State public policy measures that involve sensitive issues such as, inter alia, hazardous waste management, access to clean water, urban sprawl, protection of biodiversity. The role of ICSID tribunals and their decisions is therefore critical in the development of investment law and the debate on investment protection and environmental regulation. This study aims to analyze the role of environmental considerations in ICSID arbitral awards. Specifically, it seeks to display the main arguments retained by international tribunals and to identify the major trends in international investment arbitration vis-à-vis environmental measures.
Berthold, Gabriel-Arnaud. "Peut-on donner d’une clause et reprendre de l’autre? Essai sur la cause comme instrument de contrôle de la cohérence matérielle du contrat." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12458.
Повний текст джерелаJean-Baptiste, Gilbert. "Les sociétés de personnes et la problématique de l'intuitus personae, en France et au Québec." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2434.
Повний текст джерела"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit (LL.M.)"
Rainville, Rosalie. "La résilience par le terroir : une sociologie du bien-vivre dans les Hautes-Laurentides." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18847.
Повний текст джерелаThis sociological study is about the Regional County Municipality (RCM) of Antoine-Labelle in the Hautes-Laurentides region of Quebec. Since the early 1900s, the forest has been the main economic and social base of the MRC. Since 2005, "the forestry crisis" has heavily affected this region of Quebec. A transition movement has emerged within the regional community. At the intersection of nature and culture, the terroir has appeared as one of the preferred pathways toward resilience. Through the terroir, it’s the ideas of "living" and "living together" that inhabitants are sinking to rethink in their region. Today, several initiatives which highlight the regional terroir, including organic farming projects, have emerged throughout the territory of the Hautes-Laurentides. More than just an economic opportunity, the terroir brings with it new social and symbolic narratives in the region. In this master thesis, our goal is precisely to highlight the social representations of the terroir of some actors in this field of activity in the Antoine-Labelle RCM. We seek to understand how the terroir is constructed, conceptualized, lived and told in this region. By interviewing seventeen actors, including farmers, artisans, chefs and representatives of regional governance, we show that this concept carries social and environmental values that express new aspirations within the community. For the actors interviewed and not without its challenges, the terroir refers to values such as autonomy, quality of life, friendliness, environmental awareness, education and hope for the next generation. This sociological study of the terroir in the Hautes-Laurentides sheds new light on what is meant by “living well” in rural Quebec.