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1
Beausoleil, Gilles. "Recommandations arbitrales dans le Québec, 1950-1952." Relations industrielles 8, no. 2 (February 25, 2014): 204–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1022959ar.
Анотація:
Sommaire L'étude subséquente a surtout pour but d'analyser le contenu des recommandations arbitrales de juin 1950 à juin 1952. Comme les conflits sur la sécurité syndicale sont difficilement compréhensibles sans une connaissance de l'arrière-plan historique des problèmes syndicaux, l'auteur résume les principaux événements expliquant l'importance que les unions attachent à la sécurité syndicale. Il porte ensuite son attention sur les clauses les plus controversées parmi les clauses non-monétaires. L'analyse des clauses monétaires est surtout faite par voie de comparaisons avec les clauses moyennes des conventions collectives; l'auteur souligne cependant les limitations inévitables de ces comparaisons.
2
GAGNÉ, Diane. "Le mouvement syndical québécois face à la constitutionnalisation du droit du travail : naviguer en eau trouble… Des précaires chez les protégés!" Revue multidisciplinaire sur l'emploi, le syndicalisme et le travail 10, no. 2 (June 21, 2017): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1040293ar.
Анотація:
À la recherche d’un nouvel équilibre en raison des présentes transformations du marché du travail, les réorganisations et la flexibilité se négocient en échange d’une protection accrue pour ceux qui restent. De sorte que prolifèrent de nouvelles formes d’emploi atypiques, pendant que la constitutionnalisation du droit du travail change le rapport à l’universalisme syndical. Cela étant, cet article veut faire la lumière sur certains impacts causés par la négociation des clauses de disparité de traitement dans les milieux de travail syndiqués. La discussion s’appuiera sur une revue de littérature juridique et historique, sur une quarantaine d’entretiens semi-dirigés réalisés à l’été 2011 et des relances téléphoniques. Il en ressort que certaines clauses de disparités de traitement permettraient (compte tenu de l’état actuel du droit) le contournement de la discrimination au sens de la Charte québécoise et l’évitement de processus juridiques longs et coûteux. Si bien que nous conclurons que ces clauses de disparité de traitement amènent dans les milieux de travail des problèmes de solidarité, d’adhésion syndicale, des conflits tant générationnels qu’idéologiques, beaucoup de non-dits, et cela, souvent au nom d’impératifs économiques.
3
Bonet, M. L., S. Buss, and J. Johannsen. "Improved Separations of Regular Resolution from Clause Learning Proof Systems." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 49 (April 23, 2014): 669–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4260.
Анотація:
This paper studies the relationship between resolution and conflict driven clause learning (CDCL) without restarts, and refutes some conjectured possible separations. We prove that the guarded, xor-ified pebbling tautology clauses, which Urquhart proved are hard for regular resolution, as well as the guarded graph tautology clauses of Alekhnovich, Johannsen, Pitassi, and Urquhart have polynomial size pool resolution refutations that use only input lemmas as learned clauses. For the latter set of clauses, we extend this to prove that a CDCL search without restarts can refute these clauses in polynomial time, provided it makes the right choices for decision literals and clause learning. This holds even if the CDCL search is required to greedily process conflicts arising from unit propagation. This refutes the conjecture that the guarded graph tautology clauses or the guarded xor-ified pebbling tautology clauses can be used to separate CDCL without restarts from general resolution. Together with subsequent results by Buss and Kolodziejczyk, this means we lack any good conjectures about how to establish the exact logical strength of conflict-driven clause learning without restarts.
4
Sosthène, Aka Koffi. "Conflits Autour De L’exploitation Halieutique Du Fleuve Comoé Et De Ses Affluents." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2017): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n5p317.
Анотація:
The purpose of this article is to identify the conflicts arising from the exploitation of the Comoé River. Côte d'Ivoire has a dense hydrography which is distinguished by four main rivers of which the Comoé River (1160 km) is one of them. This river area, which has always been exploited by the various villages bordering it, is perceived by the latter as their property. Thus, they ensure customary management in accordance with marked territories. The immense benefits of this river to village communities sometimes give rise to tensions and conflicts. What are the causes of these different types of conflicts with regards to the Comoé River? In other words, what are the conditions for their gestation? The objective of this study is to reveal the conflicts surrounding the fisheries exploitation of the Comoé River and to propose solutions for a sustainable fishery. This study is based on desk research and land surveys. It appears from the above that the exploitation of the aquatic area of the Comoé River generates sporadic conflicts. These conflicts arise mainly because of a poor implementation of the clauses of the contract between indigenous and non-native fishers, dominated by the monthly fee and the unhealthy practices of the actors. The management of these oppositions of interests is ensured by a traditional regulation, coupled with that of the administration when the situation is of great magnitude.
5
Bourin, Monique. "Les homines de mansata en Bas-Languedoc (milieu du XIIe – milieu du XIVe siècle) : théorie, pratiques et résistances." Mélanges de l École française de Rome Moyen Âge 112, no. 2 (2000): 883–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mefr.2000.9073.
Анотація:
Le Bas-Languedoc n’a pas la réputation d’être terre de servitude. Si tel est le cas dans la région de Montpellier et plus à l’est, il en va autrement plus à l’ouest, mais la situation y est nuancée. Au XIIe siècle, rien dans le vocabulaire et les clauses ne semble distinguer une dépendance honorable d’autres formes de dépendance. À partir de la fin du XIIe siècle, la servitude y prend partout une forme réelle, définie comme un statut plus net ; le serfs sont dits homines de mansata. Les traces sont faibles dans la partie centrale où peu à peu le régime de l’emphytéose s’impose aux tenures serviles. Plus à l’ouest, la pression seigneuriale est plus nette, s’accentuant sans doute au XIVe siècle, mais c’est autour d’une restriction au droit de propriété, notamment au droit de transmettre en ligne indirecte que finit par s’organiser le statut et les conflits qu’il génère.
6
Krüger, Tom, Jan-Hendrik Lorenz, and Florian Wörz. "Too much information: Why CDCL solvers need to forget learned clauses." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 26, 2022): e0272967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272967.
Анотація:
Conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) is a remarkably successful paradigm for solving the satisfiability problem of propositional logic. Instead of a simple depth-first backtracking approach, this kind of solver learns the reason behind occurring conflicts in the form of additional clauses. However, despite the enormous success of CDCL solvers, there is still only a limited understanding of what influences the performance of these solvers in what way. Considering different measures, this paper demonstrates, quite surprisingly, that clause learning (without being able to get rid of some clauses) can not only help the solver but can oftentimes deteriorate the solution process dramatically. By conducting extensive empirical analysis, we furthermore find that the runtime distributions of CDCL solvers are multimodal. This multimodality can be seen as a reason for the deterioration phenomenon described above. Simultaneously, it also gives an indication of why clause learning in combination with clause deletion is virtually the de facto standard of SAT solving, in spite of this phenomenon. As a final contribution, we show that Weibull mixture distributions can accurately describe the multimodal distributions. Thus, adding new clauses to a base instance has an inherent effect of making runtimes long-tailed. This insight provides an explanation as to why the technique of forgetting clauses is useful in CDCL solvers apart from the optimization of unit propagation speed.
7
Van Poecke, Thomas, Frank Verbruggen, and Ward Yperman. "Terrorist offences and international humanitarian law: The armed conflict exclusion clause." International Review of the Red Cross 103, no. 916-917 (April 2021): 295–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383121000321.
Анотація:
AbstractWhile armed conflicts are principally governed by international humanitarian law (IHL), activities of members of non-State armed groups and their affiliates may also qualify as terrorist offences. After explaining why the concurrent application of IHL and criminal law instruments on terrorism causes friction, this article analyzes the chief mechanism for dissipating this friction: a clause excluding activities governed by IHL from the scope of criminal law instruments on terrorism. Such armed conflict exclusion clauses exist at the international, regional and national level. This article explains how an exclusion clause can best avoid friction between IHL and criminal law instruments on terrorism.
8
Lee, João Bosco. "Parecer: Conflito Cláusula Compromissória." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 8, Issue 30 (June 1, 2011): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2011017.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT: The present legal opinion is about an arbitration procedure between a Brazilian and a German company that signed an offtake agreement and subsequently an agreement that turned official the avoidance of the contract and other provisions agreed between the parties, having both these contracts established two distinct arbitration clauses that differed as to the place of arbitration and number of arbitrators in the Tribunal. The object of the opinion was to determine which contract would rule the arbitration proposed by one of the parties, to deliberate about the pathology of the arbitration clause and the inconsistency between the two clauses, and to answer the question of which should prevail and about the possibility of one of the parties turning to the Brazilian Tribunals to request that the second party should sign the Arbitration Agreement.
9
Riddell, Troy Q., and F. L. Morton. "Reasonable Limitations, Distinct Society and the Canada Clause: Interpretive Clauses and the Competition for Constitutional Advantage." Canadian Journal of Political Science 31, no. 3 (September 1998): 467–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900009094.
Анотація:
AbstractThis article connects the conflict in Canada over formal constitutional amendments—patriation (1982), the Meech Lake (1987) and the Charlottetown (1992) Accords—with constitutional litigation and interpretation. The authors posit that governments and organized social interests compete with and among themselves for constitutional advantage in both forums of constitutional modification, and that outcomes in each forum have predictable consequences for behaviour in the other. Specifically, they argue that conflicts over the “distinct society” (1987) and “Canada” (1992) clauses are best understood as predictable government attempts to regain constitutional resources lost to Charter-based interest groups during the framing of the “reasonable limitation” clause of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1980–1981) and its subsequent judicial operationalization—the “Oakestest” (1986).The conflicts over theses various “interpretative clauses” were not just about “symbolic Status” or “conflicting constitutional visions,” but about winning Charter cases and accumulating legal resources. The authors develop the corollary argument that “advocacy scholarship” has played a complementary role to litigation in “public interest” groups' use of the Charter to challenge government policies.
10
Purnamasari, Wulan, Elza Syarief, and Rina S. Shahrullah. "The Conflict of Trade Secret Protection and Workers’ Rights in Non-Competition Clauses." SIGn Jurnal Hukum 5, no. 1 (July 31, 2023): 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v5i1.273.
Анотація:
This study aims to scrutinize the Non-Competition Clauses in employment contracts as a manifestation of trade secrets and understand how these clauses impact an individual’s right to choose employment. This study uses normative legal research with the statute and comparative approaches. The collected legal material is then qualitatively analyzed to describe the problem and answer study purposes. The results show that including Non-Competition Clauses in employment contracts by employers is a strategic measure to protect trade secrets from competitors. However, every contract must fulfill the requirements for the agreement’s validity subjectively and objectively. Non-Competition Clauses can potentially conflict with workers’ rights as regulated in Article 28D section (2) of the 1945 Constitution, Article 38 section (2) of Law Number 39 of 1999, and Article 31 of Law Number 13 of 2003, thereby violating the objective requirements of employment contracts based on Article 52 section (1) point d of Law Number 13 of 2003. Therefore, it recommended that relevant parties review and evaluate the implementation of Non-Competition Clauses in employment contracts in Indonesia. Before incorporating this clause into the employment contract, employers must consider the agreement’s validity requirements and workers’ rights. Furthermore, the employment contract should further explain the definition and scope of the Non-Competition Clause to avoid different interpretations. Meanwhile, the Government is recommended to create clear regulations concerning the legitimacy of Non-Competition Clauses in employment contracts. These regulations must consider the balance between protecting trade secrets and workers’ rights to employment and income. Lastly, Courts should prioritize protecting workers’ rights in resolving disputes related to breaches of the Non-Competition Clause, especially if employers cannot prove the workers have violated the company’s trade secrets.
11
Longo Zocal, Raul. "Cláusula compromissória condicionada: estipulação e implementação." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 20, Issue 79 (September 1, 2023): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2023022.
Анотація:
The article describes whether the parties may or not agree on conditions for arbitration clauses. Although every arbitration clause is conditioned to the rise of a conflict (a future and uncertain event that gives effect to the arbitration clauses), the article focuses on conditions that the parties may consider relevant to their goals or concerns. The article discusses the interpretation of the conditioned arbitration clause to evaluate its legality and application in cases. The article also discusses the analysis of the implementation of the condition, which gives grounds for the arbitrator’s jurisdiction, considering the position of the Superior Court of Justice on the matter of competence-competence and issues related to its implementation. Arbitration; arbitration agreement; conditional arbitration clause; competence-competence; kompetenz-kompetenz; condition.
12
Ouedraogo, Richard Wend-Lasida, Guillaume Durand, Diataga Sylvestre Yonli, and Tarcissus Konsem. "Chapitre 4. Subventions discriminatoires de soins medicaux à l’épreuve du principe éthique de la justice : cas d’un service d’orl au burkina faso." Journal international de bioéthique et d'éthique des sciences Vol. 34, no. 3 (February 14, 2024): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/jibes.343.0069.
Анотація:
Introduction : Dérogation légale au principe de l’égalité des droits en matière de santé, les subventions discriminatoires posent souvent un problème de dilemme éthique sur le terrain d’application. But : Analyser les subventions discriminatoires des soins à l’aune du principe éthique de la justice et proposer des alternatives aux éventuels conflits juridico-éthiques inhérents. Méthode : Il s’agit d’une étude qualitative, descriptive et analytique basée sur des entretiens semi-dirigés avec des soignants. Résultats : De l’avis des participants, l’application des subventions discriminatoires impacte négativement la justice distributive substantielle. Les violations des conditions d’attribution étaient exclusivement au profit des patients concernés. Leur impact était jugé positif sur la justice distributive substantielle et négatif sur la justice formelle. Discussion : Les subventions discriminatoires de soins découlent généralement d’une prescription juridique dont l’application ne devrait souffrir d’aucune ambigüité. Or, il ressort que les violations des conditions d’attribution étaient en faveur de la justice distributive. Cette opposition est source potentielle de difficultés décisionnelles pour les soignants qui souvent, choisissent de violer les conditions au profit de leurs patients indigents. Il existe donc des violations de normes éthiquement compréhensibles, qu’il faut savoir admettre. Ceci à travers des prévisions d’exceptions d’application de normes pour « causes nobles » et de clauses d’objection de conscience dans les textes de politique sanitaire. Conclusion : La légitimité des normes de politique sanitaire est indispensable à leur application effective d’où l’intérêt de la prise en compte de la justice distributive dans la genèse des textes normatifs.
13
Gulzar, Unanza. "Evaluation of Drafting and Interpretation of Arbitration Clauses in Commercial Contracts." International Journal of Forensic Sciences 9, no. 2 (2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000387.
Анотація:
Arbitration clauses serve as vital mechanisms for dispute resolution in commercial contracts, providing parties with an alternative to traditional litigation. However, the effectiveness of arbitration hinges greatly on the precision and clarity of the clauses drafted within contracts. This article evaluates the drafting and interpretation of arbitration clauses in commercial contracts, scrutinizing the language employed, the specificity of provisions, and the considerations for effective implementation. Drawing on legal principles, case law, and practical insights, this article analysis delves into the nuances of arbitration clause formulation and its implications on dispute resolution efficiency and fairness. Moreover, this article examines what should be the contents in drafting clauses in commercial contracts. Moreover, certain rules of interpretation are mentioned to examine the arbitration clauses in commercial contracts. It is further highlighted that what should be an essential elements of arbitration clause in commercial contracts along with certain principles of drafting. Further emphasises is placed on nexus between statutory and judicial pronouncements in interpreting arbitration clauses. This article examines common pitfalls in drafting and the challenges in interpretation and acts as guidance for practitioners and businesses to navigate the complexities of arbitration clauses effectively. Furthermore, this article underscores the importance of clear and comprehensive arbitration provisions in mitigating disputes and fostering smoother commercial transactions. Lastly, this article contributes to a deeper understanding of the pivotal role played by arbitration clauses in shaping contractual relationships and resolving conflicts in the realm of commercial law.
14
Nootens, Thierry. "« Nous ne voulons pas que nos héritiers soient à la merci des tiens »." Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française 61, no. 1 (December 19, 2007): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/016872ar.
Анотація:
Résumé Cet article analyse la trajectoire des Rolland, dynastie d’entrepreneurs francophones oeuvrant dans l’industrie papetière. Les interactions réunissant trois logiques institutionnelles, celles de la famille, de la transmission des biens et de l’entreprise capitaliste, sont au centre de l’attention. L’histoire familiale des Rolland montre autant des périodes de cohérence entre rapports familiaux, héritages et activités entrepreneuriales que des moments où ces trois données clés de leur existence entrent en contradiction. D’où la survenance de conflits parfois exacerbés. Tout en rappelant de fructueuses collaborations père-fils, le testament de Jean-Baptiste Rolland (1885) prévoit de manière précise la poursuite de ses entreprises, auxquelles ses héritiers mâles devront consacrer leurs efforts. Toutefois, les années qui suivent son décès sont les témoins de l’éclatement de la symbiose entre famille et affaires voulue par le patriarche. Cela à l’occasion des litiges mettant en scène un de ses fils, Donatien, dont l’éthique de travail est jugée déficiente. Le début du xxe siècle montre à son tour une désagrégation relative de la lignée. L’apparition d’héritiers moins liés aux affaires familiales fait sentir ses effets, alors que certaines clauses complexes et contraignantes du testament de Jean-Baptiste finissent par poser de sérieux problèmes à cette même époque. Au milieu du XXe siècle, on assiste à une nouvelle intégration entre famille et monde des affaires, à la suite des efforts menés en commun par une fratrie spécifique de successeurs. Par contre, à la fin des années 1970, deux membres de cette fratrie connaissent des difficultés financières et désirent retirer leurs actifs investis dans l’entreprise, pour planifier à leur convenance leur propre succession. Le conflit les opposant alors à leur frère, figure dominante des entreprises Rolland, sera profond. Les disputes observées, en somme, empruntent deux formes. La première est interpersonnelle (ou intrafamiliale) et met en jeu principalement la compétence ou l’incompétence postulée des individus. La seconde, moins éclatante, est de nature diachronique et renvoie à l’entrechoquement des temporalités différenciées des parcours individuels, des testaments et des aléas du capitalisme.
15
Spallitta, Giuseppe, Roberto Sebastiani, and Armin Biere. "Disjoint Partial Enumeration without Blocking Clauses." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 8 (March 24, 2024): 8126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i8.28652.
Анотація:
A basic algorithm for enumerating disjoint propositional models (disjoint AllSAT) is based on adding blocking clauses incrementally, ruling out previously found models. On the one hand, blocking clauses have the potential to reduce the number of generated models exponentially, as they can handle partial models. On the other hand, the introduction of a large number of blocking clauses affects memory consumption and drastically slows down unit propagation. We propose a new approach that allows for enumerating disjoint partial models with no need for blocking clauses by integrating: Conflict-Driven Clause-Learning (CDCL), Chronological Backtracking (CB), and methods for shrinking models (Implicant Shrinking). Experiments clearly show the benefits of our novel approach.
16
Asín Achá, Roberto, Rodrigo López, Sebastian Hagedorn, and Jorge A. Baier. "Multi-Agent Path Finding: A New Boolean Encoding." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 75 (September 29, 2022): 323–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.13818.
Анотація:
Multi-agent pathfinding (MAPF) is an NP-hard problem. As such, dense maps may be very hard to solve optimally. In such scenarios, compilation-based approaches, via Boolean satisfiability (SAT) and answer set programming (ASP), have been shown to outperform heuristic-search-based approaches, such as conflict-based search (CBS). In this paper, we propose a new Boolean encoding for MAPF, and show how to implement it in ASP and MaxSAT. A feature that distinguishes our encoding from existing ones is that swap and follow conflicts are encoded using binary clauses, which can be exploited by current conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) solvers. In addition, the number of clauses used to encode swap and follow conflicts do not depend on the number of agents, allowing us to scale better. For MaxSAT, we study different ways in which we may combine the MSU3 and LSU algorithms for maximum performance. In our experimental evaluation, we used square grids, ranging from 20 x 20 to 50 x 50 cells, and warehouse maps, with a varying number of agents and obstacles. We compared against representative solvers of the state-of-the-art, including the search-based algorithm CBS, the ASP-based solver ASP-MAPF, and the branch-and-cut-and-price hybrid solver, BCP. We observe that the ASP implementation of our encoding, ASP-MAPF2 outperforms other solvers in most of our experiments. The MaxSAT implementation of our encoding, MtMS shows best performance in relatively small warehouse maps when the number of agents is large, which are the instances with closer resemblance to hard puzzle-like problems.
17
HAMADI, YOUSSEF, SAÏD JABBOUR, and LAKHDAR SAÏS. "LEARNING FOR DYNAMIC SUBSUMPTION." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 19, no. 04 (August 2010): 511–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213010000303.
Анотація:
This paper presents an original dynamic subsumption technique for Boolean CNF formulae. It exploits simple and sufficient conditions to detect, during conflict analysis, clauses from the formula that can be reduced by subsumption. During the learnt clause derivation, and at each step of the associated resolution process, checks for backward subsumption between the current resolvent and clauses from the original formula are efficiently performed. The resulting method allows the dynamic removal of literals from the original clauses. Experimental results show that the integration of our dynamic subsumption technique within the state-of-the-art SAT solvers Minisat and Rsat particularly benefits to crafted problems.
18
Кондратьев, В. С., А. А. Семенов, and О. С. Заикин. "Duplicates of conflict clauses in CDCL derivation and their usage to invert some cryptographic functions." Numerical Methods and Programming (Vychislitel'nye Metody i Programmirovanie), no. 1 (January 20, 2019): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26089/nummet.v20r106.
Анотація:
Изучен феномен повторного порождения конфликтных ограничений SAT-решателями в процессе работы с трудными экземплярами задачи о булевой выполнимости. Данный феномен является следствием применения эвристических механизмов чистки конфликтных баз, которые реализованы во всех современных SAT-решателях, основанных на алгоритме CDCL (Conflict Driven Clause Learning). Описана новая техника, которая позволяет отслеживать повторно порождаемые дизъюнкты и запрещать их последующее удаление. На базе предложенных технических решений построен новый многопоточный SAT-решатель (SAT, SATisfiability), который на ряде SAT-задач, кодирующих обращение криптографических хеш-функций, существенно превзошел по эффективности многопоточные решатели, занимавшие в последние годы высокие места на специализированных соревнованиях. A phenomenon of conflict clauses generated repeatedly by SAT solvers is studied. Such clauses may appear during solving hard Boolean satisfiability problems (SAT). This phenomenon is caused by the fact that the modern SAT solvers are based on the CDCL algorithm that generates conflict clauses. A database of such clauses is periodically and partially cleaned. A new approach for practical SAT solving is proposed. According to this approach, the repeatedly generated conflict clauses are tracked, whereas their further generation is prohibited. Based on this approach, a multithreaded SAT solver was developed. This solver was compared with the best multithreaded SAT solvers awarded during the last SAT competitions. According to the experimental results, the developed solver greatly outperforms its competitors on several SAT instances encoding the inversion of some cryptographic hash functions.
19
Goldby, Miriam. "INCORPORATION OF CHARTERPARTY ARBITRATION CLAUSES INTO BILLS OF LADING: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS." Denning Law Journal 19, no. 1 (November 27, 2012): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v19i1.382.
Анотація:
This article looks at two recent court decisions and one recent arbitral award which help to clarify the position of English Law with regard to incorporation of charterparty arbitration clauses into bills of lading. It starts by giving a brief overview of past decisions of the English Courts on this issue. It proceeds to consider recent developments and to draw conclusions therefrom. Most bills of lading contain jurisdiction clauses providing that parties are to resolve any disputes arising in connection with the contract of carriage contained in the bill through litigation in the courts. Where a bill of lading is issued under a charterparty, however, and where it expressly incorporates the charterparty’s arbitration clause into its terms, the parties to the contract of carriage contained in the bill of lading, including any transferees of the bill, may be obliged to refer their disputes to arbitration. Wilson notes that “[a] strict contra proferentem approach has been adopted towards [attempts to incorporate charterparty arbitration clauses into bills of lading] since, while arbitration clauses are common in charterparties, hey are rarely found in bills of lading.” Three conditions must be met in order for a charterparty arbitration clause to be successfully incorporated into the bill of lading. First of all, “the operative words of incorporation must be found in the bill of lading itself”. Secondly such words must be suitable to describe the charterparty clause that is being incorporated. Finally, the incorporated clause must be consistent with the terms of the bill of lading, and in the event of conflict, the provisions of the bill of lading will prevail.
20
Asín Achá, Roberto, Rodrigo López, Sebastián Hagedorn, and Jorge A. Baier. "A New Boolean Encoding for MAPF and its Performance with ASP and MaxSAT Solvers." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Combinatorial Search 12, no. 1 (July 21, 2021): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/socs.v12i1.18546.
Анотація:
Multi-agent pathfinding (MAPF) is an NP-hard problem. As such, dense maps may be very hard to solve optimally. In such scenarios, compilation-based approaches, via Boolean satisfiability (SAT) and answer set programming (ASP), have proven to be most effective. In this paper, we propose a new encoding for MAPF, which we implement and solve using both ASP and MaxSAT solvers. Our encoding builds on a recent ASP encoding for MAPF but changes the way agent moves are encoded. This allows to represent swap and follow conflicts with binary clauses, which are known to work well along with conflict-based clause learning. For MaxSAT, we study different ways in which we may combine the MSU3 and LSU algorithms for maximum performance. Our results, over grid and warehouse maps, show that the ASP solver scales better when the number of agents is increased on grids with few obstacles, while the MaxSAT solver performs better in scenarios with more obstacles and fewer agents.
21
S.C. "Michigan Court Clarifies Liability for COB Provisions in ERISA and Auto Plans." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24, no. 1 (March 1996): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1073110500004587.
Анотація:
In Campbell Soup Co. v. Allstate Insurance Co. (913 F. Supp. 451 (W.D. Mich. Jan. 9, 1996)), the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan, Southern Division, held that a health plan's coordination of benefits (COB) clause, covered under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), does not preempt a similar no-fault automobile insurance clause in the absence of irreconcilable conflict. The court found that ERISA's policy of shielding plans from unanticipated claims could only be furthered when the plan had expressly disavowed such claims. Because the ERISA plan in this case did not specifically subordinate itself to the no-fault policy, the district court found that the no-fault COB clause controlled. However, to escape this ruling, ERISA plans need only redraft their COB clauses specifically to disclaim liability in case of conflict with provisions of no-fault insurance policies. This caveat substantially limits the scope of the court's ruling.
22
Woehrling, José. "La modification constitutionnelle de 1987, la reconnaissance du Québec comme société distincte et la dualité linguistique du Canada." Les Cahiers de droit 29, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 3–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042868ar.
Анотація:
On June 3, 1987, the Prime Minister of Canada and the ten provincial premiers signed the 1987 Constitutional Accord in which they agreed to amend the Canadian Constitution in order to meet the Quebec government's conditions for adherence to the Constitution Act, 1982. The recognition of Canada's linguistic duality and of Quebec as a distinct society were among the constitutional amendments agreed upon. These clauses continue to spark controversy, with some commentators claiming that the terms used in the Accord are too ambiguous, while others argue that their insertion in the Constitution will give rise to politically undesirable results. The author considers the meaning of these clauses and presents an historical account of the notions of “duality” and “distinct society” by analyzing their essential elements. He argues that if governments have recognized duality in order to protect the official language minorities, the purpose of the clause dealing with the protection and promotion of Quebec's distinct society is to maintain and develop its Francophone character. Where these two objectives conflict, the clause in the Constitutional Accord recognizing Canada's linguistic duality will prevail. The Accord's potential impact on the division of legislative powers and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms are also examined. In the author's opinion, the division of powers will not be modified; however, the recognition of duality and of Quebec as a distinct society may limit the potentially centralizing effects of the Charter. On the other hand, by relying on the duality clause, the courts will be able — should they so desire — to give the Charter's language guarantees a broader interpretation than they have until now been accorded. The author concludes by considering the possible interplay between the linguistic duality and the distinct society clauses once they are entrenched, and the multiculturalism clause (section 27 of the Charter,).
23
S A, Sandhya Ram. "Ouster Clause: Legislative Blaze and Judicial Phoenix." Christ University Law Journal 2, no. 1 (February 22, 2013): 21–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12728/culj.2.2.
Анотація:
If constitutionalism denotes obedience to the
Constitution, the scheme for enforcement of obedience
and invalidation of disobedience should be found in the
Constitution itself. It is important that this scheme be
clear and the task of enforcement be vested in a
constitutional body. In such a situation, the question of
custodianship i.e., who will ensure the rule of
constitutionalism assumes prime importance, as any
ambiguity regarding the same will result in conflicts
uncalled for between legislature and judiciary. This
conflict intensifies when judiciary determines the
constitutionality of the legislations and the legislature
defends by placing it in the „ouster clauses‟ within the
Constitution to exclude the judicial determination.
Judiciary counters by nullifying the legislative attempts
through innovative interpretation. An attempt is made to
study Article 31 B, the most prominent ouster clause in
the Constitution of India barring judicial review of
legislations and how the Indian judiciary retaliated to
such legislative attempts and effectively curbed them. The
study outlines the historical reasons which necessitated
the insertion of Article 31 B in the Constitution and
analyses the myriad implications of such an ouster clause
within the Constitution. The constitutional basis of
judicial review is studied to audit the justifiability of the
open ended Ninth Schedule along with Article 31 B. A
comparison between Article 31 B and the other ouster clauses namely Articles 31 A and 31 C is also made,
bringing out the effect and scope of Article 31 B. The
study covers a critical survey of judicial pronouncements
from 1951 to 2007.
24
Sechin, Daniil. "Content of the Martens’ clause." Meždunarodnoe pravosudie 11, no. 1 (2021): 164–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21128/2226-2059-2021-1-164-182.
Анотація:
The article is devoted to internal content of the Martens clause, which is an important social relations regulator. The practical relevance of this research is justified by existing armed conflicts, as well as by the fact that it fills the legal vacuum arising in situations that are unresolved with international treaties and customs. Moreover, the Martens clause is one of the links between international humanitarian law and international human rights law, which provides the necessary level of legal protection for all parties in armed conflicts. Accordingly, the regulatory role of the Martens clause is increasing which can be found in judicial practice. However, there was no examination of the relationship between morality and the Martens’ clause content. The main aim of this study is to identify the moral meaning and content of the principle of humanity and public consciousness, because the potential discrepancy of this provision may cause risks in the protection of rights of armed conflicts participants. Unclear content of the clause necessitates the application of externalist approaches to legal concepts. Application of ethical and philosophical methods makes it possible to disclose the correlation of moral laws and armed conflicts, understand the moral content of the requirements of public consciousness and the principles of humanity. Moral relativism and absolutism in relation to armed conflict are analyzed. Based on their correlation, the risks of moral self-elimination and leveling of morality are described as the problem of contradiction of absolute moral laws and the essence of armed conflict. To solve this problem an attempt is made to formulate a moral law which will combine the requirements of public consciousness and the principles of humanity. The conclusion of the study is that moral content of the requirements of public consciousness is in active actions dictated by the aim of getting long and just peace. The principles of humanity are reflected in the principle of limited universalization of the actions of participants in armed conflicts. This moral law contains a moral justification for the actions of a combatant, as well as a restriction of actions based on limited universalization.
25
Mohs, Florian, and Ingeborg Schwenzer. "Arbitration Clauses in Chains of Contracts." ASA Bulletin 27, Issue 2 (June 1, 2009): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/asab2009022.
Анотація:
To foster multi-party arbitrations French, US, and Austrian law allow, with significant nuances, for the extension of arbitration clauses through chains of contracts to claims by the ultimate buyer as a third party to the contract containing the arbitration clause against the first seller/manufacturer. The possibility of an extension of an arbitration clause in the case of a chain of contracts is inextricably intertwined with the substantive law question of whether or not the ultimate buyer may take direct recourse against a remote seller. Its admissibility cannot be regarded as a principle of international arbitration but is solely given if the domestic law of a jurisdiction that acknowledges the extension of an arbitration clause to a third party in a chain of contracts applies. Because no direct contractual relationship exists between the ultimate buyer and the remote seller, the buyer’s direct claims sound in tort. The law applicable to these claims by virtue of the conflicts rules on products liability or tort should decide on the extension of the arbitration clause as well. Remaining procedural disadvantages for the middle-man in a chain of contracts can only be addressed by contract drafting.
26
Sari, Ratna, Novia Juita, and Muhammad Ismail Nst. "REPRESENTASI KONFLIK WONG CILIK DALAM NOVEL BILA MALAM BERTAMBAH MALAM KARYA PUTU WIJAYA DAN NOVEL PENGAKUAN PARIYEM KARYA LINUS SURYADI AG: KAJIAN INTERTEKSTUAL." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 5, no. 2 (February 19, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/896220.
Анотація:
The type of this research is qualitative research using descriptive analysis methods. This research data is a text in from of the words, phrases, clauses, sentences and discourse which represents conflicts of wong cilik, in the form of personal and between classes conflict in both novels. It is also looking for differences and similarities of the conflicts, and explaining the novel Bila Malam Bertambah Malam by Putu Wijaya as hypogram of novel Pengakuan Pariyem by Linus Suryadi AG. The results of the study are First, the conflict of wong cilik in novel Bila Malam Bertambah Malam there are nine conflicts of wong cilik, devided into six personal conflicts and three conflicts between social classes. Second, conflict of wong cilik in novel Pengakuan Pariyem there are seven conflicts of wong cilik devided into six personal conflicts and one conflict between social classes. Third, the difference of wong cilik’s conflict ini novel Pengakuan Pariyem: (a) the number of conflicts, (b) wong cilik’s conflict in novel Bila Malam Bertambah Malam comes from external factors, and (c) wong cilik’s conflict in novel Pengakuan Pariyem comes from internal factors; the similarities of wong cilik’s conflict in novel Bila Malam Bertambah Malam by Putu Wijaya and Pengakuan Pariyem is found on those novel’s conflict, novel Bila Malam Bertambah Malam by Putu Wijaya is a hypogram from novel Pengakuan Pariyem by Linus Suryadi AG. Keywords: representative, conflict, wong cilik, intertextual.
27
Myrberg, Sara. "Sisterhood in prosodic branching." Phonology 30, no. 1 (May 2013): 73–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675713000043.
Анотація:
This article discusses the syntax–prosody interface, drawing on evidence from Stockholm Swedish. It is shown that a Swedish main clause containing an embedded clause has three prosodic correlates, two of which are non-isomorphic to the syntactic bracketing. However, two coordinated clauses have only one – isomorphic – prosodic correlate. Optimality-theoretic constraints (Prince & Smolensky 1993) are used to derive this variation. A new markedness constraint, EqualSisters, is argued to be responsible for a preference for flat prosodic structures. This constraint requires that sister nodes in prosodic structure belong to the same prosodic category, and therefore sometimes conflicts with match constraints, which call for syntax–prosody correspondence (Selkirk 2009, 2011). When high-ranked, EqualSisters forces syntax–prosody non-isomorphism if the input syntactic structure contains embedding, whereas full isomorphism is predicted in coordinated structures. The previously suggested markedness constraints Non-recursivity and Exhaustivity (Selkirk 1996) cannot replace EqualSisters, and in the present account are rendered redundant.
28
SYATHROH, ISRY LAILA, and HENDRA HUSNUSSALAM. "Analysis of Laskar Pelangi in English Version Based on Transitivity Theory." English Journal Literacy Utama 3, no. 1 (December 2, 2018): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33197/ejlutama.vol3.iss1.2019.30.
Анотація:
This study aims to investigate the characterizations of Lintang in the English version of Laskar Pelangi novel (2009), The Rainbow Troops, based on Transitivity. As the unit of analysis, the data are 30 selected clauses, both uttered by Lintang himself or the narrator. The clauses are arranged chronologically based on the plot of the story consisting of phase 1 (opening), phase 2 (conflict & climax), and phase 3 (closing). This research employs qualitative descriptive design (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2007: 430). The approach for this research is narrative inquiry. According to Croker (Heigham & Croker, 2009: 16), among disciplines using narrative inquiry are anthropology, sociology, history, psychology and literature. The results show that based on transitivity theory, the characterizations of Lintang are represented and portrayed by the types of process and participant in every clause. Among his emerging characterizations are: hyperactive, brave, never-gives-up kid, heroism, and willing to sacrifice for his family.
29
Symeonides, Symeon C. "Exception Clauses in American Conflicts Law." American Journal of Comparative Law 42, suppl_2 (1994): 813–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/42.suppl2.813.
30
Sinambela, Hotman. "Legal Protection of Bank Customer Regarding Bank Credit Agreements According to the Consumer Protection Law." Journal of Progressive Law and Legal Studies 1, no. 03 (September 1, 2023): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.59653/jplls.v1i03.235.
Анотація:
The main objective of the research is to find out, describe and analyze whether the standard clauses in Rural Bank credit agreements (BPR) reflect the credit agreement and do not conflict with the principles of freedom of contract and the principle of balance as well as the impact of implementing standard clauses in Rural Bank credit agreements and legal protection. against customers who are harmed by the application of the standard clause. The research results reveal that the application of standard clauses in BPR credit agreements has fulfilled the principles of freedom of contract, balance and the principle of consensualism because in their application they still open up room for negotiation with customers so that an agreement is reached. The impact of implementing the standard clauses of Rural Bank credit agreements on customers' rights as consumers is that customers do not have room to defend their rights or to file complaints due to the application of standard clauses which are detrimental or burdensome, especially with the "take it or leave it" analogy to the terms. - conditions determined by the bank, which include the bank's authority to unilaterally at any time without any reason and without prior notice terminate the credit withdrawal permit. In the case of sales of collateral whose credit is bad, the BPR has the authority to unilaterally determine the selling price of the collateral. Legal protection for customers who are harmed by the application of standard clauses in credit agreements is the customer or consumer. The customer can apply to the BPR according to the protection provided by Article 19 of the Consumer Protection Law
31
JABBOUR, SAÏD. "LEARNING FROM SUCCESSES." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 19, no. 04 (August 2010): 373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213010000248.
Анотація:
In this paper a new learning scheme for SAT is proposed. The originality of our approach arises from its ability to achieve clause learning even if no conflict occurs. This kind of learning from successes clearly contrasts with all the traditional learning approaches which generally refer to conflict analysis. To make such learning possible, relevant clauses, taken from the satisfied part of the formula are conjointly used with the classical implication graph to derive new and more powerful reasons for the implication of a given literal. Based on this extension a first learning scheme called Learning for Dynamic Assignments Reordering (LDAR) is proposed. It exploits the new derived reasons to dynamically reorder partial assignments. Experimental results show that the integration of LDAR within a state-of-the-art SAT solver achieves interesting improvements particularly on satisfiable instances.
32
Bantekas, Ilias. "A Common Law Approach to the Parties’ Intention in Arbitration Agreements." Global Journal of Comparative Law 12, no. 2 (May 2, 2023): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-12020003.
Анотація:
Abstract Offer and acceptance must be supplemented by the parties’ common intention, failing which there is no contract. Arbitration clauses are separable from the contract in which they are contained and hence constitute distinct contracts, albeit of a procedural nature. Even so, the courts typically conflate the parties’ common intention as expressed or implied in the main contract with the common intention required in the arbitration clause. Although technically incorrect, courts in the common law tradition are generally content with this approach and do not question its rationale. The article argues that while such an approach is acceptable, there may well be cases where a party can validly argue that this conflated common intention was misplaced.
33
Chowdhury, Md Solimul, Martin Müller, and Jia You. "Guiding CDCL SAT Search via Random Exploration amid Conflict Depression." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 02 (April 3, 2020): 1428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i02.5500.
Анотація:
The efficiency of Conflict Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) SAT solving depends crucially on finding conflicts at a fast rate. State-of-the-art CDCL branching heuristics such as VSIDS, CHB and LRB conform to this goal. We take a closer look at the way in which conflicts are generated over the course of a CDCL SAT search. Our study of the VSIDS branching heuristic shows that conflicts are typically generated in short bursts, followed by what we call a conflict depression phase in which the search fails to generate any conflicts in a span of decisions. The lack of conflict indicates that the variables that are currently ranked highest by the branching heuristic fail to generate conflicts. Based on this analysis, we propose an exploration strategy, called expSAT, which randomly samples variable selection sequences in order to learn an updated heuristic from the generated conflicts. The goal is to escape from conflict depressions expeditiously. The branching heuristic deployed in expSAT combines these updates with the standard VSIDS activity scores. An extensive empirical evaluation with four state-of-the-art CDCL SAT solvers demonstrates good-to-strong performance gains with the expSAT approach.
34
Gange, Graeme, Daniel Harabor, and Peter J. Stuckey. "Lazy CBS: Implicit Conflict-Based Search Using Lazy Clause Generation." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 29 (May 25, 2021): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v29i1.3471.
Анотація:
Conflict-based Search (CBS) is a effective approach to optimal multi-agent path finding. However, performance of CBS approaches degrade rapidly in highly-contended graphs with many agents. One of the reasons this occurs is that CBS does not detect independent subproblems; i.e. it can re-solve the same conflicts between the same pairs of agents up to exponentially many times, each time along a different branch. Constraint programming approaches with nogood learning avoid this kind of duplication of effort by storing nogoods that record the reasons for conflicts. This can exponentially reduce search in constraint programming. In this work, we present Lazy CBS, a new approach to multi-agent pathfinding which replaces the high-level solver of CBS with a lazily constructed constraint programming model with nogoods. We use core-guided depth-first search to explore the space of conflicts and we detect along each branch reusable nogoods which help to quickly identify feasible solutions. Our experiments show that Lazy CBS can significantly improve on the state-of-the-art for optimal MAPF problems under the sumof-costs metric, especially in cases where there exists significant contention.
35
Fox, Danny. "Antecedent-Contained Deletion and the Copy Theory of Movement." Linguistic Inquiry 33, no. 1 (January 2002): 63–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438902317382189.
Анотація:
Antecedent-contained deletion poses a problem for theories of ellipsis, a problem that, according to much literature, is solved by Quantifier Raising. The solution, however, conflicts with the copy theory of movement. This article resolves this new conflict with the aid of a theory of extraposition and covert movement proposed by Fox and Nissenbaum (1999), together with certain assumptions about the structure of relative clauses and the way chains are interpreted. The resolution makes various new predictions and accounts for a range of otherwise puzzling facts.
36
Ferreira, Daniel, Elizaveta Gromova, Bianca Farias, and Cristiane Giovannini. "Online Sports Betting in Brazil and conflict solution clauses." REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 4, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52028/rbadr.v4i7.5.
Анотація:
Sports betting sites are now a reality in Brazil. According to Exame1 magazine, in 2018, it moved around 2 billion reais per year, and with the imminent regulation of Act n. 13.756 /2018, it should move approximately 8 billion reais annually. Online gambling will only reach the peak of its market, according to Rohan Miller,2 when consumers’ risk perception is reduced or neutralized. Questions such as who to look for if something goes wrong and which laws apply in the event of a conflict should be answered clearly by the betting sites’ Terms of Service (EULAs). Therefore, this article’s general objective will be to analyze the methods of conflict resolution included in the Terms of Use of the 9 (nine) main sports betting sites used by Brazilians, namely: 1. Bet365; 2. SportingBet; 3. Betboo; 4. Betway; 5. Rivalo. 6. 22Bet; 7. Betmotion; 8. Bumbet; 9. Bet9. As a specific objective, we will analyze the mediation and arbitration procedures as well as the statistics of two ODR (Online Dispute Resolution) service sites used by the betting sites: the e-Commerce Online Gaming Regulation and Assurance (e-Cogra - online mediation service ) and Independent Betting Adjudication Service (IBAS online arbitration service). Both legally based in England. We could realize that the Brazilian bettor, as a rule, does not read the terms of service and is unaware of the conflict resolution clause provided by the website. Besides, through data analysis from eCOGRA and IBSA, we can state that Brazilian gamblers who access ODR service providers are very rare both because they are unaware and because of linguistic difficulties. Also, the chances of success in resolving conflicts in favor of the consumer through mediation are greater than through online arbitration. In short, we can say that the model established by the UK Gambling Act and the Great Britain Gambling Commission is a model that guarantees the fundamental principles of both mediation and arbitration (impartiality, due process, and easy access). The fact that arbitration and mediation are not binding on bettors under any circumstances also guarantees the parties equal treatment.
37
Tsindeliani, Imeda A., and Ekaterina V. Bezikova. "The tax clause as an instrument for the convergence of private and public regulation." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo, no. 43 (2022): 182–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22253513/43/15.
Анотація:
A tax clause can be a tool for harmonizing public and private legal interests based on the balance of redistribution of tax risks between taxpayers-counterparties of civil law transactions. Constructing a tax clause in the agreement, the parties confirm the availability of their own resources to fulfill obligations, and also guarantee the validity and legality of the actual executors and co-executors of obligations. The study of legislation research, currently emerging law enforcement and judicial practice allows the authors to classify tax clauses into 2 types: assurances of circumstances with compensation for losses and assurances of circumstances with compensation for property losses. According to the analysis of judicial practice in disputes on compensation for losses (Articles 15, 431.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) in case of violation of the "assurances" provided for the agreement in the situation of additional VAT charging, it can be concluded that the courts in most cases satisfy the declared property claims. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation recognizes the plaintiff's right to compensation for losses, qualifying such an action by the taxpayer as legal and justified. That is, if the taxpayer did not realize the expenses and did not apply the VAT deduction, then he has the right to demand the recovery of the corresponding amounts of losses from the persons guilty of causing them. The presence of a tax clause guarantees reimbursement of property losses incurred by the party to the contract as a result of non-compliance with the tax clause when filing claims of tax authorities. The inclusion of tax clauses in the agreemant is reasonable and legitimate if their purpose is not to shift the fiscal consequences to the counterparty of the transaction. Compensation for losses in accordance with Article 406.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is carried out regardless of the presence of a violation (nonperformance or improper performance) of the obligation by the relevant party and regardless of the causal relationship between the behavior of this party and the damage caused by the occurrence of circumstances determined by the parties. There is no doubt that in a dispute based on Article 406.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the norms of Articles 15 and 431.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation are not applicable. Contribution of the authors: the authors contributed equally to this article. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
38
Washington, Jonathan North, and Francis Morton Tyers. "Delineating Turkic non-finite verb forms by syntactic function." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 4, no. 1 (October 7, 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v4i1.4587.
Анотація:
In this paper, we argue against the primary categories of non-finite verb used in the Turkology literature: “participle” (причастие ‹pričastije›) and “converb” (деепричастие ‹dejepričastije›). We argue that both of these terms conflate several discrete phenomena, and that they furthermore are not coherent as umbrella terms for these phenomena. Based on detailed study of the non-finite verb morphology and syntax of a wide range of Turkic languages (presented here are Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Tuvan, and Sakha), we instead propose delineation of these categories according to their morphological and syntactic properties. Specifically, we propose that more accurate categories are verbal noun, verbal adjective, verbal adverb, and infinitive. This approach has far-reaching implications to the study of syntactic phenomena in Turkic languages, including phenomena ranging from relative clauses to clause chaining.
39
Cai, Shaowei, Xindi Zhang, Mathias Fleury, and Armin Biere. "Better Decision Heuristics in CDCL through Local Search and Target Phases." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 74 (August 8, 2022): 1515–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.13666.
Анотація:
On practical applications, state-of-the-art SAT solvers dominantly use the conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) paradigm. An alternative for satisfiable instances is local search solvers, which is more successful on random and hard combinatorial instances. Although there have been attempts to combine these methods in one framework, a tight integration which improves the state of the art on a broad set of application instances has been missing. We present a combination of techniques that achieves such an improvement. Our first contribution is to maximize in a local search fashion the assignment trail in CDCL, by sticking to and extending promising assignments via a technique called target phases. Second, we relax the CDCL framework by again extending promising branches to complete assignments while ignoring conflicts. These assignments are then used as starting point of local search which tries to find improved assignments with fewer unsatisfied clauses. Third, these improved assignments are imported back to the CDCL loop where they are used to determine the value assigned to decision variables. Finally, the conflict frequency of variables in local search can be exploited during variable selection in branching heuristics of CDCL. We implemented these techniques to improve three representative CDCL solvers (Glucose, MapleLcm DistChronoBT, and Kissat). Experiments on benchmarks from the main tracks of the last three SAT Competitions from 2019 to 2021 and an additional benchmark set from spectrum allocation show that the techniques bring significant improvements, particularly and not surprisingly, on satisfiable real-world application instances. We claim that these techniques were essential to the large increase in performance witnessed in the SAT Competition 2020 where Kissat and Relaxed LcmdCbDl NewTech were leading the field followed by CryptoMiniSAT-Ccnr, which also incorporated similar ideas.
40
Jaskuła, Lidia K. "Conflict of Values in the Licensing Procedure for Broadcasting Radio and Television Programmes in Poland." Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32084/tkp.4884.
Анотація:
The issue of the conflict of values in the licensing procedure for broadcasting radio and television programmes is a special case of such a clash in public economic law. The study entitled “Conflict of values in the licensing procedure for broadcasting radio and television programmes in Poland” aimed to conduct analyses to identify the values underlying licensing proceedings for broadcasting radio and television programmes in Poland, examine their potential for conflict and identify ways of resolving disputes arising in this area. The main issue of the article is formulated in the following question: “can the values determining the licensing procedure for broadcasting of radio and television programmes give rise to axiological conflicts, and if so, how should the conflicts be resolved?” The analyses conducted as part of the study led to the conclusion that the Polish broadcasting licensing procedure is determined by a number of values that may clash with one another. The entities responsible for resolving conflicts in practice and specific cases include the National Broadcasting Council and its President at the level of the administrative proceedings and the administrative courts at the level of administrative court proceedings. The settlement is based on the law, which, however, contains a number of general clauses. In order to interpret them correctly and, consequently, fairly resolve the conflict, it is crucial to refer to the fundamental source of all human rights and freedoms, including economic freedom and freedom of expression, paramount in this process – human dignity.
41
Sazari, Ulfa, and Yenni Hayati. "Konflik Sosial dalam Novel Tiba Sebelum Berangkat Karya Faisal Oddang." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 8, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jbs.v8i2.109671.
Анотація:
This study aims to describe (1) the forms of social conflict in the Tiba Sebelum Berangkat’s novel by Faisal Oddang; (2) the causes of social conflict in the Tiba Sebelum Berangkat’s novel by Faisal Oddang; (3) the impact of social conflict in the Tiba Sebelum Berangkat’s novel by Faisal Oddang.This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. The data contained in this study are in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that refer to social conflicts that occur in the Tiba Sebelum Berangkat’s novel by Faisal Oddang. The data source of this research is the Tiba Sebelum Berangkat’s novel by Faisal Oddang. The research instrument was the researcher himself with a tool in the form of a recording sheet to record matters relating to social conflicts contained in the Tiba Sebelum Berangkat’s novel by Faisal Oddang. Data collection techniques were carried out in several stages, namely (1) reading and understanding the novel that was the object of research; (2) marking the speeches of the characters and narrators in the novel in accordance with the data sought; (3) identifying data related to the research problem; (4) inventory data. The data validation technique used in this research is the triangulation technique. Data analysis technique is done by classifying data, interpreting data, and concluding research results.The results of the study found, namely: (1) the form of social conflict in the novel in the form of social conflict at the individual level, social conflict at the group or family level, and social conflict at the community level; (2) the causes of social conflict in the novel in the form of differences of opinion, differences in interests, and cultural conflicts; (3) the impact of social conflict in the novel in the form of inner destruction, loss of trust, and rift relations between individuals and groups.
42
Orga-Dumitriu, Gina. "The Contributions Of CJEU In The Name Of The Principle Of Balancing – A Test Of The Role Of The Court?" International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2015-0081.
Анотація:
Abstract From the traditional functions of the general principles of the EU law – of interpretation, completion of the gaps and legality control, the principle of balancing seems to meet the most the exigencies of the first of these. The limits of the role of CJEU are certainly put to the test when it is called to settle conflicts between fundamental rights/fundamental freedoms. The trends formulated in Schmidberger (on the conflict between the free circulation of the commodities and the freedom of expression) or Promusicae (on the conflict between the right to the effective protection of the intellectual property and the right to the respect of the private life and the protection of the personal data) are more than illustrative. The doctrine assessments of the action of this principle reflect three fields in which the applicability thereof tends to reserve to the Court a role that is susceptible of creating controversies on its traditional extension. According to the authorized voice of Professor Norbert Reich, the balancing in the jurisprudence on the abusive clauses, the balancing for the avoidance of excessive protection and the balancing in social conflicts (making visible an aggravation of the conflict between fundamental rights and fundamental freedoms) are concerned.
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Tarigan, Nurhayati Br, Tengku Silvana Sinar, Yulianus Harefa, and Muhammad Yusuf. "MARKEDNESS OF THEME IN EVERYTHING, EVERYTHING MOVIE DIALOG." CaLLs (Journal of Culture, Arts, Literature, and Linguistics) 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/calls.v6i2.2332.
Анотація:
This study entitled Markedness Realization in Everything, Everything Movie Script. The research is meant to analyze how the Theme markedness realized in the clauses of the movie script. The theory that is used in this research is Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) proposed by Halliday (1994), regarded with textual function that observes clause as a message and analyzes it from the thematic structure in the term of Theme-Rheme. He states that Theme can be divided into two, unmarked Theme is an element that occupies the point of departure position of the clause, conflating with the grammatical subject and marked Theme is an element other than occupies the point of departure position of the clause, but does not conflates with the grammatical subject. The method that is applied in this research is descriptive qualitative method. The source of data were one of the most viewed romantic movies in 2017 script, Everything, Everything, taken from Springfield Springfield site. Data of the research were selected, based on the second character dialog of this movie script. The purpose of this research is to indicate the four types of markedness and to describe the realization of the Theme markedness in the movie script. The research findings showed that the dominant type of markedness realization is simple unmarked Theme with 69.4% percentage. This type of markedness dominated other kinds of markedness realization in addition to simple marked Theme with 2.4% percentage, multiple unmarked Theme with 27.1% percentage, and multiple marked Theme with 0.9% percentage.
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Cheng, Yesi, Jason Rothman, and Ian Cunnings. "Parsing preferences and individual differences in nonnative sentence processing: Evidence from eye movements." Applied Psycholinguistics 42, no. 1 (January 2021): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014271642000065x.
Анотація:
AbstractUsing both offline and online measures, the present study investigates attachment resolution in relative clauses in English natives (L1) and nonnatives (L2). We test how relative clause resolution interacts with linguistic factors and participant-level individual differences. Previous L1 English studies have demonstrated a low attachment preference and also an “ambiguity advantage” suggesting that L1ers may not have as strong a low attachment preference as is sometimes claimed. We employ a similar design to examine this effect in L1 and L2 comprehension. Offline results indicate that both groups exhibit a low attachment preference, positively correlated with reading span scores and with proficiency in the L2 group. Online results also suggest a low attachment preference in both groups. However, our data show that individual differences influence online attachment resolution for both native and nonnatives; higher lexical processing efficiency correlates with quicker resolution of linguistic conflicts. We argue that the current findings suggest that attachment resolution during L1 and L2 processing share the same processing mechanisms and are modulated by similar individual differences.
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Langacker,, Ronald W. "Elliptic coordination." Cognitive Linguistics 23, no. 3 (August 28, 2012): 555–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2012-0017.
Анотація:
AbstractProposals are made to expand and refine previous analyses of coordination in Cognitive Grammar. The account presupposes a number of general notions established independently: (i) flexible symbolic assemblies (rather than constituency) as the basis for describing grammar; (ii) a dynamic view of structure (as patterns of activity occurring in windows of attention on different time scales); (iii) a metaphor involving access, activation, and conceptual overlap (to complement the standard compositional metaphor); and (iv) various kinds of abstraction (including schematicity, the type/instance distinction, and the invocation of virtual entities). Coordination is characterized as the mental juxtaposition of entities conceived as being analogous. These notions are first employed to describe the conjoining of constituents, including clauses. Non-constituent coordination is analyzed in the context of other sorts of clausal “reduction”, including the accentual reduction of unfocused elements in English as well as ellipsis, where overlapping content is left unexpressed. A pivotal descriptive notion is the differential, i.e. the content appearing in one clausal window that does not appear in the prior window. The anti-differential consists of any previously active content that the differential conflicts with and suppresses. Non-constituent coordination is a special case of ellipsis where the differential and anti-differential function as conjuncts.
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Asia, Nur, Zulfahmi Zulfahmi, and A. Intan Cahyani. "TINJAUAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP KLAUSULA BAKU DALAM PRAKTIK JUAL BELI DI KABUPATEN TAKALAR." Iqtishaduna: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Hukum Ekonomi Syari'ah 3, no. 1 (July 6, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/iqtishaduna.v3i1.21880.
Анотація:
AbstrakKlausula baku nampak aturan atau syarat-syarat yang telah disiapkan ditetapkan lebih dahulu secara sepihak, sedangkan Penerapan praktik jual beli diketahui melahirkan kewajiban secara bertimbal balik kepada para pihak yang membuat perjanjian jual beli tersebut. Bagi penggiat usaha sesuai Pasal 1333 Kitab Undang-undang hukum perdata, mereka diwajibkan untuk menyerahkan suatu kebendaan yang menurut ketentuan haruslah kebendaan yang dapat diperdagangkan dan paling sedikit telah ditentukan jenisnya. klausula baku dalam praktik jual beli di toko-toko maubel di Keluharan Manongkoki Kabupaten Takalar berkembang, meskipun sistem jual beli secara lisan, tapi pola perkembangan klausula baku yang terterah pada sistem jual beli berdasarkan ketentuan kebutuhan pembeli. hukum Islam terhadap praktik klausula baku dalam jual beli, membolehkan suatu kebiasaan dijalankan selama tidak bertentangan dengan syariat Islam. Prinsip klausula baku take it or leave it sejalan dengan konsep khiyar yang berlaku dalam hukum Islam, yaitu kebebasan bagi pembeli untuk malanjutkan atau membatalkan suatu transaksi. masyarakat Manongkoki perlu meningkatkan kreativitas keterampilan membuat lemari, kursi dan meja agar banyak konsumen yang menyukai dan membelinya.Kata Kunci: Klausula Baku, Hukum Islam, Praktik jual beli. AbstractThe standard clause appears that the rules or conditions that have been prepared are unilaterally determined beforehand, while the application of the practice of buying and selling is known to give rise to obligations in return to the parties making the sale and purchase agreement. For business activists in accordance with Article 1333 of the Civil Code, they are required to submit a material which according to the provisions must be a tradable material and at least a specified type. standard clause in the practice of buying and selling in maubel shops in Keluharan Manongkoki Takalar Regency develops, even though the system of buying and selling verbally, but the pattern of development of standard clauses that are scattered on the buying and selling system based on the provisions buyer's requirements. Islamic law against the practice of standard clauses in buying and selling, allows a custom to run as long as it does not conflict with Islamic law. The principle of the take it or leave it standard clause is in line with the khiyar concept applicable in Islamic law, namely the freedom for the buyer to continue or cancel a transaction. Manongkoki community needs to improve their creativity in making cabinets, chairs and tables so that many consumers like and buy them.Keywords: Islamic Law, Modern Justice, Supreme Court.
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Morales, Nicolas Gamboa. "Algunas Consideraciones sobre Antecedentes y Evaluación Arbitral de las Cláusulas Paraguas." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 6, Issue 22 (April 1, 2009): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2009024.
Анотація:
RESUMO: O artigo trata das umbrella clauses, de sua definição como sendo aquelas que, de maneira geral, permitem elevar o nível do conflito surgido em relação a um contrato entre um investidor e o Estado receptor do investimento, ao âmbito internacional. Descreve os antecedentes destas cláusulas e finaliza mencionando sentenças arbitrais, proferidas a partir de 2003, nas quais se tentou traçar uma linha divisória e fixar um horizonte às umbrella clauses.
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Vieira, Bernardo C., Fabrício V. Andrade, and Antônio O. Fernandes. "Framework for Generating Configurable SAT Solvers." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 6, no. 1 (December 27, 2011): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v6i1.338.
Анотація:
The state-of-the-art SAT solvers usually share the same core techniques, for instance: the watched literals structure, conflict clause recording and non-chronological backtracking. Nevertheless, they might differ in the elimination of learnt clauses, as well as in the decision heuristic. This article presents a framework for generating configurable SAT solvers. The proposed framework is composed of the following components: a Base SAT Solver, a Perl Preprocessor, XML files (Solver Description and Heuristics Description files) to describe each heuristic as well as the set of heuristics that the generated solver uses. This solvers may use several techniques and heuristics such as those implemented in BerkMin, and in Equivalence Checking of Dissimilar Circuits, and also in Minisat. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, this article also presents three distinct SAT solver instances generated by the framework to address a complex and challenging industry problem: the Combinational Equivalence Checking problem (CEC).The first instance is a SAT solver that uses BerkMin and Dissimilar Circuits core techniques except the learnt clause elimination heuristic that has been adapted from Minisat; the second is another solver that combines BerkMin and Minisat decision heuristics at run-time; and the third is yet another SAT solver that changes the database reducing heuristic at run-time. The experiments demonstrate that the first SAT solver generated is a faster solver than state-of-the-art SAT solver BerkMin for several instances as well as for Minisat in almost every instance.
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Marfu’atun, Dika Ratu. "KLAUSULA BAKU TENTANG PEMBERIAN KUASA DIHUBUNGKAN DENGAN HUKUM POSITIF." Jurnal Res Justitia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 2, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46306/rj.v2i1.24.
Анотація:
Baku Clause is any rules or conditions and conditions that have been prepared and set in advance unilaterally by business actors as set forth in a document and / or agreement that is binding and must be fulfilled by consumers. In the creation of the standard clause there are conditions that aim to provide protection to consumers and prohibit the unilateral granting of power from consumers to business actors. Some laws and regulations governing the granting of power of attorney in the standard callusula, one of which is Article 1792 of the Civil Code, Article 18 of UUPK and Article 22 of POJK Number: 1/POJK.07/2013 on Consumer Protection of the Financial Services Sector. The type of research used is normative juridical research conducted by examining library materials or secondary data that include primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials so as to obtain an overview of the standard clauses about power of attorney associated with positive law. The results showed that the granting of power is an agreement, namely the agreement of both parties. The agreement is said to be valid if it meets the conditions in accordance with Article 1320 of the Civil Code, namely agreeing, conversing, a certain thing and a halal cause, but it should not conflict with the laws and regulations namely Article 18 paragraph (1) letter d of Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection.
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Ringwood, G. A. "A Comparative Exploration of Concurrent Logic Languages." Knowledge Engineering Review 4, no. 4 (December 1989): 305–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900005130.
Анотація:
AbstractThe execution model of Prolog, the first popular language based on Horn Clauses, was designed for efficient evaluation on von Neumann architectures. An alternative process model of execution, better suited for parallel evaluation and reactive programming, has given rise to a new class of languages based on Horn Clause logic, concurrent logic languages. There appears to be a profusion of languages which claim to fall into this class and it is difficult for an initiate to appreciate why each is the way it is. One notable member of this class, FGHC, forms the cornerstone of the Japanese 5th Generation Initiative. Fortunately, the seemingly exponential growth in these languages is only an illusion. A finite number of synchronization mechanisms arise from attempting (or sometimes not attempting) to control two principle synchronization difficulties: the premature binding problem and the binding conflict problem. Suitable combinations of these synchronization mechanisms reproduce the languages of this family. A background knowledge of Prolog is assumed and some familiarity with the difficulties encountered in concurrency would be advantageous.