Дисертації з теми "Clauses de conflits"
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1
Barnaud, Caroline. "L'efficacité des clauses relatives aux litiges : l'influence de l'arbitrage sur la médiation." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS032S.
Анотація:
La réponse du droit aux défis et aux enjeux des sociétés contemporaines, la « texture philosophique qui entoure le droit », cet art de dépasser les oppositions, de concilier les contraires sont une dialectique fondatrice des clauses relatives aux litiges en général et de l’arbitrage en particulier. Si l’arbitrage, de nos jours, n’a plus à affirmer sa légitimité, le chemin de la valorisation des clauses relatives aux litiges dans leur ensemble semble être encore parfois semé d’embûche en ce que celles-ci ont émergé relativement récemment dans les catégories juridiques traditionnelles et ont multiplié les difficultés méthodologiques en se situant au carrefour de plusieurs problématiques. La vision adoptée pour en comprendre les enjeux doit donc être résolument transversale. Si toute la matière est guidée par un esprit d’efficacité, elle s’inscrit dans la recherche d’un cadre conceptuel qui s’insère également dans la promotion d’une transformation moderne du droit. L’efficacité des clauses relatives au litige doit donc être éprouvée par une recherche systémique de leur processus d’élaboration nécessairement conventionnel et par leur mise en œuvre effective, répondant au souci d’une justice conventionnelle efficace dans le maintien et la gestion du contrat et imposant la recherche d’une harmonisation de solutions. Entre justice et contrat, « processualisation du contrat » et « contractualisation du procès », la tension et l’ambivalence qui peut exister entre le caractère contractuel et processuel de la clause relative aux litiges, pouvait, de prime abord, présenter le risque de mécontenter tout le monde, mais au final, elle donne l’impression générale d’un nécessaire esprit de … conciliationThe response of the right to the challenges and to the challenges of contemporary societies, the « philosophical texture that surrounds the right », this art to exceed the oppositions of reconciling the contrary are a founder dialectic of case clauses in general and arbitration in particular. If the arbitration, nowadays, has more to say its legitimacy, the path of the appraisal of the clauses relating to the case as a whole seems to be still sometimes planted of problems in what they emerged relatively recently in the traditional legal categories and have multiplied the difficulties methodological standing at the crossroads of several issues. The vision adopted to understand issues must be resolutely cross. If the matter is guided by a spirit of efficiency, it fits in the search of a conceptual framework also inserts in the promotion of a modern transformation of the law. The effectiveness of the clauses relating to the dispute must therefore be proven by a systemic of search their process necessarily conventional development and by putting them in effective work, meet the need for an effective in conventional justice the maintenance and management of the contract and imposing the search for a harmonization of solutions. Between justice and contract, « processualisation of the contract » and « trial contracting » the ambivalence that may exist between the contractual character and processuel of the case clause could, at first glance, present the risk of annoy everyone, but in the end, it gives the overall impression of a necessary spirit of. . . Conciliation
2
Mansour, Mahran Riham. "Les clauses relatives aux litiges en droit français : aspects internes et internationaux." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010256.
Анотація:
Les clauses relatives aux litiges sont très appréciées et plus utilisées dans le monde des affaires surtout dans les affaires internationales. Ce monde est marqué par certaines caractéristiques, comme la rapidité et la confidentialité, qui nécessitent un règlement de litige adapté. Or, les juridictions ordinaires donnent souvent des décisions inadaptées à ces relations d'affaires et ses décisions sont toujours imprévisibles. Pour ces raisons, les professionnels préfèrent écarter la solution judiciaire de leurs litiges ou, au moins, l'adapter à leurs besoins par l'insertion de ces clauses. Toutes ces clauses sont soumises au respect des obligations générales de validité des conventions. Elles doivent respecter l'ordre public et être appliquées de bonne foi. La liberté contractuelle joue plus aisément dans le cas des clauses donnant une alternative à la solution judiciaire (1ère partie) que dans les clauses visant à organiser le règlement judiciaire du litige (2ème partie).
3
Vasalou, Evangelia. "Les conflits d’obligations internationales devant la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0005.
Анотація:
Ayant comme axe principal la jurisprudence de la Cour EDH, la présente thèse est centrée sur les conflits entre la CEDH et les autres obligations internationales incombant aux États parties. L’approche de la Cour EDH témoigne de la nécessité de cohérence en droit et de l’harmonisation des conflits d’obligations. Visant à harmoniser les éventuelles contrariétés la Cour de Strasbourg ne s’est pas interrogée sur les causes de ces conflits. L’objet de cette thèse consiste ainsi à rechercher s’il y a des règles juridiques aptes à aménager les conflictualités en amont en générant pour les États l’obligation d’élaborer des normes créant des obligations concordantes. En outre, l’étude se fixe pour objectif de systématiser les cas des conflits entre la CEDH et les autres obligations internationales dans les affaires portées devant la Cour EDH, afin de mettre en relief les conditions d’émergence de ces conflits et de s’interroger sur les moyens de leur gestion. Une grande partie de la réflexion va au-delà de la critique de l’efficacité des moyens d’harmonisation employés par la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise pour proposer des solutions permettant d’éviter les conflits. L’analyse de l’applicabilité des moyens de résolution des conflits s’inscrit dans le cadre de la gestion des conflits dans lesquels sont impliquées les obligations issues de la CEDH. Dans ce contexte, la thèse met l’accent sur les moyens de résolution des conflits qui pourraient être appliqués dans le futur, dans l’hypothèse où la Cour EDH reconnaitrait explicitement une situation de conflit entre la CEDH et une autre obligation internationaleThis thesis explores the question of conflicts between the ECHR and other international obligations for State parties by focusing on the case law of the ECtHR. The ECtHR's approach reflects the need for consistency in law and harmonisation of conflicting obligations. Setting the objective of harmonising potential conflicts, the Court of Strasbourg did not raise the question about the causes of those conflicts. This thesis seeks to examine whether there are any legal rules that could prevent conflicts by obliging States to establish norms that createcompatible obligations. In addition, the study aims to systematise conflicts between the ECHR and other international obligations in cases which were lodged with the ECtHR, in order to highlight the conditions of emergence of these conflicts and to examine the means of their coordination. The overarching theme of the study goes beyond the criticism of the effectiveness of the means of harmonisation applied by the case-law of the Court of Strasbourg, proposing solutions for the avoidance of conflicts. The analysis of the applicability of the means of conflict resolution is part of the management of conflicts in which the obligations of the ECHRare involved. In this context, the thesis delves into the means of conflict resolution that could be applied in the future, should the ECtHR explicitly recognise a situation of conflict between the ECHR and another international obligation
4
Le, Pape Claude. "Des systèmes d'ordonnancement flexibles et opportunistes." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112108.
Анотація:
Les chercheurs en intelligence artificielle veulent déterminer comment un système informatique doit être organisé pour qu'un comportement intelligent en émerge. La première partie de cette thèse montre comment des techniques qu'ils ont développées peuvent être utilisées pour résoudre des problèmes d'ordonnancement Quatre systèmes d'ordonnancement à court terme, appelés SOJA, ISIS, OPIS et SONIA, y sont présentés. De façon réciproque, l'étude des problèmes d'ordonnancement nous permet d'étudier des situations dans lesquelles un système doit faire preuve d'un minimum d’intelligence. Il faut en effet sélectionner des heuristiques et des algorithmes de recherche adaptés au problème à résoudre. Ll faut aussi réaliser un compromis entre l'intérêt et le coût de la mise en œuvre de diverses techniques de propagation. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est consacrée à la mise en œuvre d'un système adaptable de propagation de contraintes. Ce système est utilisé pour tester et pour comparer différents compromis entre (1) le fait qu'une propagation importante d'informations permet de détecter longtemps à l'avance les conséquences néfastes de l'évolution d'un atelier de fabrication et d'éviter de longues explorations d'espaces vides de solution et (2) la nécessité de limiter la propagation parce qu'il s'agit d'une activité très coûteuse en temps de calculArtificial Intelligence researchers are interested in determining how physical symbol systems must be organized to exhibit general intelligence. The first part of the thesis shows how various techniques they developed can be used to solve job-shop scheduling problems. Four knowledge-based scheduling systems, SOJA, ISIS, OPIS and SONIA, are concisely presented. Reciprocally, scheduling problems provide examples of situations in which scheduling systems need to give proof of intelligence. Indeed, the efficiency of a scheduling system is increased when it identifies the most distinctive characteristics of a scheduling problem and selects heuristics and search procedures accordingly. Similarly, it is often suitable to make constraint propagation and consistency checking strategi. Es vary from one problem to another and from one sub-problem to another. The second part of the thesis is concerned with the design and the implementation of a "flexible" propagation system. The "flexibility" of the system enables the definition and the comparison of various compromises among the cost and the helpfulness of using constraint propagation techniques
5
Huchet, Guillaume. "La clause de médiation." Lyon 3, 2007. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2007_out_huchet_g.pdf.
Анотація:
La clause de médiation est une stipulation qui a pour objet le règlement amiable des conflits apparaissant au cours de la vie d'un contrat. En ce sens, les parties contractantes s'obligent lors de la survenance d'un différend à mettre en oeuvre préalablement à toute action en justice, un processus de médiation, afin de trouver sous l'égide d'un médiateur une solution amiable. La clause de médiation est une stipulation originale, car elle a un objet duel à la fois contractuel et processuel. Elle comporte en effet un engagement de ne pas agir en justice et une obligation de négocier. Pour permettre une négociation utile, la clause de médiation suspend le droit d'action de chacune des parties. Toute action en justice exercée au mépris de cet engagement entraîne le prononcé d'une fin de non-recevoir ; l'action est dite prématurée. L'obligation de négocier peut se définir comme l'obligation par laquelle les parties s'engagent dans un premier temps à mettre en place le processus de médiation par la désignation d'un médiateur puis à conclure un protocole de mission. Elles devront ensuite s'efforcer de négocier, dans un esprit de bonne foi et de loyauté, une éventuelle solution amiable. Le processus de médiation prendra alors fin soit par la conclusion d'un accord de conciliation, généralement une transaction, soit par le constat d'un échec permettant alors aux parties de retrouver leur liberté d'agir en justiceThe clause of mediation is a clause of a contract which has for matter, during execution contract, to settle the conflict out of court. Contracting parties are obliged during the emergence of a dispute to implement, before any suit, a process of mediation in order to conclude an amicable agreement. The clause of mediation is an original stipulation, because it has a duel object: contractual and "processuel". It indeed contains a commitment not to act in justice and an obligation to negotiate. To allow a useful negotiation, the clause of mediation is forbidden to act on court for each contracting parties. Any suit exercised in defiance of this commitment entails the pronouncement of an objection; the action is said premature. The obligation to negotiate can define itself as the obligation by which contracting parties undertake at first to set up the process of mediation by the designation of a mediator then to conclude a protocol of mission. They will have to make best efforts to negotiate, with loyalty and fairness, a possible amicable issue. The success of the mediation process is when contracting parties conclude a conciliation agreement, generally a compromise. The failure of the mediation process allows each contracting parties to act in a court of law in order to end up the dispute
6
Huchet, Guillaume Ouerdane-Aubert de Vincelles Carole. "La clause de médiation." Lyon : Université Lyon 3, 2008. http://thesesbrain.univ-lyon3.fr/sdx/theses/lyon3/2007/huchet_g.
7
Demtchinsky, Nicolas. "La clause de conciliation." Paris 13, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA131012.
Анотація:
Dans un contexte de développement des Modes Alternatifs de Règlement des Conflits, la conciliation a su s’imposer comme un système efficace de régulation juridique. La clause de conciliation permet aux parties d’anticiper le règlement des différends qui pourraient survenir, en les contraignant, préalablement à toute action en justice, à mettre en place un processus de conciliation afin de négocier les termes d’une solution amiable. Originale par sa forme, cette clause doit pouvoir être identifiée par sa singularité à l’égard des autres clauses de règlements amiables, permettant à ses éventuels usagers d’en comprendre le sens afin de pouvoir en soigner la rédaction, condition essentielle à son effectivité. Par sa finalité, la clause de conciliation permet de multiples avantages, tels que la facilité de son accès, son moindre coût et le gain de temps qu’elle met à la disposition des parties l’insérant dans le contrat, elle permet encore de préserver de bons rapports entre deux parties tels que cela peut être nécessaire dans le cadre de relations commerciales. Ce domaine, marqué par une réalité économique très concrète, a ainsi pu mettre à profit ce mode de résolution des conflits depuis un certain nombre d’années. Si ces atouts dans la résolution des conflits sont à opposer aux reproches souvent adressés à la justice étatique, la conciliation ne prétend pas pour autant à la remplacer, mais au contraire à la compléter. L’efficacité de cette clause a pu être critiquée, considérée comme relative, du fait de son exécution soumise à la bonne volonté des parties, posant la question de la sanction de sa non-application. Lui manifestant du même coup son accord de principe, la Cour de Cassation, dans une décision du 14 février 2003 prise en Chambre Mixte, est venue affirmer la dualité de son régime juridique, entre contrat et procès, restaurant ainsi sa force obligatoire, sanctionnant son non respect par l’irrecevabilité de l’action en justiceAlternative Dispute Resolutions are being more and more used. Therefore, conciliation is now seen as a good way to regulate conflicts. The conciliation clause is a tool that enables the parties to anticipate the resolution of conflicts that could happen. It obligates the parties to set up a conciliation process in order to find a friendly agreement, and it is only if this process fails that they can go to court. This clause is quite original, and should be distinguished from all the other types of friendly agreements in order to help its users to understand in what it consists exactly. That way, they will know how to write it, which is compulsory. The conciliation clause has many advantages such as its easy access, its low cost, the little time it takes. It is also a good way for its users to maintain a good relationship. Since a certain number of years, the economic field has benefited from this clause. Those advantages are to be opposed to the criticizes that are made against the state justice. Nevertheless, the aim of the conciliation is not to take the place of state justice, but to complement it. Yet, the efficiency of the clause has been criticized because its implementation depends on the parties, which has raised the question of the sanctions that should be taken in case of its unimplementation. The Cassation Court has given its agreement of principle to the clause of conciliation thanks to a decision taken on February 14th 2003 by the Mixt Chamber, and has given to it a compulsory force , which sustains its jurdical status. And this Court has decided that a tough sanction should by taken in case of its unimplementation
8
Posocco, Laurent. "La clause compromissoire : contribution à l'étude sur l'arbitrabilité des litiges." Toulouse 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU10070.
Анотація:
Cette thèse apporte une contribution à la définition de l'objet de la clause compromissoire. Celui-ci appréhende l'ensemble du procès. Il embrasse la totalité de la résolution de l'antagonisme. De la description de l'objet, elle déduit un certain nombre de propriétés de la clause compromissoire qui motivent son cantonnement. Sont ainsi découverts les critères guidant la compromissibilité des hypothèses de litiges et qui relèvent soit de la préservation de l'accès au juge, soit de la disponibilité du pouvoir de sanctionner. En outre, la démonstration s'appuie sur une lecture nouvelle de l'article 2059 du Code civil qui lui permet de justifier tous les cas de compromissibilité. L'appréciation de certains critères de compromissibilité connait cependant un assouplissement commandé par la vie des affaires. Ainsi, sera déduite une qualité attachée à la clause compromissoire : celle de sa permanenceThe thesis offers a contribution to the definition of the arbitration clause’s object. It is involved in the whole lawsuit. It embraces the entire resolution of the antagonism. From the object’s description, it deduces some attributes of the arbitration clause which explain the borders. Criteria guiding the arbitration possibilities from hypothesis litigation are discovering: they come from the conservation of the access to the judge, or from the availability of the power of sanction. Moreover, the demonstration is based on a new lecture of the article 2059 of the Civil Code justifying all arbitration cases. Assessment of specific arbitration possibilities criteria goes with a relaxation because of the business affairs. So, it appears that a quality is attached to the arbitration clause: her permanence
9
Ward, Jeffrey Alan. "Answer set programming with clause learning." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1092840020.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 170 p. : ill. Advisors: Timothy J. Long and John S. Schlipf, Department of Computer Science and Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-170).
10
Stingl, Harald. "Forum selection in the conflict of laws /." Wien : Verlag Österreich, 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009337363&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
11
Huang, Ze Yu. "Pathological arbitration clauses in international commercial arbitration :law and practice in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2016. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3570897.
12
Bentin-Liaras, Maud. "Le consommateur et l'assurance : aspects juridiques." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30052.
Анотація:
Le lien existant entre un sujet de droit (le consommateur) et un domaine du droit aussi technique que l’assurance n’est pas facile à appréhender. Son étude est pourtant nécessaire en égard à l’importance pratique de la question – les contrats d’assurance se comptent pas millions et les procès par milliers – et à son actualité fortement marquée par la « loi Hamon » du 17 mars 2014. Par-delà ces considérations, il est courant de souligner que, confronté à l’assurance, le consommateur est dans une situation de faiblesse et qu’il doit être protégé. Mais quelle branche du droit, du droit de la consommation ou du droit des assurances est la mieux à même de le faire ? Et des conflits de normes peuvent-ils survenir ? A cet égard, la protection offerte par le droit de la consommation est indéniable, notamment en matière d’information du consommateur ou de lutte contre les clauses abusives. Mais le droit des assurances n’a pas attendu l’avènement du courant consumériste pour protéger tout assuré et pas seulement les consommateurs. De ce point de vue, les deux droits n’ont pas la même conception ni du consommateur d’assurance, ni de ma manière dont l’assurance du consommateur doit être réglementée. Ce sont deux axes autour desquels la thèse s’articule. Celle-ci traite aussi bien des personnes à protéger que de l’étendue de la protection, en insistant pour chaque thème sur les conflits de normes réels ou potentielsAnalysing the link between a subject of law (the consumer) and a technical law area as technical as insurance law is not an easy task. Yet, such a study is necessary in view of the pratical importance of the issue – there are millions of insurance contracts underwritten and thousands of lawsuits – and given the highly topical « loi Hamon » adopted on March 17, 2014. Moreover it is a well-known fact that consumer is in a weak position xhen facing insurance and therefore requires protection. But wich area of law is best placed to protect him : consumer law or insurance law ? And may conflicts of laws arise ? Indeed consumer law offers an undoubted protection, in particular with regards to consumer information and fight against unfair contracts termes. However, insurance law dit not wait for the advent of consumerism to protect every policy holder and not only consumers. Both laws do not share the same view of insurance consumer nor of the way consumer insurance must be regulated. This thesis hangs on those two majors hinges. It defines not only who are the individuals to be protected but also what is the scope of that protection. In each case, actual and potential conflict of laws are specifically highlighted
13
Obbed, Khair Al Deen Kadhim. "Les effets de l'Internet sur les règles de conflit de compétence internationale : comparaison entre les droits irakien, français et américain." Thesis, Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0100/document.
Анотація:
La législation irakienne définit le contrat comme étant l’union d'une offre faite par la partie contractante avec l'acceptation d'une autre partie et ce de manière à établir les effets dans l'objet du contrat. Ainsi, la place occupée par le contrat de vente en droit irakien est importante. Lorsque les parties relèvent d’ordres juridiques différents, leurs rapports sont régis par le droit international privé, qui détermine le tribunal apte à trancher le litige. Cette thèse de doctorat vise alors à vérifier la capacité à appliquer les règles de conflit de compétence internationale en droit irakien sur des contrats « virtuels » ou dématérialisés. Comme nous le verrons, dans ce domaine, « virtuel » ne veut pas pour autant dire que ce contrat n’est pas réel, comme le spécifie très clairement la loi irakienne. Il reste rattaché au territoire. Le problème est que le droit irakien, en ignorant les notions de frontière et de territorialité, ne reconnaît pas sa propre « immatérialité ». Cette réalité dans les textes et la pratique implique que les opérations qui se produisent sur Internet ne sont pas prises en compte par les règles de conflits de compétence internationale. C’est la raison pour laquelle nous avons souhaité vérifier et comprendre la capacité et l’effectivité des règles de conflit de compétence internationale dans le cadre de litiges sur Internet. Ce faisant, nous espérons mettre en lumière les règles les plus appropriées, qui correspondent le mieux à la nature du contrat virtuel, à savoir son immatérialité. Pour ce faire, nous entreverrons quelques développements sur les litiges de l’Internet. Ainsi nous disposons de deux domaines de recherche : un premier au niveau de la législation nationale, comme le droit français et le droit américain ; un deuxième au niveau des conventions internationales, comme les conventions des Nations-Unies en 2005, la convention de la Haye en 2005, la convention de Bruxelles en 1968 ou encore les règlements de Bruxelles 2000 et 2012Iraqi law defines the contract as the union of an offer made by the contracting party with the acceptance of another party and that in order to establish the effects in the contract. The place of the sales contract under Iraqi law is important. When the parties come from different legal orders, their relations are governed by the private international law which determines the court will decide. This thesis research aims to test the ability to apply the international rules of conflict of jurisdiction under Iraqi law on the virtual contract, which is paperless. We shall see, this is not to mean however that the contract is not real, as clearly specifies Iraqi law. It remains attached to the territory. In contrast, the Iraqi law does not recognize its immaterial that meanwhile ignores borders and notions of territoriality. This reality in the texts and practices therefore makes transactions that occur on the Internet are not taken into account by the rules of international jurisdiction conflicts. That is why, we wanted to check and understand the capacity and effectiveness of international jurisdiction conflict rules in the context of Internet disputes. So we will try to find the most appropriate rules, consistent with the nature of the virtual contract, namely its immateriality. This search will reveal developments in litigation of the Internet. Thus, it takes two directions: first at the national legislation, such as French and US law. Second, at the stage of international conventions such as the United Nations Conventions 2005, Hague Convention, the Brussels Convention 1968 and the 2000 and 2012 regulations
14
Rémy-Corlay, Pauline. "Etude critique de la clause d'exception dans les conflits de lois : application en droit des contrats et des délits." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT3014.
Анотація:
La "clause d'exception" permet au juge d'ecarter la loi normalement competente pour appliquer la loi qui presente les liens les plus etroits avec le cas qui lui est soumis. Ce nouveau mecanisme pourrait deregler le systeme des conflits de lois au point d'effacer les regles de conflit. Or il fait partie du droit positif francais depuis l'entree en vigueur le 1er avril 1991 de la convention de romedu 19 juin 1980. Il fallait alors tenter de le "domestiquer" en l'integrant a notre systeme de conflit de lois. La premiere partie elabore une theorie generale de la clause d'exception. La clause d'exception n'est pas un mecanisme particulariste, permettant au juge d'appliquer une loi dont le contenu repond aux exigences du for. C'est un mecanisme neutre, integre a la regle de conflit classique, mais soumis a regime procedural particulier : le juge doit avoir le pouvoir, non le devoir, de l'appliquer d'office. Les conditions de mise en uvre de la clause d'exception pouvant se definir strictement, la cour de cassation devrait exercer le controle de leur application. La seconde partie analyse la clause dans deux domaines -les contrats et les delits- dans lesquels elle se presente de facon radicalement differente. En matiere contractuelle, en raison de l'electio legis, son role ne peut qu'etre subsidiaire. En matiere delictuelle, son role risque au contraire de devenir principal. Il importe alors d'utiliser la clause d'exception de facon raisonnable, sans compliquer les solutions, ni les rendre incertaines. La clause d'exception apparait ainsi comme un moyen d'assouplir la regle de conflit, sans cependant l'evacuer.
15
Marais, Ernst Jacobus. "Acquisitive prescription in view of the property clause." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18004.
Анотація:
Thesis (LLD )--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Acquisitive prescription (“prescription”), an original method of acquisition of ownership, is regulated by two prescription acts. Prescription is mostly regarded as an unproblematic area of South African property law, since its requirements are reasonably clear and legally certain. However, the unproblematic nature of this legal rule was recently brought into question by the English Pye case. This case concerned an owner in England who lost valuable land through adverse possession. After the domestic courts confirmed that the owner had lost ownership through adverse possession, the Fourth Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg found that this legal institution constituted an uncompensated expropriation, which is in conflict with Article 1 of Protocol No 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950. This judgment may have repercussions for the constitutionality of prescription in South African law, despite the fact that the Grand Chamber – on appeal – found that adverse possession actually constitutes a mere (constitutional) deprivation of property. Therefore, it was necessary to investigate whether prescription is in line with section 25 of the Constitution. To answer this question, the dissertation investigates the historical roots of prescription in Roman and Roman-Dutch law, together with its modern requirements in South African law. The focus then shifts to how prescription operates in certain foreign systems, namely England, the Netherlands, France and Germany. This comparative perspective illustrates that the requirements for prescription are stricter in jurisdictions with a positive registration system. Furthermore, the civil law countries require possessors to possess property with the more strenuous animus domini, as opposed to English law that merely requires possession animo possidendi. The justifications for prescription are subsequently analysed in terms of the Lockean labour theory, Radin’s personality theory and law and economics theory. These theories indicate that sufficient moral and economic reasons exist for retaining prescription in countries with a negative registration system. These conclusions are finally used to determine whether prescription is in line with the property clause. The FNB methodology indicates that prescription constitutes a non-arbitrary deprivation of property. If one adheres to the FNB methodology it is equally unlikely that prescription could amount to an uncompensated expropriation or even to constructive expropriation. I conclude that prescription is in line with the South African property clause, which is analogous to the decision of the Grand Chamber in Pye.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verkrygende verjaring (“verjaring”), ‘n oorspronklike wyse van verkryging van eiendomsreg, word gereguleer deur twee verjaringswette. Verjaring word grotendeels beskou as ‘n onproblematiese aspek van die Suid-Afrikaanse sakereg, aangesien die vereistes daarvan taamlik duidelik en regseker is. Nietemin is die onproblematiese aard van hierdie regsinstelling onlangs deur die Engelse Pye-saak in twyfel getrek. Hierdie saak handel oor ‘n eienaar wat waardevolle grond in Engeland deur adverse possession verloor het. Nadat die plaaslike howe die verlies van eiendomsreg deur adverse possession bevestig het, het die Vierde Kamer van die Europese Hof van Menseregte in Straatsburg bevind dat hierdie regsreël neerkom op ‘n ongekompenseerde onteiening, wat inbreuk maak op Artikel 1 van die Eerste Protokol tot die Europese Verdrag van die Reg van die Mens 1950. Hierdie uitspraak kan implikasies inhou vir die grondwetlikheid van verjaring in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg, ten spyte van die Groot Kamer se bevinding – op appèl – dat adverse possession eintlik neerkom op ‘n grondwetlik geldige ontneming van eiendom. Derhalwe was dit nodig om te bepaal of verjaring bestaanbaar is met artikel 25 van die Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet. Vir hierdie doel word die geskiedkundige wortels van verjaring in die Romeinse en Romeins- Hollandse reg, tesame met die moderne vereistes daarvan in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg, ondersoek. Daar word ook gekyk na hoe hierdie regsreël in buitelandse regstelsels, naamlik Engeland, Nederland, Frankryk en Duitsland, funksioneer. Hierdie regsvergelykende studie toon dat verjaring strenger vereistes het in regstelsels met ‘n positiewe registrasiestelsel. Verder vereis die sivielregtelike lande dat ‘n besitter die grond animo domini moet besit, wat strenger is as die Engelsregtelike animus possidendi-vereiste. Die regverdigingsgronde van verjaring word vervolgens geëvalueer ingevolge die Lockeaanse arbeidsteorie, Radin se persoonlikheidsteorie en law and economics-teorie. Hierdie teorieë illustreer dat daar genoegsame morele en ekonomiese regverdigings vir die bestaan van verjaring is in lande met ‘n negatiewe regstrasiestelsel. Hierdie bevindings word ten slotte gebruik om te bepaal of verjaring bestaanbaar is met die eiendomsklousule. Die FNB-metodologie toon dat verjaring neerkom op ‘n geldige, nie-arbitrêre ontneming volgens artikel 25(1). Indien ‘n mens die FNB-metodologie volg is dit eweneens onwaarskynlik dat verjaring op ‘n ongekompenseerde onteiening – of selfs op konstruktiewe onteiening – neerkom. Gevolglik strook verjaring wel met die Suid-Afrikaanse eiendomsklousule, welke uitkoms soortgelyk is aan dié van die Groot Kamer in die Pye-saak.
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Deirmendjian, Élisabeth. "La stratégie d'anticipation procédurale en matière civile." Thesis, Toulon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUL0068/document.
Анотація:
La stratégie d’anticipation procédurale en matière civile permet d’effectuer un choix approprié entre les différentes règles existantes en fonction du but poursuivi. L’anticipation du procès et la stratégie au cœur de l’action dessinent en creux le champ de la liberté individuelle laissée au justiciable dans le procès civil. En anticipant la survenance du litige ou en envisageant les modalités de résolution de ce dernier, la technique contractuelle fait de l’évitement du recours juridictionnel une stratégie d’anticipation. Une fois le litige né, le choix d’agir en justice suppose l’évaluation des chances de succès de l’action par rapport au résultat escompté. Seront parfois préférés les modes amiables de règlement des différends, voire le recours à un juge privé en la personne de l’arbitre. Mais si l’action est diligentée, le justiciable devra nécessairement soulever un certain nombre de questions nécessaires à l’élaboration de la stratégie qu’il retiendra pour son affaire. Pour réduire l’aléa judiciaire, plusieurs paramètres doivent être pris en compte tels que l’évolution du droit, de la jurisprudence, la réaction de l’adversaire ainsi que l’office du juge. L’efficacité de la stratégie d’anticipation varie selon le degré de prévisibilité de ces différents éléments qui forment l’objet de cette étudeThe civil procedural assessment strategy allows for a proper choice between the various existing rules depending on the aim. The assessment of the trial and the strategy at the heart of the lawsuit sets aside the scope of individual liberty that the defendant is entitled to during the civil trial. During the assessment of the origin of the dispute or the consideration of the methods for resolving it, the contractual technique is a matter of avoiding judicial recourse as part of an assessment strategy. Once the litigation has been entered into, the choice of suing involves assessing the chance of success of the lawsuit compared to the expected result. Sometimes what is preferred is alternative dispute resolution methods, or even recourse to a private judge (arbitrator). But if a lawsuit is entered into, it will be necessary to provide the defendant with answers to a certain number of questions that are necessary for developing the strategy that he will use throughout the case. In order to reduce legal risk, several parameters must be taken into account, such as the current state of legislation, jurisprudence, and opponents’ responses as well as those of the Office of Justice. The effectiveness of the assessment strategy will vary depending on the degree of predictability of the different elements which form the subject of this study
17
Fevery, Andrew K. "Half Baked: The Federal and State Conflicts of Legalizing Medical Marijuana." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/504.
Анотація:
The legalization of medical marijuana has been a complicated and confusing process. The drug is used for medical purposes yet is only semi-legal and not approved by the federal government. This piece will observe the legal medical history of this drug in the United States. It will analyze the growth of the medical marijuana movement up to the present with a special emphasis to the importance of federal, state and local supremacy. It will observe important court cases that have been decisive in defining the reach of federal power under the Commerce Clause and the 1970 Controlled Substance Act. This analysis will look at the current legal standing of medical marijuana as well as the legal hurdles to achieve full legal status and medical recognition from state federal and local levels of government. A special focus will be given to the state of California because it has the largest medical marijuana market and has taken center stage in the movement to legalize marijuana as a medicine. This paper will also cover the growth of the state condoned medical marijuana black market and the complications that arise from taxing, and licensing semi-legal businesses. This paper will assess the monetary and personal costs of this movement and the political elements of resisting the medical development and scientific understanding of this drug. It will seek to suggest a solution to the current impasse and explain why medical marijuana in this instance has been bad medicine and dangerous policy.
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Deirmendjian, Élisabeth. "La stratégie d'anticipation procédurale en matière civile." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUL0068.
Анотація:
La stratégie d’anticipation procédurale en matière civile permet d’effectuer un choix approprié entre les différentes règles existantes en fonction du but poursuivi. L’anticipation du procès et la stratégie au cœur de l’action dessinent en creux le champ de la liberté individuelle laissée au justiciable dans le procès civil. En anticipant la survenance du litige ou en envisageant les modalités de résolution de ce dernier, la technique contractuelle fait de l’évitement du recours juridictionnel une stratégie d’anticipation. Une fois le litige né, le choix d’agir en justice suppose l’évaluation des chances de succès de l’action par rapport au résultat escompté. Seront parfois préférés les modes amiables de règlement des différends, voire le recours à un juge privé en la personne de l’arbitre. Mais si l’action est diligentée, le justiciable devra nécessairement soulever un certain nombre de questions nécessaires à l’élaboration de la stratégie qu’il retiendra pour son affaire. Pour réduire l’aléa judiciaire, plusieurs paramètres doivent être pris en compte tels que l’évolution du droit, de la jurisprudence, la réaction de l’adversaire ainsi que l’office du juge. L’efficacité de la stratégie d’anticipation varie selon le degré de prévisibilité de ces différents éléments qui forment l’objet de cette étudeThe civil procedural assessment strategy allows for a proper choice between the various existing rules depending on the aim. The assessment of the trial and the strategy at the heart of the lawsuit sets aside the scope of individual liberty that the defendant is entitled to during the civil trial. During the assessment of the origin of the dispute or the consideration of the methods for resolving it, the contractual technique is a matter of avoiding judicial recourse as part of an assessment strategy. Once the litigation has been entered into, the choice of suing involves assessing the chance of success of the lawsuit compared to the expected result. Sometimes what is preferred is alternative dispute resolution methods, or even recourse to a private judge (arbitrator). But if a lawsuit is entered into, it will be necessary to provide the defendant with answers to a certain number of questions that are necessary for developing the strategy that he will use throughout the case. In order to reduce legal risk, several parameters must be taken into account, such as the current state of legislation, jurisprudence, and opponents’ responses as well as those of the Office of Justice. The effectiveness of the assessment strategy will vary depending on the degree of predictability of the different elements which form the subject of this study
19
Fiedler, Arthur Müller. "A eficiência da convenção de cláusulas arbitrais escalonadas na solução de conflitos empresariais: um estudo no âmbito das câmaras de mediação e arbitragem brasileiras." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2018. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/7040.
Анотація:
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A convenção de cláusulas arbitrais escalonadas permite arranjar contratualmente os diferentes métodos adequados de solução de conflitos (ADR) com o objetivo de resolver os mais diversos tipos de disputas empresariais no âmbito nacional e internacional. Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar se a convenção de cláusulas arbitrais escalonadas em instrumentos contratuais é eficiente para a solução de conflitos empresariais no Brasil. Para tanto, recorreu-se a revisão bibliográfica e identificou-se que o tema permite um estudo de caráter exploratório, a fim de investigar a percepção de eficiência do instituto no âmbito das câmaras de mediação e arbitragem brasileiras. Dessa forma, foram aplicados questionários com presidentes, diretores e gerentes jurídicos de 18 (dezoito) câmaras de mediação e arbitragem, dentre às quais, 8 (oito) das câmaras mais relevantes do Brasil, o que possibilitou a coleta de dados e a análise do conteúdo. A pesquisa contribui com diversos elementos de análise da eficiência das cláusulas arbitrais escalonadas, contudo, para o presente trabalho, foram definidos alguns critérios, como frequência e volume, vantagens, desvantagens, motivos e razões de utilização ou não pelas empresas, aplicações práticas por tipo de conflito e, por fim, eficiência para a solução de disputas. Os resultados da pesquisa oferecem elementos conclusivos de que a convenção de cláusulas arbitrais escalonadas em instrumentos contratuais trata-se de uma ferramenta em pleno crescimento e desenvolvimento, ágil e frequentemente eficiente na solução de diversos tipos de conflitos empresariais no Brasil.
The dispute resolution clause allows contractual arrangements to be made for the different alternative methods of dispute resolution (ADR) in order to solve the most diverse types of business disputes in the national and international scope. The purpose of this study is to identify whether the dispute resolution clauses in contractual instruments are effective for resolving corporate disputes in Brazil. To do so, we resorted to the bibliographic review and it was identified that the theme allows an exploratory study, in order to investigate the perception of efficiency of the institute within the Brazilian mediation and arbitration chambers. Thus, questionnaires were administered to presidents, directors and managers of 18 mediation and arbitration chambers, including 8 of the most relevant chambers in Brazil, which enabled data collection and content analysis. The research contributes with several elements of analysis of the efficiency of dispute resolution clauses, however, for the present work, some criteria were defined, such as frequency and volume, advantages, disadvantages, reasons of use or not by companies, practical applications by type of conflict and, ultimately, efficiency in general. The results of the research offer conclusive evidence that the agreement of dispute resolution clause in contractual instruments is a fast growing and agile and often efficient tool for solving various types of business conflicts in Brazil.
20
Cohen, Caroline. "Les normes permissives en droit international privé. Etude critique." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020081/document.
Анотація:
Pour étudier le phénomène paradoxal d’un renforcement de l’autonomie de la volonté parallèlement à une multiplication des impérativités en droit international privé contemporain, le concept de norme permissive apparaît particulièrement pertinent. Il permet de saisir l’ensemble des énoncés normatifs où l’auteur de la norme octroie à un destinataire une faculté de faire ou de ne pas faire, qu’il s’agisse du juge lorsqu’il lui est permis de surseoir à statuer en cas de connexité ou des parties lorsqu’il leur est permis de choisir la loi applicable à un contrat international.L’étude du droit positif montre que les manifestations des normes permissives sont nombreuses, tant dans les conflits de lois que de juridictions et qu’elles obéissent à des logiques distinctes selon qu’elles octroient une faculté au juge ou aux parties. Dans cette seconde hypothèse, en effet, il n’est plus question d’une liberté octroyée par la règle de droit mais d’une liberté concédée dans le choix de la règle de droit. Cette spécificité, conjuguée à la multiplication des normes permissives en droit international privé, a donc justifié que leur efficacité soit éprouvée.Dans cette perspective, le présupposé selon lequel les normes permissives constitueraient une traduction normative adéquate de l’objectif de prévisibilité des solutions, qui sert de justification à leur admission, doit être remis en cause. L’appréciation critique de ce postulat permet de proposer que les normes permissives n’occupent, à l’avenir, qu’un rôle résiduel en droit international privé, soit comme instrument de consensus soit comme palliatif à l’indétermination d’un critère de rattachement suffisamment prévisibleIn order to study the paradoxical phenomenon of the rise of party autonomy in parallel with the multiplication of mandatory norms in contemporary private international law, the concept of permissive rule is particularly apposite. It accounts for all instances where the law-making body grants a beneficiary the possibility to do or not to do something; be it the judge when he is authorized to stay the proceedings in case of related actions, or the parties when they are authorized to choose the law applicable to an international contract.A study of the positive law shows that permissive rules are numerous in both Choice of laws and Jurisdiction and that they operate under distinct logics depending on whether they grant a possibility to a judge or to the parties. In the latter case, the issue at stake is no longer whether a right is granted by the legal rule, but rather whether a right is conceded in the choice of the legal rule. This specificity, together with the proliferation of permissive rules in private international law, warrants that their relevancy be tested.In this context, the assumption that permissive norms would adequately serve the purpose of foreseeability of solutions, which forms the basis for their adoption, must be questioned. This critical assessment leads to the proposal that permissive norms should, in the future, play only a residual role in private international law, either as a way to reach consensus or as a stopgap in the absence of a sufficiently foreseeable connecting factor
21
Obbed, Khair Al Deen Kadhim. "Les effets de l'Internet sur les règles de conflit de compétence internationale : comparaison entre les droits irakien, français et américain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0100.
Анотація:
La législation irakienne définit le contrat comme étant l’union d'une offre faite par la partie contractante avec l'acceptation d'une autre partie et ce de manière à établir les effets dans l'objet du contrat. Ainsi, la place occupée par le contrat de vente en droit irakien est importante. Lorsque les parties relèvent d’ordres juridiques différents, leurs rapports sont régis par le droit international privé, qui détermine le tribunal apte à trancher le litige. Cette thèse de doctorat vise alors à vérifier la capacité à appliquer les règles de conflit de compétence internationale en droit irakien sur des contrats « virtuels » ou dématérialisés. Comme nous le verrons, dans ce domaine, « virtuel » ne veut pas pour autant dire que ce contrat n’est pas réel, comme le spécifie très clairement la loi irakienne. Il reste rattaché au territoire. Le problème est que le droit irakien, en ignorant les notions de frontière et de territorialité, ne reconnaît pas sa propre « immatérialité ». Cette réalité dans les textes et la pratique implique que les opérations qui se produisent sur Internet ne sont pas prises en compte par les règles de conflits de compétence internationale. C’est la raison pour laquelle nous avons souhaité vérifier et comprendre la capacité et l’effectivité des règles de conflit de compétence internationale dans le cadre de litiges sur Internet. Ce faisant, nous espérons mettre en lumière les règles les plus appropriées, qui correspondent le mieux à la nature du contrat virtuel, à savoir son immatérialité. Pour ce faire, nous entreverrons quelques développements sur les litiges de l’Internet. Ainsi nous disposons de deux domaines de recherche : un premier au niveau de la législation nationale, comme le droit français et le droit américain ; un deuxième au niveau des conventions internationales, comme les conventions des Nations-Unies en 2005, la convention de la Haye en 2005, la convention de Bruxelles en 1968 ou encore les règlements de Bruxelles 2000 et 2012Iraqi law defines the contract as the union of an offer made by the contracting party with the acceptance of another party and that in order to establish the effects in the contract. The place of the sales contract under Iraqi law is important. When the parties come from different legal orders, their relations are governed by the private international law which determines the court will decide. This thesis research aims to test the ability to apply the international rules of conflict of jurisdiction under Iraqi law on the virtual contract, which is paperless. We shall see, this is not to mean however that the contract is not real, as clearly specifies Iraqi law. It remains attached to the territory. In contrast, the Iraqi law does not recognize its immaterial that meanwhile ignores borders and notions of territoriality. This reality in the texts and practices therefore makes transactions that occur on the Internet are not taken into account by the rules of international jurisdiction conflicts. That is why, we wanted to check and understand the capacity and effectiveness of international jurisdiction conflict rules in the context of Internet disputes. So we will try to find the most appropriate rules, consistent with the nature of the virtual contract, namely its immateriality. This search will reveal developments in litigation of the Internet. Thus, it takes two directions: first at the national legislation, such as French and US law. Second, at the stage of international conventions such as the United Nations Conventions 2005, Hague Convention, the Brussels Convention 1968 and the 2000 and 2012 regulations
22
Ochse, Angela. "Dynamics of conflict in lesbian intimate unions an exploratory study /." Diss., Pretoria: [S.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02232010-210456/.
23
Branellec, Gurvan. "La coexistence des règles applicables au contrat de transport international de marchandises par mer : contribution à l’étude de l'uniformité du droit." Brest, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00511315.
Анотація:
Le transport international de marchandises par mer met en présence des opérateurs du commerce international qui ont une forte demande de sécurité juridique. L’uniformité du droit devrait pouvoir la satisfaire. L’observation du phénomène de création des régies applicables à cette activité montre que les États ont cherché à les unifier par la voie conventionnelle sans y parvenir. La thèse, par une étude de l'élaboration, de l'adoption puis de la mise en oeuvre du droit applicable au transport international de marchandises par mer constatera une dissonance entre le désir d’uniformité et sa réalité. En effet, les Conventions applicables à cette matière se contredisent, se superposent ou sont vidées de leur sens par des interprétations "nationalisantes". Face à cet échec, le monde maritime invente des outils d’uniformisation de ce droit. Il en est ainsi par exemple de ses contrats-types et autres juridictions arbitrales. De telles pratiques ne contribuent-elles pas à l’uniformité du droit ?
24
Di, Pierro Mattia. "L’«esperienza del mondo»: Claude Lefort e la fenomenologia del politico." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/86128.
Анотація:
The conviction that guides this research is that the capital point of Claude Lefort's thought is within the political application of the thought of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and his design of the chiasmus, that of the imbrication of all levels that form reality. We can say that the phenomenology of the political, conceived by Lefort, it is an application of the Merleau-pontyan lesson to the political dimension of the social. The heart of this reading is represented by the book Le travail de l’œuvre Machiavel where the role of power and its relationship with the people, on the one hand, and the Greats, on the other, outlines a conception of the political in which there is no possible separation between grantor and composed, real and imaginary, immanent and symbolic. Therefore the first chapter analyses the genesis of the Lefortian philosophy, which dates to the years of Socialisme ou barbarie, the group the French philosopher participates to between 1948 and 1957. In this period his reflection, even if still internal to Marxism, already shows the signs of phenomenology. Such connection is clear in his critiques towards the philosophies of history and in his notion of "proletarian experience". While the most famous studies concerning the Parisian philosopher find in the detachment from Marxism the origin of his thought, we will try to show how all the main categories of the Lefortian philosophy appear in the critical reading of Marx.
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As we show in the second chapter, it is within his phenomenological reading of Marx’s works that are taking shape the ideas of division of the social, of the symbolic dimension and of the chiasmus. In such frame it is important the role played by ethnology: the studies of Marcel Mauss on the donation, in primis, and those of Abram Kardiner, Gregory Bateson and Claude Levi-Strauss. The third chapter deals with the Lefortian design of modernity, the idea of the symbolic institution and the question of the division of the social. We can interpret this phase of his work as a sort of a preparation for the interpretation of Machiavelli. Indeed, the following chapter is dedicated to the work Lefort dedicates to the study of Machiavelli. We examine here the division between "the humors”, the role of power as a symbolic pole and the relationship between power, the Greats and the people. We show how the interpretative work of the Discours and of the Prince compose the phenomenology of politics in Lefort’s thought. The last chapter, in closing, analyses democracy and totalitarianism as a result and summit of the Lefortian phenomenology. We can see here how the confrontational dynamic of democracy translates in a political language the movement of the being proposed by Merleau-Ponty. In conclusion we consider the novelty of the Lefortian phenomenology of the political in its distinction with the "insurgent democracy" proposed by Miguel Abensour.
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Paula, Ludmila Cruvinel Gordo de. "CONVENÇÃO DE ARBITRAGEM NOVAS PERSPECTIVAS SOBRE O ESTUDO DA CLÁUSULA COMPROMISSÓRIA CHEIA E VAZIA E O TERMO DE COMPROMISSO ARBITRAL." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2010. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2785.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2010-11-13Arbitrtion has increased its scope in contemporary societies, but is still underused, despite the Express constitutional authorization. In fact, alternative methods of conflict resolution is a new field of procedures, which are replacing traditional ways of solving problems related to disputes of rights available. The increase in economic transactions has changed the way of understanding the traditional theory of legal transactions, in which a contract is not concluded by the same, but there is a huge difference in the legal position of the parties. The solution demands for arbitration is based on the autonomy of the will of the parties, to provide justice faster, faster, and cheaper in Brazil. For this method to be effective, necessary it is that the convention is held and developed without vices will. The dissertation it is the validity of the arbitration agreement, recognizing, however, that there are several points to be reformed, with respect to special legislation. Thus, on account of such facts, this study will investigate the phenomena of historical facts related to arbitration, until our present day, with emphasis on the advantages of the institute, and shape and effectiveness of the arbitration agreement.
A Arbitragem aumentou seu campo de aplicação nas sociedades contemporâneas, mas ainda é pouco utilizada, apesar de expressa autorização constitucional. De fato, os métodos alternativos de resolução de conflitos são um novo campo de procedimentos, que estão substituindo as maneiras tradicionais de resolver os problemas relacionados aos litígios de direitos disponíveis. O aumento das transações econômicas mudou a maneira de compreender a teoria tradicional dos negócios jurídicos, em que um contrato não é celebrado por iguais, mas há uma diferença enorme na posição jurídica das partes. A solução de demandas pela arbitragem é baseada na autonomia da vontade das partes, para proporcionar uma justiça mais rápida, célere, e menos onerosa no Brasil. Para que este método seja eficaz, necessário se faz, que a convenção seja celebrada e elaborada sem vícios de vontade. A dissertação trata-se da validade da convenção arbitral, reconhecendo, no entanto, a existência de diversos pontos a serem reformados, no que tange a legislação especial. Assim, por conta de tais fatos, este estudo investigará os fenômenos da arbitragem relacionados aos fatos históricos, até os nossos dias atuais, com ênfase nas vantagens do instituto, e na forma e eficácia da convenção de arbitragem.
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Archinard-Greil, Bérengère. "Lois de police et conflits de juridictions. (Essai sur la coordination des systèmes à l'aide de la notion d'ordre juridique prépondérant)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3036/document.
Анотація:
Dans un contexte où le recours au mécanisme des lois de police apparaît de plus en plus fréquent et facilité sur le plan des conflits de lois, la perte d’impérativité que connaissent ces dispositions du fait des solutions libérales retenues sur le plan des conflits de juridictions, conduit à s’interroger sur la possibilité d’apporter des correctifs. En droit positif, l’admission généralisée des clauses de prorogation de for, étatique et arbitral, malgré l’applicabilité d’une loi de police, associée à un système de reconnaissance pratiquement automatique des jugements étrangers et des sentences arbitrales au stade du contentieux de l’exequatur, conduit à rendre ces dispositions globalement semi-nécessaires dans les rapports internationaux. Alors que la mise en œuvre des lois de police devant un for étatique étranger ou arbitral apparaît très incertaine et que la violation de ces dispositions ne fait pas obstacle à la reconnaissance d’un jugement ou d’une sentence qui les aurait négligées, les clauses de prorogation de for apparaissent comme des instruments à la disposition des parties pour se livrer au forum shopping et contourner les impérativités étatiques. Cette solution, paradoxale et peu satisfaisante, compte tenu de l’importance et de la nature des intérêts par principe mis en cause à travers ces dispositions, incite à envisager une solution permettant de restaurer l’impérativité des lois de police dans les conflits de juridictions. Dès lors que ce résultat apparaît comme la conséquence du maintien du principe traditionnel de l’indépendance des compétences législative et juridictionnelle malgré le lien existant entre forum et jus en matière de lois de police, ce constat conduit à s’interroger sur la possibilité de déroger exceptionnellement à ce principe pour consacrer un forum legis impératif et exclusif, fondé sur l’applicabilité d’une telle disposition. Cette solution, restaurant efficacement l’impérativité des lois de police dans leur for d’origine, devrait néanmoins être associée à la mise en place d’un mécanisme de coordination des systèmes permettant de prolonger son efficacité devant les fors étrangers. Il pourrait trouver ses fondements dans certains procédés préexistants, susceptibles d’être adaptés à la réalisation de l’objectif de protection des impérativités étatiques poursuivis. La mise en place de différents mécanismes, apparentés à celui du forum non conveniens, fondés sur un système de coopération interjuridictionnelle ou inspirés de la méthode de référence à l’ordre juridique compétent envisagée par P. Picone, pourrait permettre d’assurer, à l’étranger, le respect des lois de police du for dans des hypothèses différentes. De manière transversale, la restauration de l’impérativité des lois de police pourrait être assurée grâce à un recours à la notion d’ordre juridique prépondérant. Désignant un ordre juridique dont une loi de police mettant directement en cause un intérêt étatique réellement fondamental serait applicable au fond du litige, elle devrait pouvoir fonder la reconnaissance de la vocation plus forte de celui-ci à faire valoir ses vues pour la résolution d’un litige. Elle pourrait fonder à la fois la revendication de compétence juridictionnelle prioritaire de celui-ci pour trancher le différend et un effacement des fors étrangers pour faire prévaloir le point de vue qu’il retient. Une telle solution, étroitement délimitée et justifiée au regard de l’importance des intérêts mis en cause, assurerait une solution satisfaisante permettant à la fois d’articuler harmonieusement la poursuite de la politique libérale qui s’impose dans les conflits de juridictions avec le respect des lois de police et de réconcilier la protection des impérativités étatiques avec la coordination des systèmesIn times of mandatory provisions becoming more and more prevalent, based on conflict of law, the concept of mandatory enforcement appears to be somehow diluted regarding the liberal solutions found in conflicts of jurisdictions. In positive law, mandatory rules do not prevent the enforcement of a forum clause, no more than they are considered during the enforcement stage of decisions. While the application of these rules before foreign courts and arbitrators is very uncertain and does not raise obstacles to the recognition of foreign judgments or arbitral judgment which overlook them, choice of forum clauses has become an instrument of forum shopping in order to avoid mandatory regulations. This solution paradoxically induces a search for a solution to restore there international imperativity. This result has appeared as a consequence of the principle of separation of conflicts of law and conflicts of jurisdictions. That observation leads to ask questions about the possibility of an exemption to this general principle. Indeed, this encourages to consider the possibility to admit a correlation between forum and jus in order to establish imperative and exclusive competence, based on the applicability of such mandatory rules. This forum legis would require to maintain the litigation in its courts and could ensure their application in international relations. However, unilateralism that governs rules of judicial competence should involve the establishment of a mechanism of different legal systems coordination. Depending on the type of mandatory rules concerned, it could be based on an adapted form of forum non conveniens, on international judicial Co-operation processes, or be inspired by the method of reference to the competent legal order envisaged by P. Picone. The deployment of these solutions could be based on using preponderant state notion, that would be the one with the most widely public policy involved. It would lead to the recognition of the strong vocation of it to assert its views for the resolution of a dispute and would justify both the priority jurisdiction of its courts and circumspection of the other jurisdictional authorities to exercise their competence. Such a solution, tightly defined and justified in view of the importance of the interests involved, would provide a satisfactory solution to both harmoniously articulate the pursuit of liberal politics required in conflicts of jurisdictions with respect of public policy, and reconcile the protection of imperativities with the coordination of legal systems
27
Al, Ghufli Rashid. "Le statut de la convention d'arbitrage dans les systèmes juridiques français et émirati." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010267.
Анотація:
L'investiture et la compétence des juridictions arbitrales dépendent essentiellement de la question de la validité de la convention d'arbitrage. L'existence d'une convention d'arbitrage valide est obligatoire pour pouvoir permettre aux différentes parties de faire appel à l'arbitrage. Dans une première partie, on examinera les principes généraux régissant une convention d'arbitrage comme le principe d'autonomie qui a connu une application très large en droit français. La validité d'une convention s'apprécie également au regard des conditions de fond et de forme auxquelles toute convention d'arbitrage doit obéir. L'étude de ces conditions permet de constater que le droit français a abandonné toute exigence de l'écrit, tandis que son homologue émirati l'exige toujours. Mais, le consentement reste la règle principale permettant d'approuver la validité de la convention d'arbitrage dans les deux droits. La seconde partie sera consacrée à l'exécution de la convention d'arbitrage qui se manifeste à travers le principe compétence, compétence qui accorde plus de priorité à la compétence des juridictions arbitrales et qui exclu par conséquent celle des juridictions étatiques. Cette exécution est aussi appréciée au regard des questions de la transmission et de l’extinction de la convention d’arbitrage.
28
Jurgens, Hishaam. "Investigating the conflict between freedom of religion and Freedom of expression under the South African constitution." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4099.
Анотація:
Magister Legum - LLMThis mini-thesis is based on the presumption that the Danish cartoons and the anti-Muslim clip posted on YouTube as forms of expression, ridiculed the religious beliefs and practices of Muslims which in turn affected the exercise of religious freedom as it violated the dignity of the bearers of the right to freedom of religion and therefore a conflict between the right to freedom of religion and freedom of expression exists. The above incidence of conflict between the right to freedom of religion and freedom of expression involves infringing the freedom of religion of the Islamic community. Blasphemy in Islam is speech that is insulting to God, but during the course of Muslim history it has become increasingly linked with insult to the Prophet Muhammad. In Islam the depiction of the Prophet Muhammad in any way is strictly forbidden and is considered blasphemous.
29
Damin, Cláudio Júnior. "Poder de guerra nos Estados Unidos : a cláusula da guerra, o precedente coreano de 1950 e a autonomia do comandante-em-chefe." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/88345.
Анотація:
A tese aborda o chamado poder de guerra nos Estados Unidos da América buscando compreender a dinâmica institucional da decisão sobre a utilização das forças armadas no exterior à luz das regras constitucionais e da experiência histórica daquele país. A controvérsia basicamente estabelecida é sobre quem, afinal, seria o soberano dos poderes de guerra, ou seja, se o Poder Legislativo ou o Poder Executivo possuiriam o poder de levar o país à guerra. Com esse objetivo, a tese analisa a denominada Cláusula da Guerra que assegura ao Congresso o poder de declarar a guerra, e também a Cláusula do Comandante-em-Chefe, que dá ao presidente o comando das forças militares do país. Nossa hipótese principal de trabalho assevera de que há, à luz do intento original, uma prevalência dos poderes de guerra do presidente dos Estados Unidos, representado, por sua vez, em seu controle da soberania sobre a decisão da guerra, que desafia a Constituição e seu sistema de checks and balances levando a uma hipertrofia do Poder Executivo. No esforço de compreender essa inflexão realizamos uma análise da decisão da Guerra da Coreia em 1950. A Coreia é compreendida como um caso paradigmático que expressa a institucionalização dos poderes de guerra do presidente, com a autonomização da Cláusula do Comandante-em-Chefe em relação à Cláusula da Guerra. Constatamos que a dinâmica de decisão encontrada na Guerra da Coreia faz parte de um processo ainda em andamento de fortalecimento do poder presidencial, prejudicando o cumprimento da Cláusula da Guerra. Constatamos que a dinâmica de decisão encontrada na Guerra da Coreia faz parte de um processo ainda em andamento de fortalecimento do poder presidencial, prejudicando o cumprimento da Cláusula da Guerra. Outra hipótese da tese é a de que decisões para o uso da força originadas de organizações multilaterais como o Conselho de Segurança da ONU e a OTAN têm favorecido a prevalência do poder de guerra do presidente dos Estados Unidos, uma vez que elas têm sido interpretadas como substitutas de decisões de autorização que teriam que ser tomadas apenas pelo Congresso.This thesis addresses the so-called war power in the United States, seeking to understand the institutional dynamics of the decision on the use of armed forces abroad in the light of the constitutional provisions and the historical experience of the country. The established controversy is on who, after all, is invested by the sovereign powers of war, ie, whether it is the legislature or the executive who would possess the power to take the country to war. With this objective, this thesis analyzes the so-called War Clause which ensures to Congress the power to declare war, and also the Commander in Chief Clause, which gives the President the command of the military forces of the country. Our working hypothesis asserts that there is, in the light of the original intent, a prevalence of war powers of the President of the United States, represented by its turn, in its sovereign control over the decision of war that defies the Constitution and its system of checks and balances, leading to the hypertrophy of the Executive Branch. In an effort to understand this shift we conducted a study about the decision of the Korean War in 1950. Korea is understood as a paradigmatic case that expresses the institutionalization of the war powers of the president, with the empowerment of the Commander in Chief Clause vis-à-vis the War Clause. We observe that the dynamics of the decision found in the Korean War is part of a still ongoing process of strengthening of presidential power, hampering the use of the War Clause. Another hypothesis of the thesis is that the decisions to use force originating from multilateral organizations such as the UN Security Council and NATO have favored the prevalence of the power of war of the President of the United States, as they have been interpreted as a substitute for authorization decisions that would have to be taken only by Congress.
30
Chekli, Nadia. "Le juge du litige international du travail." Bordeaux 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR40029.
Анотація:
Lors d'un litige né d'une relation internationale du travail, la détermination de la juridiction compétente suscite des interrogations. Parmi ces dernières, celle relative à l'existence d'un juge naturel chargé de le trancher s'avère particulièrement intéressante. D'un examen du droit positif, il ressort qu'aucune place n'est faite à cette idée. La direction esquissée par cette théorie ne doit pas pour autant être écartée. En effet, les règles de compétence judiciaire internationale désignent ordinairement une juridiction particulièrement sensible à la situation de la partie faible : tout est mis en oeuvre pour que le travailleur puisse voir son litige tranché par un juge approprié. Des clauses contractuelles ont certes pour effet de le distraire de cette compétence mais des encadrements légaux ont été apportés. Ces derniers contribuent également à l'effectivité du principe de protection du plus faible.
31
Moille, Celine. "L’influence du droit international privé sur le droit interne français." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO22026.
Анотація:
Suite à l’émergence de nouveaux moyens de communication et de transport, la seconde moitié du XXème siècle a connu un développement massif de la société internationale et des règles de droit attenantes. Malgré cet essor, la pensée de Bartin selon laquelle les règles de droit interne se projettent dans l’ordre international, ainsi que la mise en lumière de l’antériorité du droit interne par Batiffol, amènent à croire que le droit international privé n’est que le strict reflet du droit interne. Le droit international privé, bien qu’international par son objet, reste alors traditionnellement attaché au droit national pour y puiser sa source. Les relations juridiques entre personnes privées, comportant ou non un élément d’extranéité, sont ainsi envisagées au travers du prisme du droit interne. L’influence se réalise dès lors naturellement dans le sens du droit privé interne vers le droit international privé. Le but de cette étude est de rechercher et de justifier l’apparition d’un mouvement inverse : existe-il aujourd’hui une influence du droit international privé sur le droit interne français ? Le droit international privé, de par ses méthodes (la qualification, les règles de conflit, les règles matérielles) et son approche particulière des rapports de droit, détachée parfois de certaines considérations nationales, permettrait dorénavant de percevoir certaines faces cachées du droit interne. Si cette intuition venait à être confirmée, le droit international privé, tant conflictuel que matériel, devrait alors être considéré comme un modèle juridique moderne exerçant sa force d’attraction dans le droit interne qui l’avait initialement fait écloreFollowing the emergence of new means of communication and transportation, the second half of the twentieth century witnessed a massive development of the international society with its corresponding legal rules. However, the thought of Bartin that domestic law rules are projected into the international legal order, added to Batiffol opinion that domestic law always takes precedence over international law, lead us to believe that Private International Law is nothing but a strict reflection of domestic law. Although international by its object, Private International Law remains traditionally linked to domestic law where it draws its source. Therefore, whether or not containing a foreign element, legal relations between private persons are always considered through the prism of internal law. In that sense, domestic law does naturally shape International Private Law.The aim of this study is to investigate and justify the reverse movement : is there today an influence of Private International Law toward French law? By its methods (such as qualification, conflict of law rules or substantive rules), Private International Law in a specific approach of legal relationships that is detached from domestic considerations, allows to perceive some hidden aspects of internal law. If this were to be a confirmed intuition, conflicting and substantive Private International Law, should then be considered a new modern legal model, influencing the domestic law in which it originally blossomed
32
Branellec, Gurvan. "La coexistence des règles applicables au contrat de transport international de marchandises par mer : contribution à l'étude de l'uniformité du droit." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00511315.
Анотація:
Le transport international de marchandises par mer met en présence des opérateurs du commerce international qui ont une forte demande de sécurité juridique. L'uniformité du droit devrait pouvoir la satisfaire. L'observation du phénomène de création des règles applicables à cette activité montre que les Etats ont cherché à les unifier par la voie conventionnelle sans y parvenir. La thèse, par une étude de l'élaboration, de l'adoption puis de la mise en œuvre du droit applicable au transport international de marchandises par mer constatera une dissonance entre le désir d'uniformité et sa réalité. En effet, les Conventions applicables à cette matière se contredisent, se superposent ou sont vidées de leur sens par des interprétations « nationalisantes ». Face à cet échec, le monde maritime invente des outils d'uniformisation de ce droit. Il en est ainsi par exemple de ses contrats-types et autres juridictions arbitrales. De telles pratiques ne contribuent-elles pas à l'uniformité du droit ?
33
Laferrière, Aude. "« […] sans m’arrêter un seul instant de débiter mes dit-il, et se dit-il, et demanda-t-il, et répondit-il, certaines formules des plus prometteuses […]. » (S. Beckett, L’Innommable) : L’incise de citation dans les genres narratifs." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040211.
Анотація:
L’incise de citation a mauvaise réputation dans le champ narratif, où elle est pourtant fort utile pour indiquer la source des répliques : elle soulève de nombreuses polémiques, tant sur le plan de la théorie que de la pratique. Peu traitée par les études grammaticales, elle est souvent fustigée par les discours normatifs dès qu’elle s’écarte du prototypique dit-il, au nom de transgressions de certaines règles syntaxiques et logiques, décourageant les auteurs qui déplorent sa monotonie de la déjouer par des variations distributives et lexicales. Ce travail vise à exposer les difficultés analytiques soulevées par cette forme, qui voit bon nombre de ses réalisations rejetées comme incorrectes, et à s’interroger sur les fondements de tels jugements. Le parcours diachronique d’un vaste corpus narratif invite à reconsidérer sa monotonie, en rendant compte de son histoire, qui est celle d’une diversification formelle et fonctionnelle : bien plus que simple escorte du dialogue qui se contenterait d’en indiquer les actants, elle possède de nombreux rôles textuels qui font d’elle un enjeu narratorial et esthétiqueInterpolated clauses have a bad reputation in the narrative field, although they are very useful in indicating the source of lines ; they arouse numerous theoretical as well as practical controversies. Seldom dealt with in grammatical studies, they are often censured by normative discourses whenever they stray from the prototypical he said, as they transgress certain syntactic and logical rules. This censure discourages those authors who lament their monotony from trying to avoid this thanks to distributive and lexical variations. This study aims at showing the analytical difficulties that are raised by this form – many variants of which are rejected as incorrect –, and seeks to question the bases of such judgments. Looking at a vast, diachronic corpus of narrative texts invites us to qualify its monotony by accounting for its history, one of formal and functional diversification : interpolated clauses do not accompagny dialogues simply to point out their speakers, they have many textual roles that put them at the centre of narratorial and aesthetic issues
34
Štávorská, Zuzana. "Alternatívne spôsoby riešenia sporov v obchodných vzťahoch." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75074.
Анотація:
This thesis discusses the alternative dispute resolution methods in trade relations. The main objective of this thesis is to describe and analyze ADR as a group of methods used to resolute disputes with focus on two main methods - mediation and arbitration. My objective is to describe the main principles of ADR, to compare their main advantages and disadvantages and to analyse the process of resoluting disputes by these methods. Another objective is to evaluate and analyze the development of ADR in the Czech Republic, their legal regulation and its current status. A short part of the thesis concerns about regulation of mediation in the EU and the analysis of implementation of the European Parliament and Council Directive 2008/52/EC dated May 21, 2008 to national legislation. Thesis is divided into five separate chapters. The first, introductory chapter only briefly discusses about dispute and conflict and ways they can be solved. The second chapter already characterizes ADR as a group methods of dispute resolution, its main principles, advantages and disadvantages and finally briefly describes some of the ADR. The third and fourth chapter focuses on the mediation, its principles, advantages, disadvantages, the mediation process and mediator. It monitors the development of mediation in the Czech republic and the current situation in the legal regulation of mediation in the country. The last chapter deals with arbitration. It describes its basic principles, advantages and disadvantages again. The conclusion discusses the czech Arbitration law and the forthcoming amendment.
35
Jestin, Kevin. "La notion d'abus de convention fiscale : réflexions à la lumière des droits français et américain." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0461.
Анотація:
Le droit fiscal international contemporain vit une époque de bouleversement profond dont les développements relatifs à l’utilisation des conventions fiscales portent l’empreinte. La recherche conduira à s’intéresser à différents agissements qui se trouvent, grâce aux travaux consacrés au BEPS, sous le feu des projecteurs. Un éclairage nouveau s’avérait nécessaire, il a permis d’apporter un peu plus de lumière sur la notion d’abus de convention fiscale internationale trop longtemps restée dans l’ombre. Face à l’absence de définition unanimement consacrée, certains traits caractéristiques seront mis en évidence en insistant sur la dimension fonctionnelle de la notion qui épouse la forme d’un standard. Dans le cadre d’une analyse comparée menée à l’aune des droits français et américain, l’étude a pour objet de l’appréhender sous un regard nouveau en délimitant précisément les modalités de contrôle des opérations abusives. Les techniques de répression des abus mises en œuvre par les juges seront analysées. Les différents dispositifs internes et conventionnels anti-abus seront discutés en insistant sur les points de divergence et de convergence des politiques fiscales conventionnelles américaine et française. Une attention particulière sera portée aux conflits de norme inhérents à la juxtaposition de différents ordres fiscaux. L’idée selon laquelle, sous l’effet de l’instrument multilatéral notamment, la notion d’abus de convention fiscale internationale a acquis une individualité propre sera défendue. Il importera d’en préciser les conséquences au regard de la répression des abus par le juge françaisContemporary international fiscal law is undergoing a period of upheavals regarding the use of tax treaties. The research will lead to an interest in the different type of abuse that, thanks to the work devoted by the BEPS, are under the spotlight. It was necessary to shed some new light on the notion of tax treaty abuse that had long remained in the background. Faced with the absence of an unanimously adopted approach, many characteristics will be highlighted by insisting on the functional dimension of the notion which follows the form of a standard. In the context of a comparative analysis conducted in the light of French and American law, the object of the research is to analyse its several aspects from a new perspective by defining precisely the modalities of controlling abusive schemes. How judges deal with tax treaty avoidance strategies will be analysed. The various internal and international anti-abuses mechanisms will be discussed, highlighting the points of divergence and convergence of U.S. and French tax treaty policies. Attention will be paid to the conflicts of law regarding the juxtaposition of different tax order. The idea that under the effect of the multilateral instrument the notion of tax treaty abuse has acquired a distinct individuality will be defended. It will be important to specify what are the consequences for the application of the notion by the French judge
36
Scheffer, da Silveira Gustavo. "Les modes de règlement des différends dans les contrats internationaux de construction." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020080.
Анотація:
Les modes de règlement des différends dans les contrats internationaux de construction est un sujet d’importance pratique inégalable car, en raison de leur complexité et des aléas auxquels ces contrats à long terme sont exposés, les différends sont une constante, depuis la conclusion du contrat jusqu’à l’achèvement des travaux. Par ailleurs, ces différends sont très variables, présentant chacun des caractéristiques propres. Face à cela, les parties cherchent à exécuter le contrat dans le délai et le prix contractés pour pouvoir utiliser l’ouvrage et retirer le profit espéré du contrat. Afin d’atteindre ce but, elles doivent donc régler ces différends de la manière la plus efficace possible pour éviter que ceux-ci ne viennent perturber l’exécution des travaux. Dans ce contexte, l’arbitrage, mode normal de règlement des litiges pour les contrats internationaux de construction, semble de plus en plus concurrencé par d’autres modes de règlement des différends. L’idée sous-jacente est que l’arbitrage ne serait pas adapté à tous les différends susceptibles de naître de ces contrats. Cependant, contrairement à cette idée de concurrence, la pratique a consacré, par le biais des clauses échelonnées, un système qui met en avant la complémentarité entre les différents mécanismes. L’objectif est que ce système soit adapté à régler efficacement le plus grand nombre de différends possible. L’objet de cette thèse est de faire le point sur les raisons de la consécration du système échelonné, ainsi que sur les difficultés de sa mise en oeuvre, que ce soit dans sa phase pré-juridictionnelle, juridictionnelle ou dans la relation entre les deuxThe Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in International Construction Contracts is a subject of paramount practical importance. In light of their complexity, and the unforeseeable circumstances to which these long term contracts are exposed, disputes are a constant factor, from the signature of the contract to the completion of works. Furthermore, these disputes are very diverse, each one presenting its own set of characteristics. Facing these issues are the parties, who wish to complete the project within the time and price agreed, in order to be put it to use and make the expected profit. To achieve this goal, the parties need to resolve their disputes in the most efficient manner possible, preventing disputes from disrupting the execution of works. In this regard, arbitration, that has been for a long time the predominant method for settling disputes in international construction contracts, would seem to be suffering from the concurrence of other dispute resolution mechanisms. The underlying reason is that arbitration would not be adapted to all types of disputes that could arise from these contracts. However, contrary to this idea of concurrence, the industry has established, via multi-tiered clauses, a system that puts forward and interplay between the different dispute resolution mechanisms. The purpose of this system is to be flexible to adapt and efficiently resolve the largest potential number of disputes. The objective of this thesis is to give a comprehensive analysis of the reasons for the rise of the multi-tiered system, as well as of the difficulties of its practical application, may that be with respect to the pre-jurisdictional phase, jurisdictional phase, or the relationship between both
37
Forge, Alexis. "Essai sur l’éviction du juge en droit du travail." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020016.
Анотація:
L’introduction de mécanismes d’éviction du juge en droit du travail est le signe d’une volonté d’anticiper et de « déjudiciariser » les conflits. Est privilégié un accord choisi, adapté, satisfaisant toutes les parties plutôt qu’une décision subie, contraignante, prise par un tiers. Sécurisées par le législateur et par le juge, la rupture conventionnelle et la transaction ont été plébiscitées par les parties. Elles demeurent toutefois susceptibles d’être améliorées. Longtemps écartés en droit du travail, hors conciliation prud’homale, les modes alternatifs de règlement des différends ont été promus par les pouvoirs publics mais n’ont pas connu l’essor attendu. Ces processus non juridictionnels ont vocation à être déployés mais supposent d’être renforcés et adaptés à la matière sociale. Face à ces dispositifs, la place du juge doit être révisée et son contrôle « renouvelé »The introduction of measures designed to avoid taking industrial disputes before a judge illustrates the current policy of anticipating outcomes and settling matters out of court. Preference is given to coming to an agreement that corresponds to the case in hand and satisfies all the parties involved rather than a decision imposed by a third party. The common consent termination and the settlement agreement, supported by both the legislator and the judge, have become widely appreciated practices. There is, however, room for improvement. After being excluded from employment law in France for many years, with the notable exception of industrial tribunal conciliation, alternative ways of settling disputes have recently been promoted by the public authorities, but have not proved as popular as expected. These mechanisms are designed for widespread application but they need to be reinforced and adapted to the corporate world. The judge’s position needs be revised and judges need to be able to exercise greater control
38
Ibarra, Garza Rafael. "La protection du patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund : (étude comparée : Droit français-Droit anglais)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020012/document.
Анотація:
La constitution d’une fiducie-trust a comme effet la création d’une universalité juridique, le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. De cette universalité, les bénéficiaires-cestuis que trusts tirent les avantages que le constituant-settlor a prévu pour eux ; ainsi pour qu’ils puissent obtenir leurs avantages, il faut que le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund soit en bon état. D’où l’importance d’avoir des moyens adéquates qui protègent le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. Dans le cas contraire, les possibilités que le but d’une fiducie-trust déterminée soit réalisé se réduisent, et l'efficacité de l'ensemble de l'institution est remise en question. La protection du patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund commence par des moyens qui évitent à cette universalité d’être endommagée. Puisque toute action, comme toute inaction du fiduciaire-trustee, peut avoir des effets négatifs sur le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund, il faut empêcher qu’il endommage cette universalité. A l’égard du fiduciaire-trustee, le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund encourt deux dangers : non seulement que le fiduciaire-trustee agisse dans un intérêt autre que celui des cestuis que trusts, mais aussi qu’il soit négligent dans l’exécution de ses obligations. Pour faire face à ces dangers, et empêcher que le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund soit endommagé par le fiduciaire-trustee, deux obligations lui sont imposées : le devoir de loyauté-duty of loyalty et le devoir de diligence-duty of care. D’autre part, si le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund peut être endommagé par le fiduciaire-trustee, il peut aussi être endommagé par des tiers. La protection à l’égard des tiers commence en faisant du fiduciaire-trustee le titulaire des droits mis en fiducie-trust (s’il s’agit d’une propriété, il sera propriétaire ; s’il s’agit d’une créance, il sera créancier) ; elle se poursuit en rendant les biens fiduciés, et donc le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund, indépendants du patrimoine du fiduciaire-trustee.Bien qu’il existe des moyens préventifs de protection du patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund, ces moyens ne sont pas infaillibles. Ainsi, quand le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund est endommagé, il est nécessaire que le constituant et les bénéficiaires-cestuis que trusts disposent de recours pour faire face aux préjudices soufferts par cette universalité. Parmi les moyens curatifs de protection, on en trouve de nature personnelle : ceux dont les remèdes visent l’exécution en nature de la fiducie-trust et ceux qui visent la réparation du patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. Pour réparer le dommage causé au patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund, on trouve aussi des remèdes de nature réelle. Si le droit anglais offre de vrais remèdes réels, en revanche le droit français offre de « faux » remèdes réels puisque, même si ces remèdes ne sont pas stricto sensu des remèdes réels, ils ont des effets analogues aux remèdes du droit anglaisThe constitution of a fiducie-trust has the effect of creating a patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. Because the beneficiaries obtain their benefits from the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund it has to be in a condition that permits them to obtain those benefits. Hence the importance of having adequate means to protect the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. The protection of the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund starts by preventing it from being harmed. Since any action or any inaction of the fiduciaire-trustee can have negative effects on the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund, it is necessary to begin by protecting it from the fiduciaire-trustee. There are two situations which have been proven to be dangerous to the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund: a) when the fiduciaire-trustee acts in an interest other than that of those of the beneficiaries and b) when the fiduciaire-trustee is negligent in the performance of his obligations. To cope with these two problems and to prevent the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund from being damaged by the fiduciaire-trustee, two obligations are imposed upon him: a) the devoir de loyauté-duty of loyalty and b) the devoir de diligence-duty of care. If the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund is at risk of the actions of the fiduciaire-trustee, it is also at risk of the actions of third parties. The protection of the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund from third parties begin by the ownership of the fiduciaire-trustee and continues by separating the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund from the personal property of the fiduciaire-trustee. Because the preventive measures that protect the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund are not infallible, it is necessary that the constituant and the beneficiaries have access to legal remedies for when the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund has been damaged. Among the remedial protection are those of personal nature, including remedies for specific enforcement of the fiducie-trust and those that tend to repair the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. To repair the damage caused to the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund there are also real remedies. If English law provides true real remedies, in contrast to French law offers "fake" real remedies because even if the nature of those remedies are not strictly real, they have similar effects to those offered by English law
39
Mouzaki, Dionysia. "La médiation des différends civils en droit de l'Union Européenne et ses incidences sur les droits français, anglais et grec." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3021.
Анотація:
Aujourd’hui l’Union européenne favorise la règlementation de la médiation par une démarche générale sous la directive n° 2008/52/CE sur certains aspects de la médiation en matière civile et commerciale et par une démarche sectorielle sous la directive n° 2013/11/UE relative au règlement extrajudiciaire des litiges de consommation et le règlement n° 524/2013/UE en ligne des litiges de consommation. Cette tendance législative apparaît comme une exigence d’améliorer l’accès à la justice en réduisant son coût, sa lenteur et sa complexité. La question qui se pose est de savoir dans quel cadre juridique la médiation facilite la résolution amiable des différends ainsi que l’accès à la justice en réduisant le déséquilibre qui caractérise les rapports juridiques, dès lors qu’on écarte la protection juridictionnelle. La réponse appelle l’analyse de la règlementation de la médiation dans le droit de l’Union européenne et dans les droits nationaux examinés. Le droit de l’Union implique que les États membres prennent les mesures nécessaires pour l’application correcte d’une directive (article 288 § 3 TFUE) ; l’application du droit de l’Union européenne devant être assurée sous le respect des principes d’équivalence et d’efficacité. Comment cela peut-être garantie ? La réception du droit de l’Union européenne a contribué à atténuer les ambivalences préexistantes autour du concept de la médiation et a ainsi facilité la mise en place d’une référence commune à la médiation, si elle n’a pas permis une transposition homogène. Dans les trois systèmes étudiés la médiation se manifeste globalement en tant que « phénomène conventionnel », mais qui se situe au carrefour du droit substantiel et processuel. Si l’entier du processus s’exprime de manière conventionnelle, la convention de médiation, acte fondateur du processus, relève d’une dimension duale, à la fois conventionnelle et processuelle Quelle sera la liaison future entre médiation et justice traditionnelle ? La volonté de ne plus laisser la règlementation de la médiation au domaine privé, mais de lui réserver une place centrale dans les règles étatiques parait claire dans les trois systèmes nationaux. Cette « processualisation » de la médiation conduira-t-elle à l’émergence d’« un droit à la médiation » ? Quel rôle contient désormais le droit d’accès au juge (article 6 § 1 Convention EDH et 47 de la Charte européenne des droits de la Charte des droits fondamentaux) autour du développement législatif de la médiation ? Les réponses nécessitent l’analyse du régime qui donne accès à la médiation et du cadre processuel qui garantit l’accomplissement « légitime » de son processus. Le développement opportun de la médiation exige que les personnes qui assurent sa mise en œuvre puissent justifier d’une formation sérieuse en la matière, ainsi qu’un statut fiable pour inciter les intéressés d’y recourir. Quel est le statut du médiateur ? La comparaison des droits nationaux nous permettra d’envisager le meilleur modèle régulateur pour encadrer les compétences du tiers intervenant. Mais un système de médiation réellement efficace s’est traduit par un aboutissement efficace. Comment se valorise-t-il l’ « accord amiable », l’issue négociée en droit, voire en résolution extrajudiciaire d’un différend ? Y a-t-il un contrôle de légalité de l’accord issu de la médiation et si oui, comment ce contrôle se manifeste-t-il ? Les réponses relèvent de l’analyse du régime de l’accord issu de la médiationWith regard to the Directive n° 52/2008CE of the European Parliament and the Council of 21 May 2008 in certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters, as well as the Directive 2013/11/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 and Directive 2009/22/EC also the Regulation (EU) n°524/2013 of the European Parliament and the Council of 21 May 2013 on online dispute resolution for consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 and Directive 2009/22/EC (Regulation on consumer ODR), this thesis examine the main lines for the development of mediation set out by the European Union. How the tendency to develop mediation within Europe, represented by the directive the European texts above has been reflected in the three legal systems examined? How mediation works in systems where law is rigid and its infringement is being severely sanctioned (civil law applied in France and Greece) and how does it work in common law (applied in the United Kingdom)? Mediation law is nowadays largely presented as a flexible way to avoid court’s costs, longevity and complexity. But should it be integrated in procedural law as a kind of complementary justice within the courts? Can positive law, courts and amiable dispute resolution cooperate in an effective manner? An effective cooperation of public justice and mediation could be of major importance for the improvement of procedural law, as access to justice is not always guaranteed. Public justice has not always being successful, since the severe application of law has been proven unable to create a social and dynamic legal system. Thus, it often cultivates “bitterness” against judicial adventure. In this regard, mediation promises a profound change in the way of settling disputes. However, the idea of a “private” justice based in contract law does not go without mistrusts. The imbalance between the parties is usually obvious in contract law and fosters the strongest party. The question then is to know if a secure legal framework of mediation based on the particularities of national legal systems could facilitate its proper implementation. The main concept of the thesis is to present a legal structure of mediation combined by the European law’s directives and their implementation in the three national laws. But the nature, the process, as well as the relation of mediation with courts are examined in parallel with the conformity of mediation in the article 6 § 1 of the European Convention of Human Rights, the fundamental right of a public hearing by a tribunal
40
Lahouazi, Mehdi. "Le développement des modes alternatifs de réglement des différends dans les contrats administratifs." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3056.
Анотація:
Le développement des modes alternatifs de règlement des différends dans les contrats administratifs est une nécessité. En effet, l’encombrement des juridictions administratives, conjugué au besoin d’un règlement des différends plus consensuel et apaisé, plaide en faveur de l’émergence d’une justice alternative. Néanmoins, l’ordre public encadrant l’activité des personnes publiques, et protégé par des normes impératives, impose que le développement des modes alternatifs soit régulé. À ce titre, l’étude du droit positif démontre que ce phénomène n’est pas inconnu dans le règlement des différends intéressant les contrats administratifs. Par exemple, les parties à un différend peuvent déjà librement recourir aux modes amiables (médiation, conciliation ou transaction), et quelques dérogations au principe d’interdiction faite aux personnes publiques de recourir à l’arbitrage sont prévues. Cela étant, les lacunes et les défaillances du régime actuel des modes alternatifs dans les contrats administratifs (absence de véritable statut du médiateur, défaut d’encadrement de la conciliation inter partes, complexité de la notion de concessions réciproques ou, encore, difficulté pour le juge administratif d’asseoir sa compétence en matière d’arbitrage international...) complexifient leur compréhension et leur mise en œuvre et risquent, par suite, d’accroître les violations de l’ordre public. Il est donc nécessaire de proposer un régime pérenne des modes alternatifs permettant d’assurer, d’une part, la protection des normes impératives du droit public et, d’autre part, la liberté des parties dans le choix et la conduite d’une justice alternative. Pour cela, leur futur régime devra autoriser l’arbitrage dans les contrats administratifs et le doter de garanties procédurales prenant en compte sa nature spécifique mais, aussi, certaines caractéristiques inhérentes aux personnes publiques et au droit administratif. De même, les procédures de médiation et de conciliation devront être améliorées afin d’assurer aux parties, un encadrement souple et favorable à la conclusion de transactions équilibrées et sécurisées. Enfin, ce régime devra définitivement consacrer le rôle du juge administratif. À cet effet, ce dernier pourra être amené à assister les parties dans la mise en œuvre des modes alternatifs (création d’un juge administratif d’appui dans l’arbitrage, combinaison des procédures de référé avec les modes amiables...). Le juge administratif devra être aussi chargé du contrôle de conformité de la solution alternative à l’ordre public. Cette attribution de compétence, qui résonne de plus fort en matière d’arbitrage international, est indispensable à la protection de l’intérêt public. Ce n’est qu’à ces conditions, que le développement des modes alternatifs de règlement des différends pourra prendre toute sa place dans les contrats administratifsThe development of alternative dispute resolution in administrative contracts is a necessity. Indeed, the congestion of the administrative courts, combined with the need for a more consensual and calm settlement of disputes, pleads in favour of the emergence of an alternative justice. Nevertheless, the public order governing the activities of public bodies, and protected by imperative norms, requires that the development of alternative methods be regulated. As such, the study of positive law shows that this phenomenon is not unknown in the settlement of disputes concerning administrative contracts. For instance, the parties to a dispute can already freely resort to amicable methods (mediation, conciliation or settlement agreement), and some exceptions to the principle prohibiting public bodies from resorting to arbitration are provided for. However, the voids and shortcomings of the current system of alternative dispute resolution in administrative contracts (lack of proper status of the mediator, paucity of framework for inter partes conciliation, complexity of the concept of reciprocal concessions or, difficulty for the administrative judge to assert its competence in international arbitration...) make its understanding and implementation more complex and more prone to increasing public order violations. It is therefore necessary to propose a sustainable regime of alternative methods to ensure, on the one hand, the protection of peremptory norms of public law and, on the other hand, the freedom of the parties in the choice and conduct of an alternative justice. For that purpose, the future regime will have to authorize arbitration in administrative contracts and endow it with procedural guarantees taking into account its specific nature but also certain characteristics inherent in public entities and administrative law. Furthermore, the mediation and conciliation procedures will have to be improved in order to provide the parties with a flexible framework conducive to the conclusion of balanced and secure settlement agreements. Finally, this regime must definitively establish the role of the administrative judge. To this end, that judge may be called upon to assist the parties in the implementation of alternative methods (creation of an administrative support judge in arbitration, combination of interim reliefs with amicable procedures...). The administrative judge must also be responsible for checking the compliance of the alternative solution to the public order. This attribution of jurisdiction, which is resonates all the more in international arbitration, is fundamental for the protection of the public interest. It is only under these conditions that the development of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms can take its place in administrative contracts
41
ting-en, Hsieh, and 謝庭恩. "A Study on the Public Policy Clause of Conflict of laws." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15285251352212571819.
42
HUNG, TSAI YUAN, and 蔡元鴻. "Research on Administrative enforcement Act Of Sumptuary clause and basic right conflict." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22797948101155913151.
Анотація:
碩士中國文化大學
法律學系碩士在職專班
101
Summary The extravagant waste behavior aiming at bankrupt debtor develops it to affirm a problem,Have already become currently and influenced to justify a bankruptcy unavoidably the biggest factor of responsibility,And owe a big door of tax milli- not the extravagant waste behavior of the taboo,The people making the other honesties pay tax more feel angry and unfair. Our country the administration performance method Article 17-1 formal announcement implement in 2010，Is reference to follow the rules content of bankrupt legal system in Hong Kong,Aim at the cost of living of owing the tax big door to definitely enumerate to forbid rules, It is our country's first to definitely put forth standard to provide the method of reference to the extravagant waste problem. Although bankruptcy debtor with owe a tax obligation the person has essentially of dissimilarity, But for accumulate to owe private money obligation or Zhi to owe a national tax gold the cost of living standard developed by obligation, In to some extent that also exist it the likeness. So this thesis self country for administration compulsory execution method it forbid the enforcement present condition of extravagant item system bottom, The trial puts forth judgment to"is extravagant wasted" behavior standard, And the Zuo carry out the method Article 17-1 by administration, it forbids extravagant rules, Form by expecting a little bit definitely, concrete and clear judgment process, And let to forbid extravagant system to jump together. The main special feature of our country's constitution this text for announce sovereignty in the people's principle, Clearly certainly people the guarantee of free right, Consequently while speaking of democracy, It is a generally so-called democracy constitutional government. What is meant by a constitutional government?Is simple to come to say to is a rule of law, And"method" mean law, It is so-called to"cure" to mean a management. The explanation of "rule of law" means government and the people's all behavior and activity, All want according to the constitution and the law and manage with the meanings of standard, All want according to the constitution and the law and manage with the meanings of standard, Is us the political setup of the democracy constitutional government of title, So democracy country under the rule of law and constitution absolutely can not separate it. According to the development of western democracy, The conclusion gained is a rule of law, However the rule of law don't stop a crime with severe law or completely it doesn't consider reason and feeling, Taiwanese society is more universal to take feeling, reason and method as to judge a right and wrong and have the initiative the sequence of consideration, Have already obeyed the law the obligation and responsibility of guarding Ji by each citizen, The law previous everyone is equal is also important country under the rule of law principle, Owing to each independent individual homology it treats with respect, Appropriate lawmaking with fix a legal system degree to is importance. BE caused by democracy wave tide, it pushes forward and sublimates; Modernize the guarantee of the people to the fundamental human rights of nation and to the desire of good kind constitution need, Make national majority or the Lyu methods of region have the government is toward the restriction of the direction of the right of power and guarantee people move forward,;From that time on the topic of human nature dignity without a doubt becomes human rights most Gao guideline, Make the national machine able to become is inspected by people by the continuously aggressive constitution and improvement with the all-powerful government of management, Power check and balance, separation of powers and authorities, five powers constitution and equality of rights system that our country is also by dividing into to reach people to have power, government to have the purpose of ability, This text is continuous after of lead to go into to consistently use respectively in the related treatise of legal theory idea such as: The law excellent principle, law reserves an of principle, method rank theories, authorize an explicit sex principle, again authorization forbid principle, not appropriate coupling(it) to forbid a principle, the equal power in the constitution, free power and beneficial rights..Wait for the guarantee of basic power to enhance the legal theory foundation of the writer related treatise. In western culture, The law represents equity and justice, The biggest effect is safeguarding the rights of social order and guarantee individual. Therefore the people all respect adore and obey law and value rule of law and safeguard a rule of law. Many democratic nations all have constitution and follow constitution to administer in the world at present, R.O.C. is also such. An organization with all nation organizes, gives of authority and the people's welfare, right and obligation in constitution all concretely explicit of give standard. It contains to mean:On the other hand the standard government uses to the legal right of protecting the people, Make the people elect the way of president, deputy president and councilmen etc. by the direct people's rights on the other hand, indirectly participation management government of business, This is in the democratic nation carry out of the democracy constitute politics, Its content isn't only rule of law politics is also public sentiment politics. However in the constitution standard guarantee bottom of the fundamental human rights strongly initiate currently with each advanced countries of world of two international convention( ?Citizen and political right international convention and economic social cultural right international convention) Carry out with administration in the middle of the method it to forbid if the extravagant item has an outlaw, It is the point of this text research discussion.
43
RUTGERS, Jacobien W. "International reservation of title clauses between legal certainty and flexibility : a study of Dutch, French and German Private International Law in the light of European Law." Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4772.
44
Tsai, Chiung-Yi, and 蔡瓊儀. "A study on the Revolving-door Clause in Taiwan Law:from the perspective of the Anglo-American norm against conflict of interest." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7d9azb.
Анотація:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋法律研究所
106
Up until today, most countries in this world have enacted various criminal punishments (e.g. the offence of embezzlement, offence of bribery) as the deterrent mechanism to discourage their civil servants from corruption and negligence of duties, aiming to improve the public service ethics, and at the same time prevent malpractice from happening. In addition, revolving door regulations are provided for the civil servants to recuse themselves from conflicts of interest when they work for the government, also for the civil servants to avoid conflicts of interest after they leave their government posts, and to solve the conflicts of interest resulted from the private sector professionals who join government service and return to the private sector later on. The regulations are crucial for all civil servants’ public service ethics, affecting not only people’s impressions of the government, but also the government’s reputation. Restricted by the revolving door regulations, the obligors are unable to exercise their Right to Work freely. No one can overlook the restrictions imposed by these regulations. In Taiwan, there is considerable disagreement about the revolving door regulations since Article 14-1 of the Civil Servant Work Act came into force years ago. Many issues have emerged after the revolving door regulations became a law. Recently, a number of cases came into view, such as civil servant’s pension reform and Ching Fu mine-hunter’s over-lending. As these cases emerged, many topics drew the attention from all walks of life in Taiwan, such as civil servants’ recursal of conflicts of interest and the revolving door regulations. As a result, the government is planning to amend the revolving door regulations stated in the Civil Servant Work Act. In the Anglo-American laws regarding recursal of conflict of interest, preventive measures and substantive determination are treated as important topics along with multi-stakeholders’ interest. There is no doubt that Taiwan can learn from the Anglo-American laws and amend its laws accordingly. This paper starts with the research motivations, purpose, scope and methodology. In Chapter 2, the implications and legal basis of revolving door regulations are discussed. In Chapter 3, the legislative progression of Taiwan’s revolving door regulations, the existing provisions, and the issues related to the execution of the revolving door regulations are described. The revolving door regulations restrict the retired/resigned civil servants’ free choice of career, impeding their Right to Work granted by the constitutional law. The issues related to all such restrictions are also discussed in this Chapter. In Chapter 4, the regulations contained in the Anglo-American laws regarding recusal of conflicts of interest are discussed with emphasis on the revolving door regulations. In Chapter 5, the regulations contained in the Anglo-American laws regarding recusal of conflicts of interest are compared with Taiwan’s revolving door regulations. Then, recommendations are proposed in accordance with the comparison results and based on the issues related to the execution of the revolving door regulations. The recommendations aim to compensate for the shortcomings of the revolving door regulations and to construct a clean and honest system in Taiwan in order to promote the exchange of professionals between private sector and government, and at the same time protect the Right to Work.
45
Dâmaso, Joana Isabel. "O investimento em capital de risco e as cláusulas de drag along." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/33679.
Анотація:
O fenómeno de corporate governance, resultante do velho dilema circundante entre os conceitos de propriedade e controlo, procurou, durante muito tempo, dar resposta aos desafios relacionais emergentes em contexto de sociedades comerciais cuja administração fosse entregue a uma entidade exterior. No entanto, encontrando-se alguns destes mecanismos ultrapassados, novas tendências surgiram para colmatar estas falhas e para maximizar a performance societária, nomeadamente ao nível dos investidores institucionais. Para além disso, a inevitabilidade de recurso, em algum momento da vida societária, a meios financeiros externos para garantir a sua continuidade sustentável conferiu grande visibilidade ao investimento em capital de risco, opção de financiamento apelativa no âmbito de pequenas e médias empresas por se dedicar ao desenvolvimento e valorização do negócio, salvaguardando-se, ainda assim, o controlo do mesmo. Apesar da repercussão académica deste tema nos últimos anos, a verdade é que se vislumbra ainda um relativo vazio no âmbito jurídico. Por esta razão, decidimos debruçarnos sobre o regime do investimento em capital de risco e consequentes efeitos do vínculo entre as duas partes, conferindo especial atenção ao momento do desinvestimento e às cláusulas de drag along enquanto estipulação contratual típica para alinhamento – ou desalinhamento – de interesses.The corporate governance phenomenon, outcome from the old dilemma surrounding the concepts of ownership and control, sought, for a long time, to respond to the relational challenges emerging in the context of commercial companies whose management has been handed to an outside entity. However, with some of these mechanisms being outdated, new tendencies have emerged to fill these gaps and to maximize corporate performance, particularly among institutional investors. Furthermore, the inevitability to resort, at some point in the corporate life, to external financial means to ensure its sustainable continuity, achieved high visibility to venture capital investments, an attractive financing option in the context of small and medium sized companies due to its focus in the development and valorisation of the business, safeguarding, nevertheless, its control. Despite the academic repercussion of this theme in the more recent years, the truth is that there is still a relative void among the legal scope. For this reason, we decided to discuss the regime of venture capital investment and the consequent effects of the bond created between the two parties, providing special attention to the moment of divestment and to the drag along clauses as a typical contractual stipulation for alignment – or misalignment – of interests.
46
Vaz, Juliana Touro Cerejo Rabaça. "O recurso à arbitragem no âmbito das sociedades comerciais : os conflitos societários internos." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31689.
Анотація:
A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar, à luz do ordenamento jurídico português, a possibilidade e adequação do recurso ao instituto da arbitragem como meio de resolução dos litígios intrassocietários, isto é, os litígios emergentes das relações entre os sócios de uma sociedade, os resultantes das relações entre os sócios e a própria sociedade, ou ainda no âmbito das relações entre os sócios ou a sociedade per si e os titulares dos órgãos de administração ou de fiscalização da mesma.
Para tal, foi inicialmente adotada uma perspetiva comparatística com outros ordenamentos jurídicos. Posteriormente, foi adotada uma abordagem expositiva, do instituto da arbitragem em Portugal, analisando inicialmente de um modo geral, especificando depois o propósito principal da presente dissertação – a arbitrabilidade dos litígios intrasocietários, nomeadamente o regime da convenção de arbitragem, do tribunal arbitral e da própria sentença arbitral. Avaliadas as vantagens e os inconvenientes do recurso à arbitragem enquanto meio de resolução alternativa de litígios, e a sua aplicabilidade aos litígios intrassocietários, tomando como referência a escassa regulamentação deste instituto neste domínio no nosso ordenamento jurídico, conclui-se a presente dissertação com uma proposta de regulamentação legal e outra estatutária da arbitragem dos referidos litígios intrasocietários.The current dissertation aims to analyze, according to the Portuguese legal system, the possibility and adequacy of the recourse to the arbitration institute as a suitable mean of resolving intra-corporate disputes, that is, the disputes arising from the relations between the partners of a company, or those relations between the partners and the company itself, or even within the scope of the relations between the partners or the company for itself and the members of the management or supervisory bodies of the company. To this end, a comparative perspective was adopted with other legal systems. Subsequently, an expository approach from the arbitration institute in Portugal was adopted, first analyzing in a general way and then specifying the main objective of the present dissertation - the arbitration of the intra-corporate litigation, namely the arbitration convention, the arbitral tribunal and the arbitration award itself. Evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of the use of arbitration as a mean of alternative dispute resolution, and its applicability to intra-corporate disputes, taking as a reference the scarce regulation of this institute in this domain in our legal system, we conclude this dissertation with a legal proposal and other statutory arbitration proposal for intra-corporate disputes.
47
Dittmer, Claus. "Geslagsrolkonflik tussen egpare in 'n jong huwelik : 'n pastorale studie / Claus Dittmer." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/16363.
Анотація:
It has been established that there is a deficit of research on the pastoral care of couples struggling with GRC (gender-role conflict). The focus of the study was to provide guidelines for the pastoral counsellor, so that he/she can apply effective marriage counselling to couples struggling with GRC. This is achieved by using Osmer’s four tasks of practical theology, namely:
* The descriptive-empirical task – What is going on?
* The interpretive task – Why is this going on?
* The normative task – What ought to be going on?
* The pragmatic task – How might we respond?
The first task has been approached through empirical research with the aim to get an understanding of the participants’ experience regarding GRC in their marriages as well as their view of GRC. The empirical research was conducted by a qualitative research method using questionnaires (containing short and long questions) given to participants to answer. With the execution of this research, several aspects were identified that deserve further attention for the implementation of this study, namely: GRC result from a person’s involvement (or lack thereof) in a particular case, people’s reasons for the same GRC differ because of their experience of it, men and women experience GRC differently, people’s careers can be a determining factor of GRC, finance is the biggest GRC that people struggle with, people’s age and age differences may be linked to their experience of GRC and people are influenced by their parents.
The second task has been approached through research especially in psychology, sociology and anthropology with the objective to further understand the issues that were raised in the previous chapter. Each of these issues are identified as a possible cause of GRC and discussed through various theories and research.
The third task has been approached through exegesis of four pericopes with the aim to gain insight in connection with the Scripture’s perspective regarding the marriage relationship. A selection of 16 steps of Janse van Rensburg’s steps in conceiving a sermon is used to carry out the exegesis. The pericopes used for exegesis is the following: Genesis 1:26-31, 1 Corinthians 11:8-12, Galatians 3:26-29 and Ephesians 5:21-33. The fourth task has been approached by referring to certain counselling skills and guidelines with the aim to provide guidance in the pastoral counselling of couples struggling with GRC. All research done eventually leads to the point where certain strategies can be suggested for the pastoral counselling of couples struggling with GRC.
The central theoretical argument of this study is partly met by acquiring an understanding of GRC, focusing on spiritual growth and ultimately making recommendations for effective pastoral counselling to couples, so that they can be guided to a better Christ-centered marriage.MA (Pastoral Studies), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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Passos, Luisa Andrade Leal. "AS RELAÇÕES NEGOCIAIS ENTRE SÓCIOS FUNDADORES E INVESTIDORES EM STARTUPS." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/85745.
Анотація:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoThe main scope of the current work is the analysis of business relations between founding-partners and investors in startups through the exam of alternative forms of entrepreneurial capitalization, different from the traditional bank system. Initially, it will be explored the concepts of legal institutes, including an empirical contextualization as concrete cases and data. Later on, the matured stages of the startup company will be differentiated, especially on the opportunities to attract investments, either through selective processes for incubation or acceleration, or drawing investors into venture capital. Hence, widely used contractual investment samples will be displayed along the alternatives developed in order to accommodate the particularities of negotiations, whether through venture or debt capital, or even through hybrid instruments. Accordingly, a parallel will be drawn between the convenience of statutory or shareholders agreement stipulation of contractual clauses and the relevance of each party of the business relationship, intersecting legal certainty and liability to startups, with the definition of the most relevant agreements, identifying advantages and disadvantages for each of them, as well as. Thereon, this work strives to identify the adequacy of preventive courses on resolving corporate conflicts between founding partners and investors, given the dynamics of a startup. Especially bearing in mind innovation and disruption of the product placed on the market, it seeks to balance the uncertainty scenario in which the relationship is inserted, resulting in the appeasement of internal relationships and a higher credibility for attracting potential investors.
O presente trabalho tem como escopo principal a análise das relações negociais entre sócios fundadores e investidores em startups, a partir do exame de formas alternativas de capitalização empresarial, distintas do sistema bancário tradicional. Para tanto, inicialmente, serão explorados os conceitos dos institutos jurídicos, mediante, inclusive, a contextualização fática e exemplificativa de casos e dados concretos. Ato contínuo, passarse-á à diferenciação das fases de maturação da startup, no que tange, especialmente, às oportunidades de captação de investimento, seja através de processos seletivos para uma incubação ou aceleração, ou através da atração de investidores por meio do capital de risco. Nesse sentido, serão apresentados os modelos contratuais de investimento largamente utilizados no âmbito das startups, com a apresentação das variantes, se por meio de capital de risco ou capital alheio, ou até mesmo mediante instrumentos híbridos, desenvolvidos para acomodar as particularidades que envolvem as negociações. Por conseguinte, abordar-se-á um paralelo entre a conveniência da estipulação estatutária ou parassocial de cláusulas contratuais que assegurem e confiram segurança jurídica e fiabilidade às startups, com a definição das avenças mais relevantes, sendo apontadas as vantagens e desvantagens em cada uma delas, assim como a pertinência para cada parte da relação negocial. Destarte, o trabalho pretende apontar a adequação das vias preventivas de resolução de conflitos societários entre sócios fundadores e investidores, dada a dinâmica de uma startup, sobretudo em vista da inovação e disrupção do produto colocado em mercado, visando equilibrar o cenário de incerteza em que está inserida, a fim de que a sociedade demonstre credibilidade e pacificidade, de modo a permitir a aproximação e angariação de investidores.