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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 22 червня 2024

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1

Nesvorný, David, David Vokrouhlický, and Wesley C. Fraser. "Dynamical Implantation of Blue Binaries in the Cold Classical Kuiper Belt." Astronomical Journal 163, no. 3 (February 18, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac4bc9.

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Abstract Colors and binarity provide important constraints on the Kuiper Belt formation. The cold classical objects at radial distance r = 42–47 au from the Sun are predominantly very red (spectral slope s > 17%) and often exist as equal-size binaries (∼30% observed binary fraction). This has been taken as evidence for the in situ formation of cold classicals. Interestingly, a small fraction (∼10%) of cold classicals is less red with s < 17%, and these “blue” bodies are often found in wide binaries. Here we study the dynamical implantation of blue binaries from r < 42 au. We find that they can be implanted into the cold classical belt from a wide range of initial radial distances, but the survival of the widest blue binaries—2001 QW322 and 2003 UN284—implies formation at r > 30 au. This would be consistent with the hypothesized less-red to very-red transition at 30 < r < 40 au. For any reasonable choice of parameters (Neptune’s migration history, initial disk profile, etc.), however, our model predicts a predominance of blue singles, rather than blue binaries, which contradicts existing observations. We suggest that wide blue binaries formed in situ at r = 42–47 au and their color reflects early formation in a protoplanetary gas disk. The predominantly VR colors of cold classicals may be related to the production of methanol and other hydrocarbons during the late stages of the disk, when the temperature at 45 au dropped to ≃20 K and carbon monoxide was hydrogenated.

2

Bai, Zai-Qiao, and Yan Gu. "Chaotic dynamics in classicals-wave helium." Physical Review E 60, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 3866–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.60.3866.

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3

SOROMENHO, JORGE EDUARDO DE CASTRO. "Os novos-clássicos e a teoria dos ciclos de Hayek." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 18, no. 3 (September 1998): 405–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31571998-1315.

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Resumo Foi recentemente discutida a semelhança entre a teoria clássica do ciclo de negócios e os trabalhos de Hayek sobre flutuações econômicas. Neste artigo, objetivamos rejeitar a tese da similitude. Primeiramente, apresentamos a teoria da nova clássica com ênfase nas obras de Lucas e nos fundamentos da microeconomia. Depois disso, discutimos a dificuldade de caracterizar o pensamento de Hayek e apresentamos uma reconstrução desse projeto sobre a teoria dos ciclos. Pretendemos demonstrar que Hayek e as novas teorias clássicas têm concepções diferentes sobre o modus operandi das economias capitalistas.

4

Galbács, Péter. "Realism in economics: The new classical case." Acta Oeconomica 67, no. 2 (June 2017): 257–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2017.67.2.6.

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For the last few decades, considerable attention has been paid to the methodology of mainstream economics. It is not mere chance that economics is surrounded by methodological debates. If its relevance is at stake, this can be either refuted or proven most efficiently at a methodological level. Arguments for and against mainstream economics underline the methodological homogeneity of mainstream economics, while serious, though almost neglected, arguments can be found for a view according to which the long history of mainstream economics can be described as a sequence of methodological breaks. I argue, firstly, for a sharp demarcation by new classical macroeconomics from the Friedmanian instrumentalism and, secondly, for the realism of new classicals. I strive to identify the epistemological principles underlying Lucas’ models and to highlight the signs of that demarcation as well. I concentrate on the techniques by which new classicals could set their models into an indirect relationship with reality. It is also highlighted that the common terminology, according to which the assumptions of abstract economic models are uniformly regarded as “unrealistic”, actually refers to two different techniques. From these approaches, there is only one which can be justifiably labelled as realist.

5

Handke, G., M. Draeger, W. Ihra, and H. Friedrich. "Scattering and (e,2e) reactions in classicals-wave helium." Physical Review A 48, no. 5 (November 1, 1993): 3699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.48.3699.

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6

Thirouin, Audrey, and Scott S. Sheppard. "Rotational Study of 5:3 and 7:4 Resonant Objects within the Main Classical Trans-Neptunian Belt." Planetary Science Journal 5, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ad2933.

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Abstract The 5:3 and 7:4 mean motion resonances of Neptune are at 42.3 and 43.7 au, respectively, and overlap with objects in the classical trans-Neptunian belt (Kuiper Belt). We report the complete/partial lightcurves of 13 and 14 trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) in the 5:3 and 7:4 resonances, respectively. We report a most likely contact binary in the 7:4 resonance, 2013 FR28, with a periodicity of 13.97 ± 0.04 hr and a lightcurve amplitude of 0.94 ± 0.02 mag. With a V-/U-shaped lightcurve, 2013 FR28 has one of the largest well-sampled TNO amplitudes observed with ground-based observations, comparable to the well-determined contact binary 2001 QG298. 2013 FR28 has a mass ratio q ∼ 1 with a density ρ ∼ 1 g cm−3. We find several objects with large amplitudes and classify 2004 SC60, 2006 CJ69, and 2013 BN82 as likely contact binaries and 2001 QF331, 2003 YW179, and 2015 FP345 as likely elongated objects. We observe the 17:9 resonant or classical object 2003 SP317 that we classify as a likely contact binary. A lower estimate of 10%–50% and 20%–55% for the fraction of (nearly) equal-sized contact binaries is calculated in the 5:3 and 7:4 resonances, respectively. Surface colors of 2004 SC60, 2013 BN82, 2014 OL394, and 2015 FP345 have been obtained. Including these colors with ones from the literature reveals that elongated objects and contact binaries share the same ultrared surface color, except Manwë–Thorondor and 2004 SC60. Not only are the colors of the 7:4 and 5:3 TNOs similar to the cold classicals, but we demonstrate that the rotational properties of the 5:3 and 7:4 resonants are similar to those of the cold classicals, inferring a clear link between these subpopulations.

7

Dumènil, G., and D. Lèvy. "The classicals and the neoclassicals: a rejoinder to Frank Hahn." Cambridge Journal of Economics 9, no. 4 (December 1985): 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035585.

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8

Arnon, A. "Free and Not So Free Banking Theories among the Classicals; or, Classical Forerunners of Free Banking and Why They Have Been Neglected." History of Political Economy 31, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 79–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-31-1-79.

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9

Mool, Bhumika. "New Keynesian and New Classical Debate on Contemporary Macroceconomic Development: Review." Journal of Economics Students 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joess.v1i1.65689.

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This paper analyzes the extended debate between two schools of economic thought – Keynes and Classics with recently updated ideas noted as New Keynesianism (NK) and New Classicism (NC). Here, ideas on Keynesian and classical economics, their similarities, differences, successes, applicability and criticisms has been studied comparatively through descriptive analysis of previous articles from researchers and renowned economists since decades before. The paper suggests that the nomenclature issue between these macroeconomic developments is more than a terminological debate that points out what should be the current issue between Keynesians and Classicals. There are both similarities and differences within the schools of thoughts. The analysis shows the assumptions, criticisms and successes of two of these schools of economic thought viz. NC and NK and explains which of them is appropriate to be applied for assessing policy, monetarism and business cycle theory. Nevertheless, no matter how much they criticize and compete with one another or how many theories and explanations are added, their core remains the same while their applicability always differs in accordance to time and place.

10

Шедина, С. В. "On the issue of renovation of education in the light of post-non-classicals." Review of pedagogical research 6, no. 3 (May 7, 2024): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.58224/2687-0428-2024-6-3-216-219.

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в течение долгих веков воспитание считалось естественным процессом, не подлежащим специальному изучению. Однако со временем общественный опыт воспитания и обучения стал осмысливаться и оформляться в научное знание. В данной статье проведен анализ теории воспитания на раннем этапе формирования педагогических идей в контексте философских учений древнегреческих мудрецов, которые изучали формы общественного сознания, понятия о мире и месте в нем человека. Кроме того, выявлены потребности информационной эпохи постиндустриализации, которые определяют современные ориентиры образования и формируют новые подходы к организации и реализации процесса воспитания. for many centuries, education was considered a natural process not subject to special study. However, over time, the social experience of education and training began to be comprehended and formalized into scientific knowledge. This article analyzes the theory of education at the early stage of the formation of pedagogical ideas in the context of the philosophical teachings of the ancient Greek sages, who studied the forms of social consciousness, concepts about the world and the place of man in it. In addition, the needs of the information era of post-industrialization have been identified, which determine modern educational guidelines and form new approaches to the organization and implementation of the educational process.

11

Zamulin, O. "The Concept of Real Economic Cycles and Its Role in Evolution of Macroeconomics." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 20, 2005): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-1-144-153.

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The article discusses the contribution of the 2004 Nobel Prize winners in Economics, F. Kydland and E. Prescott, to business cycle theory. To place this contribution in historical perspective, development of macroeconomic science at large, beginning with 1930, is discussed, including the early Keynesian theories, rational expectations revolution, and the modern debate between New Keynesians and New Classicals. Special emphasis is then made on the differences between the modern general equilibrium theories proposed by Kydland and Prescott and the supporters of theories based on sticky prices and imperfect information. The article is concluded by a discussion of room for consensus between these two branches of macroeconomics.

12

Li, Zhuoqun, and Zihan Yan. "Research On Image Stylization Methods Based on Deep Network." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 38 (March 16, 2023): 1015–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v38i.5990.

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For the purpose of promoting the research of deep neural networks, image stylization has received extensive attention. Researchers have proposed a huge number of image stylization methods based on deep neural networks. In this paper, image stylization methods are divided into two categories: image stylization method based on reference and based on domain. A series of stylization methods. Several classicals methods are summarized, and the performance of the two categories of stylization methods on the common data sets of image stylization tasks are compared respectively, the developments of image stylization in video, human face and brushwork are proposed, the current progress of image stylization and the future research direction are mentioned. At the end of the article, the full text is summarized and summarized.

13

Groenewegen, Peter. "Donald E.Moggridge, ed., Perspectives on the history of economic thought (published for the History of Economics Society by Edward Elgar, Aldershot, 1990. Volume 3: Classicals, Marxians and neo-classicals. Pp. xii + 202. Index. £35.00; Volume 4: Keynes, m." Australian Economic History Review 34, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aehr.342br6.

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14

Yagi, Kiichiro. "Bertram Schefold Bertram Schefold: Great Economic Thinkers from the Classicals to the Moderns: Translations from the series Klassiker der Nationalökonomie." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 240, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2019-0018.

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15

Hyder, Kalim. "Crowding-out Hypothesis in a Vector Error Correction Framework: A Case Study of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 633–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.633-650.

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Under the umbrella of the IMF stabilisation programmes, Pakistan has pursued a policy of fiscal consolidation since 1988. A look at the budget deficit from 1988 onwards reveals that the policy has only been marginally successful. Even this fragile accomplishment of the Fund-based programme has been achieved at a much greater cost: the reduction in budget deficit has only been materialised because of the curtailment of development expenditure component of total fiscal outlays [Social Policy and Development Centre (2001)]. Economic theory suggests that development expenditure component of fiscal outlays, which also equals net investment by the public sector,1 has a significant relationship with both the rate of private investment and economic growth. If public investment increases, fewer funds will be available for private investment. Competition will thereby drive the interest rates up leading to lower level of private investment. Neo-classicals believe that this process will only result in a redistribution of gross national between the public and the private sector and the rate of economic growth will remain intact. On the other hand, Keynesians argue that the multiplier effect of higher public spending will be larger as compared to the induced negative effect of reduced private investment on the rate of economic activity and, therefore, gross national product will increase.

16

Oliveira, Marcelo Fernandes de, and Camilla Silva Geraldello. "A Construção da Paz Perpétua como Teoria Liberal da Política Internacional/The Building of Perpetual Peace as the Liberal Theory of International Politics." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 5, no. 3 (February 7, 2017): 696–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2016.v5n3.12.p696.

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Este artigo busca demonstrar como argumentos centrais da obra de autores clássicos da Política identificados com o pensamento liberal foram incorporados no início do século XX como base fundadora da teoria da Paz Perpétua na disciplina de Relações Internacionais. Desde então, uma gama de autores contribuiu na elaboração do modelo teórico liberal da Política Internacional. O liberalismo, no campo das ideias, foi derrotado pelo realismo nas discussões teóricas na origem da disciplina ao longo do século XX. Entretanto, retornou ao debate durante os anos 1970. O auge do pensamento político liberal na construção da chamada Paz Perpétua na disciplina de Relações Internacionais ocorreu no fim do século XX, a partir da teoria da interdependência. Contudo, no início do século XXI, a tese liberal caiu em descrédito, consolidando a possibilidade de renovação do debate teórico para além da dicotomia clássica Liberalismo X Realismo na Política Internacional.Palavras-chave: Clássicos da Política; Teoria Liberal da Paz Perpétua; e Política Internacional. Abstract: This article seeks to demonstrate how central arguments in the work of classic Politics authors identified with liberal thought were built in the early XX century as the founding basis of the theory of Perpetual Peace in the discipline of International Relations. Since then, a range of authors helped draft the liberal theoretical model of International Politics. Liberalism in the field of ideas, was defeated by realism in theoretical discussions at the origin of the discipline during the XX century. However, it returned to the debate during the 1970s. The heyday of liberal political thought in building called Perpetual Peace in the discipline of International Relations took place in the late twentieth century, from the theory of interdependence. However, at the beginning of the XXI century, the liberal theory fell into disrepute, consolidating the possibility of renewing the theoretical debate beyond the classical dichotomy Liberalism X Realism in International Politics.Keywords: Politics Classicals; Perpetual Peace Lliberal Theory; and International Politics.

17

Ahmad, Imtiaz, and Abdul Qayyum. "Dynamic Modeling of Private Investment in Agricultural Sector of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 4II (December 1, 2008): 517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i4iipp.517-530.

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Agriculture is the single largest sector of the economy of Pakistan, which has a large number of for warding and back warding linkages. This sector is contributing 21 percent to GDP and employing 44 percent of the workforce. Like other developing countries, poverty in Pakistan is a rural phenomenon; therefore, its development will be a principal vehicle for alleviating poverty. Recent global food crises again providing an opportunity for developing countries like Pakistan to give more serious attention to the development of agriculture. There is no doubt that development of agriculture depends on investment in this sector. Investment is a central issue in macroeconomic theory; it plays an important role in economic growth of a country as it raises the productive capacity of the economy and promotes technological progress through embodiment of new techniques. Investment spending is usually volatile because it depends on multiple factors, and is responsible for much of the fluctuations of GDP over the business cycle [Dornbush, et al. (1999)]. Therefore, it is very important to explore the determinants of investment. The Classicals (Smith, Ricardo, Say, Marshall, and others) maintained that free markets are the best route to national prosperity and economic growth, and there is no need of government intervention to activate and regulate the economy. Keynesians (1936), on the other hand, believed that there is need for government intervention to activate and regulate the saving and investment behaviour of the society.

18

Hiç, Özlen, and Ayşen Hiç Gencer. "The Role of Different Types of Expectations Reaching the Macroeconomic Equilibrium." Journal of Eurasian Economies 2, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/j02.1.0117.

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New Classicals have developed “Rational Expectations Hypothesis”. This means all economic agents are rational, optimizing and maximizing; they all have access to full information for the decisions they will take, and they will predict future prices correctly, hence make correct maximizing decisions. Friedman and Monetarists came up with “Adaptive Expectations Hypothesis” assuming that the workers, when there is an inflation will err in the first period and keep their wages the same; but in the next period they will realize the exact magnitude of the price rise and the fall in their real wage, hence will raise their wages correspondingly. Thus, the effects of monetary policy in reducing unemployment below natural rate of unemployment point will live only for one period; the economy will return to natural rate of unemployment and money supply increase will have only raised prices and wages; with the value of real parameters the same as one period ago. New Keynesians have also accepted Rational Expectations Hypothesis, which is obviously contrary to the Keynesian assumptions in this regard, namely, systematic under-estimation of future prices on the part of workers, as well as uncertainty and non-ergodicity. Post-Keynesians presented their assumptions in “Heterogeneous Expectations Hypothesis”. According to Post-Keynesians, entrepreneurs are in a better position than workers to obtain full information and estimate future prices correctly. The workers are less knowledgeable and generally end up under-estimating future prices.

19

Weaver, H. A., S. B. Porter, and J. R. Spencer. "High-resolution Search for Kuiper Belt Object Binaries from New Horizons." Planetary Science Journal 3, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ac4cb7.

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Abstract Using the New Horizons LOng Range Reconnaissance Imager camera, we searched for satellites near five Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs): four cold classicals (CCs: 2011 JY31, 2014 OS393, 2014 PN70, 2011 HZ102) and one scattered disk (SD) object (2011 HK103). These objects were observed at distances of 0.092–0.290 au from the New Horizons spacecraft, achieving spatial resolutions of 136–430 km (resolution ∼2 camera pixels), much higher than possible from any other facilities. Here we report that CC 2011 JY31 is a binary system with roughly equal brightness components, CC 2014 OS393 is likely an equal-brightness binary system, while the three other KBOs did not show any evidence of binarity. The JY31 binary has a semimajor axis of 198.6 ± 2.9 km, an orbital inclination of 61.°34 ± 1.°34, and an orbital period of 1.940 ± 0.002 days. The OS393 binary objects have an apparent separation of ∼150 km, making JY31 and OS393 the tightest KBO binary systems ever resolved. Both HK103 and HZ102 were detected with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) ≈ 10, and our observations rule out equal-brightness binaries with separations larger than ∼430 km and ∼260 km, respectively. The spatial resolution for PN70 was ∼200 km, but this object had a S/N ≈ 2.5–3, which limited our ability to probe its binarity. The binary frequency for the CC binaries probed in our small survey (67%, not including PN70) is consistent with the high binary frequency suggested by larger surveys of CCs and recent planetesimal formation models, but we extend the results to smaller orbit semimajor axes and smaller objects than previously possible.

20

Estudos Clássicos, Sociedade Brasileira de. "Guia de estilo da CLASSICA / CLASSICA's Styleguide." Classica - Revista Brasileira de Estudos Clássicos 19, no. 2 (December 2, 2006): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24277/classica.v19i2.127.

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A versão ?nal dos trabalhos aceitos para publicação deve ser encaminhada ao Editor em formato eletrônico, de acordo com as Instruções aos Autores e em estrita conformidade com as recomendações deste Guia de Estilo.

21

McDonald, M. "Classically Romantic: Classical Form and Meaning in Wagner's "Ring"." Opera Quarterly 18, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oq/18.4.602.

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22

Wen-Lei, Zhao, Jie Quan-Lin, and Zhou Bo. "Quantum to Classical Transition by a Classically Small Interaction." Communications in Theoretical Physics 54, no. 2 (August 2010): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/54/2/09.

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23

Turenko, Vitalii. "Classical reception studies: from philosophical texts to applied Classics." Filosofska dumka (Philosophical Thought) -, no. 2 (June 23, 2020): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fd2020.02.037.

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24

Zhao, Wen-Lei, and Quanlin Jie. "Quantum to classical transition induced by a classically small influence." Chinese Physics B 29, no. 8 (July 2020): 080302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ab8a3a.

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25

Vicedo, Benoît. "Deformed integrableσ-models, classicalR-matrices and classical exchange algebra on Drinfel’d doubles". Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 48, № 35 (12 серпня 2015): 355203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/48/35/355203.

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26

Liu, Guoding, Xingjian Zhang, and Xiongfeng Ma. "Classically Replaceable Operations." Quantum 6 (October 24, 2022): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-10-24-845.

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Quantum information science provides powerful technologies beyond the scope of classical physics. In practice, accurate control of quantum operations is a challenging task with current quantum devices. The implementation of high fidelity and multi-qubit quantum operations consumes massive resources and requires complicated hardware design to fight against noise. An approach to alleviating this problem is to replace quantum operations with classical processing. Despite the common practice of this approach, rigorous criteria to determine whether a given quantum operation is replaceable classically are still missing. In this work, we define the classically replaceable operations in four general scenarios. In each scenario, we provide their necessary and sufficient criteria and point out the corresponding classical processing. For a practically favorable case of unitary classically replaceable operations, we show that the replaced classical processing is deterministic. Beyond that, we regard the irreplaceability of quantum operations by classical processing as a quantum resource and relate it to the performance of a channel in a non-local game, as manifested in a robustness measure.

27

Van den Nest, Maarten. "Simulating quantum computers with probabilistic methods." Quantum Information and Computation 11, no. 9&10 (September 2011): 784–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic11.9-10-5.

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We investigate the boundary between classical and quantum computational power. This work consists of two parts. First we develop new classical simulation algorithms that are centered on sampling methods. Using these techniques we generate new classes of classically simulatable quantum circuits where standard techniques relying on the exact computation of measurement probabilities fail to provide efficient simulations. For example, we show how various concatenations of matchgate, Toffoli, Clifford, bounded-depth, Fourier transform and other circuits are classically simulatable. We also prove that sparse quantum circuits as well as circuits composed of CNOT and $\exp[{i\theta X}]$ gates can be simulated classically. In a second part, we apply our results to the simulation of quantum algorithms. It is shown that a recent quantum algorithm, concerned with the estimation of Potts model partition functions, can be simulated efficiently classically. Finally, we show that the exponential speed-ups of Simon's and Shor's algorithms crucially depend on the very last stage in these algorithms, dealing with the classical postprocessing of the measurement outcomes. Specifically, we prove that both algorithms would be classically simulatable if the function classically computed in this step had a sufficiently peaked Fourier spectrum.

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Suzuki, Ryotaro, Kosuke Mitarai, and Keisuke Fujii. "Computational power of one- and two-dimensional dual-unitary quantum circuits." Quantum 6 (January 24, 2022): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-01-24-631.

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Quantum circuits that are classically simulatable tell us when quantum computation becomes less powerful than or equivalent to classical computation. Such classically simulatable circuits are of importance because they illustrate what makes universal quantum computation different from classical computers. In this work, we propose a novel family of classically simulatable circuits by making use of dual-unitary quantum circuits (DUQCs), which have been recently investigated as exactly solvable models of non-equilibrium physics, and we characterize their computational power. Specifically, we investigate the computational complexity of the problem of calculating local expectation values and the sampling problem of one-dimensional DUQCs, and we generalize them to two spatial dimensions. We reveal that a local expectation value of a DUQC is classically simulatable at an early time, which is linear in a system length. In contrast, in a late time, they can perform universal quantum computation, and the problem becomes a BQP-complete problem. Moreover, classical simulation of sampling from a DUQC turns out to be hard.

29

Dr.K.SELVAKUMAR, Dr K. SELVAKUMAR. "Classical to Contemporary Management." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2014/238.

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30

Koh, Dax E. "Further extensions of Clifford circuits and their classical simulation complexities." Quantum Information and Computation 17, no. 3&4 (March 2017): 262–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic17.3-4-5.

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Extended Clifford circuits straddle the boundary between classical and quantum computational power. Whether such circuits are efficiently classically simulable seems to depend delicately on the ingredients of the circuits. While some combinations of ingredients lead to efficiently classically simulable circuits, other combinations, which might just be slightly different, lead to circuits which are likely not. We extend the results of Jozsa and Van den Nest [Quant. Info. Comput. 14, 633 (2014)] by studying two further extensions of Clifford circuits. First, we consider how the classical simulation complexity changes when we allow for more general measurements. Second, we investigate different notions of what it means to ‘classically simulate’ a quantum circuit. These further extensions give us 24 new combinations of ingredients compared to Jozsa and Van den Nest, and we give a complete classification of their classical simulation complexities. Our results provide more examples where seemingly modest changes to the ingredients of Clifford circuits lead to “large” changes in the classical simulation complexities of the circuits, and also include new examples of extended Clifford circuits that exhibit “quantum supremacy”, in the sense that it is not possible to efficiently classically sample from the output distributions of such circuits, unless the polynomial hierarchy collapses.

31

Fuchs, Barbara. "Diversifying the Classics: Adapting Hispanic Classical Theater to Contemporary Los Angeles." Comedia Performance 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/comeperf.14.1.0129.

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32

Umachandran, Mathura. "Review of Vasunia, P. 2013. Classics and Colonial India: Classical Presences." Acta Classica 57 (2014): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15731/aclass.057.20.

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33

Powell, Evelyn Constance. "Classics in non‐classical physics that everyone can understand—A bibliography." Physics Teacher 33, no. 3 (March 1995): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2344177.

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34

Takahashi, Yasuhiro, Seiichiro Tani, Takeshi Yamazaki, and Kazuyuki Tanaka. "Commuting quantum circuits with few outputs are unlikely to be classically simulatable." Quantum Information and Computation 16, no. 3&4 (March 2016): 251–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic16.3-4-4.

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We study the classical simulatability of commuting quantum circuits with n input qubits and O(log n) output qubits, where a quantum circuit is classically simulatable if its output probability distribution can be sampled up to an exponentially small additive error in classical polynomial time. Our main result is that there exists a commuting quantum circuit that is not classically simulatable unless the polynomial hierarchy collapses to the third level. This is the first formal evidence that a commuting quantum circuit is not classically simulatable even when the number of output qubits is O(log n). Then, we consider a generalized version of the circuit and clarify the condition under which it is classically simulatable. Lastly, using a proof similar to that of the main result, we provide an evidence that a slightly extended Clifford circuit is not classically simulatable.

35

Upton, Candace. "Virtue Ethics, Character, and Normative Receptivity." Journal of Moral Philosophy 5, no. 1 (2008): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174552408x306735.

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AbstractClassically-conceived accounts of character posit traits that are both dynamic and global. Dynamic traits produce behavior, and global traits produce behavior across the full range of situation kinds relevant to a particular trait. If you are classically just, for example, you would behave justly across the full range of situation kinds relevant to justice. But classical traits are too crude to fulfill trait attributions' intrinsically normative purpose, which is to reflect the moral merit agents deserve. I defend an extra-classical account of character traits that endorses flexible traits that might issue in behavior across any narrow or broad range of situation kinds, and static traits that might issue in no behavior at all. Extra-classical traits are more subtle and sensitive, and so are normatively receptive to the credit that psychologically-complicated agents merit. Further, extra-classical traits can fulfill all the unproblematic roles of classical traits. Extra-classicism is, hence, a significant and substantial improvement upon classically conceived character traits and traditional virtue ethics.

36

Pohonchenkova, Olena. "Reception studies: a new Classics? On Greek and Roman Classics in the British Struggle for Social Reform (Ed. Edith Hall, Henry Stead: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015)." Sententiae 36, no. 2 (December 16, 2017): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22240/sent36.02.133.

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37

Jozsa, Richard, and Marrten Van den Nest. "Classical simulation complexity of extended Clifford circuits." Quantum Information and Computation 14, no. 7&8 (May 2014): 633–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic14.7-8-7.

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Clifford gates are a winsome class of quantum operations combining mathematical elegance with physical significance. The Gottesman-Knill theorem asserts that Clifford computations can be classically efficiently simulated but this is true only in a suitably restricted setting. Here we consider Clifford computations with a variety of additional ingredients: (a) strong vs. weak simulation, (b) inputs being computational basis states vs. general product states, (c) adaptive vs. non-adaptive choices of gates for circuits involving intermediate measurements, (d) single line outputs vs. multi-line outputs. We consider the classical simulation complexity of all combinations of these ingredients and show that many are not classically efficiently simulatable (subject to common complexity assumptions such as P not equal to NP). Our results reveal a surprising proximity of classical to quantum computing power viz. a class of classically simulatable quantum circuits which yields universal quantum computation if extended by a purely classical additional ingredient that does not extend the class of quantum processes occurring.

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Love, Peter. "On Quantum Extensions of Hydrodynamic Lattice Gas Automata." Condensed Matter 4, no. 2 (May 11, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat4020048.

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We consider quantum extensions of classical hydrodynamic lattice gas models. We find that the existence of local conserved quantities strongly constrains such extensions. We find the only extensions that retain local conserved quantities correspond to changing the local encoding of a subset of the bits. These models maintain separability of the state throughout the evolution and are thus efficiently classically simulable. We then consider evolution of these models in the case where any of the bits can be encoded and measured in one of two local bases. In the case that either encoding is allowed, the models are efficiently classically simulable. In the case that both encoding and measurement is allowed in either basis, we argue that efficient classical simulation is unlikely. In particular, for classical models that are computationally universal such quantum extensions can encode Simon’s algorithm, thus presenting an obstacle to efficient classical simulation.

39

Dombrovskyi, Markiyan. "Класична філологія і літературознавство". Pitannâ lìteraturoznavstva 91 (28 листопада 2015): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/pytlit2015.91.069.

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40

Darefsheh, Mohammadreza, and Hadiseh Saydi. "Classical groups as Frobenius complement." Algebra and Discrete Mathematics 35, no. 1 (2023): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/adm1929.

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The Frobenius group G belongs to an important class of groups that more than 100 years ago was defined by F. G. Frobenius who proved that G is a semi-direct product of a normal subgroup K of G called kernel by another non-trivial subgroup H called the complement. In this case we show that a few of the classical finite groups can be Frobenius complement.

41

Thiesse, Anne-Marie, Helene Mathieu, and Lauren Doyle-McCombs. "The Decline of the Classical Age and the Birth of the Classics." Yale French Studies, no. 75 (1988): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2930315.

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42

Stray, Christopher. ""Thucydides or Grote?" Classical Disputes and Disputed Classics in Nineteenth-Century Cambridge." Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-) 127 (1997): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/284399.

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43

Lowry, S. T. "Adam Smith and the Classics: The Classical Heritage in Adam Smith's Thought." History of Political Economy 35, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 788–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-35-4-788.

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44

Pfaff, Matthew. "Metatexts: classical reception without the classics in the poetics of Charles Bernstein." Classical Receptions Journal 7, no. 3 (October 24, 2014): 333–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/crj/clu016.

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45

Jenkins, Thomas E. "Classics in Extremis: The Edges of Classical Reception ed. by Edmund Richardson." Classical World 112, no. 4 (2019): 378–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/clw.2019.0057.

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46

Basheer, Afrad, Yuan Feng, Christopher Ferrie, and Sanjiang Li. "Alternating Layered Variational Quantum Circuits Can Be Classically Optimized Efficiently Using Classical Shadows." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 6 (June 26, 2023): 6770–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i6.25830.

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Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are the quantum analog of classical neural networks (NNs). A VQA consists of a parameterized quantum circuit (PQC) which is composed of multiple layers of ansatzes (simpler PQCs, which are an analogy of NN layers) that differ only in selections of parameters. Previous work has identified the alternating layered ansatz as potentially a new standard ansatz in near-term quantum computing. Indeed, shallow alternating layered VQAs are easy to implement and have been shown to be both trainable and expressive. In this work, we introduce a training algorithm with an exponential reduction in training cost of such VQAs. Moreover, our algorithm uses classical shadows of quantum input data, and can hence be run on a classical computer with rigorous performance guarantees. We demonstrate 2-3 orders of magnitude improvement in the training cost using our algorithm for the example problems of finding state preparation circuits and the quantum autoencoder.

47

Bremner, Michael J., Richard Jozsa, and Dan J. Shepherd. "Classical simulation of commuting quantum computations implies collapse of the polynomial hierarchy." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 467, no. 2126 (August 11, 2010): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2010.0301.

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We consider quantum computations comprising only commuting gates, known as IQP computations, and provide compelling evidence that the task of sampling their output probability distributions is unlikely to be achievable by any efficient classical means. More specifically, we introduce the class post-IQP of languages decided with bounded error by uniform families of IQP circuits with post-selection, and prove first that post-IQP equals the classical class PP. Using this result we show that if the output distributions of uniform IQP circuit families could be classically efficiently sampled, either exactly in total variation distance or even approximately up to 41 per cent multiplicative error in the probabilities, then the infinite tower of classical complexity classes known as the polynomial hierarchy would collapse to its third level. We mention some further results on the classical simulation properties of IQP circuit families, in particular showing that if the output distribution results from measurements on only lines then it may, in fact, be classically efficiently sampled.

48

Goyette. "Found in Translation: Engendering Inclusive and Conscientious Pronoun Pedagogy in Ancient Greek and Latin Language Classrooms." Classical Journal 116, no. 3 (2021): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.5184/classicalj.116.3.0355.

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49

Phillips. "Invisibility, Belief and Narrative." Classical Journal 116, no. 3 (2021): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5184/classicalj.116.3.0306.

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50

Bruzzone. "Inheriting War in Thucydides." Classical Journal 116, no. 3 (2021): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.5184/classicalj.116.3.0284.

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