Дисертації з теми "Claspers"

Thesis (M.A. in English)--S.M.U.
Title from PDF title page (viewed July 17, 2007). Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 44-03, page: 1150. Adviser: Marshall Terry. Includes bibliographical references.

Ce mémoire explore la topologie de basse dimension, en mettant l'accent sur la théorie des nœuds. Une théorie consacrée à l'étude des nœuds tels qu'ils sont communément compris : des morceaux de ficelle enroulés dans l'espace ou, de manière plus générale, des entrelacs formés en prenant plusieurs bouts de ficelle. Les nœuds et les entrelacs sont étudiés à déformation près, par exemple, à isotopie près, ce qui implique des manipulations sans couper ni faire passer la ficelle à travers elle-même. Cette thèse explore la link-homotopie, une relation d'équivalence plus souple où des composantes distinctes demeurent séparées, mais où une composante donnée peut s'auto-intersecter. La théorie des claspers, des puissants outils de chirurgie, est développée à link-homotopie près. Leur utilisation permet une démonstration géométrique de la classification des entrelacs avec 4 composantes ou moins à link-homotopie près. Une attention particulière est ensuite accordée aux tresses, des objets mathématiques apparentés aux nœuds et aux entrelacs. Il est montré que le groupe de tresses homotopiques est linéaire, c'est-à-dire isomorphe à un sous-groupe de matrices. De nouvelles présentations de ce groupe sont également proposées. Enfin, il est établi que le groupe de tresse homotopique est sans torsion, quel que soit le nombre de composantes. Ce dernier résultat s'appuie sur le contexte plus large de la théorie des nœuds soudés
This thesis explores low-dimensional topology, with a focus on knot theory. Knot theory is dedicated to the study of knots as commonly understood: a piece of string tied in space or, more generally, links formed by taking several pieces of string. Knots and links are studied up to deformation, for example, up to isotopy, which involves manipulations that do not require cutting or passing the string through itself. This thesis explores link-homotopy, a more flexible equivalence relation where distinct components remain disjoint, but a single component can self-intersect. The theory of claspers, powerful tools of surgery, is developed up to link-homotopy. Their use allows for a geometric proof of the classification of links with 4 components or less up to link-homotopy. Special attention is then given to braids, mathematical objects related to knots and links. It is shown that the homotopy braid group is linear, meaning it is faithfully represented by a subgroup of matrices. New group presentations are also proposed. Finally, it is established that the homotopy braid group is torsion-free for any number of components. This last result draws upon the broader context of welded knot theory

Mestrado em Medicina e Oncologia Molecular
Master Degree Course in Molecular and Oncology Medicine
CLASPs são proteínas altamente conservadas que participam na segregação dos cromossomas através do seu papel fundamental na interface cinetocoro-microtúbulo durante a mitose. Em levedura, Drosophila, e Xenopus, um único ortólogo da CLASP está presente, o qual é necessário para a formação do fuso mitótico através da regulação da dinâmica dos microtúbulos a nível do cinetocoro. Em mamíferos, no entanto, somente a CLASP1 tem sido implicada na divisão celular, apesar da existência de um segundo parólogo, CLASP2. Neste estudo descrevemos a localização mitótica da CLASP2 humana em células HeLa e mostramos que a sua localização nos cinetocoros, centrossomas, e fuso durante toda a mitose é notavelmente semelhante à CLASP1. A análise de fibroblastos embrionários de ratinho KO para a Clasp2 revelou que a localização da CLASP1 no cinetocoro e a resposta do checkpoint da Mad2 não estão comprometidos pela ausência de CLASP2. Para melhor compreender as funções das CLASPs em mitose, nomeadamente para determinar potenciais funções redundantes, nós realizamos a depleção de cada CLASP por RNAi. Notavelmente, a depleção isolada de cada CLASP não induziu qualquer erro significativo na mitose; a redução dos níveis de ambas as CLASPs por RNAi causou severos defeitos mitóticos a nível do fuso (principalmente células com fusos multipolares), e conteúdo anormal de DNA (aneuploidia). No geral, estes resultados sugerem que CLASP1 e CLASP2 possuem papéis sobreponíveis durante a mitose. A fim de compreender os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes à função das CLASPs humanas durante a mitose, nós realizamos um estudo proteómico para a identificação das proteínas interactoras da CLASP1 durante a mitose através de espectrometria de massa. Os nossos resultados confirmaram as interações entre CLASP1 - CLIP-170 e LL5ß, ambos descritas em interfase. Além disso, novas interacções foram encontradas como CENP-E, Astrin, GCC185, CENP-J/CPAP, MARK2 e a nova proteína KIAA0802. Em células interfásicas, as CLASPs acumulam-se no aparelho de Golgi e esta acumulação está relacionada com a presença de microtúbulos estabilizados. No entanto, há pouca informação a respeito da função de Golgi durante a mitose. A análise da distribuição mitótica da GCC185 mostrou que em estadios precoces a GCC185 localiza-se em torno dos centrossomas, e dispersa-se em metafase e anafase. Em telofase, a GCC185 relocaliza-se na região perinuclear e nos centrossomas. De notar que nós encontramos um co-localização extensiva entre a GCC185 e a CLASP1 (especialmente em profase, prometafase e telofase). A interacção entre a GCC185 e a CLASP1 foi também confirmada em extractos celulares interfásicos. Finalmente, muitas +TIPs como o APC, CLIP-170/Restin e EB1 têm sido implicadas em processos de aneuploidia e tumorigénese, formando uma complexa rede proteica com as CLASPs. Para determinar as implicações da CLASP1 nos mecanismos de tumorigénese, realizamos uma pesquisa mutacional numa linha celular humana derivada do carcinoma do cérvix (células HeLa). Na nossa análise mutacional encontramos três deleções: duas correspondem a isoformas da CLASP1 resultantes de splicing alternativo (737 1538 e 1125 1164), e a terceira deriva da perda parcial do exão 21 (673 679). Estas mutações podem estar relacionadas à instabilidade dos cromossomas que conduz a mutações aleatórias, ou podem reflectir que o gene CLASP1 é um alvo principal para mutações. Estes resultados incentivam a um exame maior para mutações da CLASP noutras linhas celulares tumorais e tumores primários. No geral, nós encontramos que a CLASP1 e CLASP2 possuem papéis redundantes durante a mitose, cuja ausência pode originar diversos defeitos mitóticos, conduzindo em último efeito à aneuploidia. Adicionalmente, descobrimos novas interacções moleculares com importantes proteínas mitóticas e fornecemos a ligação molecular entre a função da CLASP e o papel desconhecido do aparelho de Golgi durante a mitose.
CLASPs are well-conserved microtubule plus-end-tracking proteins that participate in chromosome segregation through their key role at the kinetochore-microtubule interface. In yeast, Drosophila, and Xenopus, a single CLASP orthologue is present, which is required for mitotic spindle assembly by regulating microtubule dynamics at the kinetochore. In mammals, however, only CLASP1 has been directly implicated in cell division, despite the existence of a second paralogue, CLASP2. Here we describe the mitotic localization of human CLASP2 in HeLa cells and show that its localization at kinetochores, centrosomes, and spindle throughout mitosis is remarkably similar to CLASP1. Analysis of Clasp2 KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts revealed that CLASP1 kinetochore localization and Mad2 checkpoint response is not compromised in the absence of CLASP2. To further understand CLASP roles in mitosis, namely to rule out potential redundant functions, we performed single CLASP depletion by RNAi. Remarkably, single CLASP depletion caused no significant impairment of mitosis, while reducing the levels of both CLASPs by RNAi caused severe mitotic spindle defects (mainly cells with multipolar spindles), and abnormal DNA content (aneuploidy). Overall, these results suggest that CLASP1 and CLASP2 play overlapping roles during mitosis. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of human CLASPs during mitosis, next we performed a proteomic study for the identification of CLASP1 interacting proteins during mitosis by mass-spectrometry. Our results confirmed the interactions between CLASP1 CLIP-170 and LL5ß, both described in interphase. Moreover, new interactors were found such as CENP-E, Astrin, GCC185, CENP-J/CPAP, MARK2 and the novel protein KIAA0802. In interphase cells, CLASPs accumulate at the Golgi apparatus and this accumulation is related to the presence of stabilized microtubules. However, there is little information concerning Golgi function during mitosis. Analysis of GCC185 mitotic distribution showed that in early stages GCC185 localizes around centrosomes, and disperses in metaphase and anaphase. In telophase, GCC185 re-localizes to the perinuclear region and centrosomes. Noteworthy, we found an extensive co-localization between GCC185 and CLASP1 (especially in prophase, prometaphase and telophase). The interaction between GCC185 and CLASP1 was also confirmed in interphase cell extracts. Finally, many +TIPs like APC, CLIP-170/Restin and EB1 have previously been implicated in aneuploidy and tumourigenesis, forming a complex protein network with CLASPs. To determine the implications of CLASP1 for the mechanisms of tumourigenesis, we performed a mutational screening in a human cell line derived from cervix carcinoma (HeLa cells). In our mutational analysis we found three deletions: two of them correspond to CLASP1 alternative spliced isoforms (737 1538 and 1125 1164), and the third derives from the partial loss of exon 21 (673 679). These mutations could be related to chromosomal instability leading to random mutations, or may reflect that CLASP1 gene is a main target for mutations. These results encourage a larger survey for CLASP mutations in other tumour cell lines and primary tumours. Overall, we found that CLASP1 and CLASP2 play redundant roles during mitosis, whose absence can originate several mitotic defects, and ultimately lead to aneuploidy. Additionally, we uncovered new molecular interactions with important and novel mitotic proteins and provided the molecular linkage between CLASP function and the still mysterious role of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis.

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, February, 2021
Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 217-232).
In this thesis, we cover four research topics in the realm of the mechanics of slender structures involving strong geometric constraints: elastic gridshells, triaxial weaves, elastic clasps, and elastic knots. These studies involve a combination of geometric reasoning, high-fidelity numerical simulations, and precision model experiments using scale-invariance and advanced imaging techniques (e.g., 3D laser scanning, and X-ray computed tomography). First, we study the shape and the mechanical response of elastic gridshells, the three-dimensional structure of which results from the out-of-plane buckling of an initially flat and biaxial network of rods. A purely geometric continuum model, originally introduced by Chebyshev for woven fabric, is used to describe the underlying kinematics and form-finding. The results suggest that rod inextensibility, rather than elasticity, is the primary factor that determines the shape of elastic gridshells.
Second, we investigate triaxial weaving, a craft technique used to generate surfaces using tri-directional arrays of initially straight elastic ribbons. Traditional weavers intentionally introduce discrete topological defects, leading to unsmooth surfaces in the overall structure. As an alternative point of departure, we achieve smooth, threedimensional weaved structures by prescribing in-plane curvatures to the flat ribbons. We demonstrate that a continuous range of integrated Gaussian curvatures can be achieved, which is not feasible using straight ribbons. The potential of this novel design scheme is demonstrated with a few canonical target shapes.
Third, we investigate the mechanics of two elastic rods in a crossing contact, whose geometric counterpart is often referred to in the mathematics community as a 'clasp.' We compare our experimental and computational results to a well-established description for ideal clasps of geometrically rigid strings, finding that the latter acts as an underlying 'backbone' for the full elasticity solution. Our findings suggest that the tight contact between rods must be analyzed as a three-dimensional solid, not a one-dimensional rod. We also study a frictional elastic clasp with relative motion between the two rods. Finally, we present preliminary results on the full three-dimensional finite element method simulations of tight elastic knots, as a continuing discussion of tight contact between filaments. Our numerical results reveal significant deviations for the tight knots from existing one-dimensional models for loose overhand knots.
Our findings corroborate the three-dimensional nature of the tight contact that we demonstrated during the investigation of the elastic clasp.
by Changyeob Baek.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mestrado em Medicina e Oncologia Molecular
Master Degree Course in Molecular and Oncology Medicine
CLASPs são proteínas altamente conservadas que participam na segregação dos cromossomas através do seu papel fundamental na interface cinetocoro-microtúbulo durante a mitose. Em levedura, Drosophila, e Xenopus, um único ortólogo da CLASP está presente, o qual é necessário para a formação do fuso mitótico através da regulação da dinâmica dos microtúbulos a nível do cinetocoro. Em mamíferos, no entanto, somente a CLASP1 tem sido implicada na divisão celular, apesar da existência de um segundo parólogo, CLASP2. Neste estudo descrevemos a localização mitótica da CLASP2 humana em células HeLa e mostramos que a sua localização nos cinetocoros, centrossomas, e fuso durante toda a mitose é notavelmente semelhante à CLASP1. A análise de fibroblastos embrionários de ratinho KO para a Clasp2 revelou que a localização da CLASP1 no cinetocoro e a resposta do checkpoint da Mad2 não estão comprometidos pela ausência de CLASP2. Para melhor compreender as funções das CLASPs em mitose, nomeadamente para determinar potenciais funções redundantes, nós realizamos a depleção de cada CLASP por RNAi. Notavelmente, a depleção isolada de cada CLASP não induziu qualquer erro significativo na mitose; a redução dos níveis de ambas as CLASPs por RNAi causou severos defeitos mitóticos a nível do fuso (principalmente células com fusos multipolares), e conteúdo anormal de DNA (aneuploidia). No geral, estes resultados sugerem que CLASP1 e CLASP2 possuem papéis sobreponíveis durante a mitose. A fim de compreender os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes à função das CLASPs humanas durante a mitose, nós realizamos um estudo proteómico para a identificação das proteínas interactoras da CLASP1 durante a mitose através de espectrometria de massa. Os nossos resultados confirmaram as interações entre CLASP1 - CLIP-170 e LL5ß, ambos descritas em interfase. Além disso, novas interacções foram encontradas como CENP-E, Astrin, GCC185, CENP-J/CPAP, MARK2 e a nova proteína KIAA0802. Em células interfásicas, as CLASPs acumulam-se no aparelho de Golgi e esta acumulação está relacionada com a presença de microtúbulos estabilizados. No entanto, há pouca informação a respeito da função de Golgi durante a mitose. A análise da distribuição mitótica da GCC185 mostrou que em estadios precoces a GCC185 localiza-se em torno dos centrossomas, e dispersa-se em metafase e anafase. Em telofase, a GCC185 relocaliza-se na região perinuclear e nos centrossomas. De notar que nós encontramos um co-localização extensiva entre a GCC185 e a CLASP1 (especialmente em profase, prometafase e telofase). A interacção entre a GCC185 e a CLASP1 foi também confirmada em extractos celulares interfásicos. Finalmente, muitas +TIPs como o APC, CLIP-170/Restin e EB1 têm sido implicadas em processos de aneuploidia e tumorigénese, formando uma complexa rede proteica com as CLASPs. Para determinar as implicações da CLASP1 nos mecanismos de tumorigénese, realizamos uma pesquisa mutacional numa linha celular humana derivada do carcinoma do cérvix (células HeLa). Na nossa análise mutacional encontramos três deleções: duas correspondem a isoformas da CLASP1 resultantes de splicing alternativo (737 1538 e 1125 1164), e a terceira deriva da perda parcial do exão 21 (673 679). Estas mutações podem estar relacionadas à instabilidade dos cromossomas que conduz a mutações aleatórias, ou podem reflectir que o gene CLASP1 é um alvo principal para mutações. Estes resultados incentivam a um exame maior para mutações da CLASP noutras linhas celulares tumorais e tumores primários. No geral, nós encontramos que a CLASP1 e CLASP2 possuem papéis redundantes durante a mitose, cuja ausência pode originar diversos defeitos mitóticos, conduzindo em último efeito à aneuploidia. Adicionalmente, descobrimos novas interacções moleculares com importantes proteínas mitóticas e fornecemos a ligação molecular entre a função da CLASP e o papel desconhecido do aparelho de Golgi durante a mitose.
CLASPs are well-conserved microtubule plus-end-tracking proteins that participate in chromosome segregation through their key role at the kinetochore-microtubule interface. In yeast, Drosophila, and Xenopus, a single CLASP orthologue is present, which is required for mitotic spindle assembly by regulating microtubule dynamics at the kinetochore. In mammals, however, only CLASP1 has been directly implicated in cell division, despite the existence of a second paralogue, CLASP2. Here we describe the mitotic localization of human CLASP2 in HeLa cells and show that its localization at kinetochores, centrosomes, and spindle throughout mitosis is remarkably similar to CLASP1. Analysis of Clasp2 KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts revealed that CLASP1 kinetochore localization and Mad2 checkpoint response is not compromised in the absence of CLASP2. To further understand CLASP roles in mitosis, namely to rule out potential redundant functions, we performed single CLASP depletion by RNAi. Remarkably, single CLASP depletion caused no significant impairment of mitosis, while reducing the levels of both CLASPs by RNAi caused severe mitotic spindle defects (mainly cells with multipolar spindles), and abnormal DNA content (aneuploidy). Overall, these results suggest that CLASP1 and CLASP2 play overlapping roles during mitosis. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of human CLASPs during mitosis, next we performed a proteomic study for the identification of CLASP1 interacting proteins during mitosis by mass-spectrometry. Our results confirmed the interactions between CLASP1 CLIP-170 and LL5ß, both described in interphase. Moreover, new interactors were found such as CENP-E, Astrin, GCC185, CENP-J/CPAP, MARK2 and the novel protein KIAA0802. In interphase cells, CLASPs accumulate at the Golgi apparatus and this accumulation is related to the presence of stabilized microtubules. However, there is little information concerning Golgi function during mitosis. Analysis of GCC185 mitotic distribution showed that in early stages GCC185 localizes around centrosomes, and disperses in metaphase and anaphase. In telophase, GCC185 re-localizes to the perinuclear region and centrosomes. Noteworthy, we found an extensive co-localization between GCC185 and CLASP1 (especially in prophase, prometaphase and telophase). The interaction between GCC185 and CLASP1 was also confirmed in interphase cell extracts. Finally, many +TIPs like APC, CLIP-170/Restin and EB1 have previously been implicated in aneuploidy and tumourigenesis, forming a complex protein network with CLASPs. To determine the implications of CLASP1 for the mechanisms of tumourigenesis, we performed a mutational screening in a human cell line derived from cervix carcinoma (HeLa cells). In our mutational analysis we found three deletions: two of them correspond to CLASP1 alternative spliced isoforms (737 1538 and 1125 1164), and the third derives from the partial loss of exon 21 (673 679). These mutations could be related to chromosomal instability leading to random mutations, or may reflect that CLASP1 gene is a main target for mutations. These results encourage a larger survey for CLASP mutations in other tumour cell lines and primary tumours. Overall, we found that CLASP1 and CLASP2 play redundant roles during mitosis, whose absence can originate several mitotic defects, and ultimately lead to aneuploidy. Additionally, we uncovered new molecular interactions with important and novel mitotic proteins and provided the molecular linkage between CLASP function and the still mysterious role of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis.

Foram realizados testes de inserção e remoção de grampos a barra em “I”, fundidos com liga de Cobalto-Cromo (CoCr) e com Titânio comercialmente puro (Ti). Foi utilizada uma máquina oscilante de teste para verificar o comportamento elástico destes grampos que atuaram sobre superfícies metálicas com graus de retenção de 0,25mm e 0,50mm. Dez grampos de CoCr e dez de Ti foram submetidos a 12.500 ciclos de teste (cada) sobre as superfícies metálicas. A ocorrência da deformação permanente dos grampos foi mensurada por meio de relógios comparadores colocados sobre as pontas dos retentores, sendo que a leitura destes relógios ocorreu a cada 500 ciclos. Os resultados desta pesquisa in vitro indicaram que, após os 12.500 ciclos, não foram observadas fraturas nos grampos. E ainda que os grampos feitos em liga de CoCr sofreram menores deformações permanentes do que os de Ti para ambas as retenções.
Insertion and removal trials of “I” bar clasps cast with cobalt-chromium alloy and commercially pure Titanium were carried out. An oscillating trial machine was utilized to verify the elastic behavior of these clasps, which acted on metallic surfaces with 0.25mm and 0.50mm degrees of retention. Ten CoCr clasps and ten Ti clasps were submitted to 12,500 trial cycles (each) on the metallic surfaces. The permanent deformation of the clasps was measured b y comparative gauges placed on the tips of the clasps, and the reading of the gauges was carried out every 500 cycles. The results of this in vitro research showed that after the 12,500 cycles clasp fractures were not observed and that clasps made with CoCr alloy suffered less permanent deformation than Ti ones for both degrees of retention.

La théorie d'invariants de type fini des 3-variétés et leurs entrelacs de Goussarov-Habiro repose sur le calcul de claspers, un ensemble d'outils de calcul topologique. Dans cette thèse, on calcule explicitement les invariants en bas degré pour certaines classes d'objets, par une méthode dite graphique. Nous étudions ainsi les cylindres d'homologie sur une surface à 0 ou 1 composante de bord et les string-links framés des boules d'homologie. Leurs invariants de degré 1 sont caractérisés en termes d'invariants classiques, et une correspondance est établie entre les deux cas. On regarde aussi les invariants de Vassiliev des string-links, du point de vue des claspers. Le calcul des invariants de degré 2 implique la construction d'un certain invariant des string-links à 2 cordes. Le lien entre invariants de Vassiliev et de Goussarov-Habiro est étudié pour les string-links.

Ao longo da última década, vários trabalhos têm destacado as vantagens do titânio e suas ligas e estudado a possibilidade de utilização para a confecção de estruturas metálicas de prótese parcial removível. Apesar das vantagens, o processo de fundição ainda apresenta problemas, limitando o uso do titânio. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de dois métodos de fundição, sobre microestrutura, microdureza, porosidade e força de retenção de grampos de PPR, fundidos em Co-Cr (controle) e titânio comercialmente puro (Ti cp). Foram utilizados os seguintes métodos: 1- arco voltaico (plasma) sob vácuo e pressão de argônio, com injeção do metal fundido por vácuo-pressão, e 2- indução sob vácuo e atmosfera de argônio, com injeção do metal fundido por centrifugação. Para análise da força de retenção foram confeccionadas estruturas metálicas com grampos circunferenciais sob retenção de 0,25; 0,50 e 0,75 mm, submetidas a ciclos de inserção/remoção simulando o uso por um período de 5 anos. Previamente ao ensaio de simulação, os corpos-de-prova foram radiografados em unidade laboratorial de raios X. Para o ensaio de microdureza Vickers e microestrutura foram confeccionados discos, com 5 mm de diâmetro e 2 mm de espessura, polidos metalograficamente. Os resultados mostraram que os métodos de fundição interferem nas características dos materiais estudados. As peças em titânio cp fundidas por plasma/vácuo-pressão apresentaram maior número de porosidades (50%) do que as fundidas por indução/centrifugação (16,66%). Para as peças fundidas em liga de Co-Cr, segundo a metodologia empregada, não foi possível observar a ocorrência de porosidades. As peças fundidas por plasma/vácuo-pressão apresentaram maior flexibilidade e as fundidas por indução/centrifugação apresentaram maior rigidez. Conseqüentemente, as forças de retenção foram, em geral, maiores para os corpos-de-prova obtidos por indução/centrifugação do que para aqueles obtidos por plasma/vácuo-pressão, com exceção da condição experimental de retenção 0,75 mm. Os corpos-de-prova fundidos por indução/centrifugação apresentaram, tanto para o Ti cp quanto para a liga de Co-Cr, maiores valores de microdureza Vickers do que os fundidos por plasma/vácuo-pressão. O Ti cp fundido pelo método de indução/centrifugação resultou em microestrutura de aspecto Widmanstätten, enquanto quando fundido pelo método de plasma/vácuo-pressão tem aspecto metalográfico tipo feather-like. Para a liga de Co-Cr, ambos os métodos resultaram em microestrutura dendrítica, mais fina para o método de plasma/vácuo-pressão. O Ti cp e a liga de Co-Cr, parecem ser afetados pela velocidade de resfriamento associada ao equipamento utilizado. Na análise química não foram detectadas alterações de composição dos materiais que indicassem contaminação resultante dos métodos de fundição utilizados. Assim, embora ainda apresentem problemas técnicos a serem resolvidos, ambos os métodos de fundição, indução/centrifugação e plasma/vácuo-pressão, permitem a obtenção de resultados satisfatórios na produção de estruturas metálicas de PPR em Ti cp.
Along the last decade, several jobs have been highlighting the advantages of titanium and titanium alloys and studied the possible utilization for removable partial dentures (RPD) metal frameworks confection. Although advantages, the cast process still presents problems, limiting the titanium use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of two casting methods, on microstructure, microhardness, porosity and retention force of RPD clasps, casted in Co-Cr alloy (control) and commercially pure titanium (cp Ti). The cast methods used were: 1- voltaic arc (plasma) under vacuum and argon pressure, with molten metal injection by vacuum-pressure, and 2- induction under vacuum and argon atmosphere, with molten metal injection by centrifugation. For retention force analysis were made metal frameworks with circumferential clasps under retention of 0.25; 0.50 and 0.75 mm, submitted to insertion/removal cycles, simulating a 5 years use of a metal framework. Previously to the simulation test, the samples were radiographed in a laboratorial unit to verify the porosities occurrence. For Vickers microhardness test and microstructure analysis, disks with 5mm diameter and 2 mm thickness were made. The results showed that the casting methods interfere in the characteristics of studied materials. The cp Ti pieces casted by plasma/vacuum-pressure presents larger porosities number (50%) than that casted by induction/centrifugation (16.66%). For the pieces casted in Co-Cr alloy, according to the used methodology, wasn't possible to observe the occurrence of porosities. The pieces casted by plasma/vacuum-pressure presents larger flexibility and that casted by induction/centrifugation present larger rigidity. Consequently, the retention forces were, in general, larger for the samples obtained by induction/centrifugation than for those obtained by plasma/vacuum-pressure, except for the experimental condition with 0.75 mm retention. The samples casted by induction/centrifugation present, as for cp Ti as for Co-Cr alloy, larger Vickers microhardness values Vickers than that casted by plasma/vacuum-pressure. The cp Ti casted by induction/centrifugation method resulted in Widmanstätten microstructural aspect, while when casted by plasma/vacuum-pressure method has feather-like aspect. For Co-Cr alloy, both methods resulted in dendritic microstructure, finer for plasma/vacuum-pressure method. The cp Ti and Co-Cr alloy seem to be affected by the cooling rate associate to the used equipment. In the chemical analysis weren't detected materials composition alterations that indicate resultant contamination for the used casting methods. Thus, however still present technical problems to be solved, both casting methods, induction/centrifugation and plasma/vacuum-pressure, allow the obtainment of satisfactory results in the RPD metal frameworks production in cp Ti.

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The overdentures can be defined as total or partial removable dentures that cover root or osseo integrated implants rehabilitating the whole dentition. The mechanical retention in the removable partial overdentures (RPOs) is obtained through the use of cast clasps and attachments. This biomechanical principle has a great importance, since is inwardly associated with long term behavior and clinical performance of prosthesis and consequently, with comfort and satisfaction of the patients. So, the aim of this study was to assess the retention of metallic framework with simple circumferential claps associated intraradicular retainer with attachment type ERA (Extra coronal Resilient Attachment, Sterngold Implamed, Attleboro, EUA) in function of the metals based cobalt-chromium alloy (Co-Cr), titanium commercially pure (Ti cp) and nickel-chromium with titanium alloy (Ni-Cr with Ti), of the retentive undercuts of 0,25mm and 0,75mm and in function of the time of use in each simulated period (initial, 6 months, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 years). Through of metallic matrices representing a partially edentulous mandibular right hemi-arch segment constituted by the crown of the first molar, root of the inferior canine and with the absent of the premolars, were made 60 metallic frameworks being obtained 03 groups of each metal and subgroups representative of the 0,25mm and 0,75mm retentive undercuts of the circumferential clasp (totalizing 10 samples in each subgroup). Acrylic denture bases were constructed on the denture space and on the canine root that anchored the attachments and these received retentive capsules in the gray color of the system. Previously the mechanic tests, radiographic exams of the Ti cp frameworks were realized with the aim of detecting possible casting defects that could avert the posterior use. Next, the samples were mechanically tested simulating the insertion and removal of the framework using the testing apparatus designed at the Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry (Testing apparatus, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil), representing 5 years of simulated used. To simulate the intraoral conditions and realize the tests, a gadget fulfilled with artificial saliva was adapted in the testing apparatus. The retentive force data were recorded and submitted linear regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to gauge a presence or not of significant differences and applied the Tukey complementary test 5% to comparison of the differences between the groups and subgroups. The groups of Ni-Cr with Ti and Co-Cr samples obtained most retentive mean with significant differences to group of Ti cp samples that obtained least retentive mean in every periods of time analyzed. To groups Ni-Cr with Ti and Co-Cr samples there was not significant difference of retention between the times analyzed free-standing of retentive undercuts (p > 0,05). In the group Ti cp samples there was significant difference of retention between the times analyzed just to subgroup samples with 0,75mm undercuts (p < 0,05). The Ni-Cr with Ti and Co-Cr samples with 0,75mm undercuts presented the most retentive mean and the Co-Cr samples with 0,25mm undercuts presented retention mean intermediate between biomechanical design in every periods of time analyzed. The Ti cp samples with 0,25mm undercuts presented the least retentive mean until second year of the analyze and the Ti cp samples with 0,75mm undercuts presented the least retentive mean of third until fifth year of the analyse. The circumferential claps casting in Ti cp used in 0,75mm undercuts have potential risk of fractures, mainly after the 2o year of use
As overdentures (sobredentaduras) podem ser definidas como próteses removíveis totais ou parciais, que cobrem raízes ou implantes osseointegrados reabilitando toda a dentição. A retenção mecânica nas overdentures parciais removíveis (OPRs) é obtida por meio da utilização combinada de grampos fundidos e encaixes. Este princípio biomecânico é de grande importância, visto que está intimamente relacionado com o comportamento e o desempenho clínico em longo prazo das próteses e conseqüentemente, com o conforto e satisfação dos pacientes. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a retenção de estruturas com grampos circunferenciais simples associadas a retentores intra-radiculares com encaixe do tipo ERA (Extra coronal Resilient Attachment, Sterngold Implamed, Attleboro, EUA) em função dos metais à base de cobalto-cromo (Co-Cr), titânio comercialmente puro (Ti cp) e níquel-cromo com titânio (Ni-Cr com Ti), dos contornos retentivos de 0,25mm e 0,75mm e em função do tempo de uso em cada período simulatório (inicial, 6 meses, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 anos). A partir de matrizes metálicas representativas de uma hemi-arcada inferior direita parcialmente desdentada com as presenças da coroa do primeiro molar, raiz do canino e com os pré-molares ausentes, foram confeccionadas 60 estruturas metálicas sendo obtidos 3 grupos de cada metal e subgrupos representativos dos contornos retentivos de 0,25mm e 0,75mm do grampo circunferencial (perfazendo 10 amostras por subgrupo). Foram confeccionadas bases protéticas sobre o espaço protético e raiz do canino que ancoraram os encaixes e estes receberam as cápsulas retentivas de cor cinza do sistema. Previamente aos ensaios mecânicos, exames radiográficos das estruturas em Ti cp foram realizados para detectar possíveis defeitos de fundição que pudessem inviabilizar o uso posterior. Em seguida, as amostras foram ensaiadas mecanicamente simulando movimentos de inserção e remoção da estrutura utilizando uma máquina de ensaios projetada na Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto (Máquina de Ensaios, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brasil), representando o uso simulado de 5 anos. Para simular as condições intrabucais e realizar os ensaios, um dispositivo preenchido com saliva artificial foi adaptado ao simulador. Os dados de força retentiva foram registrados e submetidos à análise de regressão linear e à análise de variância (ANOVA) para aferir a presença ou não de diferenças estatisticamente significativas e aplicado o teste de Tukey à 5% de probabilidade para comparação das diferenças entre os grupos e subgrupos. As amostras dos grupos em Ni-Cr com Ti e Co-Cr obtiveram as maiores médias de retenção com diferenças estatisticamente significantes para as amostras do grupo em Ti cp que obtiveram as menores médias de retenção em todos os períodos de tempo analisados. Para os grupos das amostras em Ni-Cr com Ti e Co-Cr não houve diferença de retenção estatisticamente significante entre os tempos analisados independente dos contornos retentivos (p > 0,05). No grupo das amostras em Ti cp houve diferença de retenção estatisticamente significante entre os tempos analisados apenas para as amostras do subgrupo com contorno retentivo de 0,75mm (p < 0,05). As amostras em Ni-Cr com Ti e em Co-Cr com contorno retentivo de 0,75mm apresentaram as maiores médias de retenção e as amostras em Co-Cr com contorno retentivo de 0,25mm apresentaram retenções médias intermediárias entre os desenhos biomecânicos em todos os períodos de tempo analisados. As amostras em Ti cp com contorno retentivo de 0,25mm apresentaram as menores médias de retenção até o segundo ano de análise e as amostras em Ti cp com contorno retentivo de 0,75mm apresentaram as menores médias de retenção do terceiro ao quinto ano de análise. Os grampos circunferenciais fundidos em Ti cp utilizados em contornos retentivos de 0,75mm tem um risco potencial de fraturas, principalmente após o 2o ano de uso

Purpose: The aim of this study was to establish clinically relevant guidelines for the selection of clasps for removable partial dentures (RPDs) by adapting RPD clasp arms of differing materials and diameter to a three-dimensional model based on the average curvature of premolars and molars. Method: Randomly selected discarded casts were collected that had intact first premolars and first molars. The normal clasp position for the buccal surfaces of these teeth was drawn on the cast and the teeth were then sectioned to this line, and scanned using a flatbed scanner. The average curvature and length for each group was determined using a graphics-drawing programme and a 3D model was printed using these data. Clasp materials were then be adapted to these models using the wrought wires: Leowire (Leone, Fiorentino, Italy) (stainless steel); Remanium Hard (Dentaurum, Pforzheim, Germany) (stellite alloy of chromium and cobalt); Noninium (Dentaurum, Pforzheim, Germany) (stainless steel, nickel free); and cast clasps cast in the stellite alloy Vitallium (Dentsply, Ontario, Canada). Two diameters of the wrought wire clasp groups were used (0.9mm and 1.0mm). Ten samples for each diameter and material were adapted to the 3D models as they would in a clinical case. Each clasp was then randomly deformed beyond its proportional limit in a tensile testing machine (Instron Corporation, High Wycombe, United Kingdom) and the forces exerted at that limit and at deflections of 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.75 mm were measured, as these are the clinically encountered undercuts. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine if the forces exerted at these deflections were within the proportional limit of the clasp, but also significantly within the realistic limit (defined as two standard deviations from the proportional limit) to allow for variations in manufacture and application of the clasp arms. Results: The results confirmed the effect of material, length, and diameter on flexibility for the wrought wires. A table was produced with guidelines for those clasps which could be used safely within their realistic limits and therefore should provide longevity of service. The greatest force exerted on premolar clasp length arms was provided by Leowire at 0.25mm undercut (606g); although it was 2% greater than its realistic limit, this was considered sufficiently within the safety factor to iii recommend its clinical use. The greatest force exerted on molar clasp length arms was provided by Remanium Hard at a deflection of 0.5 mm (417g). Cast clasps for premolars should not be prescribed as they were all well above their realistic limits. Cast clasps should only be selected for molars if the clasp arm is longer than 14.5mm. At a deflection of 0.25 mm the cast arm exerted a force of 773g but whilst this was below its proportional limit, it was higher than its realistic limit. Conclusions: The results of this study provide valid guidelines for the clinical application of clasp arms in removable partial dentures. It is recommended that clinical studies be carried out to confirm the longevity of clasp arms based on these data.
MT2016