Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Clarification optique"

L'objectif de cet article est de clarifier et d'approfondir le concept de co-branding, et de proposer un cadre de réflexion face à ce type d'alliance de marques. Dans cette optique, la problématique générale du co-marquage est présentée. Puis, sur la base des travaux relatifs aux extensions de marques, et plus spécifiquement ceux fondés sur la théorie de la catégorisation et celle des représentations sociales, des éléments d'évaluation d'une stratégie de co-marquage sont proposés.

L'objectif de cet article est de clarifier la notion d'extension de gamme verticale et de mieux comprendre la perception des consommateurs face à ce type de stratégie de marques. Dans cette optique, la problématique générale de l'extension verticale est présentée. Dans un second temps, nous proposons un état des réactions des consommateurs face aux extensions verticales. Puis, les stratégies pour limiter les risques des extensions verticales sont mises en évidence.

The effects of the coagulation/floculation conditions on clarification and filtration of the floculated particle suspension obtained by the chemical treatment of the waste oil-in-water emulsion (OWE) from a non-ferrous metalworking plant were studied. The treatment involved the addition of aluminum(III) sulfate and lime to the OWE. The main goal was to define the optimum conditions for clarification and filtration of the floculated particle suspension. The factors involved were amounts lime (i.e. pH) and filter aid added the OWE on clarification and filtration rates. At pH>10, the clarification rate was increased and the final volume of the concentrated suspension (sludge) was reduced, while filter aid affected negatively the clarification rate. The filtration rate was also increased when the coagulation was carried out at pH>10. The floculated particle suspension should be concentrated before filtration in order to decrease the filtration duration. The most efficient filter aid was Celite standard super-cel, its optimum initial concentration being found to be 2 g/dm3.

A solid adsorbent was made from bentonite and chitosan which can be used to clarification of apple juices.Chitosan loading rate on bentonite was up to 31.6% at 400 °C. Effects of important variables, such as the amount of adsorbents, pH value of juice, reaction time and temperature, etc., were investigated for analyzing the clarification effects. The optimum condition is as follows: the amount of absorbents 10 g · L-1, a duration period of 4 mins at temperature 25 °C, and transmittance of more than 80%.

The objective of this research was screening of pectinesterase (PE) producing bacteria which are potential in clarification of keprok garut citrus juice (Citrus nobilis var microcarpa) and characterization of the resulted pectinesterase (optimum pH and temperature, pH and thermal stability, KM and Vmaks). The screening result showed that enzyme of isolates AR2, AR 4, AR 6, and KK 2 was found to be a potential enzyme for clarification of keprok garut citrus juice. Enzyme pektinesterase of isolates AR 2, AR 4, AR 6, and KK 2 had optimum pH at 8; 7.5; 8.5; and 6.5 and stable at pH 4-9, 4-9, 6-9, and 3-8. The optimum temperature enzyme of isolates AR 2 and AR 6 were 55ºC and that of AR 4 and KK 2 were 60ºC. Enzyme of isolate AR 2 was stable at 30-50ºC and inactive at 80ºC, AR 4 and KK 2 were stable at 30-60ºC and inactive at 90ºC whereas AR6 was stable at 30-60ºC and still wasn’t inactive at 90ºC. KM value of isolates AR 2, AR 4, AR 6, and KK 2 were 0.604; 0.338; 0.971; and 0.392 mg/ml. Vmaks value of isolates AR 2, AR 4, AR 6, and KK 2 were 1.218; 0.826; 0.969; and 1.080 u/ml. Pectinesterase enzyme of isolates KK 2 was found to be the most potential enzyme for clarification of keprok garut citrus juice.Keywords: Clarification, enzyme, keprok garut citrus, pectin, pectinesterase ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan screening bakteri penghasil enzim pektinesterase (PE) yang berpotensi dalam proses klarifikasi sari buah jeruk keprok garut (Citrus nobilis var microcarpa) serta mengetahui karakteristik enzim pektinesterase yang dihasilkan (pH optimum, suhu optimum, kestabilan pH dan suhu, serta nilai KMdan Vmaks). Hasil screening didapatkan isolat AR 2, AR 4, AR 6, dan KK 2 sebagai isolat penghasil enzim pektinesterase yang berpotensi dalam proses klarifikasi sari buah jeruk keprok garut. Aktivitas enzim pektinesterase isolat AR 2, AR 4, AR 6 dan KK 2 berturut-turut optimum pada pH 8; pH 7,5; pH 8,5; dan pH 6,5, serta stabil pada pH 4-9, pH4-9, pH 6-9, dan pH 3-8. Suhu optimum enzim pektinesterase isolat AR 2, AR 4, AR 6, dan KK 2 berturut-turut adalah 55ºC, 60ºC, 55ºC, dan 60ºC. Enzim pektinesterase isolat AR 2 stabil pada suhu 30-50ºC dan inaktif pada suhu 80ºC, enzim pektinesterase isolat AR 4 dan KK 2 stabil pada suhu 30-60ºC dan inaktif pada suhu 90ºC, sedangkan enzim pektinesterase isolat AR 6 stabil pada suhu 30-60ºC namun belum inaktif pada suhu 90ºC. Nilai konstanta Michaelis-Menten (KM) enzim pektinesterase isolat AR 2, AR 4, AR 6, dan KK 2 berturut-turut adalah 0,604; 0,338; 0,971; dan 0,392 mg/ml. Sedangkan nilai kecepatan maksimum (Vmaks) enzim pektinesterase isolat AR 2, AR 4, AR6, dan KK 2 berturut-turut adalah 1,218; 0,826; 0,969; dan 1,080 U/ml. Enzim pektinesterase isolat KK 2 memiliki karakteristik yang paling sesuai untuk aplikasi dalam klarifikasi sari buah jeruk keprok garut dibandingkan dengan enzim pektinesterase isolat lainnya.Kata kunci: Enzim, klarifikasi, pektin, pektinesterase, jeruk keprok garut

Pectinases are a group of an enzyme that break down pectin, a polysaccharide that is found in plant cell walls. Today, the application of pectinolytic enzymes plays an important role in food technology for the maceration of fruits and vegetables, including for the extraction and clarification of juice. This research aimed to produce pectinase enzyme for clarifying of apple juice. A microbial culture was selected from cocoa bean fermentation samples and identified as Bacillus sp.. The highest enzyme activity was investigated after 48 hours of incubation. Citrus pectin as the carbon source and peptone as the nitrogen source was found as the best component for pectinase production. The optimum condition of pectinase activity was observed at pH 5, temperature 40 °C and the crude enzyme had the higher activity at one hour storage. Apple juice was treated with the enzyme at different concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%). Apple juice clarification was evaluated for its percent clarity and viscosity. The result showed that enzyme treatment at 4% in apple juice promoted juice clarification and decreased pH and viscosity. In conclusion, the quality of apple juice can be improved by enzymatic treatment using pectinase.

Pectinases are a group of an enzyme that break down pectin, a polysaccharide that is found in plant cell walls. Today, the application of pectinolytic enzymes plays an important role in food technology for the maceration of fruits and vegetables, including for the extraction and clarification of juice. This research aimed to produce pectinase enzyme for clarifying of apple juice. A microbial culture was selected from cocoa bean fermentation samples and identified as Bacillus sp.. The highest enzyme activity was investigated after 48 hours of incubation. Citrus pectin as the carbon source and peptone as the nitrogen source was found as the best component for pectinase production. The optimum condition of pectinase activity was observed at pH 5, temperature 40 °C and the crude enzyme had the higher activity at one hour storage. Apple juice was treated with the enzyme at different concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%). Apple juice clarification was evaluated for its percent clarity and viscosity. The result showed that enzyme treatment at 4% in apple juice promoted juice clarification and decreased pH and viscosity. In conclusion, the quality of apple juice can be improved by enzymatic treatment using pectinase.

Cette thèse présente les résultats de recherches dans le cadre de l'amélioration de l'analyse des propriétés optiques de la peau à l'aide de différentes techniques optiques, telles que la spectroscopie tissulaire multimodale et l'imagerie par tomographie par cohérence optique (OCT). Depuis de nombreuses années, les techniques optiques de caractérisation de la peau sont une alternative efficace aux méthodes de diagnostic invasives traditionnelles car elles permettent d'obtenir des informations sur la composition structurelle et biochimique de la peau in vivo en temps réel, ce qui a conduit à leur mise en œuvre extensive dans la pratique clinique de l'analyse des lésions cutanées. Même si la principale limitation à l'utilisation des méthodes optiques dans le diagnostic de la peau est la forte absorption et diffusion de cette dernière, les propriétés optiques de la peau peuvent être modifiées en utilisant la méthode de Clarification Optique tissulaire (OC). La combinaison des agents de clarification optique (OCA) avec divers activateurs chimiques et physiques de la perméabilité cutanée peut améliorer considérablement le potentiel des approches optiques multimodales avec une résolution spatiale. L'objectif de la première étude expérimentale dans le cadre de cette thèse était (i) d'étudier l'effet du processus OC appliqué à des échantillons de peau humaine ex vivo sur les spectres de réflectance diffuse (DR) et d'autofluorescence (AF) résolus spatialement (SR) en utilisant deux combinaisons d'OCA et de Chemical Permeation Enhancers (CPE), et (ii) pour quantifier l'effet de clarification du séchage et de la pression de la sonde spectroscopique sur la peau. Un dispositif spectroscopique multimodal à résolution spatiale a été utilisé sur un modèle « hybride » à deux couches composé de peau ex vivo et de gel fluorescent. La cinétique temporelle des spectres de fluorescence et de réflectance diffuse a démontré une augmentation de l'intensité rétroréfléchie de la fluorescence du gel après clarification optique. De plus, des résultats expérimentaux complémentaires ont montré une augmentation de la transmission de la lumière à travers la peau et ont confirmé que l'amélioration de la sensibilité en profondeur de l'approche spectroscopique multimodale était liée non seulement à la déshydratation et à la correspondance des indices de réfraction due à la clarification optique, mais aussi à la compression mécanique de tissus causés par l'application de la sonde spectroscopique. Étant donné que lors de la traduction de ces méthodes en utilisation clinique, il est nécessaire de se conformer aux réglementations établies, les concentrations d'OCA utilisées peuvent devoir être réduites. Ainsi, l'objectif principal de l'étude expérimentale ultérieure était d'évaluer expérimentalement pour la première fois, à l'aide d'une technique d'imagerie Line-field Confocal OCT (LC-OCT), l'efficacité de l'OC de la peau humaine in vivo avec l'OCA biocompatible combiné à des activateurs de perméabilité chimiques et physiques. Pour répondre aux exigences de concentration biocompatibles, les OCA ont été développés selon la base de données des ingrédients inactifs de la FDA. En analysant simultanément l'intensité moyenne et le contraste des images obtenues par la technique LC-OCT, nous avons déterminé l'efficacité en profondeur de l'OC biocompatible in vivo de la peau. Les résultats ont montré que la meilleure augmentation de l'intensité et du contraste de l'image après 10 minutes de clarification assistée par ultrasons a été obtenue en utilisant un mélange de PEG/OA/PG. Les résultats de l'ajustement des données expérimentales avec le modèle d'association exponentielle biphasique hypothétique sont en bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. Ainsi, l'efficacité de l'OC avec des concentrations biocompatibles d'OCA a été démontrée
This thesis presents the results of research in the context of improved analysis of the skin optical properties using various optical techniques, such as multimodal tissular spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. Since many years optical techniques of skin characterization are an effective alternative to traditional invasive diagnostic methods as they allow to get information about the structural and biochemical skin composition in vivo in real time, which led to their extensive implementation in the clinical practice of skin lesions analysis. In the last decades it was demonstrated that combined use of several optical techniques allows to increase the diagnostic accuracy by increasing the variety of data acquired in one measurement. Spatial resolution may also increase the diagnostic potential by providing depth discrimination (resolution) between assessed layers. Even though the main limitation for the use of the optical methods in skin diagnostics is the strong absorption and scattering of the latter, skin optical properties can be changed using the method of skin optical clearing (OC). The combination of optical clearing agents (OCA) with various chemical and physical enhancers of skin permeability may significantly improve the potential of multimodal optical approaches with spatial resolution. The aim of the first experimental study within this thesis framework was (i) to investigate the effect of the OC process applied to ex vivo human skin samples on spatially resolved (SR) diffuse reflectance (DR) and autofluorescence (AF) spectra using two combinations of OCA and chemical permeation enhancers (CPE), and (ii) to quantify the clearing- like effect of drying and of spectroscopic probe pressure on skin. A spatially resolved multimodal spectroscopic device was used on a two- layered “hybrid” model made of ex vivo skin and fluorescent gel. Time kinetics of fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectra demonstrate d an increase in the gel fluorescence back reflected intensity after optical clearing. In addition, complementary experimental results showed increased light transmittance through the skin and confirmed that the improvement in the depth sensitivity of the multimodal spectroscopic approach was related not only to the dehydration and refractive indices matching due to optical clearing, but also to the mechanical compression of tissues caused by the application of the spectroscopic probe. Since when translating these methods into clinical use there is a need to comply with established regulations, including the use of chemicals on healthy and pathologically changed skin of patients, the concentrations of the OCA used may need to be reduced in order to pass the threshold of clinical utility and biocompatibility. Thus, the main goal of the consecutive experimental study was to experimentally evaluate, by using for the first time a Line-field Confocal OCT (LC-OCT) imaging technique, the e fficacy of OC of human skin in vivo with biocompatible OCA combined with chemical and physical permeability enhancers. To satisfy the biocompatible concentration requirements, the mixtures of OCA and CPE were developed according to the FDA inactive ingredients database. To enhance the clearing effect, physical permeation methods were also used. By analyzing simultaneously the average intensity and contrast of the images obtained by LC-OCT technique, we determined the in-depth effectiveness of skin in vivo biocompatible OC. The results showed that the best increase in image intensity and contrast after 10 minutes of ultrasound-assisted clearing was achieved using a mixture of PEG/OA/PG. The results of the experimental data fitting with the hypothesized biphasic exponential association model are in a good agreement with experimental results. Thus, the effectiveness of OC with biocompatible concentrations of OCA was demonstrated

Machine product designs routinely have so many mutually related characteristics that common design optimization methods often result in an unsatisfactory local optimum solution. In order to overcome this problem, this paper proposes a design optimization method based on the clarification of the conflicting and cooperative relationships among the characteristics. First of all, each performance characteristic is divided into simpler basic characteristics according to its structure. Next, the relationships among the basic characteristics are systematically identified and clarified. Then, based on this clarification, the optimization problem is expressed using hierarchical constructions of these basic characteristics and design variables related to the most basic characteristics. Finally, an optimization strategy and detailed hierarchical optimization procedures are constructed, after clarifying the influence levels of each basic characteristic upon the objective functions and setting a core characteristic for the product under consideration. Here, optimizations are sequentially repeated starting with the basic optimal unit group at the bottom hierarchical level and proceeding to higher levels by the hierarchical genetic algorithms. Then, the Pareto optimum solutions at the top hierarchical level are obtained. With the proposed optimization methods, optimization can be more easily applied after the optimization problems have been simplified by decomposition. In doing so, the volume of design spaces for each optimization is reduced, while useful and unique rules and laws may be uncovered. The optimization strategy expressed by the hierarchical structures can be used for the optimization of similar product designs, which realize these breakthroughs, yielding improved product performances. The proposed method is applied to a machine-tool structural model.

Abstract ASME’s Center for Research and Technology Development is publishing a Handbook with a Human Factors Engineering Appendix for risk-based inspections of fossil fuel Plants. This paper shows the results of applying human error and long term memory models to a technique that estimates the optimum time to inspect equipment. One result is clarification of Bayes Rule and the optimum inspection technique. Another result is applying the inspection technique to retraining people. The third result is changing the method of presenting training material. Table 1 shows how the information in this paper is presented. After a brief introduction, the idea of prior, new information, and posterior is applied to three situations: putting a golf ball, Bayes Rule, and optimizing inspections. The technique for optimizing inspections is then applied to retraining people. Finally, the idea of prior, new information, and posterior is applied as a training method. This paper has these three goals. One, explain a technique that shows the optimum time to inspect equipment. Two, expand this technique to also show the optimum time to retrain people and a new technique to help retrain them. Three, recognize the need for collecting and maintaining failure rate data.

Abstract Designs of machine products routinely have so many characteristics to be evaluated that usual design optimization methods often result in an unsatisfactory local optimum solution. In order to overcome this problem, this paper proposes a design optimization method based on decomposition by substructuralization and subsequent hierarchical ordering, considering the both conflicting and cooperative relationships between the characteristics under evaluation. First of all, each characteristic is divided into simpler basic characteristics. The pool of design variables is also divided into smaller groups, according to specific design features. Next, the relationships between the basic characteristics and the divided design variables, as well as the relationships among the characteristics themselves, are systematically identified and clarified. Then, based on this clarification, and after setting a core characteristic derived from the primary performance characteristic for the product under consideration, an optimization strategy and detailed hierarchical optimization procedures are constructed. In this paper, the proposed method is applied to machine tool structures and transportation products.

The U.S. team studied the role of cations and pH on thermolabile (TL-PE) and thermostable (TS-PE), permeation in ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, affinity to ion exchange membranes, mechanism of cation and pH activation, and effect on PE stability. An optimum pH and cation concentration exists for activity and UF permeation, which is specific for each cation type. Incomplete release of PE from a pectin complex resulted in low PE binding to cationic and anionic membranes. Incubation of PE at low pH increases the surface hydrophobicity, especially TL-PE, but the secondary structure of TL-PE is not greatly affected. The Israeli team showed that stable cloud colloidal constituents flocculate following the conversion of soluble to insoluble biopolymers. First, formation of pectic acid by pectinesterase activity is followed by the formation of calcium pectate gel. This process initiates a myriad of poorly defined reactions that result in juice clarification. Second, protein coagulation by heat resulted in flocculation of proteinacous bound cloud constituents, particularly after enzymatic pectin degradation. Pectinesterase activity is proposed to be an indirect cause for clarification; whereas binding of cloud constituents is the primary event in clarification by pectate gel and coagulated proteins. Understanding the mechanism of interaction of protein and pectic polymers is key to understanding cloud instability. Based on the above, it was hypothesized that the structure of pectin-protein coagulates plays a key role in cloud instability.