Статті в журналах: "Cladding panels"

1

Kim, Amy A., Dorothy A. Reed, Youngjun Choe, Shuoqi Wang, and Carolina Recart. "New Building Cladding System Using Independent Tilted BIPV Panels with Battery Storage Capability." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 9, 2019): 5546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205546.

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In order to meet renewable energy goals in the near future, the deployment of photovoltaic (PV) panels on buildings will dramatically increase. The objective of this paper is to introduce an improved design for PV cladding systems that will greatly contribute to meeting these renewable energy goals. Typically, building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) panels are vertically oriented as cladding and they are not coupled with individual storage batteries. The proposed cladding couples a tilted BIPV panel with one or more storage batteries at each building placement. Thus, the tilted BIPV plus battery system is independent of other power generation in the building and it is referred to as a “building perma-power link” (BPPL) cladding element. Each cladding panel is designed as a stand-alone system, which will be useful for installation, operation, and maintenance. The hyper-redundancy of multiple BPPL cladding panels for a typical building significantly enhances its overall energy resiliency. In order to foster manufacturing ease, each individual cladding unit has been designed at tilts of 45° and 60°. An example of a mid-rise building in Seattle, Washington is provided. The degree of building energy resiliency provided through multiple BPPLs is examined.

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H. Maneetes and A. M. Memari. "Finite Element Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Cladding Panels H." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 9 (June 1, 2009): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.9118.

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Architectural precast concrete cladding systems are considered non-load bearing wall systems and are designed primarily to transfer their self-weight and out-of-plane lateral loads to the supporting building structure. They are typically not designed for significant structural in-plane forces resulting from cladding-structure interaction. In fact, modern earthquake-resistant design requires that these cladding panels be isolated from the lateral force-resisting system. Finite element technique was employed to study precast concrete panels and special modeling strategies were developed for panel connections to the structural frame. The precast concrete panel was designed to participate in the building lateral force-resisting. Finite element modeling techniques were adopted to better understand the strength and stiffness characteristics of these concrete cladding panels subjected to significant in-plane loading. Good correlation was obtained between finite element modeling results and existing experimental results. The analytical results were used to develop a simplified mathematical model that can be incorporated into suitable building models to evaluate its performance as a lateral force-resisting system to withstand earthquake-induced lateral loads.

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3

Ostetto, Liana, Romain Sousa, Hugo Rodrigues, and Paulo Fernandes. "Assessment of the Seismic Behavior of a Precast Reinforced Concrete Industrial Building with the Presence of Horizontal Cladding Panels." Buildings 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11090400.

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The latest earthquakes in Europe exposed some critical problems in the connections of cladding panels in industrial precast reinforced concrete (PRC) structures. These connections did not perform as desired, causing the panels to fall, leading to significant nonstructural damage that resulted in the loss of human life and significant socio-economic impacts due to the interruption of business. Furthermore, in addition to the behavior of the cladding system itself, it is still not clear to what extent it can influence the overall seismic performance of the main structure. Making use of a simplified macroelement, the present study assesses the seismic performance of commonly employed cladding-to-structure connections, as well as the interaction of cladding panels with industrial PRC buildings. The analyses were carried out considering a PRC building representative of a Portuguese industrial park, studied with and without cladding panels. The seismic behavior of the structure was assessed considering both nonlinear static and dynamic procedures.

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4

Chong, Xun, Pu Huo, Linlin Xie, Qing Jiang, Linbing Hou, and Jinchen Xie. "Experimental investigation of seismic performance of a novel isostatic frame-cladding system." Advances in Structural Engineering 25, no. 5 (January 10, 2022): 1015–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13694332211057264.

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A new connection measure between the precast concrete (PC) cladding panel and PC frame structure is proposed to realize a new kind of isostatic frame-cladding system. Three full-scale PC wall-frame substructures were tested under the quasi-static load. These substructures included a bare wall-frame specimen, a specimen with a cladding panel that has no opening, and a specimen with a cladding panel that has an opening in it. The damage evolution, failure mode, load-bearing capacity, deformation capacity, and energy dissipation capacity of three specimens were compared. The results indicated that the motions of the cladding panels and the main structures were uncoupled through the relative clearance of the bottom connections, and three specimens exhibited approximately identical failure modes and seismic performance. Thus, the reliability of this new isostatic system was validated.

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5

Hassan, Md Kamrul, Md Delwar Hossain, Michael Gilvonio, Payam Rahnamayiezekavat, Grahame Douglas, Sameera Pathirana, and Swapan Saha. "Numerical Investigations on the Influencing Factors of Rapid Fire Spread of Flammable Cladding in a High-Rise Building." Fire 5, no. 5 (September 26, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5050149.

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This paper investigates aluminium composite panels (ACPs) to understand the fire behaviour of combustible cladding systems under different fire scenarios. A fire dynamics simulator (FDS) is used to develop the numerical model of full-scale fire tests of combustible cladding systems using the procedures of the British BS 8414.1 standards. The results obtained from the FDS models are verified with test data. Seven test scenarios are investigated with four distinct parameters, i.e., cavity barrier, air-cavity gap, panel mounting (with and without joining gaps between the panels), and material combustibility qualities. A critical air-cavity gap (50–100 mm) is established at which maximum fire spread is noticed. Furthermore, variations in the cavity barrier, panel mounting, and material combustibility significantly impact the rapid fire spread of ACP cladding systems and the internal failure criterion. The results from the present study can serve as a basis for future research on the full-scale fire-test development of combustible ACPs.

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6

De Matteis, Gianfranco, and Raffaele Landolfo. "Mechanical fasteners for cladding sandwich panels:." Thin-Walled Structures 35, no. 1 (September 1999): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-8231(99)00017-8.

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7

Yildirim, B., and H. F. Nied. "Residual Stresses and Distortion in Boiler Tube Panels With Welded Overlay Cladding." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 126, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1804198.

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In this study, finite element models are developed to analyze and predict the transient temperature profiles, residual stresses, and distortion incurred during deposition of protective overlay cladding on boiler tube waterwall panels. Plane strain models are used to simulate the evolution of residual stresses on the cross-section of a typical boiler tube panel during deposition of filler metal in sequential weld passes. The results demonstrate how residual stresses from previous weld passes are affected by an adjacent weld bead during the cladding process. Determination of the increment in panel warpage during each weld pass, for a sufficent number of passes, provides the necessary information to estimate of the total panel warpage after cladding coverage on a very large panel surface. It is noted that the total welding induced distortion can be adequately estimated from a relatively small number of weld passes over the typical waterwall cross-section.

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8

Menichini, Giovanni, Emanuele Del Monte, Maurizio Orlando, and Andrea Vignoli. "Out-of-plane capacity of cladding panel-to-structure connections in one-story R/C precast structures." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 15 (October 7, 2020): 6849–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00962-5.

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Abstract The interaction between cladding panels and the main structure is a crucial point to assess the seismic response, and above all the structural safety, of RC precast industrial building. In the past, connections were often designed to allow construction tolerances and to accommodate both thermal and wind-induced displacements. The lack of specific details to allow relative in-plane displacements between cladding panels and the main structure often led to the participation of cladding panels in the structure seismic-resistant system with consequent connection failures. In the last decades, a lot of experimental tests were performed to investigate the in-plane performance of panel connections, and some design recommendations have been developed accordingly. In the out-of-plane direction, the connections were often considered to be infinitely rigid and not to suffer any damage by the seismic load. This work deals with the out-of-plane response of panel-to-structure connections for vertical panels typical of industrial and commercial precast buildings. Both standard hammer-head strap and new devices, called SismoSafe, were investigated. Tests were performed in the Structures and Materials Testing Laboratory of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of Florence, where a specific setup was designed to perform cyclic and monotonic tests on the connection devices. Standard connections showed a rather limited resistance, while the innovative connections exhibited a high out-of-plane resistance. Numerical analyses were also performed on a case study building to evaluate the distribution of the out-of-plane demand on the connections.

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9

Abada, Mahmoud, Ahmed Ibrahim, and S. J. Jung. "Improving Blast Performance of Reinforced Concrete Panels Using Sacrificial Cladding with Hybrid-Multi Cell Tubes." Modelling 2, no. 1 (March 7, 2021): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/modelling2010008.

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The utilization of sacrificial layers to strengthen civilian structures against terrorist attacks is of great interest to engineering experts in structural retrofitting. The sacrificial cladding structures are designed to be attached to the façade of structures to absorb the impact of the explosion through the facing plate and the core layer progressive plastic deformation. Therefore, blast load striking the non-sacrificial structure could be attenuated. The idea of this study is to construct a sacrificial cladding structure from multicellular hybrid tubes to protect the prominent bearing members of civil engineering structures from blast hazard. The hybrid multi-cell tubes utilized in this study were out of staking composite layers (CFRP) around thin-walled tubes; single, double, and quadruple (AL) thin-walled tubes formed a hybrid single cell tube (H-SCT), a hybrid double cell tube (H-DCT), and a hybrid quadruple cell tube (H-QCT). An unprotected reinforced concrete (RC) panel under the impact of close-range free air blast detonation was selected to highlight the effectiveness of fortifying structural elements with sacrificial cladding layers. To investigate the proposed problem, Eulerian–Lagrangian coupled analyses were conducted using the explicit finite element program (Autodyn/ANSYS). The numerical models’ accuracy was validated with available blast testing data reported in the literature. Numerical simulations showed a decent agreement with the field blast test. The proposed cladding structures with different core topologies were applied to the unprotected RC slabs as an effective technique for blast loading mitigation. Mid-span deflection and damage patterns of the RC panels were used to evaluate the blast behavior of the structures. Cladding structure achieved a desired protection for the RC panel as the mid-span deflection decreased by 62%, 78%, and 87% for H-SCT, H-DCT, and H-QCT cores, respectively, compared to the unprotected panels. Additionally, the influence of the skin plate thickness on the behavior of the cladding structure was investigated.

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10

Schabowicz, Krzysztof, Paweł Sulik, and Łukasz Zawiślak. "Identification of the Destruction Model of Ventilated Facade under the Influence of Fire." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 2387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102387.

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Ventilated facades are becoming an increasingly popular solution for external part of walls in the buildings. They may differ in many elements, among others things: claddings (fiber cement boards, HPL plates, large-slab ceramic tiles, ACM panels, stone cladding), types of substructures, console supports, etc. The main part that characterizes ventilated facades is the use of an air cavity between the cladding and thermal insulation. Unfortunately, in some aspects they are not yet well-standardized and tested. Above all, the requirements for the falling-off of elements from ventilated facades during a fire are not precisely defined by, among other things, the lack of clearly specified requirements and testing. This is undoubtedly a major problem, as it significantly affects the safety of evacuation during a fire emergency. For the purposes of this article, experimental tests were carried out on a large-scale facade model, with two types of external-facade cladding. The materials used as external cladding were fiber cement boards and large-slab ceramic tiles. The model of large-scale test was 3.95 m × 3.95 m, the burning gas released from the burner was used as the source of fire. The test lasted one hour. The facade model was equipped with thermocouples. The cladding materials showed different behavior during the test. Large-slab ceramic tiles seemed to be a safer form of external cladding for ventilated facades. Unfortunately, they were destroyed much faster, for about 6 min. Large-slab ceramic tiles were destroyed within the first dozen or so minutes, then their destruction did not proceed or was minimal. In the case of fiber cement boards, the destruction started from the eleventh minute and increased until the end of the test. The authors referred the results of large-scale test to testing on samples carried out by other authors. The results presented the convergence of large-scale test with samples. External claddings was equipped with additional mechanical protection. The use of additional mechanical protection to maintain external cladding elements increases their safety but does not completely eliminate the problem of the falling-off of parts of the facade. As research on fiber cement boards and large-slab ceramic tiles presented, these claddings were a major hazard due to fall-off from facade.

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11

Pan, Youguang, and Alan Watson. "Effect of Panel Stiffness on Resistance of Cladding Panels to Blast Loading." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 124, no. 4 (April 1998): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1998)124:4(414).

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12

Ma, Jun, Shinji Nakata, Akihito Yoshida, and Yukio Tamura. "Effects of Precast Cladding Systems on Dynamic Characteristics of Steel Frame Buildings by Ambient and Free Vibration Tests." Shock and Vibration 2017 (2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5231727.

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Full-scale tests on a one-story steel frame structure with a typical precast cladding system using ambient and free vibration methods are described in detail. The cladding system is primarily composed of ALC (Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete) external wall cladding panels, gypsum plasterboard interior linings, and window glazing systems. Ten test cases including the bare steel frame and the steel frame with addition of different parts of the precast cladding system are prepared for detailed investigations. The amplitude-dependent dynamic characteristics of the test cases including natural frequencies and damping ratios determined from the tests are presented. The effects of the ALC external wall cladding panels, the gypsum plasterboard interior linings, and the window glazing systems on the stiffness and structural damping of the steel frame are discussed in detail. The effect of the precast cladding systems on the amplitude dependency of the dynamic characteristics and the tendencies of the dynamic parameters with respect to the structural response amplitude are investigated over a wide range. Furthermore, results estimated from the ambient vibration method are compared with those from the free vibration tests to evaluate the feasibility of the ambient vibration method.

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13

BATRAK, V. E., A. Yu GLAZUNOV, and G. A. GOLUBOVA. "DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FOR THREE AND TWO-LAYER PANELS HAVING THIN CLADDING SHEETS AND FOAM INSULATION." Bulletin of Science and Research Center of Construction 35, no. 4 (January 22, 2023): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37538/2224-9494-2022-4(35)-9-16.

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Introduction. At present, the overall production of light two- and three-layer wall panels and coatings having metal claddings and efficient insulation is continuously increasing in Russia. Especially relevant is the use of sandwich panels, since industrial and administrative buildings can be quickly erected, thereby significantly reducing their payback period. Regulatory documents regulating the production processes of panels were mainly developed in the 1970s and 1980s. However, over the past 40–50 years, much has changed in the technology of panel production, including the development of advanced materials for panel layers, new structural joints, and approaches to assessing the safety of panels. New federal standards for panel constructions and testing methods were developed in order to account for the changes in the intervening period.Aim. In this work, changes that occurred in the production of laminated panels are addressed, including changes in technical requirements for panel design solutions, butt joints, panel materials, methods of selecting and testing insulation and panels, and safety and environmental protection, in order to inform the manufacturers and consumers on the use of new documents in the production and application of panels.Materials and methods. When developing new regulatory documents (GOST R), the existing documents and results of panel testing at the TSNIISK named after V.A. Koucherenko were analyzed, along with the identification of new materials and technical solutions on the basis of the technical materials of manufacturing plants.Results. The work established current technical requirements for panel design solutions, butt joints, panel materials, methods of selecting and testing insulation and panels, and safety and environmental protection. The following new provisions are given in the developed standards: the scope of application and classification of indicators are expanded, more efficient butt joints for panels are recommended, the consumption of insulation material is reduced, and new methods of testing insulation materials are proposed.Conclusions. The implementation of the developed GOST R will optimize the manufacturing process of two- and three-layer panels having efficient insulation, along with reducing the labor intensity of their production.

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14

Latour, Massimo, Marilena Paolillo, Gianvittorio Rizzano, and Mariacristina Vergato. "An Innovative Dual System for New Structures or for the Retrofit of Precast Concrete Industrial Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 847 (July 2016): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.847.257.

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In this work, the possibility to improve the seismic behaviour of precast concrete buildings is examined by proposing the adoption of a dual system composed by the internal pendular columns of the building and the external cladding walls. To this scope, it is suggested to substitute the joints classically adopted at the top of the panels with a connection able to work as a slider with vertical axis and to insert at the bottom of the walls two or more hysteretic dampers working on the uplift of the cladding panels occurring under seismic actions. With this approach, with respect to the classical design philosophy, due to the participation of the cladding panels, the structure is stiffened, obtaining a reduction of the lateral drifts under serviceability limit states, and its seismic behavior is improved due to the additional source of energy dissipation represented by the dampers located at the base of the walls. The effectiveness of the suggested approach is verified on a case study designed following the proposed approach.

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Jiang, Qing, Hanqin Wang, Yulong Feng, Xun Chong, Junqi Huang, and Yibo Liu. "Enhancing the Seismic Performance of Precast RC Frames with Cladding Panels through Setting U-Shaped Dampers and Rocking Walls." Shock and Vibration 2020 (June 16, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4182094.

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An approach combining U-shaped dampers (USDs) and rocking walls is proposed in this paper to improve the seismic performance of traditional precast reinforced concrete (RC) frames with cladding panels (PRCFCPs): (1) the steel bar and USD connection methods are adopted at the top and bottom of the cladding panels to use the relative deformation between the cladding panels and the main structure and then dissipate the seismic energy and (2) rocking walls are added to the structure to control the structural deformation profiles. The USD numerical model is calibrated using the test data, and a series of nonlinear pushover analyses, dynamic time-history analyses, and incremental dynamic analyses are successively performed to compare the seismic performance and collapse capacity of the PRCFCP, PRCFCP with USDs (PRCFCP-USD), and PRCFCP with USDs and rocking walls (PRCFCP-USD-RW).The results show that the USDs in the PRCFCP-USD-RW undergo more uniform deformation along the structural height and higher energy dissipation efficiency and the PRCFCP-USD-RW exhibits enhanced seismic performance and collapse capacity, which verify the superiority of the proposed combined approach.

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Yuen, Steeve Chung Kim, Gerald Nurick, and Misha C. du Plessis. "Response of Sandwich Panels with Tubular Cores to Blast Load." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.581.

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This paper reports on the response of cladding sandwich panels with tubular cores to uniform blast load. The panels consist of thin-walled circular tubes (38 mm in diameter) made from aluminium 6063-T6 riveted laterally between the skin plates at varying spacing arrangements to provide four different types of panels. The skin exposed to the blast load is made from DOMEX 700 Steel while the back face skin is made from mild steel. Varying charge masses of explosive (ranging from 5 g to 40 g) with a prescribed load diameter of 40mm is detonated at a stand-off distance of 200 mm to provide a “uniform” blast load to the sandwich panels. Energy is dissipated mostly through the plastic deformation of the tubular cores. The results show an increase in average deflection with an increase in charge mass/impulse for the different types of panels. The cladding panels with the least interaction between the tubular cores are observed to have the highest energy absorption capabilities for a given charge mass.

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17

Dal Lago, Bruno, Francesco Foti, and Luca Martinelli. "Seismic actions induced by cladding panels on precast concrete frame structures." International Journal of Business & Technology 6, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ijbte.2018.6.3.15.

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The strong earthquakes occurred in Southern Europe in the last decade pointed out a poor seismic performance of the connection system of the cladding of precast industrial structures. The cladding of these buildings usually consists of sandwich concrete panels of remarkable mass, connected to the frame structure with mechanical devices. The estimation of the out-of-plane seismic action on these connections is a key step for their correct proportioning. However, the formulation currently provided in the Eurocode 8 for the estimation of the seismic action on non-structural elements was calibrated with different objectives. Furthermore, given there is no in-plane structure-panel interaction, a quote of the panel mass is lumped in correspondence of their connection for a correct proportioning of the frame structure. The designers need to make assumptions on both aspects that often bring to remarkably different solutions. The paper presents a consistent dynamic formulation of the problem of the vibration of rigid bodies connected with cantilever columns. The solution brings to closed-form equations to evaluate the exact out-of-plane action on the connections and the correct amount of panel mass to be lumped.

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Ding, Kewei, Xiaoying Kong, Shulin He, and Da Zong. "Experimental and Parametric Study on Seismic Behavior of Steel Frame with ALC Panels." Buildings 12, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122070.

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This paper presents a new type of connector which is used in prefabricated structures for attaching the autoclaved lightweight concrete panels to the steel frame. The new type of connector is composed of an L-node plate and a Z-node plate and is termed as the “pendulous Z-plate connector”. For examining the seismic behavior of the new connector, two full-scale steel frames with cladding panel walls, in which the ALC panels are connected to the steel frame by both classical and new connectors, were tested under quasi-static loading. The failure mode, hysteresis performance, energy dissipation, and stiffness degradation of the structures were measured and compared. The experimental results indicate that the new connector facilitates a better structural performance of cladding panel walls than the classical connector in terms of the coordinating deformation, the energy dissipation, and the load-carrying capacity at the yielding and the ultimate stages. In addition, for in-depth analysis of the failure mechanism, the finite element modeling was conducted and validated based on the comparison with the experimental results. Further parametric studies are carried out to find out the effect of bolt grades on the structure.

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Chen, Timothy, Anthony Yuen, Guan Yeoh, Wei Yang, and Qing Chan. "Fire Risk Assessment of Combustible Exterior Cladding Using a Collective Numerical Database." Fire 2, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2010011.

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Recent high-profile building fires involving highly-combustible external cladding panels in Australia as well as Dubai, China, and the United Kingdom have created a heightened awareness by the public, government, and commercial entities to act on the risks associated with non-compliant building structures. In this paper, a database of fire events involving combustible aluminium composite panels was developed based on (i) review of relevant major fire events in Australia and other countries, and (ii) numerical simulation of the ignitability, fire spread, and toxic emissions associated with composite panels. Through the application of large-eddy-simulation (LES)-based computational fire field models, the associated risks for a standardized two-storey building with external cladding was considered in this study. A total of sixteen simulation cases with different initial sizes of the fire and different air cavity widths in the exterior cladding assembly were examined to investigate the tolerable situations and their influences. It was discovered that for most cases, with an initial fire size greater than 400 kW/m−2, the fire will spread from the first to second floor before the allowed egress time period.

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Kvočka, Davor, Anja Lešek, Friderik Knez, Vilma Ducman, Matteo Panizza, Constantinos Tsoutis, and Adriana Bernardi. "Life Cycle Assessment of Prefabricated Geopolymeric Façade Cladding Panels Made from Large Fractions of Recycled Construction and Demolition Waste." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 5, 2020): 3931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13183931.

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The construction and demolition sector is one of the biggest consumers of natural resources in the world and consequently, one of the biggest waste producers worldwide. The proper management of construction and demolition waste (CDW) can provide major benefits for the construction and recycling industry. However, the recycling rate of CDW is relatively low, as there is still a lack of confidence in the quality of recycled CDW materials. Therefore, new research projects are looking for innovative solutions within recycling of CDW in order to overcome uncertainties currently associated with the use of construction products made from recycled or re-used CDW. In this paper, a “cradle-to-cradle” life cycle assessment (LCA) study has been conducted to investigate the environmental performance of the prefabricated geopolymeric façade cladding panels made from large fractions of CDW. The LCA results indicate that the majority of the environmental burden arises within the manufacturing stage; however, the environmental burden can be reduced with simple optimisation of the manufacturing process. Furthermore, the environmental impact of the prefabricated geopolymeric façade cladding panels is generally lower than the environmental burden associated with the façade cladding panels made from virgin materials.

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Yuen, S. Chung Kim, G. Cunliffe, and M. C. du Plessis. "Blast response of cladding sandwich panels with tubular cores." International Journal of Impact Engineering 110 (December 2017): 266–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.04.016.

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Ferrara, Liberato, Roberto Felicetti, Giandomenico Toniolo, and Carla Zenti. "Friction dissipative devices for cladding panels in precast buildings." European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 15, no. 9 (January 2011): 1319–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2011.9714857.

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Ruan, Dong, Mohd Azman Yahaya, James Hicks, Jayson Lloyd, and Feng Zhu. "An Experimental Study on a Novel Cladding System with Aluminium Honeycomb Core." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 770–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.770.

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Sandwich panels consisting of two aluminium two face-sheets and a core made of aluminium honeycomb were studied in this paper. These sandwich panels are good candidates for cladding systems employed to protect other structures again blast loadings. In this paper, the mechanical response and deformation of these sandwich panels subjected to simulated blast loadings are investigated experimentally. The effects of impact pulse, foil thickness and cell size of aluminium honeycombs have been discussed.

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Choi, Youngjun, Sang Eon Lee, Jae-Wook Jung, and Jung-Wuk Hong. "Collision mechanism of unmanned aerial vehicles onto glass panels." International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles 13 (January 2021): 175682932110605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17568293211060504.

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The international standards for safety glass design have been limited to the use of a soft body impactor representing a human body to estimate the accidental collision resistance. However, UAVs have recently emerged as a new collision source due to their increasingly widespread use. An evaluation protocol for UAV collision is required to secure the safety of the glass used for structural cladding. In this paper, the collision mechanism of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) onto glass panels is investigated by conducting experiments. We evaluate the impact forces of UAV collision on the glass panels and verify the numerical simulations by comparing the resultant forces from the experiments. Using the verified numerical simulation, 72 different collision conditions (changing the impact angles and velocities, respectively) are modeled, including extreme collision conditions that could be infeasible in the real experiments under manual control. Through this study, complicated collision mechanisms are clarified and elucidated. Additionally, specific collision conditions that induce maximum and minimum threats are identified, which should assist the design of future structural cladding glass systems and the UAV operation discipline in urban areas.

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25

Khakurel, Shreedhar, Trevor Z. Yeow, Frankie Chen, Zam Wang, Sandip K. Saha, and Rajesh P. Dhakal. "Development of cladding contribution functions for seismic loss estimation." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 52, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.52.1.23-43.

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One method to rapidly estimate seismic losses during the structural design phase is to use contribution functions. These are relationships between expected losses (e.g. damage repair costs, downtime, and injury) for a wide range of building components (e.g. cladding, partitions, and ceilings) and the building’s response. This study aims to develop contribution functions for common types of cladding used in different types of buildings considering damage repair costs. In the first part of this study, a building survey was performed to identify types and quantity of cladding used in residential, commercial and industrial buildings in Christchurch, New Zealand; where it was found that the most common cladding types are glazing, masonry veneer, monolithic cladding and precast panels. The data collected during the survey was also used to develop cladding distribution (i.e. density) functions. The second step involved identifying fragility functions from relevant literature which are applicable to the cladding detailing used in New Zealand. The third step involved surveying consultants, suppliers and builders on typical repair/replacement cost. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to combine the cladding density function with the fragility functions and the repair cost for each type of cladding to derive contribution functions for various types of cladding and building usage. An example (case study) is provided to demonstrate its usage.

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26

Zoubek, Blaz, Matej Fischinger, and Tatjana Isakovic. "Seismic response of short restrainers used to protect cladding panels in RC precast buildings." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 4 (July 20, 2016): 645–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546316659780.

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In the presented study, a second-line back-up system for the seismic protection of cladding panels in RC precast buildings is first presented. The system consists of special anchoring elements and a rope restrainer. The latter is activated only in the case when the existing connections between the primary structure and the panel fail, resulting in the occurrence of relatively large impact forces in the restrainer and in the anchoring elements. In order to adequately design the constitutive parts of the system, a simple yet sufficiently accurate procedure for the estimation of the impact forces is needed. A relatively easy-to-use formula was therefore proposed for this purpose. Next, an extensive parametric study, using response history analysis (RHA), was performed and the influence of several parameters affecting the impact forces in the restrainers was studied. The results obtained in the study were used to evaluate the proposed analytical formula. Considering the simplicity of the proposed formula, its accuracy was good. It can therefore be applied to the design of short restrainers which could be used in reinforced concrete (RC) precast buildings for the protection of cladding panels against the effects of earthquakes.

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27

Aliev, Semur Asif ogly. "Cladding panel material as the basis for the typological variety of hinged facade systems." Архитектура и дизайн, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2585-7789.2021.1.35714.

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  The article discusses the variety of facing panels of hinged façade systems. Typological classification was made on the basis of a variety of materials used for facing panels. The author identifies 6 groups of materials: clay, wood, cement, titanium dioxide, metal, special components. Analysis is conducted on the 18 names of facing panels according to the following characteristics: cladding material, exterior, image application technology, weight in kg / m2, attachment, durability, and manufacturer. The article determines 6 criteria and 2 requirements for ventilated facades. Based on the typology of the material, the author outlines advantages and disadvantages of certain types of facing panels. The article determines the criteria and requirements set for ventilated facades. Leaning on the provided typology of material, the advantages and disadvantages of individual types of facing panels for hinged façade systems are indicated. The relevance of this research is substantiated by the growing need for modern technologies and means to make buildings look architectural and expressive due to an assortment of combinations of facing materials in hinged ventilated systems.  The study reveals a wide variety of characteristics and types of facing panels. The market offer fully reflects the modern production technology capabilities with regards to construction materials. Despite a number of restrictions imposed by the normative acts, facing panels fully meet all the requirements, as the construct of hinged façade panels in general. Thus, is safe to say that facing panels fully satisfy the market demand. Titanium dioxide panels purify the air, which is in line with the current environmental trends contributing to emission reduction and environmental cleanup.

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28

Aliev, Semur Asif ogly. "Cladding panel material as the basis for the typological variety of hinged facade systems." Архитектура и дизайн, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2585-7789.2020.1.35714.

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Анотація:

  The article discusses the variety of facing panels of hinged façade systems. Typological classification was made on the basis of a variety of materials used for facing panels. The author identifies 6 groups of materials: clay, wood, cement, titanium dioxide, metal, special components. Analysis is conducted on the 18 names of facing panels according to the following characteristics: cladding material, exterior, image application technology, weight in kg / m2, attachment, durability, and manufacturer. The article determines 6 criteria and 2 requirements for ventilated facades. Based on the typology of the material, the author outlines advantages and disadvantages of certain types of facing panels. The article determines the criteria and requirements set for ventilated facades. Leaning on the provided typology of material, the advantages and disadvantages of individual types of facing panels for hinged façade systems are indicated. The relevance of this research is substantiated by the growing need for modern technologies and means to make buildings look architectural and expressive due to an assortment of combinations of facing materials in hinged ventilated systems.  The study reveals a wide variety of characteristics and types of facing panels. The market offer fully reflects the modern production technology capabilities with regards to construction materials. Despite a number of restrictions imposed by the normative acts, facing panels fully meet all the requirements, as the construct of hinged façade panels in general. Thus, is safe to say that facing panels fully satisfy the market demand. Titanium dioxide panels purify the air, which is in line with the current environmental trends contributing to emission reduction and environmental cleanup.

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29

Nečasová, Barbora, Liška Pavel, and Michal Novotný. "Stress/Strain Behaviour of Mechanical and Adhesive Joints in Timber Façade Applications." Key Engineering Materials 868 (October 2020): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.868.142.

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This paper compares the stress and strain behaviour of mechanical fasteners and elastic adhesive connections in timber façade applications. Two common designs with timber cladding are introduced. The traditional façade planks and multilayer large-format solid wood panels were selected. The resistance of a reference façade section with mechanical fasteners or adhesive bond to wind suction is determined according to the recommendations of European guideline ETAG 034. The pressure/suction chamber allowing hermetic closure was used. The sample deformation was measured at 15 locations, this also allowed to determine the elongation of the adhesive layer at break. The failure loads reached with the adhesive joint exceeded 20 kN/m2 in both combinations of façade cladding. On the other hand, the sample with a large-format panel and mechanical fasteners showed the lowest failure load at 12 kN/m2. The results confirmed that bonded joints are a suitable solution for large-format cladding, whereas an increase in the number of mechanical fasteners will be a more convenient solution for façade plank applications.

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30

Pham, D. T., S. Z. Su, and Ming Zhe Li. "An Integrated Manufacturing System with Reconfigurable Multi-Point Forming Technology for Fabrication of Complex Cladding and Facades." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 3507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.3507.

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Currently, there are no efficient, sustainable and adaptive means of producing large compound-curved cladding and facades in constructional and architectural engineering. This paper described a new and cost effective approach to achieving an integrated manufacturing system by employing innovative digitalised multi-point forming technology. The system integrated with CAD/CAM/CAE/CAT software enables rapid and flexible manufacturing functional and aesthetic panels of 3D freeform cladding and facades through die-less forming and fixture-less assembly.

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31

Montagne, Nicolas, Cyril Douthe, Xavier Tellier, Corentin Fivet, and Olivier Baverel. "Discrete Voss surfaces: Designing geodesic gridshells with planar cladding panels." Automation in Construction 140 (August 2022): 104200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104200.

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32

Lida, Tian, Wang Dongyan, and Liu Kang. "Experimental Study on Composite Light-weight Microporous Concrete Cladding Panels." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 128 (March 2018): 012093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/128/1/012093.

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33

Pan, Y. G., and A. J. Watson. "Interaction between concrete cladding panels and fixings under blast loading." Cement and Concrete Composites 18, no. 5 (January 1996): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0958-9465(96)00023-6.

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34

Rendell, E., A. Hsiao, and J. Shirokoff. "Effect of Partial Cladding Pattern of Aluminum 7075 T651 on Corrosion and Mechanical Properties." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5282659.

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The corrosion resistance of aluminum 7075 T651 in full clad (Alclad), partial clad, and bare (unclad) forms was compared after 300 hours of corrosion exposure in an acidic salt spray cabinet test at 36°C. After corrosion exposure, severe to moderate exfoliation corrosion was observed on the unprotected medium sized test panel, light general corrosion was observed on the partially clad panel, and patches of corrosion not penetrating the clad layer were observed on the fully clad panel. After corrosion tests, the tensile strength of partially clad, fully clad, and unprotected panels decreased by 3.4%, 4.0%, and 5.3%, respectively.

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35

Agustin, Helena C. Kis, Indra Sidharta, and Astri W. Caesarti. "Cladding and Natural Aging of Aluminium Alloy 2024 for Aircraft Application." Key Engineering Materials 940 (January 30, 2023): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-l01171.

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Aluminium alloy 2024 is widely used in the manufacturing of aircraft components such as skin panels for the wing. Generally, the aluminium alloy 2024 is delivered as cold work condition i.e., 2024 T3. However, the aluminium alloy 2024 T3 does not meet the standard for aircraft wing skin. Therefore, further treatments such as cladding and heat treatment are carried out to improve its quality. Cladding was introduced to the 2024 T3 alloy at 495 °C using commercial purity aluminium. Subsequently, T42 heat treatment was introduced to the 2024 T3 alloy at 500 °C for 40 minutes, then followed by quenching and natural aging for 96 hours, yielding 2024 T42 aluminium alloy with cladding (T42 Clad). 2024 T42 aluminium alloy without cladding (T42 Bare) was also obtained by T42 heat treatment of 2024 T3. The effect of cladding and natural aging on mechanical properties is investigated by tensile test and hardness test. Conductivity meter was used to determine the electrical conductivity. Intergranular corrosion test and stress corrosion crack test were performed to investigate the effect of cladding and natural aging on corrosion resistance. Results indicate that the solution treatment and natural aging improve corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, but reduce electrical conductivity values. Cladding gives higher electrical conductivity value and elongation. Both natural aging and cladding treatment provide appropriate aluminium alloy for aircraft wing skins.

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36

Zou, Roger, Dong Ruan, and Guo Xing Lu. "Finite Element Simulation of Aluminium Foam Sandwich Panels Subjected to Impact Loading." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 761–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.761.

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One potential application of aluminium foam sandwich panels in civil engineering is the cladding system which is employed to protect other structures again impact and blast loadings. Finite element (FE) simulation of these sandwich panels subjected to impact loading was conducted by using a commercial software package, LS-DYNA (version 971). The FE model was verified by experimental results conducted previously. Good agreement was achieved between the FE and experimental results. Parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of skin thickness, core thickness and boundary conditions on the deformation modes and energy absorption of sandwich panels with aluminum foam core.

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37

Pan, Y. G., A. J. Watson, and B. Hobbs. "Transfer of impulsive loading on cladding panels to the fixing assemblies." International Journal of Impact Engineering 25, no. 10 (November 2001): 949–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0734-743x(01)00030-6.

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38

Ercolino, Marianna, Gennaro Magliulo, and Gaetano Manfredi. "Seismic Performance of Single-Story Precast Buildings: Effect of Cladding Panels." Journal of Structural Engineering 144, no. 9 (September 2018): 04018134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002114.

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39

Alaimo, Giuseppe, Antonino Valenza, Daniele Enea, and Vincenzo Fiore. "The durability of basalt fibres reinforced polymer (BFRP) panels for cladding." Materials and Structures 49, no. 6 (May 19, 2015): 2053–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0633-3.

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40

Getz, Daniel R., and Ali M. Memari. "Static and Cyclic Racking Performance of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Cladding Panels." Journal of Architectural Engineering 12, no. 1 (March 2006): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1076-0431(2006)12:1(12).

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41

Belleri, Andrea, Mauro Torquati, Alessandra Marini, and Paolo Riva. "Horizontal cladding panels: in-plane seismic performance in precast concrete buildings." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 14, no. 4 (January 11, 2016): 1103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-015-9861-8.

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42

Amaral, Pedro M., Rui S. Camposinhos, and José C. Lello. "Natural Stone Testing Specification for a New Facade System." Key Engineering Materials 548 (April 2013): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.548.295.

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This paper discusses in detail the materials properties that should be evaluated for producing large prestressed natural stone cladding panels made of limestone, marble and granite. The work underlines the importance of having standard test procedures used to determine the stone properties employed in the design and dimensioning of prestressed panels. A case-study using 2 types of stones (granite and limestone) is presented to exemplify the application of the stone characterisation under the scope of the technical specification. When safety requirements consider the environmental aspects of the application, the design and dimensioning of the panels must consider the decay of the properties evaluated under the corresponding natural stone specification.

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43

Kymäläinen, Maija, Hannu Turunen, and Lauri Rautkari. "Effect of Weathering on Surface Functional Groups of Charred Norway Spruce Cladding Panels." Forests 11, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121373.

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Norway spruce cladding panels were surface charred with a prototype device utilizing a hot plate method. The panels were used to construct a test wall that was exposed to natural weathering for a period of two years. The changes in functional groups were evaluated with photoacoustic FTIR spectroscopy. The analysis revealed degradation of the thermally modified lignin component, indicating poor stability in weathering. Improvements in the prototype device process conditions, such as increased surface pressure and slower feed speed, and future research needs regarding surface charred wood are discussed.

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44

Chen, Wen Su, Hong Hao, and Hao Du. "Numerical Study of Corrugated Metal Panels Subjected to Windborne Debris Impacts." Key Engineering Materials 626 (August 2014): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.626.109.

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Hurricane, typhoon and cyclone take place more and more often around the world with changing climate. Such nature disasters cause tremendous economic loss and casualty. Various kinds of windborne debris such as compact-like, plate-like and rod-like objects driven by hurricane usually imposes localized impact loading on the structure envelopes such as cladding, wall or roof, etc. The dominant opening in the envelope might cause serious damage to the structures, even collapse. To withstand the impact of such extreme event, the requirements on panel capacity to resist windborne debris impact has been presented in the Australian Wind Loading Code (2011) [1]. Corrugated metal panels are widely used as building envelop. In a previous study, laboratory tests have been carried out to investigate the performance of corrugated metal panels subjected to a 4kg wooden projectile by considering various impact locations, impact velocities and boundary conditions. In this study, numerical models were developed to simulate the responses of the corrugated metal panels subjected to wooden debris impacts by using commercial software LS-DYNA. The predicted data from the numerical simulations were compared with the experimental results. The validated numerical model can be used to conduct intensive numerical simulation to study the failure probabilities of corrugated structural panels subjected to windborne debris impacts.

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45

Liu, Chang, Sara Shirowzhan, Samad M. E. Sepasgozar, and Ali Kaboli. "Evaluation of Classical Operators and Fuzzy Logic Algorithms for Edge Detection of Panels at Exterior Cladding of Buildings." Buildings 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9020040.

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The automated process of construction defect detection using non-contact methods provides vital information for quality control and updating building information modelling. The external cladding in modular construction should be regularly controlled in terms of the quality of panels and proper installation because its appearance is very important for clients. However, there are limited computational methods for examining the installation issues of external cladding remotely in an automated manner. These issues could be the incorrect sitting of a panel, unequal joints in an elevation, scratches or cracks on the face of a panel or dimensions of different elements of external cladding. This paper aims to present seven algorithms to detect panel edges and statistically compare their performance through application on two scenarios of buildings in construction sites. Two different scenarios are selected, where the building façades are available to the public, and a sample of 100 images is taken using a state-of-the-art 3D camera for edge detection analysis. The experimentation results are validated by using a series of computational error and accuracy analyses and statistical methods including Mean Square Error, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio and Structural Similarity Index. The performance of an image processing algorithm depends on the quality of images and the algorithm utilised. The results show better performance of the fuzzy logic algorithm because it detects clear edges for installed panels. The applications of classical operators including Sobel, Canny, LoG, Prewitt and Roberts algorithms give similar results and show similarities in terms of the average of errors and accuracy. In addition, the results show that the minor difference of the average of the error and accuracy indices for Sobel, Canny, LoG, Prewitt and Roberts methods between both scenarios are not statistically significant, while the difference in the average of the error and accuracy indices for RGB-Sobel and Fuzzy methods between both scenarios are statistically significant. The accuracy of the algorithms can be improved by removing unwanted items such as vegetation and clouds in the sky. The evaluated algorithms assist practitioners to analyse their images collected day to day from construction sites, and to update building information modelling and the project digital drawings. Future work may need to focus on the combination of the evaluated algorithms using new data sets including colour edge detection for automatic defect identification using RGB and 360-degree images.

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46

Dobrzycki, Arkadiusz, Dariusz Kurz, Stanisław Mikulski, and Grzegorz Wodnicki. "Analysis of the Impact of Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) on Reducing the Demand for Electricity and Heat in Buildings Located in Poland." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 2549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102549.

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Based on a method to reduce energy consumption suggested in a real energy audit carried out in an industrial plant located in Poznań (city in Poland), the potential of using photovoltaic (PV) panels as wall cladding was analyzed, in order to reduce energy (electric and thermal) consumption and financial expenditure. The authors’ concept of using building integrated photovoltaic installation (BIPV) was presented and tested. This study checked whether the presence of PV modules would also affect heat transfer through the external wall of the building on which the installation is located. The analysis consisted of determining, for two variants, the heat transfer coefficients across the partition, in order to estimate the potential thermal energy savings. The first variant concerned the existing state, i.e., heat transfer through the external wall of the building, while the second included an additional partition layer in the form of photovoltaic panels. As a result, the use of panels as wall cladding allowed the improvement of the thermal parameters of the building wall (by increasing the thermal resistance of the wall), and the reduction of gas consumption for heating. The panels also generate electricity for the factory’s own needs. Payback time, compared to calculations which do not include changes in thermal parameters, was shortened from 14 to 11 years. The main reason for this is that gas consumption is reduced due to the improved heat transfer coefficient of the wall and the reduction of the heat loss of the facility. This aspect is usually overlooked when considering photovoltaic installations and, as argued by this paper, can be important.

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47

Ferrara, Liberato, Roberto Felicetti, Giandomenico Toniolo, and Carla Zenti. "Friction dissipative devices for cladding panels in precast buildings. An experimental investigation." European Journal of Environmental and Civil engineering 15, no. 9 (November 28, 2011): 1319–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/ejece.15.1319-1338.

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48

Dal Lago, Bruno, Silvia Bianchi, and Fabio Biondini. "Diaphragm effectiveness of precast concrete structures with cladding panels under seismic action." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 17, no. 1 (August 27, 2018): 473–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0452-3.

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49

Hébert, Ronan, Layla Beouch, Odile Fichet, Jean‐Philippe Bigas, Dominique Teyssié, Benoit Berthier, and Jean‐Baptiste Prichystal. "Cracks and stains on façade‐cladding made of carbonate rock thin panels." Structural Survey 30, no. 2 (May 25, 2012): 130–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630801211228734.

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50

Chernoivan, V. N., and N. V. Chernoivan. "Thermal Rehabilitation of Facades of Operated Panel Buildings." Science & Technique 21, no. 6 (December 9, 2022): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2022-21-6-511-516.

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Field studies of panel buildings have shown that after 30 years of operation, the technical condition of structural elements (embedded parts, welds, etc.) are in working condition. At the same time, the thermal characteristics of the external wall fencing have decreased by more than 30 % compared to those adopted during the design and do not meet regulatory requirements. One of the main reasons for this is the destruction of the material of the thermal insulation layer of wall panels under the influence of atmospheric influences. Consequently, the thermal rehabilitation of external wall panels allows for further operation of panel buildings without restrictions. According to the results of the studies carried out, it is proposed to use a factory-made thermal insulation cladding plate for thermal rehabilitation of the facades of operated panel buildings. The publication presents the results of laboratory studies on the choice of an effective solution for the design of the conection (joint) of individual thermal insulation plate into a thermal insulation facing plate of the required dimensions. The technology of manufacturing thermal insulation facing plates is described. The main advantages of the proposed structural and technological solution for the thermal rehabilitation of external wall panels are: a significant reduction in manual technological processes on the construction site; the possibility of performing work without eviction of residents; eliminating the appearance of cold bridges in the inter-panel seams during the operation of buildings through the use of a folding type joint.

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