Статті в журналах: "Citrus Diseases and pests"

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Lin, Yuke, Jin Xu, and Ying Zhang. "Identification Method of Citrus Aurantium Diseases and Pests Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (May 27, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7012399.

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The traditional identification methods of Citrus aurantium diseases and pests are prone to convergence during the running process, resulting in low accuracy of identification. To this end, this study reviews the newest methods for the identification of Citrus aurantium diseases and pests based on a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN). The initial images of Citrus aurantium leaves are collected by hardware equipment and then preprocessed using the techniques of cropping, enhancement, and morphological transformation. By using the neural network to divide the disease spots of Citrus aurantium images, accurate recognition results are obtained through feature matching. The comparative experimental results show that, compared with the traditional recognition method, the recognition rate of the proposed method has increased by about 11.9%, indicating its better performance. The proposed method can overcome the interference of the external environment to a certain extent and can provide reference data for the prevention and control of Citrus aurantium diseases and pests.

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Lee, Saebom, Gyuho Choi, Hyun-Cheol Park, and Chang Choi. "Automatic Classification Service System for Citrus Pest Recognition Based on Deep Learning." Sensors 22, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 8911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228911.

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Plant diseases are a major cause of reduction in agricultural output, which leads to severe economic losses and unstable food supply. The citrus plant is an economically important fruit crop grown and produced worldwide. However, citrus plants are easily affected by various factors, such as climate change, pests, and diseases, resulting in reduced yield and quality. Advances in computer vision in recent years have been widely used for plant disease detection and classification, providing opportunities for early disease detection, and resulting in improvements in agriculture. Particularly, the early and accurate detection of citrus diseases, which are vulnerable to pests, is very important to prevent the spread of pests and reduce crop damage. Research on citrus pest disease is ongoing, but it is difficult to apply research results to cultivation owing to a lack of datasets for research and limited types of pests. In this study, we built a dataset by self-collecting a total of 20,000 citrus pest images, including fruits and leaves, from actual cultivation sites. The constructed dataset was trained, verified, and tested using a model that had undergone five transfer learning steps. All models used in the experiment had an average accuracy of 97% or more and an average f1 score of 96% or more. We built a web application server using the EfficientNet-b0 model, which exhibited the best performance among the five learning models. The built web application tested citrus pest disease using image samples collected from websites other than the self-collected image samples and prepared data, and both samples correctly classified the disease. The citrus pest automatic diagnosis web system using the model proposed in this study plays a useful auxiliary role in recognizing and classifying citrus diseases. This can, in turn, help improve the overall quality of citrus fruits.

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Arif, Alfis. "A SISTEM PAKAR HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TANAMAN JERUK GERGA PAGAR ALAM MENGGUNAKAN METODE EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE BERBASIS WEBSITE." Jurnal Teknologi Informasi Mura 11, no. 02 (December 16, 2019): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32767/jti.v11i02.610.

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Penyediaan sistem informasi tentang penyakit Tanaman Jeruk di Kota Pagaralam masih bersifat manual sehingga tak berfungsi secara maksimal saat penyebaran informasi baik ke petani, penyuluh, & pengguna lainnya. Gangguan penyakit merupakan masalah penting yang dihadapi petani dalam usaha tani buah jeruk, selain menurunkan hasil produksi serangan penyakit juga menurunkan kualitas hasil. Oleh karena itu untuk mengetahui penyakit apa yang menyerang tanaman Jeruk maka dibutuhkan suatu sistem informasi identifikasi penyakit pada tanaman buah Jeruk berbasis website. Dengan aplikasi ini diharapkan petani dapat terbantu dalam mendiagnosis hama & penyakit yang sedang menyerang tanaman jeruknya, sehingga bisa juga mengetahui penanganannya dan mencegah serangan yang lebih luas. Metode kegiatan yang digunakan pada pembuatan sistem pakar diagnosis penyakit jeruk ini adalah analisis situasi, koleksi pengetahuan, perancangan, testing & evaluasi, dokumentasi serta pemeliharaan. Sistem pakar ini menggunakan metode Euclidean Distance atau jarak terpendek dari setiap gejala yang ada terhadap serangan hama atau penyakit jeruk. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah sebuah sistem informasi identifikasi hama dan penyakit pada tanaman buah Jeruk berbasis website. Kata kunci : Hama, Jeruk, Pakar, Euclidean Distance Abstract Provision of information systems about Citrus Disease in Pagaralam City is still manual so that it does not function optimally when disseminating information to farmers, extension workers & other users. Disease is an important problem faced by farmers in the farming of citrus fruits, in addition to reducing the production of disease attacks also reduces the quality of yields. Therefore, to find out what diseases that attack citrus plants, we need a system for identifying information on diseases in citrus fruit based on a website. With this application farmers are expected to be able to assist in diagnosing pests & diseases that are attacking their citrus plants, so they can also know how to handle them and prevent wider attacks. The method of activities used in making this expert system for diagnosis of orange disease are situation analysis, knowledge collection, design, testing & evaluation, documentation and maintenance. This expert system uses the Euclidean Distance method or the shortest distance from each symptom that exists against pests or citrus diseases. The results obtained are a website-based information system for identifying pests and diseases in citrus fruit plants. Keywords : Pests, Oranges, Experts, Euclidean Distance

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Michael, Githae, George O. Ong’amo, John Nderitu, Gillian W. Watson, and Wanja Kinuthia. "Diversity of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) attacking citrus trees in Machakos, Makueni, Kilifi and Kwale Counties, Kenya." Journal of Agricultural Science and Practice 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasp2021.275.

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Citrus farming is a major source of revenue for large and small-scale farmers in Kenya. Citrus production is confronted with threats from pests and diseases. Surveys of citrus farms in Kilifi, Kwale, Machakos and Makueni counties, Kenya in July/August (dry season) and in November/December (wet season), 2019 were conducted to identify scale insect pests (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) attacking the trees (Sapindales: Rutaceae), and their related biota. A total of 22 scale insect species belonging to four families, namely Diaspididae (armoured scales), Coccidae (soft scales), Pseudococcidae (mealybugs), and Monophlebidae (giant mealybugs) were found infesting citrus trees in the two regions surveyed. Among the scale insects reported, four species were newly introduced in Kenya; three armoured scales Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas), Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Aonidiella comperei (McKenzie), and a soft scale, Pulvinaria polygonata (Cockerell). The scale insects were closely associated with predators (coccinellids and lacewings) and attendant ants. This information will be helpful in the development of efficient management strategies against the scale insect pests, thus improving citrus production in Kenya. The scale insect pests identified in this study will be useful to plant quarantine facilities in Kenya to help to prevent and detect accidental introductions of exotic scale insect species.

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Xing, Shuli, Marely Lee, and Keun-kwang Lee. "Citrus Pests and Diseases Recognition Model Using Weakly Dense Connected Convolution Network." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 19, 2019): 3195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143195.

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Pests and diseases can cause severe damage to citrus fruits. Farmers used to rely on experienced experts to recognize them, which is a time consuming and costly process. With the popularity of image sensors and the development of computer vision technology, using convolutional neural network (CNN) models to identify pests and diseases has become a recent trend in the field of agriculture. However, many researchers refer to pre-trained models of ImageNet to execute different recognition tasks without considering their own dataset scale, resulting in a waste of computational resources. In this paper, a simple but effective CNN model was developed based on our image dataset. The proposed network was designed from the aspect of parameter efficiency. To achieve this goal, the complexity of cross-channel operation was increased and the frequency of feature reuse was adapted to network depth. Experiment results showed that Weakly DenseNet-16 got the highest classification accuracy with fewer parameters. Because this network is lightweight, it can be used in mobile devices.

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Xing, Shuli, and Malrey Lee. "Classification Accuracy Improvement for Small-Size Citrus Pests and Diseases Using Bridge Connections in Deep Neural Networks." Sensors 20, no. 17 (September 3, 2020): 4992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174992.

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Due to the rich vitamin content in citrus fruit, citrus is an important crop around the world. However, the yield of these citrus crops is often reduced due to the damage of various pests and diseases. In order to mitigate these problems, several convolutional neural networks were applied to detect them. It is of note that the performance of these selected models degraded as the size of the target object in the image decreased. To adapt to scale changes, a new feature reuse method named bridge connection was developed. With the help of bridge connections, the accuracy of baseline networks was improved at little additional computation cost. The proposed BridgeNet-19 achieved the highest classification accuracy (95.47%), followed by the pre-trained VGG-19 (95.01%) and VGG-19 with bridge connections (94.73%). The use of bridge connections also strengthens the flexibility of sensors for image acquisition. It is unnecessary to pay more attention to adjusting the distance between a camera and pests and diseases.

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Purba, Endang Christine, and Bambang S. Purwoko. "TEKNIK PEMBIBITAN, PEMUPUKAN, DAN PENGENDALIAN HAMA PENYAKIT TANAMAN KOMODITI JERUK SIAM (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) DI KECAMATAN SIMPANG EMPAT DAN KECAMATAN PAYUNG, KABUPATEN KARO, SUMATRA UTARA, INDONESIA." Pro-Life 6, no. 1 (March 5, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/pro-life.v6i1.940.

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Citrus is one of the horticultural commodities that has been a focus of development in 2018. Citrus is the fourth largest commodity in the percentage of Indonesia fruit production in 2014. In 2014, citrus fruit production in Indonesia was 1,785,256 tons or around 9.01% of national fruit production. Karo Regency is a citrus production center in North Sumatra, Indonesia. According to the Direktorat Jendral Hortikultura (2015) the production of citrus commodities was 173.921 tons (53,30%). In 2014, there were 3,150,060 productive citrus trees with a harvested area of 7,875 ha and a production of 500,243 tons in North Sumatra. One of the varieties grown by farmers in Karo Regency is Siam. High productivity of siam is certainly also influenced by seedlings, fertilization and controlling the pests. To determine this, research has been conducted on farmers in Simpang Empat and Payung Districts, Karo Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. To get quality Siam seeds, farmers in two research locations used Japansche citroen plants as rootstock because they were resistant to disease and drought. Fertilization of siam uses inorganic fertilizer as much as 3-4 months, while organic fertilizer as much as 10 months. The control of pests of siam citrus is done mechanically and chemically. Pests and diseases that usually attack siam are Bractocera spp, black lice, fruit borers, fungus and powdery mildew. Keywords: cultivation, seedling, fertilizer, pest, productivity, orange, Citrus nobilis

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Resiani, Ni Made Delly, Ni Putu Sutami, and A. A. N. B. Kamandalu. "Innovations in healthy citrus garden management to reduce major pests and diseases and increase incomes of citrus farmers." E3S Web of Conferences 361 (2022): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236102007.

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Healthy citrus garden management is an effort to optimize citrus yields. The research aims to suppress major pests and diseases and increase yields and incomes of citrus farmers. The research was conducted in Kintamani, Bali in January 2017-December 2020. The study was conducted in pairs in the form of 1 block of garden technology innovation treatment of healthy citrus gardens and 1 block of farmers' existing gardens. Plant samples per block were determined by purposive sampling. The results showed that the treatment had a significant effect on the abundance of fruit fly populations, diplodia infection, crop yields and farm income. There was a decrease in fruit fly population abundance and diplodia infection by 9.20 and 33.60%, the average citrus fruit yield was 23.71 t/ha. / year, there is an increase in citrus farming income by 97.19%/ha/year due to the innovation of healthy citrus gardens. Based on the calculation results, the R/C ratio and MBCR values were 1.96 and 2.55 for innovations with components of healthy citrus garden management. It is concluded that the technological innovation of healthy citrus gardens is feasible to be developed with the same type of agroecosystem.

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Gairhe, Biwek, Ramdas Kanissery, and Brent Sellers. "Citrus Nursery Production Guide, Chapter 8: Stock Plant and Tree Production: c) Weed Management in Citrus Nurseries." EDIS 2019, no. 5 (October 24, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-hs1344-2019.

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All citrus nursery stock in Florida is raised in enclosed greenhouses. It is not uncommon for weeds to grow in containers, where they compete with citrus seedlings, and on greenhouse floors, where they can harbor pests and diseases. This new 7-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department provides descriptions of a few commonly found weeds in citrus nurseries and good weed management practices. Written by Biwek Gairhe, Ramdas Kanissery, and Brent Sellers, this article is chapter 8c of the forthcoming Citrus Nursery Production Guide. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1344

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Thomas, Michael B., Jonathan H. Crane, James J. Ferguson, Howard W. Beck, and Joseph W. Noling. "Two Computer-based Diagnostic Systems for Diseases, Insect Pests, and Physiological Disorders of Citrus and Selected Tropical Fruit Crops." HortTechnology 7, no. 3 (July 1997): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.7.3.293.

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The TFRUIT·Xpert and CIT·Xpert computerbased diagnostic programs can quickly assist commercial producers, extension agents, and homeowners in the diagnosis of diseases, insect pest problems and physiological disorders. The CIT·Xpert system focuses on citrus (Citrus spp.), whereas the TFRUIT·Xpert system focuses on avocado (Persea americana Mill.), carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.), lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), mango (Mangifera indica L.), papaya (Carica papaya L.), and `Tahiti' lime (Citrus latifolia Tan.). The systems were developed in cooperation with research and extension specialists with expertise in the area of diagnosing diseases, disorders, and pest problems of citrus and tropical fruit. The systems' methodology reproduces the diagnostic reasoning process of these experts. Reviews of extension and research literature and 35-mm color slide images were completed to obtain representative information and slide images illustrative of diseases, disorders, and pest problems specific to Florida. The diagnostic programs operate under Microsoft-Windows. Full-screen color images are linked to symptoms (87 for CIT·Xpert and 167 for TFRUIT·Xpert) of diseases, disorders, and insect pest problems of citrus and tropical fruit, respectively. Users can also refer to summary documents and retrieve management information from the Univ. of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences extension publications through hypertext links. The programs are available separately on CD-ROM and each contains over 150 digital color images of symptoms.

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Fuad, Laylin, Novri Adhiatma, and Muhammad Ikhsan. "Sistem Pakar Diagnosis Penyakit Pada Tanaman Jeruk Gerga Dengan Metode Forward Chaining Studi Kasus Balai Penyuluhan (BPP) Kecamatan Jangkat Kabupaten Merangin." Jurnal Elektronika Listrik dan Teknologi Informasi Terapan 4, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37338/e.v4i1.226.

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Citrus fruit is one of the most popular types of fruits by the people of Indonesia because of its freshness and contains many types of vitamins. However, the population of citrus plants has experienced a high increase due to the limited knowledge of farmers in terms of proper citrus farming. Another obstacle that causes citrus fruit products in Indonesia to not meet expectations is the emergence of pests and diseases. Many losses are caused by plant diseases that are too late to diagnose, and have reached a severe stage causing crop failure. The purpose of the study was to build an Expert System for Diagnosis of Diseases in Citrus with the Forward Chaining Method Case Study at the Agricultural Extension Center (BPP) in Jangkat District, Merangin Regency, a system that can replace the temporary role of experts or experts in identifying citrus plant diseases quickly and accurately. An expert system for diagnosing citrus plant diseases is needed as a means of consultation and a means of learning for farmers, especially from the Extension Center. For this reason, the difficulties experienced by farmers can be overcome by providing a software (expert system) in the form of an application program to determine diseases that attack citrus or lime plants as well as proper handling and prevention methods. The input in this system is in the form of disease data, symptom data, and rule data. The output is a checking report. The result of this research is a system for diagnosing citrus plant diseases. Keywords— citrus plant diseases, Diagnosis, expert system, forward chaining.

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Syvertsen, Jim, and Yoseph Levy. "Salinity Interactions with Other Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Citrus." HortTechnology 15, no. 1 (January 2005): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.1.0100.

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Multiple stresses almost always have synergistic effects on plants. In citrus, there are direct and indirect interactions between salinity and other physical abiotic stresses like poor soil drainage, drought, irradiance, leaf temperature, and atmospheric evaporative demand. In addition, salinity interacts with biotic pests and diseases including root rot (Phytophthora spp.), nematodes, and mycorrhizae. Improving tree water relations through optimum irrigation/drainage management, maintaining nutrient balances, and decreasing evaporative demand can alleviate salt injury and decrease toxic ion accumulation. Irrigation with high salinity water not only can have direct effects on root pathogens, but salinity can also predispose citrus rootstocks to attack by root rot and nematodes. Rootstocks known to be tolerant to root rot and nematode pests can become more susceptible when irrigated with high salinity water. In addition, nematodes and mycorrhizae can affect the salt tolerance of citrus roots and may increase chloride (Cl-) uptake. Not all effects of salinity are negative, however, as moderate salinity stress can reduce physiological activity and growth, allowing citrus seedlings to survive cold stress, and can even enhance flowering after the salinity stress is relieved.

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ONO, Kimio. "Chemical control of diseases and pests of citrus trees in a vinyl house. 3." Kyushu Plant Protection Research 32 (1986): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4241/kyubyochu.32.78.

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You, Jie, and Joonwhoan Lee. "Offline mobile diagnosis system for citrus pests and diseases using deep compression neural network." IET Computer Vision 14, no. 6 (September 1, 2020): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cvi.2018.5784.

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Ullah, Muhammad Irfan, Muhammad Riaz, Muhammad Arshad, Aqeel Haider Khan, Muhammad Afzal, Samina Khalid, Naunain Mehmood, et al. "Application of Organic Fertilizers Affect the Citrus Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Infestation and Citrus Canker Disease in Nursery Plantations." International Journal of Insect Science 11 (January 2019): 117954331985863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179543319858634.

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Citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is one of the most important insect pests of Pakistan’s citrus nursery stock and caused extensive damage to young flushes. The organic compost is a widespread technique used to manage insect pests and plant diseases. Different composts (biofert, tara root and vermicompost) at 0.5 and 0.25 kg/plant concentration in comparison to NPK fertilizer at 0.4 and 0.2 g/plant were evaluated for CLM infestation and the associated citrus canker disease in nursery plantations of Citrus reticulata Blanco. Application of biofert at 0.5 kg/plant reduced the CLM infestation up to 54.5% during Fall-2016 and 39.1% during Summer-2017 in comparison to control treatment. The CLM larval density was also found lower by the application of biofert followed by vermicompost during both seasons. Both concentrations of biofert followed by vermicompost at 0.5 kg/plant resulted in remarkable protection against citrus canker disease in both flushes. The incidence of canker associated with CLM infested leaves was also studied and found lower by the application of biofert and vermicompost compared with control treatment. Conclusively, the soil amendment using biofert and vermicompost affects the CLM population and canker infection in nursery plantations. These organic fertilizers can be used in future citrus IPM programs as a tool to suppress the CLM population and citrus canker disease.

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Donkersley, Philip, Farley W. S. Silva, Claudine M. Carvalho, Abdullah M. Al-Sadi, and Simon L. Elliot. "Biological, environmental and socioeconomic threats to citrus lime production." Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 125, no. 4 (March 21, 2018): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41348-018-0160-x.

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Abstract Limes as a fruit crop are of great economic importance, key to Asian and South American cuisines and cultivated in nearly all tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Demand for limes is increasing, driven by World Health Organization recommendations. Pests and pathogens have significantly reduced global productivity, while changes in agronomic techniques aim to alleviate this stress. We present here a holistic examination of the major biotic (pests and pathogens) and abiotic (environment and socioeconomic) factors that presently limit global production of lime. The major producers of limes are India, China and Mexico, while loss of lime production in the United States from 2006 has led many countries in the Western Hemisphere (Mexico, Costa Rica and Brazil) to export primarily to the USA. The most widespread invertebrate pests of lime are Toxoptera citricida and Scirtothrips citri. Another insect, Diaphorina citri, vectors both Huanglongbing (HLB) and Witches Broom of Lime, which are particularly destructive diseases. Developing agronomic techniques focus on production of resistant and pathogen-free planting materials and control of insect vectors. HLB infects citrus in nearly all growing regions, and has been particularly devastating in Asian citrus. Meanwhile, Citrus tristeza virus has infected over 100 million citrus trees, mainly in the Americas and Mediterranean. Currently, Witches Broom Disease of Lime is localised to the Middle East, but recently it has been detected in South America. The range of its vectors (D. citri and Hishimonus phycitis) further raises concerns about the potential spread of this disease. Abiotic threats to lime production are also a significant concern; key areas of lime production such as Mexico, India and the Middle East suffer from increasing water stress and high soil salinity, which combined with invasive pests and pathogens, may eliminate lime production in these areas. To ensure future security in lime production, policy makers, researchers and growers will need to examine the potential of more resistant lime cultivars and establish novel areas of cultivation.

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Salamiah, Salamiah, Badruzsaufari Badruzsaufari, and Muhammad Arsyad. "JENIS TANAMAN INANG DAN MASA INKUBASI PATOGEN BOTRYODIPLODIA THEOBROMAE PAT. PENYEBAB PENYAKIT KULIT DIPLODIA PADA JERUK." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 8, no. 2 (November 4, 2011): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.28123-131.

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Alternative hosts and Incubation period of Botryodiplodia theobromae the causal of diplodia bark diseases on citrus. Citrus is one of the important horticulture commodities in South Kalimantan. Citrus growers in the region encounter diplodia disease caused by a genus of Botryodiplodia. There is no single method practiced today proved to be effective control for the disease. Insufficient information of the pathogen life cycle is considered to contribute in the failure of disease management. Information of the alternative hosts and incubation period of the pathogens is very crucial in the diseases management. The experiments were carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Diseases and at a Glass House of the Department of Plant Pests and Diseases of the Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University in Banjarbaru from March – October 2006. The experiments were conducted in three phases, i.e. (1) identification of pathogen, (2) the study of alternative hosts, and (3) the study of incubation periods of the pathogen in the test plants. Results showed that the diplodia disease of citrus “Siam Banjar” was caused by a fungus of the genus Botryodiplodia theobromae. The pathogen can also infected chasew and avocado plants. The Incubation periods of the pathogen in citrus, chasew, and avocado were 64, 39 and 39 days, respectively.

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Lahlali, Rachid, Manal Jaouad, Alieu Moinina, Fouad Mokrini, and Zineb Belabess. "Farmers' knowledge, perceptions, and farm-level management practices of citrus pests and diseases in Morocco." Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 128, no. 5 (May 16, 2021): 1213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41348-021-00479-2.

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林, 炜博. "Pollution-Free Green Prevention and Control Technology of Citrus Pests and Diseases in Taishun County." Hans Journal of Agricultural Sciences 09, no. 08 (2019): 669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjas.2019.98095.

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Ferrarezi, Rhuanito Soranz, and Roberto Testezlaf. "Automated ebb-and-flow subirrigation for citrus liners production. II. Pests, diseases and nutrient concentration." Agricultural Water Management 192 (October 2017): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.06.017.

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Qureshi, Jawwad A., Barry C. Kostyk, and Philip A. Stansly. "Single and Multiple Modes of Action Insecticides for Control of Asian Citrus Psyllid and Citrus Leafminer." HortScience 52, no. 5 (May 2017): 732–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11726-17.

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Control of Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton is important to reduce the spread and severity of huanglongbing (HLB) (citrus greening) and citrus canker diseases, respectively. Insecticides are critical for the management of these pests. We therefore conducted two replicated experiments using spray treatments containing single or multiple modes of action (MoA) insecticides to reduce the incidence of these two pests in bearing citrus. Tank mixing in 47 L·ha−1 (5 gal/acre) of water with synthetic plant terpenes (Requiem 25 EC, Unknown MoA) or adjuvant petroleum oil (PureSpray Green, Unknown MoA) did not improve the effectiveness of the pyrethroid zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max 0.15 EC, MoA 3A) against D. citri. Its control with flupyradifurone (Sivanto 200 SL MoA 4D) and PureSpray Green in 935 L·ha−1 (100 gal/acre) water was similar to Mustang Max 0.15 EC and Requiem 25 EC, but mixtures did not provide better control than Mustang Max 0.15 EC alone. Phyllocnistis citrella was controlled only with Sivanto 200 SL and PureSpray Green and Requiem 25 EC alone. The addition of cyantraniliprole (group 28 MoA in A16971 premixed with thiamethoxam MoA 4A), pymetrozine (Fulfill 50 WDG, MoA 9B), or abamectin (Agri-Mek SC, MoA 6) did not improve and in many cases reduced the performance of thiamethoxam (Actara 25 WG, MoA 4A) against D. citri and P. citrella. These results demonstrated no advantage to single applications of multiple MoAs over the most effective active ingredients when applied alone for control of D. citri or P. citrella. Therefore, rotations of these active ingredients would be preferable to mixtures to avoid selection for resistance against multiple MoAs by any one application.

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Eka Sari, Wahyuni, Annafi Franz, and Nikita Valentine. "Sistem Pakar Diagnosis Hama Penyakit Tanaman Jeruk Keprok Borneo Prima (Citrus Reticulata) Dengan Fuzzy Tsukamoto." Jurnal Kajian Ilmiah 22, no. 3 (September 22, 2022): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31599/jki.v22i3.1524.

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Borneo Prima Citrus (Citrus Reticulata) is a monoculture commodity that is susceptible to pests or diseases. The role of an expert is constrained by the fact that expert knowledge is not well documented, the detection process is still manual and expensive, and the distance between agricultural extension workers and plantation sites is far. This problem can be solved by an expert system. The Fuzzy-Tsukamoto method is suitable for solving citrus disease diagnosis problems which have many rules with several symptoms that can represent several diseases. Fuzzy Tsukamoto applies monotonous reasoning to each rule. If in monotonous reasoning, the system only has one rule, in the Tsukamoto method the system consists of several rules. Because it uses the basic concept of monotonous reasoning, in Fuzzy-Tsukamoto's method, every consequence of the IF-THEN rule is represented by a fuzzy set on a monotonic membership function. There were 13 citrus trees indicated to be infected with the disease, which was observed from 500 trees. The accuracy of the results obtained between the expert system and expert knowledge is 84% of 13 diseases and 36 symptoms. The result shows that there are two diseases that are not suitable and 11 diseases according to experts.

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Purwati, Purwati, and Hamidah Hamidah. "Biodiversitas Mikroba Rizosfer Tanaman Jeruk Keprok Borneo Prima (Citrus reticulata cv Borneo Prima)." Agrifarm : Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian 7, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/ajip.v7i2.431.

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Borneo Prima tangerine (Citrus reticulata cv Borneo Prima) is an indigenous plant from Tanjung Labu Village, Rantau Pulung District, East Kutai District, East Kalimantan Province. In the cultivation of these plants, there are pathogens that can cause a decrease in crop yields. This study aims to identify the diversity of rhizosphere microbial populations in Borneo Prima tangerine plants. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Pests and Diseases of the Faculty of Agriculture, Mulawarman University Samarinda in February-April 2018. This study was descriptive, using a survey method. The study consisted of two stages, namely (1) soil sampling on Borneo Prima tangerine citrus land in Makroman Village, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan (2) isolation, characterization, identification, gram test, in the Laboratory of Pests and Plant Diseases. The data obtained were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis. The results of the study of the isolation of rhizosphere microbes in Borneo Prima tangerine citrus plants obtained 1 family of bacteria namely Azotobacteraceae and 4 fungal genera including Aspergilus, Mucor, Penicillium and Trichoderma. Microbes that belong to the group that benefit the soil ecosystem are Azotobacteraceae because they play a role in fixing (fixation) N2 or as biofertilizers. While the genus Mucor and Penicillium act as decomposers and Trichoderma acts as a controller of pathogens or biological agents and biological pesticides (biopestiside).

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OGAWA, Yasuhiro, Mitsuhiro MURAKI, and Takeshi TERAMOTO. "Injury on citrus fruits caused by diseases and pests observed at fruit sorters in Nagasaki Prefecture." Kyushu Plant Protection Research 41 (1995): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4241/kyubyochu.41.106.

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Mulaa, M., A. Cherunya, J. Wanyama, and A. Mugita. "SCREENING CITRUS ROOTSTOCK/SCION COMBINATIONS FOR TOLERANCE TO MAJOR PESTS AND DISEASES IN NORTH RIFT KENYA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 911 (October 2011): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.911.22.

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Salamiah, Salamiah. "PERANAN TOKSIN YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH BOTRYODIPLODIA THEOBROMAE DALAM MENIMBULKAN PENYAKIT DIPLODIA PADA BEBERAPA JENIS JERUK." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 9, no. 2 (August 24, 2009): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.29158-167.

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Role of toxin produced by Botryodiplodia theobromae causes Diplodia Bark Diseases on some citrus. The purpose of the research was to study the role of toxin produced by Botryodiplodia theobromae causes diplodia bark diseases on some citrus. Research was conducted from March through November 2007. The experiment was done at the laboratory and at a glass house of the Department of Plant Pests and Diseases of the Faculty of Agriculture and the laboratory of the Faculty of Science and Mathematics Lambung Mangkurat University in Banjarbaru. For a leaf-necrosis bioassay of crude toxin production, the surfaces of the leaves were scratched near the center with a needle, and culture filtrate samples (50 µl) were placed on each wounded site. Treated leaves were incubated in a moist chamber with light at 26oC for 4 days, and toxin activity was determined by induction of veinal necrosis on the seven susceptible cultivar of citrus. The results of the experiment showed that the B. theobromae pathogens produced the toxin. The crude toxin was bioassayed for leaf necrosis to determine their ability to produce toxin. Culture filtrates of the isolate were highly toxic only on five susceptible citrus leaves siam Banjar citrus, sweet orange, lime, kaffir lime, and sour lime, indicating that the B. theobromae can produced toxin. Pathogenicity and toxin production of B. theobromae did not differ among different cultivar. While, no necrotic symptom produces on the pummelo and sunkist. Toxin production of B. theobromae produced during spore germination.

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Mutiara, Vonny Indah, and Rika Hariance. "EMPOWERMENT OF SIAMESE CITRUS FARMERS KAMANG NAGARI KAMANG HILIR, KAMANG MAGEK DISTRICT, AGAM REGENCY." Andalasian International Journal of Social and Entrepreneurial Development 1, no. 01 (November 5, 2021): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijsed.v1.i01.29-34.2021.

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Siam Kamang citrus farmers, who are known for their JESIKA products in Nagari Kamang Hilir, Kamang Magek District, Agam Regency, have been cultivating oranges since 1962. During its development, Siamese citrus farming experienced a period of production failure due to the CVPD virus attack. Excessive use of pesticides has affected the development of Siamese orange agribusiness in Nagari Kamang. Community service activities in the form of disseminating research results on prospects for developing Siamese orange agribusiness and the financial feasibility of Siamese citrus business are carried out in an effort to empower farmers to develop Siamese citrus farming. From the FGD activities carried out, farmers finally realized that farming patterns that use pesticides as an effort to prevent pests and diseases incur large costs and have a negative impact on the development of JESIKA agribusiness. Farmers are advised to cultivate JESIKA in accordance with the recommended SOP and apply a polyculture cropping pattern with an organic farming system to increase production more optimally.

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Poles, Lara, Concetta Licciardello, Gaetano Distefano, Elisabetta Nicolosi, Alessandra Gentile, and Stefano La Malfa. "Recent Advances of In Vitro Culture for the Application of New Breeding Techniques in Citrus." Plants 9, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9080938.

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Citrus is one of the most important fruit crops in the world. This review will discuss the recent findings related to citrus transformation and regeneration protocols of juvenile and adult explants. Despite the many advances that have been made in the last years (including the use of inducible promoters and site-specific recombination systems), transformation efficiency, and regeneration potential still represent a bottleneck in the application of the new breeding techniques in commercial citrus varieties. The influence of genotype, explant type, and other factors affecting the regeneration and transformation of the most used citrus varieties will be described, as well as some examples of how these processes can be applied to improve fruit quality and resistance to various pathogens and pests, including the potential of using genome editing in citrus. The availability of efficient regeneration and transformation protocols, together with the availability of the source of resistance, is made even more important in light of the fast diffusion of emerging diseases, such as Huanglongbing (HLB), which is seriously challenging citriculture worldwide.

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Thomas, M. B., H. W. Beck, J. H. Crane, J. J. Ferguson, and J. W. Noling. "A Computer-based Diagnostic System for Diseases, Disorders, and Pests of Subtropical and Tropical Fruits." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 758A—758. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.758a.

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A computer-based diagnostic system that can assist commercial producers, extension agents, and homeowners in the diagnosis of diseases, disorders, and pest damage for citrus, avocado, `Tahiti' lime, mango, carambola, lychee, and papaya was developed. The program was written in C++ and runs under MS-DOS. The system design was based on the diagnostic reasoning process of experts by identifying the location of symptoms, tree vigor, and occurrence within a grove. Full-screen color images link symptoms to possible diseases, disorders, and/or pest damage. Users can also refer to expert knowledge, graphic displays, pop-up menus, dialogue boxes, and retrieve information via hypertext from extension publications as well as current control methods. The program is available on CD-ROM, contains over 800 digital color images, and includes a glossary of terms.

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Munankarmi, NN, RL Shrestha, N. Rana, JKC Shrestha, S. Shrestha, R. Koirala, and S. Shrestha. "Genetic Diversity Assessment of Acid Lime (Citrus Aurantifolia Swingle) Landraces of Eastern Nepal Using RAPD Markers." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, no. 3 (September 25, 2014): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i3.10950.

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Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) is an important commercial fruit crop, cultivated from terai to high hill landscapes of Nepal. However, production and productivity is very low due to various reasons including infestations by various diseases and pests, lack of diseases and pests resistant and high yielding varieties. In this context, determination of genetic variation at molecular level is fundamental to citrus breeders for the development of elite cultivars with desirable traits. In the present study, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker technique has been employed to assess genetic diversity in 60 acid lime landraces representing different agro-ecological zones of eastern Nepal. Nine selected arbitrary primers generated 79 RAPD fragments of which 75 were polymorphic (94.94%). Phenogram was constructed by NTSYSPC ver. 2.21i using UPGMA cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient to deduce overall genetic diversity and relationships of the acidlime genotypes under study. Sixty acid lime landraces formed seven clusters and similarity value ranged from 38% to 98% with an average of 72%. Genetic variation at different agro-ecological zones was assessed using Popgene ver. 1.32 and found 47% to 69.6% polymorphism. Shannon’s index and Nei’s gene diversity showed highest level of acid lime diversity in Terai zone (PPB, 69.62%; H, 0.213; I, 0.325) followed by mid-hill zone (PPB, 67.09%; H, 0.208; I, 0.317). The results obtained will be useful to citrus breeders for elite cultivar development. The RAPD-PCR technique is found to be the rapid and effective tool for genetic diversity assessment in acid lime landraces of Nepal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i3.10950 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(3): 315-327

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Palou, Lluís, Silvia Valencia-Chamorro, and María Pérez-Gago. "Antifungal Edible Coatings for Fresh Citrus Fruit: A Review." Coatings 5, no. 4 (December 4, 2015): 962–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings5040962.

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According to their origin, major postharvest losses of citrus fruit are caused by weight loss, fungal diseases, physiological disorders, and quarantine pests. Cold storage and postharvest treatments with conventional chemical fungicides, synthetic waxes, or combinations of them are commonly used to minimize postharvest losses. However, the repeated application of these treatments has led to important problems such as health and environmental issues associated with fungicide residues or waxes containing ammoniacal compounds, or the proliferation of resistant pathogenic fungal strains. There is, therefore, an increasing need to find non-polluting alternatives to be used as part of integrated disease management (IDM) programs for preservation of fresh citrus fruit. Among them, the development of novel natural edible films and coatings with antimicrobial properties is a technological challenge for the industry and a very active research field worldwide. Chitosan and other edible coatings formulated by adding antifungal agents to composite emulsions based on polysaccharides or proteins and lipids are reviewed in this article. The most important antifungal ingredients are selected for their ability to control major citrus postharvest diseases like green and blue molds, caused by Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum, respectively, and include low-toxicity or natural chemicals such as food additives, generally recognized as safe (GRAS) compounds, plant extracts, or essential oils, and biological control agents such as some antagonistic strains of yeasts or bacteria.

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Izhar, Lutfi, Desi Hernita, Salwati Salwati, and Suharyon Suharyon. "Assessment And Financial Analysis For Citrus (Citrus Sinensis) Improvement Program In Jambi." Journal of Tropical Horticulture 3, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33089/jthort.v3i1.42.

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The agricultural problems currently cover-up with limited land, water, infrastructure, production facilities and infrastructure, access to finance and institutions. These problems cause the quantity and quality of agricultural products to be stumpy. One effort that can eliminate these problems is through the assessment of a comprehensive, integrated agricultural development program. The objectives of this study was: (1) to determine the amount of citrus farming income, and (2) to analyze the economic and institutional feasibility of citrus farming in Bunga Tanjung Village, Betara District, west Tanjung Jabung region. This study was conducted in Bunga Tanjung Village, Betara District, West Tanjung Jabung, Jambi, from 2017-2019. Approach to the activities through coordination and program integration from the Regional Government. Efforts to increase the production of citrus plants are currently experiencing challenges due to doubtful economic viability. Data collected in this study includes primary data in the form of information from farmers and secondary data such as a profile of study area, demographics, social and economic potential data. Primary data was collected by interviewed farmers using a questionnaire. The sample was randomly determined citrus farmer population with 40 respondents. Data analysis techniques include tabulation analysis used to recognize the farmer's economic conditions and feasibility. The results of this study indicated that citrus productivity had increased continuously by applying environmentally friendly cultivation technology i.g. Fertilizing, controlling pests and diseases, removing water shoots, pruning shapes, and pruning unproductive branches. Citrus production of non-demonstration plots was 3.145 kg, and demonstration was 4.960 kg, there was an increase of 1.815 kg or 36.59% with an average of R/C ratio for demonstration plots was 2.51 while non-demonstration citrus of 2.20. This means that the cultivation of the citrus plant is feasible to continue.

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Dambier, Dominique, Pascal Barantin, Gabriel Boulard, Gilles Costantino, Pierre Mournet, Aude Perdereau, Raphaël Morillon, and Patrick Ollitrault. "Genomic Instability in Somatic Hybridization between Poncirus and Citrus Species Aiming to Create New Rootstocks." Agriculture 12, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020134.

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Rootstocks are an important component for citrus adaptation to increasing biotic and abiotic stresses resulting from global climate change. There is a strong complementarity between Citrus species, which adapt to abiotic stresses, and Poncirus trifoliata and its intergeneric hybrids, which exhibit resistances or tolerances to major diseases and pests. Thus, symmetrical somatic hybridization between complementary diploid rootstocks of these two genera appears to be an efficient way to develop new tetraploid rootstocks in order to address the new challenges of the citrus industry. New intergeneric somatic hybrids were obtained by electrofusion between protoplasts of Citrus and P. trifoliata hybrids. Extensive characterization of the nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes was performed by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analysis. This revealed diploid cybrids and nuclear somatic hybrids. Mitochondrial genomes were mostly inherited from the callus parent, but homologous recombination events were observed for one parental combination. Chloroplasts exhibited random uniparental inheritance. GBS revealed local chromosomal instabilities for all nuclear somatic hybrids and whole chromosome eliminations for two hybrids. However, at the whole genome level, symmetrical addition of the nuclear genomes of both parents was predominant and all somatic hybrids displayed at least one trifoliate orange haplotype throughout the genome.

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Macharia, Isaac, Fredrick Koome, Thomas Kosiom, Florence Munguti, Benard Mukoye, Esther Kimani, and Kimenju J. W. "Pest Incursions Pose a Serious Threat To Food Security and the Kenyan Economy." African Phytosanitary Journal 2, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52855/vakd4164.

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Although Kenya has a well-developed phytosanitary system to regulate introduction of plant and plant products, several pest incursions have been reported in the last two decades. The incursions have culminated in devastating impact on agriculture, biodiversity and the entire Kenyan economy. The objective of this review is to consolidate information on the pests involved, their distribution, estimate the economic losses associated with them and management measures in place. A total of 11 major pests and diseases namely Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Bactrocera dorsalis, Banana xanthomonas wilt (BXW), Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), Cassava mosaic disease (CMD), Fall army worm (FAW), Maize lethal necrosis disease (MLND), Papaya mealybug (PMB), Parthenium hysterophorus, potato cyst nematode (PCN) and tomato leaf miners (Tuta absoluta) have been reported in the last two decades. Some of the pests are persistent, invasive, vicious and fast spreading. For instance, the FAW has now spread to nearly all maize growing areas in Kenya in one year after the pest was first reported in 2017. The incursion pests are a major threat to food security, expensive to control and are a barrier to international market access. Integrated measures including improvement of diagnostic potential, increased pest and disease surveillance, improvement in rapid response and pest containment are needed in view of the dangers posed by incursion pests to the entire Kenyan economy whose mainstay is agriculture. Key words: Bactrocera dorsalis, maize lethal necrosis disease, Parthenium hysterophorus, Tuta absoluta

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Ahmed, Yosra, Jacqueline Hubert, Céline Fourrier-Jeandel, Megan M. Dewdney, Jaime Aguayo, and Renaud Ioos. "A Set of Conventional and Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assays for Direct Detection of Elsinoë fawcettii, E. australis, and Pseudocercospora angolensis in Citrus Fruits." Plant Disease 103, no. 2 (February 2019): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-18-0798-re.

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Elsinoë fawcettii, E. australis, and Pseudocercospora angolensis are causal agents of citrus scab and spot diseases. The three pathogens are listed as quarantine pests in many countries and are subject to phytosanitary measures to prevent their entry. Diagnosis of these diseases based on visual symptoms is problematic, as they could be confused with other citrus diseases. Isolation of E. fawcettii, E. australis, and P. angolensis from infected tissues is challenging because they grow slowly on culture media. This study developed rapid and specific detection tools for the in planta detection of these pathogens, using either conventional PCR or one-tube multiplex real-time PCR. Primers and hybridization probes were designed to target the single-copy protein-coding gene MS204 for E. fawcettii and E. australis and the translation elongation factor (Tef-1α) gene for P. angolensis. The specificity of the assays was evaluated by testing against DNA extracted from a large number of isolates (102) collected from different citrus-growing areas in the world and from other hosts. The newly described species E. citricola was not included in the specificity test due to its unavailability from the CBS collection. The detection limits of conventional PCR for the three pathogens were 100, 100, and 10 pg μl−1 gDNA per reaction for E. fawcettii, E. australis, and P. angolensis, respectively. The quadruplex qPCR was fully validated assessing the following performance criteria: sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, reproducibility, and robustness. The quadruplex real-time PCR proved to be highly sensitive, detecting as low as 243, 241, and 242 plasmidic copies (pc) μl−1 of E. fawcettii, E. australis, and P. angolensis, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of this quadruplex assay were further confirmed using 176 naturally infected citrus samples collected from Ethiopia, Cameroon, the United States, and Australia. The quadruplex assay developed in this study is robust, cost-effective, and capable of high-throughput detection of the three targets directly from citrus samples. This new detection tool will substantially reduce the turnaround time for reliable species identification and allow rapid response and appropriate action.

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Fachri, Muhammad. "ANALISIS KESELAMATAN KERJA DALAM PELAKSANAAN SURVEI PENGENDALIAN HAMA DAN PENYAKIT IKAN AIR TAWAR." Jurnal Akuakultur Rawa Indonesia 9, no. 2 (December 20, 2021): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.36706/jari.v9i2.15440.

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Survey implementation is a way to get data of controlling fish pests and diseases. The impact of fish pests and diseases attacked cause of losses for aquaculture activity. However, there is no job safety analysis in implementation survey of fish pest and disease management. The aim of this study was to determine the job safety analysis in implementation survey to control fish pests and diseases. This research was conducted in 7 regencies/cities in Bangka Belitung Province from February to September 2021. This research used descriptive qualitative survey. Data collected by Walk Through Survey (WTS), interviews and documentation. Then, analyzed with Job Safety Analysis so the level of risk and impact on job safety can be assessed. The results of this study are the implementation survey of fish pests and disease management has low to high risk of work accidents. Some control efforts such as through administration, substitution and personal protective equipment (PPE) can prevent to work accidents.Key words : Analysis, Fishery, Job, Safety.

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Mikeladze, Zurab, Nunu Kutaladze, and Shota Lominadze. "Influence of the biopreparation “Gaupsin” on storability of mandarin fruits." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 9, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i01.ah01.

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Анотація:

Our goal is to incorporate in the complex of citrus agrotechnical activities such technologies that will significantly increase the natural storability of mandarin fruits, in production and in short time in normal conditions, in the process of storage and sale. To this end, we conducted a large-scale experiment and included in the complex of agrotechnical measures the biopreparation “Gaupsin” of Ukrainian production, which protects plants from pests and diseases, promotes their growth and development, improves fruit bearing and qualitative indicators, in their number, increasing of storability. Gaupsin, as a bacterial fungicidal preparation, exhibits insecticidal properties, destroys pests, and with these and other properties, Gaupsin allows us to obtain high-quality and storable mandarin fruits. Its use is effective for processing of containers and boxes. At the same time, the preparation is environmentally friendly. Use of the biopreparation Gaupsin has shown a tendency to improve agrochemical parameters of soil; yield and quality parameters significantly increase. The parameters of adverse action of pests and diseases (especially silver mites and anthracnose) decreased to minimum. Natural fruit storability increases, at the cost of improvement of general physiological condition of fruits and neutralization of the pathogen, which shows the positive impact of the biopreparation in terms of fruit bearing. It should also be noted that the use of Gaupsin has practically eliminated the alternating bearing of mandarins and we every year obtain quantitatively and qualitatively stable harvest. During the experimental period, we monitored the spread of pest disease on a monthly basis by means of commissions, focusing on monitoring the spread of such pests that significantly harm the growth and crop quality of mandarin. These include silver mites (40-45% harmfulness), citrus red mites Panonychus citri (45-50% harmfulness), elongated grey citrus scale (20-25% harmfulness), anthracnose (20%), wart disease (25%), black spots (25-30%). They each damage leaves, fruits, twigs and buds of plants. Anthracnose is particularly potent in conditions of fruit storage. The blackness caused by the fungal excretion of saprophyte fungi inhibits plant respiration and photosynthesis processes. The crop decreases and fruit loses its commodity, so these fruits are most easily damaged during storage by fungi of penicillium group and they spoil as quickly as possible. Losses from fruit breakdown are so significant that such fruits are virtually unusable not only for fresh consumption, but also from the point of view of industrial processing. At the same time, the environment is heavily polluted and it is also dangerous in subsequent years. Based on our experimental data, we have developed calibrator for mandarin fruit and a mobile device for processing with Gaupsin, which has been handed over to newly established cooperatives. Serial manufacturing of such simple machine will resolve the problem of commodity processing of mandarin fruit by the biopreparation Gaupsin, and the farmer will be able to obtain on the spot products storable in commodity state, and the retailer will be guaranteed to minimize losses during the transportation and sale.

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Salcedo, Ramon, Cruz Garcera, Rafael Granell, Enrique Molto, and Patricia Chueca. "Description of the airflow produced by an air-assisted sprayer during pesticide applications to citrus." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 13, no. 2 (May 29, 2015): e0208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015132-6567.

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Анотація:

Atmospheric drift of plant protection products is considered a major source of air pollution during pesticide applications. Citrus protection against pests and diseases usually requires application of these products using air-blast sprayers. Many authors have emphasized the influence of vegetation on the risk of spray drift. The aim of this work was to describe in detail how the airflow from an air-blast sprayer behaves when it reaches citrus trees and, in particular, the effect that the tree canopy has on this flow. Tests were conducted at a commercial citrus orchard with conventional machinery, placed parallel to a row of trees. Air velocity and direction was measured using a 3D ultrasonic anemometer in 225 points situated in three parallel planes perpendicular to the equipment. The stability of the airflow at each measuring point was studied and the mean velocities were graphically represented. Two vortexes, one behind the canopy, and another over the tree, have been deducted and never been reported before. Both may have an important influence on the trajectories of the sprayed droplets and, as a consequence, on the way in which plant protection products are diffused into the atmosphere. Observed turbulence intensities were higher than in similar experiments conducted in other tree crops, which may be attributable to the higher air volume generated by the machinery used for citrus protection and to the higher foliage density of citrus orchards.

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Putra, Wahyu Rizqilillah, Siti Aminatuz Zuhria, and Arifah Roosenani. "Inventarisasi Serangga Pada Pertanaman Jeruk Nipis (Citrus Aurantifali) di Desa Plosogenuk Kecamatan Perak Kabupaten Jombang." AGROSAINTIFIKA 4, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.32764/agrosaintifika.v4i2.1105.

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This research was conducted at September – November 2020 with the aim of knowing the types of pests and diseases that predominantly attack lime in Perak District, Jombang Regency. This research is descriptive quantitative, namely direct sampling from the observation location, using traps such as trap holes, trap nets and direct observations on lime plantations. Sampling of all plants will be the sampling point (30 plants. Observations were made 10 repetitions, with an observation time interval of 3 days. The pest data obtained were identified and analyzed using the abundance index (K) and Dominant index (C) formulas. The pest identification study obtained 504 individuals consisting of 6 species. The highest insect abundance (K) value was found in the Coccidae family with the Order Homoptera, which was 53,968. The dominance index value was 0.29 indicating the result that there was no dominant family in this study planting.

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Castilla-Valdés, Yanelis. "La gardenia: características, usos, plagas y enfermedades y aspectos básicos de su cultivo." Agronomía Mesoamericana 29, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ma.v29i3.31461.

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The gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) is a plant that is very appreciated in gardening for the beauty and fragrance of its flowers, attractive size and the intense green color of the foliage. In contrast to its ornamental qualities, it is not one of the most used plants in Cuba and other countries, so it is necessary to promote its cultivation. The present review objective was deepening and integrating information regarding the characteristics, utility, main pests and diseases and methods of propagation of the gardenia. The sunny and warm conditions during the day and fresh at night, relative humidity upper than 60% and acid soil, rich in iron, are favorable for this species development. Between the lesser known properties of gardenia, there are the medicinal ones because its extracts have diverse pharmacological effects. Its most common diseases are of fungal origin and provoke the rot roots and foliar spots. Among the pests that have the greatest incidence stand out the insects (aphids, citrus whitefly, coccids, and thrips). Gardenia plants can be propagated by different traditional methods (seeds, air layering, cuttings, and grafting), but the application of in vitro cultivation techniques are an efficient way to achieve this purpose, since it allows accelerated multiplication and production of healthy plants, also, it constitutes an alternative for obtaining secondary metabolites with pharmaceutical properties.

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Sumiati, Astri, and Reza Prakoso Dwi Julianto. "ANALISIS RESIDU PESTISIDA PADA JERUK MANIS DI KECAMATAN DAU, MALANG." BUANA SAINS 17, no. 1 (July 24, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/bs.v17i1.574.

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Citrus is one type of fruit that is highly favored by the people. Citrus plants are vulnerable to pests and plant diseases that intensive use of pesticides in the field can not be avoided. Citrus fruits commonly consumed in the form of raw materials that need to be considered food quality and safety of citrus fruits to public health. This study aims to identify and analyze pesticide residues in citrus fruits in the district of Dau, Malang (a case study in the Village Tegalwaru subdistrict Dau, Malang) as one of the centers of citrus production in East Java with the use of pesticides are quite diverse. This research is a survey and observational with cross sectional approach. Data use of pesticides by farmers was measured by a survey conducted for the farmers and merchants. The sample was 3 kg of oranges produced by three farmers and 3 kg of oranges produced by 3 merchants Village Tegalwaru District of Dau, Malang where interviews illustrate the differences in the type and frequency of the use of pesticides during the growing season oranges, which is a high level (sample A ), medium (sample B) and low (sample C). The measurement results residues acephate, carbofuran, carbosulfan, diazinon, dimethomorp, fenobucarb, profenofos, pyrethrin everything is still below the Limit of Detection (LOD) testing in the laboratory PT. Angler Biochem Lab. In profenofos residue tests on samples found to be higher farmer is 0.108 ppm compared with a sample of traders is 0,050 ppm. The conclusions of this study are bauh oranges produced by farmers in the sub-district Tegalwaru Dau, Malang get evidence that pesticide residues are still below the prescribed MRL.

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Bao, Xiulan, Yuxin Niu, Yishu Li, Jincheng Mao, Shanjun Li, Xiaojie Ma, Qilin Yin, and Biyu Chen. "Design and Kinematic Analysis of Cable-Driven Target Spray Robot for Citrus Orchards." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 9379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189379.

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In Southeast Asia, many varieties of citrus are grown in hilly areas. Compared with plain orchards, it is difficult for large spraying equipment to move in hilly orchards. Small spraying equipment can enter hilly orchards, but their spraying power cannot make droplets penetrate into the canopy, resulting in low deposition rates within the canopy. As a kind of unstructured narrow space, the branches within the canopy are interlaced, thus a flexible manipulator that can move within the canopy is required. In this paper, a novel remote-controlled, cable-driven target spray robot (CDTSR) was designed to achieve a precise spray within the canopy. It consisted of a small tracked vehicle, a cable-driven flexible manipulator (CDFM), and a spray system. The CDFM had six degrees of freedom driven by a cable tendon. The forward and inverse kinematics model of the CDFM were established and then the semispherical workspace was calculated. Furthermore, while considering precise control requirements, the dynamics equations were derived. The experimental results demonstrated that the CFDM could move dexterously within the canopy with interlacing branches to reach pests and diseases areas in the canopy. The entire operation took 3.5 s. This study solved the problem of a low spray deposition rate within a canopy and has potential applications in agricultural plant protection.

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Melgarejo, Pablo, Dámaris Núñez-Gómez, Juan José Martínez-Nicolás, Francisca Hernández, Rafael Martínez-Font, Vicente Lidón, Francisco García-Sánchez, and Pilar Legua. "Metabolomic Profile of Citrus limon Leaves (‘Verna’ Variety) by 1H-NMR and Multivariate Analysis Technique." Agronomy 12, no. 5 (April 28, 2022): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051060.

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The elaboration and definition of “metabolic fingerprints” can subsidize both the identification and determination of plant varieties, as well as the increase in knowledge about the responses and adaptations of plants to external and/or internal factors. The lemon tree (Citrus limon Burm.) is one of the most important crops in the Spanish southeast and is often consumed around the world. Although the study and characterization of its fruits are common due to its economic interest, its leaves are limited to specific functionalized studies related to the objective of the work (extraction of essential oils, stabilizing agent, aromatic extracts, etc.). So, this study aimed to identify the primary and secondary metabolites of Citrus limon Burm. (‘Verna’ variety) leaf samples cultivated under different conditions (three rootstocks and three culture media). In total, 19 metabolites were identified for all samples, of which 9 were amino acids, 5 organic acids, 3 sugars and 2 intermediate metabolites. The results pointed to a limited influence, both of the substrate and of the crop rootstock, on the metabolomic differentiation of lemon leaves. Knowledge and foliar metabolomic differentiation can offer important information that supports the application of crop foliar treatments but also helps in the management of diseases and pests.

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Richard, Kyalo, Elfatih Abdel-Rahman, Samira Mohamed, Sunday Ekesi, Christian Borgemeister, and Tobias Landmann. "Importance of Remotely-Sensed Vegetation Variables for Predicting the Spatial Distribution of African Citrus Triozid (Trioza erytreae) in Kenya." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 11 (November 3, 2018): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7110429.

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Citrus is considered one of the most important fruit crops globally due to its contribution to food and nutritional security. However, the production of citrus has recently been in decline due to many biological, environmental, and socio-economic constraints. Amongst the biological ones, pests and diseases play a major role in threatening citrus quantity and quality. The most damaging disease in Kenya, is the African citrus greening disease (ACGD) or Huanglongbing (HLB) which is transmitted by the African citrus triozid (ACT), Trioza erytreae. HLB in Kenya is reported to have had the greatest impact on citrus production in the highlands, causing yield losses of 25% to 100%. This study aimed at predicting the occurrence of ACT using an ecological habitat suitability modeling approach. Specifically, we tested the contribution of vegetation phenological variables derived from remotely-sensed (RS) data combined with bio-climatic and topographical variables (BCL) to accurately predict the distribution of ACT in citrus-growing areas in Kenya. A MaxEnt (maximum entropy) suitability modeling approach was used on ACT presence-only data. Forty-seven (47) ACT observations were collected while 23 BCL and 12 RS covariates were used as predictor variables in the MaxEnt modeling. The BCL variables were extracted from the WorldClim data set, while the RS variables were predicted from vegetation phenological time-series data (spanning the years 2014–2016) and annually-summed land surface temperature (LST) metrics (2014–2016). We developed two MaxEnt models; one including both the BCL and the RS variables (BCL-RS) and another with only the BCL variables. Further, we tested the relationship between ACT habitat suitability and the surrounding land use/land cover (LULC) proportions using a random forest regression model. The results showed that the combined BCL-RS model predicted the distribution and habitat suitability for ACT better than the BCL-only model. The overall accuracy for the BCL-RS model result was 92% (true skills statistic: TSS = 0.83), whereas the BCL-only model had an accuracy of 85% (TSS = 0.57). Also, the results revealed that the proportion of shrub cover surrounding citrus orchards positively influenced the suitability probability of the ACT. These results provide a resourceful tool for precise, timely, and site-specific implementation of ACGD control strategies.

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Adhikari, Ansu, Pankaj Raj Dhital, Sambat Ranabhat, and Shilpa Koirala. "An assessment of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco.) orchard management practices in Dailekh, Nepal." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 6, no. 3 (September 25, 2021): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2021.0603012.

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A study was carried out in Dailekh, Nepal with an objective to assess the mandarin orchard management practices and their level of adoption by mandarin growers of Dullu municipality. All together 60 respondents were selected for the household survey in major citrus-producing wards of Dullu by following the simple random sampling technique. Primary data were collected by administering the pretested questionnaire and; descriptive and inferential statistics were computed using Ms-Excel and SPSS. The result showed that the majority of the respondents were from Brahmin ethnicity (43.3%), middle-age group i.e. 35-49 years (53.3%), and male (70.0%). Furthermore, most of them belonged to medium size family of 5-8 members (60.0%) and were earning most of their income through agriculture (80.0%). The result of the study revealed the variation in the scale of adoption of different management practices. Most of the households had adopted pruning and applied farmyard manure (FYM) while the least of them had adopted mulching and applied chemical fertilizer. Chi-square test revealed that the factors such as age (p=0.042), education level (p=0.007), family size (p=0.029), and training exposure (p=0.001) were significantly associated with the level of adoption of these practices. Incidence of insect-pests and diseases (I=0.88), frequent occurrence of climatic hazards such as hailstorms (I=0.71), and limited irrigation facility (I=0.70) were the major problems of mandarin growing households. It is recommended that improving access to irrigation facilities, use of certified planting material, mulching application and use of appropriate dose of manure and fertilizer must be prioritized in the study area.

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Dutta, S., M. R. Amin, F. Alam, and A. U. Khan. "Impact of climate change on lemon (Citrus limon L.) production in eastern Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Agriculture 47, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjagri.v47i2.63327.

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The study was conducted to assess the impact of climate change on lemon production at Sreemangal of eastern Bangladesh as the area is moderately vulnerable to climate change. The study sample consisted of 80 randomly selected lemon growers who were interviewed and the data were collected to identify their perceptions, social characteristics, and the impact of climate change on lemon production. The results of the survey indicated that the grower’s perception of climate change was impactful as a majority of growers claimed increased annual precipitation (48.8%), increased summer temperature (48.8%), and reduced winter temperature (46.3%). In the case of extreme events, 56.3% of growers mentioned that the intensity of storms has increased in the last 5 years (2015-2019) and 58.8% of lemon growers said that the intensity of rainfall had increased substantially. However, in terms of environmental hazards, the findings indicate that excess rainfall, pest infestation, cloudy skies, hail storms, and drought are the major problems in lemon production. On the surface, overcast skies cause most of the damage to lemon production. Apart from this, soil fertility, pests, diseases, excess temperature, crop sowing time, maturity period, and drought had a significant impact on lemon production in the study area. From the correlation coefficient table, it appears that many socioeconomic characteristics were also influenced by the impact of climate change on lemon production. In the study area, there is a positive significant relationship between changes in lemon production and changes in environment and risks. The lemon crop requires moderate temperatures and average rainfall for improved production. Bangladesh J. Agri. 2022, 47(2): 64-70

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Ghatrehsamani, Shirin, Eva Czarnecka, F. Lance Verner, William B. Gurley, Reza Ehsani, and Yiannis Ampatzidis. "Evaluation of Mobile Heat Treatment System for Treating In-Field HLB-Affected Trees by Analyzing Survival Rate of Surrogate Bacteria." Agronomy 9, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090540.

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Huanglongbing (HLB or citrus greening) is a disease caused by an insect-transmitted bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). Thermotherapy has been successfully used by others to reduce the population of CLas bacteria in HLB-affected citrus trees under greenhouse studies. Thermotherapy is the application of heat as a strategy to reduce the adverse economic impact of certain pests and diseases. CLas is a fastidious, non-cultivable organism. The high variance in CLas titers in canopy samples together with this lack of cultivability makes it impossible to use classical bacteriological techniques to measure the viability either before or after treatments. Therefore, we used the survival rates of a surrogate bacterium, Klebsiella oxytoca, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of a mobile thermotherapy delivery system developed for in-field treatment of HLB-affected trees. K. oxytoca is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that was originally isolated from soil and has been used in the development of industrial applications related to ethanol fuel production. It served as a biologically-based sensor of temperature stress (biosensor) in this study. Thermocouples and biosensor packets (plastic cups with suspended small snap-top tubes) containing the K. oxytoca were attached to an HLB-affected citrus tree and their canopy locations mapped. The mobile thermotherapy treatment hood covered the canopy of the HLB-affected tree. Then, steam and hot water were injected through nozzles inside of the hood to increase the temperature of the tree canopy. A standard temperature–time combination of 54 °C for 90 s was chosen based on preliminary studies where heat treatment parameters caused a significant reduction in CLas populations without inflicting permanent damage to the tree. The survival ratio of the K. oxytoca in the biosensor packets was found to range from complete elimination to 5% with treatments of 250 s and a maximum temperature of 54 °C.

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Anhar, Ashabul, Heru P. Widayat, Ali Muhammad Muslih, Subhan Subhan, Romano Romano, Akhmad Baihaqi, Teuku Saiful Bahri, et al. "Evaluation of Farmers Management Practices of Arabica Coffee Plantation Across Altitude for Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Aceh, Indonesia." Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology 9, no. 2 (September 7, 2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/aijst.9.2.17375.

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The productivity of Arabica coffee in low-altitude areas in Aceh have been declined, caused by an increase in temperatures, and by pests and diseases attack. This study aims to develop adaptation strategies to climate change in Aceh trough understanding how coffee productivity correlates with the management practices across the altitude. To find out a correlation between farming practices variables and coffee productivity, Spearman's rank test was used. To assess whether farming practice explanatory variables affected by the altitudes, a non-parametric with the Kruskal-Wallis Test, with Tukey’s post-hoc test (P0.05) with Chi-square distance were used. The results showed that coffee productivity was positively and significantly correlated to pruning, weeding, application of fertilizer, and application of pest and disease control, but was not to coffee plant density, sustainability certification, land conservation, and age of the coffee plant. Adaptation strategies for farmers in higher altitudes are to maintain the coffee plant density as well as shade density at an optimum level, followed by increasing management practices such as pruning, weeding, application of fertilizer, and pest and diseases control; in lower altitudes, those are to increase shade density both with Leucaena and multipurpose plants such as avocado and citrus, as well as increasing management practices such as land conservation, pruning, weeding, application of fertilizer and pest and diseases control. In middle altitudes, those are to maintain and improve management practices applied

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Meng, Yanhua, Wanqiang Zhong, Yue Liu, Meimei Wang, and Yubin Lan. "Droplet Distribution of an Autonomous UAV-based Sprayer in Citrus Tree Canopy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2203, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2203/1/012022.

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Abstract Although Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are developed for military missions originally, they have been used widely in civil activities for several decades globally. In agricultural, UAVs have been developed as an efficient sprayer for pesticide application since 1987. UAV-based sprayers are popular for the prevention and control of pests and diseases in field crop in many countries recently. Some of the UAV-based sprayers are developed to be equipped with fruit tree mode aiming at solving droplet penetration in the inside and bottom part of the fruit tree canopy. In this study, a newly released UAV-based sprayer (i.e., T30) equipped fruit tree mode is chosen as spraying platform to optimize the spraying parameters for practical application. The flight velocity and application rate are the variables, while droplet coverage, density, size, and penetration are the observed metrics. Three treatments with different flight velocities (2 m s-1 or 3 m s-1) or application rates (60 L ha-1 or 75 L ha-1) are arranged to collect the droplets for assessment. Water Sensitive Papers (WSPs) are placed in the outside, bottom, and inside layers of the canopy to collect droplets. The results show that the treatment combined a flight velocity of 2 m s-1 and an application rate of 60 L ha-1 obtains the most droplets among all the variables based on the values of droplet coverage and density. The treatment with a flight velocity of 2 m s-1 and an application rate of 75 L ha-1 has the best penetration, while the treatment with a velocity of 2 m s-1 and an application rate of 60 L ha-1 takes the second place according to the percentages of droplet deposition in the three layers. Overall consideration of the total droplet distribution and penetration of the application parameters, a flight velocity of 2 m s-1 and an application rate of 60 L ha-1 are recommended to get an ideal droplet distribution in tree canopy when UAV-based sprayer T30 equipped with fruit tree mode flies at 1.6∼2 m above the citrus tree canopy.

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Baral, Dipti, Manisha Chaudhary, Ganga Lamichhane, and Binod Pokhrel. "Ageratum conyzoides: A Potential Source for Medicinal and Agricultural Products." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 12 (December 20, 2022): 2307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i12.2307-2313.5146.

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Ageratum conyzoides is a widely spread weed, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. It has been reported to be used as folk medicine in different countries for treating burns, wounds, skin disorders, headaches, fever, pneumonia, gynecological diseases, leprosy, snakebites, rheumatism, inflammations, stomach ailments like parasites, colic, diarrhea, dysentery, used as a painkiller during childbirth, and many more. It has been reported to contain active secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, phenols, saponins, coumarins, essential oils, and flavonoids, which support its medicinal uses in disease treatment and prevention. It can be a potential source of drugs for various diseases. In fact, pharmaceutical companies are being run in Brazil using A. conyzoides as raw material with recommendations from the Brazilian Drug Centre. It is also used for agricultural purposes as manure, insecticide, pesticide, herbicide, nematicide, fodder, etc. In China, it is widely intercropped in the citrus orchard to control pests and weeds. The review attempts to bring together medicinal and agricultural usage of Ageratum conyzoides with scientific evidence to demonstrate its efficacy. This weed has a negative influence in agriculture and the ecosystem but after studying about its potential medical and agricultural uses, we now have a different viewpoint on this weed, and we believe that further harnessing it for such positive uses might be a management strategy for this weed.

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