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1
Bhatta, Badri Nath. "Theorizing Small Towns in Anthropological Views in Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 32, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v32i1.24772.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper has attempted to define the terms urban, urbanism, cities and towns which are confusing terms however interrelated. An interdisciplinary approach has been adopted to achieve this objective. The towns are small in size, population along with development basis than cities. Earlier stage of towns or small towns was village. As a foundation, village was the original form of all. In this sense, it is focused on the overall urban−rural structure where rural/village has crucial role to develop town to cities. Archeologically, the effort to subsist in primitive people was based on the process of agricultural farming. The first and early civilization in human behaviours was found in Near East (similar as Middle East in West Asia) as initial town at the bank of the river. Therefore, the origin of the towns indicates early people began to be civilized in their daily activities. Later, the towns were extended. In Nepal, there are generally urban areas, cities, towns and villages as local levels in the forms of Metropolitan Cities, Sub Metropolitan Cities, Municipality, and Rural Municipality at the one side, DUD BC at the other has classified into five classes− metro city, sub- metro city, city, sub-city or small town and urban centre based on urban faculties and population.
2
Liu, Wei, Yao Tong, Jing Zhang, Zuopeng Ma, Guolei Zhou, and Yanjun Liu. "Hierarchical Correlates of the Shrinkage of Cities and Towns in Northeast China." Land 11, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 2208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122208.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The growth and shrinkage of cities and towns are normal phenomena in the evolution of regional town systems. The growth and shrinkage of different levels of cities and towns are mutually influential. This study uses ArcGIS and the Hierarchical Linear Model to analyze the hierarchical differences and correlations in the characteristics and mechanisms of shrinking cities and towns in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020. The results indicate that the shrinkage of cities and towns is characterized by hierarchical differences. High-level cities show widespread and slight shrinkage, while low-level towns show the most severe and continued shrinkage. The population shrinkage of cities and towns within the same municipality is not fully synchronized. In terms of spatial patterns, the multi-level relationship between cities and towns is divided into growth-driven, central siphon, peripheral growth, local growth, and global shrinkage. The shrinkage of high-level cities is mainly influenced by economic and industrial development and built-up environment. The shrinkage of low-level towns is constrained by population concentration, economic development, enterprise scale, local arable land resources, and environmental quality. Wages, jobs, and infrastructures in high-level cities have a strong siphoning effect on low-level towns, while technology and industrial development drive the population and economic development of low-level towns.
3
Avery-Quinn, Samuel. "Cities of Zion." Journal of Planning History 17, no. 1 (June 14, 2017): 42–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538513217710372.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the late nineteenth century, camp meeting towns were a common feature of the American landscape. The boards of Methodist ministers and laity overseeing these towns adopted management and planning strategies drawn from movements for romantic suburbs, sanitary reform, and urban parks. The strategies these Methodists adopted represent a practice of vernacular planning crafted decades before the professionalization of the discipline in the United States. Analysis of the planning history of two sites—Ocean Grove, NJ, and Round Lake, NY—reveals factors shaping this development of Methodistic town planning.
4
Musiaka, Łukasz, Paweł Sudra, and Tomasz Spórna. "Spatial Chaos as a Result of War Damage and Post-War Transformations. Example of the Small Town of Węgorzewo." Land 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050541.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
World War II’s military activities and the post-war devastation period destroyed many European cities and towns. One of the areas that was struck the most was former East Prussia, currently located in Poland and the Kaliningrad Region (the Russian Federation). In addition to the destruction of cities, which are strategically and economically important, small towns have also suffered. An example of such a town is Węgorzewo, where the scale of destruction of the pre-war urban tissue exceeded 80%, and the old town’s built-up area practically ceased to exist. This town magnifies most of the processes and spatial problems characteristic of Central and Eastern Europe’s towns of the “metamorphic” type. Post-war zoning during the Polish People’s Republic period, in the spirit of constructing a socialist town and bypassing the original spatial arrangement, brought about irreversible changes in the urban tissue. This was reflected in the break with the town’s original layout and the creation of modernist buildings. The changes were solidified or even deepened during the economic and political transition of the 1990s in Poland. Today, decades after the end of World War II, despite taking corrective measures, the town is still facing the problem of spatial chaos. Its morphological and physiognomic manifestations in the lack of a central public space, the loss of its historic character, the disharmonization of the urban landscape, and the dispersed development are the main subjects of this article’s analysis. This study uses a diverse methodological apparatus consisting of an analysis of the town’s morphological transformations, an analysis of the physiognomy of the urban landscape and architecture, in situ studies, and an analysis of municipal documents and expert interviews. In the discussion, the study results are embedded in the context of the cases of other European cities and towns. The conclusions indicate the risks to the formation of spatial order in Węgorzewo and possible paths of action.
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Fraccastoro, Katherine A., and Komal Karani. "Marketing Small Towns: A Preliminary Investigation." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 12, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v12i3.8736.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study is a preliminary investigation into the marketing processes used by small towns/cities to attract business revenue and tourism dollars. Because small town governments do not have the resources of large cities to spend on marketing, it is unclear if they utilize the marketing process in a manner similar to large cities or businesses. Personal interviews were used to determine the process by which small towns attract businesses to their area as well as develop tourism. Small towns must develop business opportunities to encourage economic development in their cities as well as create tourism opportunities to increase the economic impact in the area. The findings indicate that, while some similarities exist due to common goals, different processes are used by different size cities. While the process for economic development through the attraction of businesses is similar in most cities, the process to create tourism differs for small towns. The smaller towns do not utilize the full marketing process which could create a better brand identity that could make them more successful. Instead, they take a more entrepreneurial approach by sharing resources and developing partnerships with other small towns to utilize their resources more effectively.
6
Fishback, Price V., and Dieter Lauszus. "The Quality of Services in Company Towns: Sanitation in Coal Towns During the 1920s." Journal of Economic History 49, no. 1 (March 1989): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700007361.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coal company towns were infamous, being described as exploitive, and charged with providing low-quality services, like sanitation. Yet, the quality of sanitation in coal towns in 1922 appears similar to that in cities of similar size, although lagging behind that in major cities. Within the coal region, company and independent towns provided similar levels of sanitation. The quality of sanitation in company towns varied in response to cost-related factors, including town age, population, and natural location. Meanwhile, workers were mobile and demanded compensating increases in wage rates in towns with lower-quality sanitation and higher rents.
7
Shastri, Aparna. "Built Morphology and the Impact of Planning Policies: Case of Small Towns in Karnataka, India." International Journal of Environmental Science & Sustainable Development 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/essd.v6i1.787.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The morphology of a city undergoes transformation over time due to a variety of factors. One such factor is the master plan. The master plan is a powerful legal tool, the implementation of which has a lasting impact on the morphology of a town both built and unbuilt. The template for the master plans in India is the same be it a metropolitan city or a class III town. The resultant triggers and impact of this master plan are questionable more so in the case of smaller cities and towns. This paper investigates one such small city in the hinterland of Karnataka through a descriptive analysis of the compact historic city and the new developments; the impact of the master plan and the resulting changes. Through the analysis and arguments presented in the study for the reading of small towns and non metropolitan cities we support alternative readings of these towns and cities. Additionally through the analysis of compact city planning methodologies both historical and current we understand how the two aspects; that is small town urbanization and compact planning methodologies can be enmeshed to create new templates for master planning for small towns and cities. Our study is limited to the master planning exercise in the context of Karnataka and Gadag-Betageri in particular and needs to be further explored with respect to other urban development policies in order to be applicable to small towns and cities in general in India.
8
Redaktion, TATuP. "Sustainable Cities and Towns." TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis 5, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/tatup.5.2.91.
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9
Marden, Mary. "Massachusetts' Cities and Towns." Journal of Education 52, no. 5 (July 1990): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002205749005200511.
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Lidin, Konstantin. "small and historic." проект байкал, no. 65 (January 5, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/projectbaikal.65.1673.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Small and historic towns reflect provinciality in every sense of the word. The collection of the materials presents today’s typical cases of small and provincial towns. In many towns, the search of local identity has just started, and its results are still rather questionable, because of the lack of an appropriate method. Should we search for a unique “face” of the town in its history and its sites with rich biography, like in blackearth Borisoglebsk? Or should we focus on the only unique object (Barabanovo on the Yenisei)? Or should we look back upon the town’s glorious past – its legendary fairs or unique production (Irbit in Ural)? These questions are also urgent for relatively big cities (but yet provincial).
11
Zajac, Andrij. "Urzędnicy najemni i służba w miastach Wołynia w drugiej połowie XVI – pierwszej połowie XVII wieku." Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe 10 (November 30, 2018): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/kpk.10.2018.10.02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Officials and Servants in Towns and Cities of Volhynia in the Second Half of 16th and the First Half of the 17th CenturyThe article looks into activity of officials and servants hired in the Volhynian towns and cities. Among them scribes played a particularly important role. In smaller towns there was only one scribe, but in larger towns, primarily of the county town status , there were two scribes – one for the council and one for the vogt. In private towns scribes were mostly noblemen, but in royal cities burghers prevailed in the post. Some scribes worked also as lawyers as their side job. Municipal finances were managed by “shafars” and interests of the burghers were secured by the “instigator”. The vogt and municipal servants carried out the instructions and orders of the city council and the court. The announcements in the cities were made by the herald. In emergency cases church bells were used to alert the citizens. Public order in the city was maintained by day and night guards. Punishment in the cities was carried out by the executioner. The articles also makes a mention of lower-ranking city servants , such as: canons, locksmiths, shepherds, and trumpeters.
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Artemova, Olga V., and Natalia M. >. Logacheva. "The vector of the development of territories under the conditions of the new reality (using single-industry towns in the Chelyabinsk Region as an example)." Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Series: Economics and Management, no. 3 (September 29, 2023): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/econ.2023.3/11390.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Subject. The article is focused on the processes which accompany the transformation of the model of a monofunctional municipality (whose main feature is industry monospecialisation) into a multifunctional municipality both in relation to its production specialisation and in relation to its non-production and social spheres. According to the authors, this concept determines the change of the paradigm of a single-industry town's development from the model of “town for a factory” (with the limited functionality characteristic of single-industry towns) to the model of “town for the people” (with an expanded set of functions, most particularly social functions). The purpose of the study is to identify new opportunities and prospects for the development of single-industry towns using the multifunctional model for the functioning of regional single-industry municipalities.Methodology. To identify the main problems to focus on, the authors analysed scientific resources dedicated to the topic. As a result, emphasis was placed on the analysis of the peculiarities and risks related to the functioning of single-industry towns due to their limited functions (in the production and social spheres and in the local labour market). For this, single-industry towns were classified into several groups: by population (small towns, towns, cities, large cities); by socio-economic situation (in crisis, at risk, stable); by the type of the backbone enterprise; and by the quality of the urban environment. The goal of the classification was to determine the socio-economic situation in single-industry towns in the Chelyabinsk Region and to perform a comparative analysis. Single-industry towns were positioned within the following coordinates: “the status of towns by population – their socio-economic status”; “the status of towns by population – the quality of the urban environment”. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the socio-economic situation in single-industry towns in the Chelyabinsk Region, the authors concluded that single-industry towns in the region have different levels of socio-economic development. This is due to their different economic potential, socio-economic situation (stable, at risk, in crisis), the status of the towns in terms of population, and other factors. We believe that the new approach (using the concept of functionality) will allow us, in terms of the methodology, to update and redefine the functions of single-industry towns and to develop a vision for the future town; and in terms of management, to use the development opportunities of single-industry towns by achieving their multifunctionality.
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Colavitti, Anna Maria, and Alessia Usai. "Applying the HUL approach to walled towns of Mediterranean seaport cities." Journal of Place Management and Development 12, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 338–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmd-03-2018-0025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose In last year, the innovations in shipbuilding and logistics have opened the walled towns of Mediterranean port cities to cruise tourism and other culture-led regeneration strategies. Thus, walled towns in Mediterranean port cities have a particular development potential which questions about the opportunities and risks connected to any comprehensive regeneration strategy with a cultural and tourist purpose, especially for fortified systems whose continuity has been undermined. The paper aims to provide some guidelines for policy-makers and planners in port cities which have decided or are deciding to develop a comprehensive strategy and a knowledge framework for the walled town similar to those already adopted for fortified sites in the World Heritage List. Design/methodology/approach The paper investigates on the opportunities and risks connected to any comprehensive regeneration strategy with a cultural and tourist purpose for the walled towns through a comparative analysis of four Mediterranean seaport cities, selected as case studies. Cities which have developed an integrated strategy to inscribe their walled towns to the UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Findings On the base of the case studies’ analysis, the paper proposes a critical reflection upon the management strategies for the UNESCO’s walled towns and supports a better understating of context factors as a way to strengthen the HUL approach when applied to Mediterranean seaport cities. Originality/value The paper sheds light on the application of the historic urban landscape approach to the walled towns of Mediterranean seaport cities. The paper is original because it provides: guidelines for policy-makers and planners in walled towns of Mediterranean seaport cities which have decided or are deciding to develop a comprehensive regeneration strategy for the city centre in line with those adopted in UNESCO’s fortified sites; a critical reflection upon the context factors which can strengthen the HUL approach when applied to Mediterranean seaport cities; criteria to update the HUL approach by UNESCO in analysing the conservation state, the managerial aspects, the participation and social aspects of walled towns.
14
Smith, Monica L. "Towns and cities. A commentary on ‘performing towns’." Archaeological Dialogues 22, no. 2 (November 2, 2015): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203815000203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, Axel Christophersen does three important things. First, he addresses the way in which the inhabitants of premodern cities created an urban ethos through their cumulative daily actions. Second, he provides the opportunity to address a long-standing definitional challenge in the study of cities by examining what it means to undergo a process of ‘urbanization’. Finally, he focuses our attention on medieval Scandinavia as a region that has had a considerable amount of archaeological research but with which many readers may not be familiar compared to other historical periods in Europe.
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Ramanna, G., and Ashok D. Hanjagi. "Urban trends: A case study of Karnataka." Geo Eye 8, no. 1 (June 15, 2019): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53989/bu.ge.v8i1.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Towns and cities play a greater role in regional development of a state or country. A settlement with more than 75% of pupulation other than agricultural activites can be termed as town. Karnataka has good number of towns and cities but lack in million cities. Bangalore is the only million city, it is located in the most southern part of Karnataka. Urban influence is of varying nature, it may have its influence of agriculture, on industry, on administration and also on certain services like medical, cultural including educational, recretional, etc. The secondary data are collected from various government organizations the trend in which the towns and cities of Karnataka expanded and the urban agglomeration in the 2011 is given emphasis in this paper. Keywords: Urban agglomeration; urban primacy; urbanization
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Mayzlish, Anna A. "Borders and Walls Made of Privileges? Urban Communities and the Rivalry in Drapery in the Surroundings of Ypres during the 14th Century." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 22, no. 4 (202) (2020): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2020.22.4.064.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article deals with several conflicts between Flemish cities in the fourteenth century that concerned export-oriented drapery. The focus is made on the contradictions between one of the powerful Flemish cities, Ypres, and two of the smaller neighbouring towns, the monastic town of Poperinge and Langemark that produced drapery resembling that manufactured in Ypres. The author also draws a comparison with a similar conflict between Saint-Omer and the monastic town of Arques in the county of Artois. The study of these contradictions is mostly based on documental sources and gives an opportunity to find out what measures the cities resorted to in order to protect the well-being of their artisans and drapers. For example, Ypres and Saint-Omer obtained privileges over their neighbouring regions with monopoly rights to produce cloth meant for export; their rivals (Langemark, Poperinge) made attempts to get excluded from such “monopolies”; the cities in question also used legal methods of regulation (arbitrage, appeals to supreme courts) and sometimes employed force to convince smaller towns to observe their “monopoly”, especially during revolts. Additionally, the author defines various forces that took part in the process of balancing the interests of the rival cities and towns: the count, the lords of the towns, urban authorities, supreme courts (the Council of Flanders, the Parliament of Paris), and deans of the craft guilds of the cities. The measures used by the rival towns often brought no durable results, but the search of means to protect their interests in long-time conflicts itself shows the high level of self-organisation reflected in what urban authorities, city craft-guilds, and the urban communities did.
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Satoh, Shigeru. "The morphological transformation of Japanese castle-town cities." Urban Morphology 1, no. 1 (December 16, 1996): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51347/jum.v1i1.3862.
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In this historical survey of Japanese castle towns, there are four key findings. First, Japanese castle towns, although having individually unique spatial structures and landscaping, can be grouped into five categories. Secondly, in the town planning of these towns there have been characteristic transformative procedures to meet the needs of modern urban activities. Thirdly, the various schemes that have been devised and implemented at each critical stage during the modern period have been able to control each urban transformation and gradually improve the structure of each city. Finally, these schemes and transformative processes have been fundamentally affected by the existing urban patterns which were already established long before the Meiji Restoration. Every recent transformation has been found to be a distinct process in which a variety of schemes and efforts to change the environment have been integrated with each original urban pattern.
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Nazaruk, M., and Y. Zhuk. "Social and environmental processes and their impact of demographic situation in the small cities of Lviv region." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 45 (May 20, 2014): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2014.45.1166.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article describes the socio-ecological situation in the small cities of Lviv region, analyzed population dynamics of small towns in the historical period. Done mapped schemes typology of small towns by demographics. Considered the influence of social and environmental situation in the demographic situation in small towns. Key words: small town, demographics, social and environmental problems.
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Mohamed, Syahidah Amni, Nor Zalina Harun, Nor Haslina Ja'afar, and Nurul Izzati Othmani. "Urban Morphological Analysis Framework for Sustainable Malay Town Transition in Response to COVID 19." International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 9, no. 2-2 (July 14, 2022): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v9.n2-2.1023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Current approaches applied in the historical analysis on the morphological evolution of early Malay towns primarily focused on describing how cities were formed and transformed without much emphasis on how they can be analysed. Considering cities as urban organisms experiencing rapid growth, achieving a sustainable urban transition would be impossible without understanding the process of initial formation and spatial uniqueness that comprise the Malay town. However, analysing the particular kind of processes requires a comprehensive understanding of each hierarchical level of morphological elements, which, therefore, posed a greater challenge in excerpting Malay town's dynamic and organic growth pattern-development. This study attempt to develop the methodological process of urban morphological analysis framework concerning the Malay town context. With the adoption of the historic-geographical approach as the method of analysis, the study applied two different spatial scales as the basis of the analysis process, that is, plan-units analysis and morphological evolution analysis. The findings unveiled the inherent morphogenesis processes of Malay towns central to the spatial structure of Kota, represent a town that functioned as a territorial base with settlements of Kampung as the archetype of the morphological unit. Through depicting the spatial boundary of Dalam Kota and Luar Kota, the fixation line of the growth process in Malay town can be identified, which is imperative to the functioning system of the town. Accordingly, developing the systematic morphological analysis process aids in providing a clear and responsive strategy for managing the changing process of Malay towns to ensure a sustainable transition for resilient communities and territories
20
Bocharov, Sergei G. "Heritage of the Golden Horde: the origins of Crimean Khanat cities." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 2, no. 40 (June 27, 2022): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2022.2.40.231.241.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Golden Horde State during its existence on the Crimean Peninsula origin two towns Solkhat – Krym (modern Stariy Krym) and Kirk-Yer (modern Chufut-Kale). At the time of its emergence in the mid-15th century, the Crimean Khanate "inherited" only these two towns on the peninsula. Coastal Genoese towns - Caffa (modern Feodosia), Soldaia (modern Sudak), Cembalo (modern Balaklava) and Vosporo (modern Kerch) were situated near as well as two towns of the Late Byzantine principality Theodoro: the capital of the principality – Theodoro (now Mangup) and the town Calamita (now Inkerman). As a result of the Ottoman conquest of 1475 the number of Ottoman Crimean towns remained the same, only their names were changed: Caffa became Kefe, Soldaia – Sudak, Cembalo – Balaklava, Vosporo – Kerch, Theodoro – Mangup, Calamita – Inkerman. The total number of the Ottoman Crimean towns remained virtually unchanged for three centuries. In contrast, in the territory of the Crimean Khanate in the last quarter of the 15th and early 16th centuries five new towns were founded. Bahchisaray, Karasubazar, Ak-Mechet, Gezlev and Or Kapu were added to two old Golden Horde cities – Solkhat and Kirk-Yer. It were new towns that got priority in development. The political and economic center of Golden Horde Solkhat in the second half of the 15th century would lose its administrative importance and economic influence. During the khan's period it would be called Eski Krym. The main conclusion of the study is that all new towns of the Crimean Khanate (Bahchisaray, Karasubazar, Ak-Mechet, Gezlew, Or Kapu) were not connected with the previous centuries-old urbanistic tradition of local Byzantine or Genoese cities, they appeared in previously unoccupied places, where at best there were Golden Horde settlements. The original urban planning foundations of these cities come from the Golden Horde (in the broad sense – the Eastern) urban planning tradition.
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Palliser, D. M. "English Medieval Cities and Towns." Journal of Urban History 23, no. 4 (May 1997): 474–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614429702300406.
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22
Mitchell, Alan. "TREES FOR TOWNS AND CITIES." Arboricultural Journal 9, no. 4 (November 1985): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.1985.9746727.
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Imhoff, Marc L. "Ecology of Cities and Towns." BioScience 60, no. 10 (November 2010): 852–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.10.14.
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Jones, Paul. "Growing pacific towns and cities." Australian Planner 39, no. 4 (January 2002): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2002.9982318.
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25
Marden, Mary. "Massachusetts Cities and Towns.—(II.)." Journal of Education 52, no. 6 (August 1990): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002205749005200609.
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Rotherham, Ian. "Nature in towns and cities." Arboricultural Journal 37, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2015.1076282.
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Thaitakoo, Doosadee. "Toward a Way to Balance Conservation and Development in the Ayutthaya Historic Town Centres." MANUSYA 9, no. 4 (2006): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-00904002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Disagreements about conservation and development in town centres of historic cities may emerge in a society because different interests have diverse wants in city conservation and development. If not reconciled, these can lead to unfavourable effects on historic towns/cities: urban development may threaten their special character and/or conservation restrictions may make town centres unattractive for investment. Observing these difficulties in the Thai historic cities, this research explores how the desires for conservation and development can be balanced in two historic towns in Ayutthaya, a World Heritage site in Thailand. Main points for discussions: 1) Conservation and development in historic town centres 2) Key concepts for balancing conservation with development including sustainability, viability and physical capacity. 3) The issues of conservation and development in Thailand, particularly in Ayutthaya. 4) A way to balance conservation and development in the case studies towns-Hua Ror and Chao Prom. The research confirms that city conservation is a public concern as well as a technical matter. This points to a significant role for stakeholders in increasing the acceptability and practicality of city conservation/development policy and its implementation.
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Yang, Yang, Chunlu Liu, Baizhen Li, and Jilong Zhao. "Modelling and Forecast of Future Growth for Shandong’s Small Industrial Towns: A Scenario-Based Interactive Approach." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 16823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416823.
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The industrial small-town development process in Shandong is influenced by the urban agglomeration strategy and the regional collaborative production, thereby resulting in a challenge of growth boundary planning. How to build a growth forecast decision support system to help small industrial towns maintain sustainable development with limited trial and error costs is an essential topic in the current research of small town-related fields. Empirical analysis reveals that the growth factors of small towns differ from the factors of cities due to the other-organization planning management system and self-organization construction activities that coexist in small towns. Besides, due to the size of small towns, the impact of policy changes in small towns is more significant than in cities. Furthermore, as part of the regional production chain, small industrial towns are most vulnerable to uncertain external disturbances. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate different development scenarios according to possible disturbances and output corresponding development forecasts. The research aims to build a decision-making support system for Shandong’s small-town planning based on an urban modeling approach using geographic information technology and scenario planning. Considering the mutually driving effects of the objective environment and subjective policies of Shandong’s industrial towns, as well as the corresponding dynamic mechanisms and comparing the theoretical basis and limitations of the different modeling approaches, this essay constructs a model system based on a mathematical model and a system dynamics model. It is also an interactive model accompanied by applicable rules and factors so that initial information and relevant development goals can be inputted into the model system to simulate the influence of different policies and identify the small industrial town growth scenarios.
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Zawadzka, Dorota, and Grzegorz Zawadzki. "Synanthropisation And Synurbisation Of Raven Corvus Corax In Poland: A Review." International Studies on Sparrows 38, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/isspar-2015-0025.
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Abstract The Raven Corvus corax is one of the oldest synanthropic bird species. Historical development of human settlements and cities was the reason of occupancy by ravens neighborhood of villages and town. Nowadays, suburban areas are, among forest and rural areas, habitats used by Ravens. Since end of middle ages Ravens began breeding in interior of towns in the Great Britain. During 20th century Raven occupied several big cities of Europe and North America. In Poland, the first attempts of colonization of cities took place in the 1950s in Warsaw and Kraków. During next decades Raven came back from centrum of cities and began colonized suburban zone, mainly big forests within the border of towns. Untilnow, Raven in Poland nest only in suburban zones. Observations of non-breeding pairs inside of cities are still rare. The biggest population in cities do not exceed 20 breeding pairs.
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Nabillah, Ratu. "YOUNG GENERATION’S PERCEPTION OF SMALL-TOWN DEVELOPMENT IN THE LAST TEN YEARS IN KALIANDA DISTRICT SOUTH LAMPUNG REGENCY." Tunas Geografi 10, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/tgeo.v10i1.25212.
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The dichotomy of "village" and "city" that often occurs in development practice requires attention to the relationship between villages and cities. This linkage can be seen in the transitional area between rural and urban areas. The transition area is a small-town. A large number of small cities in Indonesia and the significant function of the existence of small towns make the development of small towns need attention. This study aims to analyze the perceptions of the younger generation on the development of small towns in Kalianda District, South Lampung Regency, and to analyze the relationship between the identity of the young generation against various indicators of small-town development. The variables in this study are divided into the economy, education, transportation, tourism, and other developments where there are various indicators of small-town development. Percentage Analysis and Chi-Square Analysis were used in the study. This study indicates that overall the younger generation has different views on the development of small towns, but 10 out of 16 indicators are considered to be in good development (stage 2). There are only three identities of respondents who have no relationship to small – town development: gender – tourism development, social media – market development, social media – tertiary employment development.
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Hu, Di. "Identification of Shrinking Cities on the Main Island of Taiwan Based on Census Data and Population Registers: A Spatial Analysis." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100694.
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At the end of the 20th century, the phenomenon of urban shrinkage received widespread attention, with population decline as its core characteristic. In 2020, the Taiwanese population had negative growth and faced a low fertility rate and an aging population. This study used exploratory spatial data analysis to identify shrinking cities in Taiwan based on census data and population registers. The results indicated that Taiwan has 11 shrinking counties and 202 shrinking towns. Urban shrinkage occurred in the 1980s and continued from the suburbanization stage to the re-urbanization stage. Five types of spatial patterns in the 11 shrinking counties were observed. In the majority of the shrinking counties, towns with high population densities were unable to avoid shrinkage. A global spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated that shrinkage and non-shrinkage have become increasingly apparent at the town level since 2005. A local spatial autocorrelation analysis indicates that the spatial clustering of towns with population growth or decline from 2000 to 2020 has changed. Based on each town’s development, a two-step cluster analysis was conducted in which all towns were divided into four categories. Shrinking towns exist in each category, but with a different proportion. Based on the results of two-step cluster analysis combined with spatial analysis, this study discovered that both urbanization and suburbanization cause shrinkage in Taiwan, but the affected localities are distinct. For most shrinking counties, their spatial model indicates a relationship between shrinking and the urbanization of their towns. Keelung City and Chiayi City have the most potential to reverse the shrinkage. This study helps authorities better manage growth and implement regional revitalization.
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Reeves, Hannah. "The place of peripheral “railway towns” in transport history." Journal of Transport History 41, no. 3 (May 3, 2020): 458–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526620918864.
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This panorama paper seeks to explore some of the literature surrounding “railway towns” and the justifications for a comparative study of these towns, as defined by Jack Simmons in The Railway in Town and Country, 1830–1914. It also argues that so-called peripheral “railway towns”, villages, towns and cities not dominated by the railway industry but with significant railway communities or connections, should also be included within these studies in order that the social, economic and demographic impacts of the railways can be explored in greater detail.
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Farelnik, Eliza. "Contemporary concepts of small town development." Ekonomia i Prawo 22, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 497–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2023.027.
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Motivation: The paradigms of sustainable development and knowledge and innovation-based economy (smart growth) are among the most important signposts for the development of contemporary towns, cities and regions. The growing competitiveness of cities and the high variation and complexity of the urban environment necessitate the search for such a model of a city that will enable its dynamic development in the economic, social and spatial spheres. The implemented development model determines the town’s ability to face the current challenges, such as population changes, increasing and diverse needs of the city’s users, limited natural resources which therefore require protection, a shift in the paradigm of local economy towards circular economy, thereby improving the town’s ability to deal with crisis (urban resilience). As a consequence, there is a growing number of smart cities as well as cities which have adopted another dominant development concept, such as green cities, slow cities.Aim: Purpose of the article is to discuss and compare some of these concepts, namely smart city, slow city, green city (and selected hybrid models), which can be applied in designing a policy for the development of small towns in Poland.Results: The diverse and increasingly varied conditions underlying the development of small towns mean that a local development policy should have a more reactive and scenario-like character. The process of evolution of the existing approaches can be observed, resulting in the hybridization of the development models, where new concepts arise by combining the assumptions of several approaches, for example a smart green city, etc. This process can be seen as the manifestation of improving the level of urban resilience to crises, which increases the chance of small towns to adapt to new conditions.
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Liu, Dandan, Anmin Huang, Dewei Yang, Jianyi Lin, and Jiahui Liu. "Niche-Driven Socio-Environmental Linkages and Regional Sustainable Development." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031331.
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The changes in niche roles and functions caused by competition for survival resources have implications in various domains, with natural science and social science standing out. Currently, expanding the ecological niche concept and its practical interpretation in the fields of social ecology, geography and sustainable science is becoming a crucial challenge. This paper is based on niche theory to observe niche evolution and resulting socio-ecological effects of 1186 towns in 19 prefecture cities in Yangtze River delta. The results indicate that: Towns around the Taihu Lake displayed obvious spatial agglomeration, which was leading the development of the entire region. The town niche shows obvious characteristics of north-south differences and hierarchy distribution. The niche coordination degree of Jiangsu Province was higher than that of Zhejiang Province. The higher the subsystem coordination degree, the better the town development. Towns with poor ecological conditions are often subject to competition, while towns with better ecological conditions often benefit from cooperative development. The niche separation and collaboration could enhance niche competition of towns and cities in the region. The proposed framework can facilitate interdisciplinary exchanges among geography, sociology, landscape ecology and regional planning and provide insights for understanding regional co-opetition relationship and regional sustainable development.
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Wang, Shu. "Discussion of Cities Construction Shape in Urbanization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.11.
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With the accelerated pace of urbanization in China , more and more around the town 's land development , but most of the towns architectural form in a chaotic , self-development conditions , constitute urban architectural form of the four elements : building color , spatial composition , four aspects of the architectural style and building materials and other constraints , planning and building genuine regional characteristics in the urban architectural form.
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Sizov, Yuri I., L. N. Medvedeva, and A. S. Plotnikov. "USING A COGNITIVE MATHEMATICAL TOOL FOR DETERMINING THE CONTINUUM OF SMALL CITIES." Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 238, no. 6 (2022): 294–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2022-238-6-294-317.
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In the context of the development of the Development Strategy of the Russian Federation, the discussion about the future of different types of cities has intensified. The proposed cognitive-mathematical model for the development of small towns justifies the permanent strengthening of the interdependence of rural and urban economies, opens up prospects for development. The factors influencing the development of small towns located in rural areas are identified; optimization of financial, investment and logistics flows; increasing entrepreneurial potential in the field of agro-industrial production. The cognitive approach to modeling the continuum of small towns made it possible to significantly reduce the amount of numerical calculations when building a neural network, and two-level modeling to optimize financial and investment flows. It is proposed to change the demographic threshold for classifying cities as small: from 50 thousand to 100 thousand inhabitants, in order to improve the investment climate and economic growth. Modeling the socio-economic development of a small town located in rural areas made it possible to substantiate the levels of relationships between economic agents. Taking into account the above designations, a cognitive model of a typical small town located in a rural area was compiled and a grouping of small towns of the Volgograd region was carried out according to the degree of development of entrepreneurial potential. It is shown that administrative transformations, as a rule, are more significant than migration and demographic ones, they can open the way to development for some cities, make others satellites living “on alms”. It is concluded that small towns can be economically and socially efficient settlements, quite competitive units of the country’s spatial framework with state support and increased financial flows to local budgets.
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Popova, Olga, Svetlana Korolkova, and Ekaterina Stepanova. "Branding Strategies for Small Cities in the Internet Space." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 2 (May 2020): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2020.2.11.
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The paper examines the use of communicative strategies and tools for promoting local territories on the Internet on the material of tourist sites, social networks and blogs. Internet strategy depends on the promoted territory, pragmatic goals and determines the selection of tools and language means. The authors applied an integrative communicative approach. It was established that a European small town brand is developed by employing macro strategy including historical, cultural, environmental, and gastronomic references represented in several foreign languages. The small Russian town branding is implemented through micro-strategies with a heterogeneous brand structure, sometimes, related to some important events, not supported by significant historical facts in Russian. Lingua-pragmatic analysis of data has shown that specialized travel sites of European and Russian small towns use mostly informative tactics for promoting their territories while communicative tactics of social networks and blogs are of a greater emotion and evaluative value. The experience of European small towns, and communicative strategies of brand promotion in particular, might be relevant for Russian locality identification and differentiation, small town brand development, formation of cultural apprehension and loyalty among the citizens as well as domestic and foreign tourists.
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Ransubhe, Srikant A. "Integrated Town Development Plan: Kurduwadi." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VIII (August 15, 2021): 840–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37516.
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The nature and economic development of Indian urbanization is characterized by metropolitan domination and polarization. The country's total population increased from 361 million in 1951 to 1,027 million in 2001, while the urban population increased from 62 million to 285 million during the same period. From 23 megacities in 1991 to 35 in 2001, the number has increased considerably. Therefore, it is clear that there is a clear movement towards large cities, possibly as a result of a lack of employment opportunities in small and medium cities and a deficient urban infrastructure. In 1979, the centrally supported scheme for the integrated development of small and medium cities (IDSMT) began and continued through 2004-05 and was incorporated into the UIDSSMT scheme in December 2005. It is important to invest in the development of small urban centers in order to reduce migration to large cities as well as to support the growth of surrounding rural areas. Small and medium towns are generally viewed as a means of balancing urban hierarchy and reducing pressure on primate cities, moderate spatial inequality, and foster factors that may assist in reversing the trend. Kurduwadi city is one of them, such as improper or uncertain use of available land, rising unemployment and migration to cities, unsatisfactory development plans to improve urban development. In this context, through integrated planning, efforts have been measured to obtain the resources needed to achieve each goal and improve strategy. Also by allowing institutions to plan and collaborate in departments, they can create efficiency and pursue new opportunities and help reduce migration to nearby large and metropolitan cities by strengthening the Kurduwadi towns as regional growth centers. Establishing complementary links between nearby villages, towns and cities will create a harmonious settlement pattern. An integrated development plan for the Kurduwadi town reduces some of the ideological concerns and working uncertainties emerging around this initiative through this study. The assessment of integrated town development may be appropriate to determine the future orientation and guidelines for Kurduwadi town.
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Dahal, Kedar, and Krishna Prasad Timalsina. "New Towns Development: A Wave of the Future Planning Practices in Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 31, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2017): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v31i1-2.25346.
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Increasing urbanization has been a major challenge to tackle issues relating to population growth, housing, infrastructure development and urban management in Nepal. Initiatives have been taking by the stakeholders of urban sectors in different course of action plans. New town development, smart city development, preparation and implementation of various strategic plans and action plans are some of the initiatives undertaken by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of Nepal. At present, the Ministry of Urban Development is preparing intervening plans and programmes to 40 towns for planned urban development in Nepal. Some of these towns are already in pace of development and some others are in infancy stages. Balance urban development strategy so far is a strategy of government of Nepal however theory of political economy of development is inherently coming in selection of the towns, and basically in implementing the plans. Therefore, most of the prepared action plans are in question of effective implementation. Among the prioritized new towns of Nepal, some of these towns particularly smart cities are in very infancy stages of infrastructure development in which ‘smartness’ itself falls into huge dilemma. Therefore, more challenges are added in implementing the smart cities into action plan. However, new towns of Hilly and Tarai-Madhesh area will definitely provide the opportunities to cater population and create more opportunities. In this context, this study focus on the new town development and their spatial distribution in Nepal through the collection of primary information and review of previous literature.
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Foster, Mark S., and Joseph F. Rishel. "American Cities and Towns: Historical Perspectives." Journal of American History 81, no. 1 (June 1994): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081008.
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Rohe, Randall, and David Chuenyan Lai. "Chinatowns: Towns within Cities in Canada." Western Historical Quarterly 21, no. 1 (February 1990): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/968994.
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Hoe, Ban Seng, and David Chuenyan Lai. "Chinatowns: Towns Within Cities in Canada." Pacific Affairs 62, no. 4 (1989): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2759714.
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Stobart, Jon. "European Cities and Towns 400–2000." Journal of Historical Geography 37, no. 2 (April 2011): 248–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2011.02.014.
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Stoddard, Robert H. "Chinatowns: Towns within cities in Canada." Journal of Historical Geography 16, no. 3 (July 1990): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-7488(90)90068-m.
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Vieregge, Michael. "Evidence of local gastronomy in rural destinations: A cross-European study." Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism 1, no. 2 (August 2022): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/2771-5957.1.2.1011.
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In 2020, the Coronavirus pandemic led to domestic travel to rural destinations. Local gastronomy is key to tourists' expectations, perceptions, and images of rural destinations' authenticity. Empirical data supporting evidence of local gastronomy in rural communities are lacking. This archival research focused on n=549 Cittaslow and non-Cittaslow towns and cities in 19 European countries. Rural towns offer more local gastronomy than cities, and Cittaslow-certified towns more than non-Cittaslow. All rural towns should focus on expanding their local gastronomy, and Cittaslow cities even more so.
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Manaeva, I. V. "Conditions and factors of dynamic development of the towns and cities of Russia: empirical analysis." Russian Journal of Industrial Economics 15, no. 4 (January 2, 2023): 453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2072-1633-2022-4-453-465.
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The present system of towns of Russia is of hierarchical structure: millionaire cities, big cities, cities, towns and small towns. The living standards and quality of life in the towns of different sizes have significant differences, the most critical of which are the accessibility of education, high healthcare technology and employment of the population. The study of the conditions and factors of the industrial development of the cities encourages making more efficient managerial decisions, which determines the topicality and the novelty of the work. The methodological basis of the study is presented by the author’s economic and statistics model where the resulting indicator is the volume of shipped products per capita in the city as the main criterion of the economic growth. The analyzed factor indicators include the volume of the investment in the main capital per capita, the average number of employees of organizations, income of local budget per capita, the proportion of illuminated parts of city streets. The method has been tested on the towns and cities of the Central Federal District within the period of 2001–2020. The empirical results obtained in the modelling process lead to the conclusion that the main factors of towns’ industrial development are the volume of the investment in the main capital (one per cent increase will facilitate the growth of the volume of shipped products by 0.5%) and the income into the local budget (one per cent increase will facilitate the growth of the volume of shipped products by 1.2%). Dynamic development of a town or a city is ensured by a system of interrelated conditions and factors as well as by favorable natural and geographical conditions: good climate and resource base determining the economic vector of the area. In case of lack of natural potential it is essential to create conditions for the implementation of social-oriented programs, modernization of the infrastructure, support of middle and small businesses, etc. Such conditions will ensure attractive climate for investment, which will act as a driver for migration of well qualified experts and further economic growth. Practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of use of the results by the researchers who deal with the issues of town and regional development as well as by the regional and municipal authorities.
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Bartosiewicz, Bartosz, Agnieszka Kwiatek-Sołtys, and Sławomir Kurek. "Does the process of shrinking concern also small towns? lessons from Poland." Quaestiones Geographicae 38, no. 4 (December 26, 2019): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2019-0039.
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Abstract The approach to the issue of shrinking cities is undergoing constant changes. Originally, this process was referred primarily to the progressing depopulation connected with a deteriorating economic situation. Presently, works on shrinking cities mainly focus on the challenges posed by the problem rather than the delimitation questions. Do the shrinking also apply to the situation of small towns, and if so, to what extent may small towns shrink? Being conscious of the multidimensional nature of the topic discussed, the authors took measures aimed at singling out a group of shrinking towns from the whole set of small towns in Poland. The identification of depopulating centres consisted in pointing to those shrinking both in terms of their demography and economy. This type of research gives rise to all types of methodological problems such as which tools should be used to measure town shrinking or which data should be selected for the research, an issue particularly important for small towns where the range of indicators available is rather limited. What conclusions may be drawn from the conducted analysis? Do small towns in Poland shrink? On the basis of the conducted research the answer is no. With regard to demography, the process of shrinking concerns only 30 towns (4.5%). And this group includes only four which additionally shrink in economic terms.
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Przeybilovicz, Erico, Wesley Vieira da Silva, and Maria Alexandra Cunha. "Limits and Potential for eGov and Smart City in Local Government." International Journal of E-Planning Research 4, no. 2 (April 2015): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijepr.2015040103.
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This study explore ICT infrastructure in the towns of Paraná State, reflecting on the potential and limits of ICT in the local government and the possibilities of these cities developing into smart cities. A quantitative study was conducted using multivariate data analysis techniques. The data are secondary and were obtained through a Municipal Basic Information Study in Brazil in 2012. The main result was the identification of five distinct municipal clusters in terms of ICT use and infrastructure. The size of a town is not a determining factor for towns to use and make web based services available to its citizens. Many towns remain lacking in basic infrastructure, with every profile showing different needs. There are a few strong patterns of eGov development and local conditions that could be treated as the foundation for some different policy packages that would be appropriate in these five situations. There are aspects that characterize the challenges and potential of towns than the emphasis placed on eGov. These aspects should be considered in studies of eGov and smart city.
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Clerc, Louis. "A Different View on City Diplomacy: Mid-sized Baltic Towns and Their International Contacts." Diplomatica 3, no. 1 (June 23, 2021): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25891774-03010011.
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Abstract Recent developments in the study of city diplomacies have kept small and mid-sized towns mostly outside of focus. This robs the field of an opportunity to consider the international activities of most cities and networks of cities, and deprives us from a reflection on the reasons why most cities would feel a need to develop their international outreach, and on the ways they would do it. Studying the city diplomacy of small cities reminds us of the depth of practices and of the variety of realities blanketed under the notion of city diplomacy – variety both in geographical but also in chronological terms. From the point of view of these small and mid-sized towns, city diplomacy appears subtly different than from the vintage point of great cities. This essay will reflect on this through the example of Turku, a mid-sized town in the Baltic Sea region. It aims to show that, in a field concentrated on big cities, studying mid-sized cities bring the same returns as studying small states: a wider understanding of the way foreign relations work on a daily basis.
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Taylor, Peter J. "Transition towns and world cities: towards green networks of cities." Local Environment 17, no. 4 (April 2012): 495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.678310.
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