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Статті в журналах з теми "Circulating cooling system"
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Xu, Ping, Zhaoyi Xu, Jin Wang, Yajun Zhang, and Li Zhang. "MIC in Circulating Cooling Water System." Journal of Water Resource and Protection 04, no. 04 (2012): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2012.44022.
Повний текст джерела
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Huang, Chang Shan, Hui Wu Xu, Yu Shan Cheng, Jin Ying Wu, and Mian Xue. "Metal Corrosion Problems and Countermeasures in High Conductivity of Circulating Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 1841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.1841.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: Through the test of air conditioning cooling water circulation system and the electrical conductivity of iron corrosion velocity, find out the method of corrosion control measures; Methods: Rotating hanging plate method and conductivity meter and other cooling water test air conditioning system in different conductivity of metal iron corrosion rate; Conductivity results: Air-conditioning cooling water circulation system of more than 1900 μs/cm, metal corrosion rate less than 0.05mm/a, shall meet the relevant standards. Conclusion: Through the addition of corrosion inhibitor, scientific emission and control of circulating cooling water pH, conductivity decreased circulating water cooling, can reduce the corrosion of iron, to ensure the safe and stable operation of cooling water pipe and equipment.
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Wang, Yu, and Lin Ruan. "Self-Circulating Evaporative Cooling System of a Rotor and Its Experimental Verification." Processes 10, no. 5 (May 9, 2022): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10050934.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the development of hydropower, the heat problem of a rotor cannot be ignored. This paper presents a topology of an evaporative cooling system for rotors. The system seals the pole coil in a tank and immerses the coil in the insulating coolant with a suitable boiling point. The latent heat of vaporization during the boiling of coolant is used to control the temperature rise of the pole coil. After explaining the circulation principle of the system, the effectiveness of the cooling system is verified by experiments. A small-scale experimental platform has been set up to test the effectiveness of the new topology. The comparison experiment with air-cooling shows that the phase change cooling system can not only provide hundreds of times the heat transfer capacity of air-cooling, but also the temperature rise of the coil is half that of air cooling. Based on the experimental results, the calculated formula of the heat transfer coefficient of the evaporative cooling system in the rotating state was fitted, and the deviation of the calculated result could be kept at less than 25%. Thanks to the evaporative cooling system, the rotor carries a high current density.
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Bosak, Mykola, Oleksandr Hvozdetskyi, Bohdan Pitsyshyn, and Serhii Vdovychuk. "THE RESEARCH OF CIRCULATION WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF POWER UNIT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT WITH HELLER COOLING TOWER." Theory and Building Practice 2020, no. 2 (November 20, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2020.02.001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Analytical hydraulic researches of the circulating water cooling system of the power unit of a thermal power plant with Heller cooling tower have been performed. Analytical studies were performed on the basis of experimental data obtained during the start-up tests of the circulating water cooling system of the “Hrazdan-5” power unit with a capacity of 300 MW. Studies of the circulating water cooling system were carried out at an electric power of the power unit of 200 - 299 MW, with a thermal load of 320 - 396 Gcal/hr. By circulating pumps (CP), water mixed with condensate is fed to the cooling tower, from where it is returned through the turbine for spraying by nozzles in the turbine steam condenser. An attempt to increase the water supply to the condenser by increasing the size of the nozzles did not give the expected results. The amount of the water supply to the circulating pumping station depends on the pressure loss in the circulating water cooling system. The highest pressure losses are in hydro turbines (HT), which are part of the circulating pumping station. Therefore, by adjusting the load of the hydro turbine, with a decrease in water pressure losses, you can increase the water supply by circulating pumps to the condenser. Experimental data and theoretical dependences were used to calculate the changed hydraulic characteristics of the circulating water cooling system. As a result of reducing the pressure losses in the section of the hydro turbine from 1.04 to 0.15 kgf/cm2, the dictating point for the pressure of circulating pumping station will be the turbine steam condenser. The thermal power plant cooling tower is designed to service two power units. Activation of the peak cooler sectors of the cooling tower gives a reduction of the cooled water temperature by 2-4 °С only with the spraying system.
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Wang, Qiu Ping, Lei Han, Miao Zhang, and Feng Li. "Boiler Flue Gas Treatment of Cooling Water Circulation Device Control System Based on PLC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 598 (July 2014): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.598.587.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Boiler flue gas treatment of cooling water circulation device is a device which can produce dilute sulfuric acid by absorbing SO2 in the flue gas of boiler combustion and add dilute sulfuric acid to the circulating water. Adding dilute sulfuric acid to the circulating water, can reduce pH value of the thermal power plant cooling water, obstacles and reduce the condenser fouling. This paper has introduced the working process of the boiler flue gas treatment of cooling water circulation device and the design method of the control system based on SIEMENS S7-300 series PLC. The control system realizes data acquisition of the water level and the pH value, and control the operation of each equipment according to the collected data. Finally realized the purpose of producing dilute sulfuric acid.
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Lv, Ziqiang, Jiuju Cai, Wenqiang Sun, and Lianyong Wang. "Analysis and Optimization of Open Circulating Cooling Water System." Water 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 1592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111592.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Open circulating cooling water system is widely used in process industry. For a system with a fixed structure, the water consumption and blowdown usually change with the varying parameters such as quality and temperature. With the purpose of water saving, it is very important to optimize the operation strategy of water systems. Considering the factors including evaporation, leakage, blowdown and heat transfer, the mass and energy conservation equations of water system are established. On this basis, the quality and temperature models of makeup and blowdown water are, respectively, developed. The water consumption and discharge profiles and the optimal operating strategy of the open recirculating cooling water system under different conditions are obtained. The concept of cycles of temperature is proposed to evaluate the temperature relationship of various parts of the open circulating cooling water system. A mathematical relationship is established to analyze the influence of the water temperature on the makeup water rate of the system under the condition of insufficient cooling capacity of the cooling tower. In addition, the co-influences of quality and temperature parameters on the system are analyzed.
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Cao, Rui, Lin Ruan, Bin Xiong, Hai Hong Dong, and Shu Qin Guo. "The Experimental Research of the Application of Liquid-Box Self-Circulation Evaporative Cooling System in Electronic Components." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 1683–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.1683.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Because of high cooling efficiency, simple structure and good reliability, the liquid-box self-circulation evaporative cooling system has broad applications in the field of electronic equipments. By designing and developing a set of Liquid-box self-circulating evaporative cooling system experimental platform for electronic components. We can study the influence of pipe diameter, height of liquid level and thermal conductive pad on the cooling efficiency of the system.
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Du, Liang, Wei-Jun Zhang, and Jian-Jun Yuan. "Design and experimental tests of an active cooling system for a kind of in-vessel inspection manipulator." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 47, no. 5 (July 27, 2020): 737–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-02-2020-0020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose This paper aims to present the design and experimental tests of an active circulating cooling system for the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak in-vessel inspection manipulator, which will help the current manipulator prototype to achieve a full-scale in-vessel high temperature environment compatibility. Design/methodology/approach The high-temperature effects and heat transfer conditions of the manipulator under in-vessel environment were analyzed. An active circulating cooling system was designed and implemented on the manipulator prototype. A simulative in-vessel inspection task in a high temperature environment of 100°C was carried out to evaluate the performance of the active circulating cooling system. Findings The proposed active circulating cooling system was proved effective in helping the manipulator prototype to achieve its basic in-vessel inspection capability in a high temperature environment. The active circulating cooling system performance can be further improved considering the cooling structure coefficient differences in different manipulator parts. Originality/value For the first time, the active circulating cooling system was implemented and tested on a full-scale of the in-vessel inspection manipulator. The experimental data of the temperature distribution inside the manipulator and the operating status of the circulating system were helpful to evaluate the current active circulating cooling system design and provided effective guidance for improving the overall system performance.
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Huang, Huanhuan, Ping Xu, Jie Wang, and Changzheng Wang. "Microbial Population Structure In Circulating Cooling Water System Makeup By Municipal Reclaimed Water." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 565–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.3.8032.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The municipal reclaimed water, which often reused in circulating cooling water system, can effectively alleviate the urban water crisis. However, the reclaimed water contains a large number of microorganisms while the water environment in circulating cooling water system allows the micro-organisms to further increase. Therefore, circulating cooling water system faces slime, corrosion and other microbial problems. In this work, the microbial population structure of circulating cooling water makeup by municipal reclaimed water was investigated by using modern molecular biology DNA technology. Our results demonstrated that at the level of family, there were 17 kinds of suspended microorganisms in municipal reclaimed water, in which the dominant strain belonged to Proteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Methylophilales, Methylophilaceae. For the circulating cooling water without chemical agents, 13 kinds of suspended bacterias and 36 kinds of immobilized bacteria were detected, in which the dominant strain respectively was Comamonadaceae and Pseudomonadaceae which belonging to Proteobacteria Betaproteobacteria. After adding chemical agents, the number of suspended bacteria increased to 26 kinds and the distribution of bacteria species was even more. And the dominant strain become Staphylococcaceae, which belonged to Firmicutes, Bacilli, Bacillales, the reason for this was the sharply increase of TOC and TP after adding scale and corrosion inhibitors. Corrosion of instrumentation and pipe network systems caused by microorganisms is particularly complicated in circulating cooling water systems and even in whole reclaimed water utilization systems. The corrosion mechanism and corrosion process caused by different microorganisms are different. Therefore, it is very important to explore the composition of microorganisms in reclaimed water to study the corrosion of microorganisms. Based on the study of microbial population structure in municipal reclaimed water, this paper explores the microbial population structure and dominant species in the water in response to the specific situation in which reclaimed water is reused in the circulating cooling water system. At the same time, it also provides some research suggestions for the future research on the corrosion caused by microorganisms in the reuse of recycled water.
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Qin, Pan Pan, Hui Chen, Li Li Chen, Zhen Qu, Lu Ning Yu, and Shi Kui Liu. "Utilization of Waste Heat of Circulating Cooling Water in Hot-Stamping Power System." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 1829–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.1829.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper studies the possibility of using heat pump instead of cooling tower to decrease temperature and recover waste heat of circulating cooling water of power system. Making use of heat transfer theory the paper carried on analysis and calculation about recoverable waste heat of circulating cooling water in hot-stamping power system which includes hot-stamping, closing in and extrusion intermediate frequency induction furnace. The results show that the whole process can recover calories which is 2.642×106kJ per hour.Using the recycled calories can make 15.82 tons hot water per hour which is 60°C. This research shows that using heat pump to recover the waste heat of circulating cooling water is effectual.
Дисертації з теми "Circulating cooling system"
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Loubser, Karl Albie. "An experimental study of an inherently-safe, natural circulating, flash-tube type system for a nuclear reactor steam supply concept." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96050.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MEng) -- Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This project investigates aspects of a novel inherently safe nuclear power steam supply system as safety is of paramount importance. The system envisaged has unique features namely: a) a two-phase flow flash-tube type natural circulating primary loop (also the secondary radioactive particle containment); b) a twophase flow thermosyphon heat pipe type heat exchanger secondary loop is used to transfer heat from the primary loop to the steam generators, thereby physically separating the two flow streams from one another; c) a natural convection air cooled condenser for the removal of the reactor’s residual heat; d) a unique core using TRISO type fuel (acting as the primary radioactive particle containment) with life of at least 8.9 years; e) a steel containment vessel acting as a tertiary radioactive product containment; f) a concrete containing structure with air vents to allow air to pass over the main steel containment vessel for cooling purposes in the case of an emergency, and for the removal of parasitic heat during operation. In particular the primary and secondary loops of the proposed system are investigated. This is done by design, construction and testing of a small scale experimental set-up of the primary and secondary loops as well as the development of theoretical models for the two loops. A literature survey focusing on nuclear technology, thermosyphon loops, natural circulating loop instabilities, heat pipes, and two-phase flow modelling is presented to give a brief overview of the technologies as well as tools used in the work undertaken. Observations of the inside flow behaviour of the primary loop experimental set-up were made possible by windows providing many insights into the inner workings, such as plume formation and geysering. The transient response of the secondary heat pipe loop start-up is also investigated. A thermal resistance theoretical model was developed for the secondary loop using heat transfer formulae from theory as well as experimentally semiempirical correlated formula. Different states of operation of the secondary loop were observed during testing with the theoretical model of the condensing regime correlating well, two-phase regime correlating acceptably and liquid regime correlating poorly to experimental results and thus were modelled using an experimentally determined overall heat transfer coefficient. The secondary loop model of the liquid regime is coupled with the primary loop theoretical model to predict the system’s performance. A homogeneous, one-dimensional, simple theoretical model for the primary loop was derived and computer simulated. The results did not compare well with experimental results for single phase flow and failed to capture the onset of two-phase flow. The assumptions of one dimensional model with a unidirectional flow, a hydrostatic pressure problem, a constant volumetric flow rate and the inability of the implementation of the code to handle expansion are noted as some of the flaws in the theoretical model. The following recommendations are made: a more advanced design of the pressuriser should be incorporated into the experiment; the secondary loop’s theoretical model should be characterised under a broader set of operating conditions; the computer program can be used as the basis for further research and implementation of alternative solution algorithms and models.
AFRIKKANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie projek ondersoek aspekte van ’n ongewone, essensieel veilige kernkrag stoomtoevoer-stelsel, omdat veiligheid van kardinale belang is. Die stelsel wat voorgestel is, het unieke eienskappe, naamlik: a) ’n twee-fasevloei flits-buistipe natuurlik sirkulerende primêre lus (wat ook die sekondêre inperking van radioaktiewe materiaal bevat); b) ’n twee-fasevloei termo-heweleffek sekondêre lus hitte-pyp hitte-uitruiler word gebruik om die hitte vanaf die primêre lus oor te dra na die stoomkragopwekkers en daardeur word die twee strome se vloei fisies geskei van mekaar; c) ’n natuurlike konveksie lugverkoelde kondensor word gebruik vir die verwydering van die reaktors se oortollige hitte; d) ’n unieke kern gebruik TRISO-tipe brandstof (wat as die primêre inperking van radioaktiewe materiaal optree) met ’n lewe van minstens 8.9 jaar; e) ’n inperkingshouer van staal wat optree as ’n tersiêre radioaktiewe produkhouer; f) ’n betonstruktuur met lugventilasie om toe te laat dat lug oor die hoof staalhouer vloei vir verkoeling in ’n noodgeval, en vir die verwydering van parasitiese hitte tydens werking. Hoofsaaklik word die primêre en sekondêre lusse van die voorgestelde stelsel ondersoek. Dit word gedoen deur die ontwerp, konstruksie en die toets van ’n eksperimentele opstelling van die primêre en sekondêre lusse op klein skaal, sowel as die ontwikkeling van teoretiese modelle vir die twee lusse. ’n Literatuurstudie wat fokus op kerntegnologie, termo-heweleffeklusse, natuurlik sirkulerende lus instabiliteit, hitte-pype, en twee-fase vloeimodellering word aangebied om ’n kort oorsig te gee van die tegnologie, sowel as gereedskap gebruik in die werk wat onderneem is. Om die interne vloeigedrag van die primêre lus se eksperimentele opstelling waar te neem, word daar gebruik gemaak van vensters wat dien as ’n manier om die innerlike werking van die proses soos pluimvorming en die kook van die water in die warmwaterkolom te toon. Die oorgangsreaksie van die sekondêre hittepyplus aanvangs is ook ondersoek. ’n Teoretiese termiese weerstandmodel is ontwikkel vir die sekondêre lus met behulp van hitte-oordragformules waarvoor hitte-oordragteorie gebruik is, wat met eksperimentele semi-empiriese formules gekorreleer is. Verskillende toestande van die sekondêre lus se werking is waargeneem gedurende die toetse. Die teoretiese model het goed met die kondensasiestaat gekorreleer, terwyl by die twee-fasewerkswyse aanvaarbare korrellasies aangetref is en die uiteindelike vloeitoestand swakker gekorrelleer het met eksperimentele resultate en dus gemodelleer is met behulp van die NTU-effektiwiteitsmetode. Die sekondêre lusmodel van die vloeistoftoestand is gekoppel met die primêre lus teoretiese model om die werking van die stelsels te voorspel. ’n Homogene een-dimensionele eenvoudige teoretiese model van die primêre lus is afgelei en ’n rekenaar simulasie is uitgevoer. Die resultate vergelyk nie goed met die eksperimentele resultate vir enkelfasevloei en kon nie die aanvang van twee-fasevloei beskryf nie. Die aannemings van ’n een-dimensionele model met eenrigting vloei, ’n hidrostatiese druk probleem, ’n konstant volumetries vloeitempo en die onvermoë van die implementering van die kode om uitbreiding te hanteer is bekend as ’n paar van die foute in die teoretiese model. Die volgende aanbevelings word gemaak: ’n meer gevorderde ontwerp van drukreëlaar moet in die eksperiment ingesluit word; die sekondêre lus se teoretiese model moet gekenmerk word onder ’n wyer stel bedryfsomstandighede, en die rekenaar program kan gebruik word as die basis vir verdere navorsing en die implementering van alternatiewe algoritmes en modelle.
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Joseph, Jyothis. "Improving Photovoltaic Panel Efficiency by Cooling Water Circulation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1404617/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis aims to increase photovoltaic (PV) panel power efficiency by employing a cooling system based on water circulation, which represents an improved version of water flow based active cooling systems. Theoretical calculations involved finding the heat produced by the PV panel and the circulation water flow required to remove this heat. A data logger and a cooling system for a test panel of 20W was designed and employed to study the relationship between the PV panel surface temperature and its output power. This logging and cooling system includes an Arduino microcontroller extended with a data logging shield, temperature sensing probes, current sensors, and a DC water pump. Real-time measurements were logged every minute for one or two day periods under various irradiance and air temperature conditions. For these experiments, a load resistance was chosen to operate the test panel at its maximum power point. Results indicate that the cooling system can yield an improvement of 10% in power production. Based on the observations from the test panel experiments, a cooling system was devised for a PV panel array of 640 W equipped with a commercial charge controller. The test data logger was repurposed for this larger system. An identical PV array was left uncooled and monitored simultaneously to compare the effect of cooling, demonstrating that the cooled array provided up to an extra 132W or 20% of maximum power for sunny weather conditions. Future expansion possibilities of the project include automated water level monitoring system and water filtration systems.
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Theunissen, Ruhan. "Investigation of a radiative cooling system with natural circulation for regulating a heat sink / Theunissen R." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7593.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The global energy demand has seen a significant increase over the past decade. Our inseparable need for energy has created a number of serious concerns. The most important concern is the environmental impact of our energy generating methods. Another looming concern is our global fossil fuel resources that are diminishing progressively. These two major concerns have turned attention to research and development of energy efficient and alternative energy systems.
A field of alternative energy that has been untapped is nocturnal radiative cooling. The idea behind this is to utilise the cooling effect between a hot surface and the night sky. The setup is similar to that of a solar water heating system but is used for cooling instead of heating.
Previous studies on radiative cooling systems have all focussed on forced circulation systems. The aim of this study is to analyse the performance of a natural circulating system. The current knowledge on radiative cooling systems is limited and experimental research is often a costly and time consuming exercise. As a result it is difficult to get an understanding of the performance of a radiative cooling system in various operating environments. The aim of this study is to overcome this limitation by developing a theoretical model to simulate the performance of a natural circulating radiative cooling system.
A natural circulating solar water heater model was used as a basis for the natural circulating radiative cooling model. A night sky radiation model replaced the solar radiation component to give the radiative heat transfer of the panel to the night sky. Fundamental heat transfer and fluid flow theories also formed part of the model.
The theoretical model was able to give realistically accurate predictions compared to data from an experimental setup. The model made it possible to study the impact of various parameters on the system performance without the constraints of experimental setups. The performance of a natural circulating radiative cooling system was simulated over a year under different operating climates by using historical weather data.
The results obtained with the help of the model indicated that natural circulating radiative cooling is indeed able to provide a sufficient cooling effect that can be utilised in a practical manner. This study gives indication that radiative cooling systems are worthy of further development to ensure that it forms part of the current line–up of alternative energy systems.Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Sittmann, Ilse. "Inside-pipe heat transfer coefficient characterisation of a one third height scale model of a natural circulation loop suitable for a reactor cavity cooling system of the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6708.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The feasibility of a closed loop thermosyphon for the Reactor Cavity Cooling System of the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor has been the subject of many research projects. Difficulties identified by previous studies include the hypothetical inaccuracies of heat transfer coefficient correlations available in literature. The aim of the research presented here is to develop inside-pipe heat transfer correlations that are specific to the current design of the RCCS. In order to achieve this, a literature review is performed which identifies reactors which employ closed loop thermosyphons and natural circulation. The literature review also explains the general one-dimensional two-fluid conservation equations that form the basis for numerical modelling of natural circulation loops. The literature review lastly discusses available heat transfer coefficient correlations with the aim of identifying over which ranges and under which circumstances these correlations are considered accurate. The review includes correlations commonly used in natural circulation modelling in the nuclear industry in aims of identifying correlations applicable to the modelling of the proposed RCCS. One of the objectives of this project is to design and build a one-third-height-scale model of the RCCS. Shortcomings of previous experimental models were assessed and, as far as possible, compensated for in the design of the model. Copper piping is used, eliminating material and surface property uncertainties. Several sight glasses are incorporated in the model, allowing for the visual identification of two-phase flow regimes. An orifice plate is used allowing for bidirectional flow measurement. The orifice plate, thermocouples and pipe-in-pipe heat exchangers are calibrated in-situ to minimize experimental error and aid repeatability. Twelve experiments are performed with data logging occurring every ten seconds. The results presented here are limited to selected single and two-phase flow operating mode results. Error analyses and repeatability of experimental measurements for single and two-phase operating modes as well as cooling water mass flow rates are performed, to show repeatability of experimental results. These results are used to mathematically determine the experimental inside-pipe heat transfer coefficients for both the evaporator and condenser sections. Trends in the heat transfer coefficient profiles are identified and the general behaviour of the profiles is thoroughly explained. The RCCS is modelled as a one-dimensional system. Correlations for the friction factor, heat transfer coefficient, void fraction and two-phase frictional multiplier are identified. The theoretical heat transfer coefficients are calculated using the mathematical model and correlations identified in the literature review. Fluid parameters are evaluated using experimentally determined temperatures and mass flow rates. The resulting heat transfer coefficient profiles are compared to experimentally determined profiles, to confirm the hypothesis that existing correlations do not accurately predict the inside-pipe heat transfer coefficients. The experimentally determined coefficients are correlated to 99% confidence intervals. These generated correlations, along with identified and established twophase heat transfer coefficient correlations, are used in a mathematical model to generate theoretical coefficient profiles. These are compared to the experimentally determined coefficients to show prediction accuracy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die haalbaarheid van ‘n natuurlike sirkulasie geslote lus vir die Reaktor Holte Verkoeling Stelsel (RHVS) van die Korrelbed Modulêre Kern-Reaktor (KMKR) is die onderwerp van talle navorsings projekte. Probleme geïdentifiseer in vorige studies sluit in die hipotetiese onakkuraatheid van hitte-oordrag koëffisiënt korrelasies beskikbaar in literatuur. Die doel van die navorsing aangebied is om binne-pyp hitte-oordrag koëffisiënt korrelasies te ontwikkel spesifiek vir die huidige ontwerp van die RHVS. Ten einde dit te bereik, word ‘n literatuurstudie uitgevoer wat kern-reaktors identifiseer wat gebruik maak van natuurlike sirkulasie lusse. Die literatuurstudie verduidelik ook die algemene een-dimensionele twee-vloeistof behoud vergelykings wat die basis vorm vir numeriese modellering van natuurlike sirkulasie lusse. Die literatuurstudie bespreek laastens beskikbare hitte-oordrag koëffisiënt korrelasies met die doel om te identifiseer vir welke massavloei tempo waardes en onder watter omstandighede hierdie korrelasies as korrek beskou is. Die ontleding sluit korrelasies in wat algemeen gebruik word in die modellering van natuurlike sirkulasie in die kern industrie met die hoop om korrelasies vir gebruik in die modellering van die voorgestelde RHVS te identifiseer. Een van die doelwitte van die projek is om ‘n een-derde-hoogte-skaal model van die RHVS te ontwerp en te bou. Tekortkominge van vorige eksperimentele modelle is geidentifiseer en, so ver as moonlik, voor vergoed in die ontwerp van die model. Koper pype word gebruik wat die onsekerhede van materiaal en opperkvlak eindomme voorkom. Verkseie deursigtige polikarbonaat segmente is ingesluit wat visuele identifikasie van twee-fase vloei regimes toelaat. ‘n Opening plaat word gebruik om voorwaartse en terugwaartse vloeimeting toe te laat. Die opening plaat, termokoppels en hitte uitruilers is gekalibreer in plek om eksperimentele foute te verminder en om herhaalbaarheid te verseker. Twaalf eksperimente word uitgevoer en data word elke tien sekondes aangeteken. Die resultate wat hier aangebied word, is beperk tot geselekteerde enkel- en tweefase vloei meganismes van werking. Fout ontleding en herhaalbaarheid van eksperimentele metings, om die herhaalbaarheid van eksperimentele resultate te toon. Hierdie is gebruik om wiskundig te bepaal wat die eksperimentele binne-pyp hitte-oordrag koëffisiënte is vir beide die verdamper en kondenseerder afdelings. Tendense in die hitte-oordrag koëffisiënt profiele word geïdentifiseer en die algemene gedrag van die profiles is deeglik verduidelik. Die RHVS is gemodelleer as 'n een-dimensionele stelsel. Korrelasies vir die wrywing faktor, hitte-oordrag koëffisiënte, leegte-breuk en twee-fase wrywings vermenigvuldiger word geïdentifiseer. Die teoretiese hitte-oordrag koëffisiënte word bereken deur middle van die wiskundige model en korrelasies wat in literatuur geidentifiseer is. Vloeistof parameters is geëvalueer met eksperimenteel bepaalde temperature en massa-vloei tempos. Die gevolglike hitte-oordrag koëffisiënt profiles is vergelyk met eksperimentele profiele om die hipotese dat die bestaande korrelasies nie die binne-pyp hitte-oordrag koëffisiënte akkuraat voorspel nie, te bevestig. Die eksperimenteel bepaalde koëffisiënte is gekorreleer en die gegenereerde korrelasies, saam met geïdentifiseerde twee-fase hitte-oordrag koëffisiënt korrelasies, word gebruik in 'n wiskundige model om teoretiese koëffisiënt profiele te genereer. Dit word dan vergelyk met die eksperimenteel bepaalde hitteoordrag koëffisiënte om die akkuraatheid van voorspelling te toon. Tekortkominge in die teoretiese en eksperimentele model word geïdentifiseer en aanbevelings gemaak om hulle aan te spreek in die toekoms.
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CASTRO, LEONARDO F. "Aplicação de mapas auto-organizáveis na classificação de padrões de escoamento bifásico." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26617.
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O escoamento bifásico de gás-líquido é encontrado em muitos circuitos fechados que utilizam circulação natural para fins de resfriamento. O fenômeno da circulação natural é importante nos recentes projetos de centrais nucleares para a remoção de calor. O circuito de circulação natural (Circuito de Circulação Natural - CCN), instalado no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN / CNEN, é um circuito experimento concebido para fornecer dados termo-hidráulicos relacionados com escoamento monofásico ou bifásico em condições de circulação natural. A estimativa de transferência de calor tem sido melhorada com base em modelos que requerem uma previsão precisa de transições de padrão de escoamento. Este trabalho apresenta testes experimentais desenvolvidos no CCN para a visualização dos fenômenos de instabilidade em ciclos de circulação natural básica e classificar os padrões de escoamento bifásico associados aos transientes e instabilidades estáticas de escoamento. As imagens são comparadas e agrupadas utilizando mapas auto-organizáveis de Kohonen (SOM), aplicados em diferentes características da imagem digital. Coeficientes da Transformada Discreta de Cossenos de Quadro Completo (FFDCT) foram utilizados como entrada para a tarefa de classificação, levando a bons resultados. Os protótipos de FFDCT obtidos podem ser associados a cada padrão de escoamento possibilitando uma melhor compreensão da instabilidade observada. Uma metodologia sistemática foi utilizada para verificar a robustez do método.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Liu, Shing-Han, and 劉興漢. "Circulating Water Cooling System with applying Hydraulic Energy and Temperature." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49516282784295405358.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
99
Tap-Water Radiant Cooling System is a mechanism with cooling effect that cold water flows in the pipe to cool down the surface followed by radiant cooling and natural convection effect to lower the surrounding temperature even more. In the research, for the purpose of enhancing cooling capacity, this research emphasizes on alternative designs to improve temperature distribution uniformity as well as applies hydraulic fan to generate forced convection intent to replace natural convection. This research divided in three part. First of all, running only with Radiant Cooling System, compare different outcomes from indoor measures of total cooling capacity and of cooling tons per unit area of pipe under various temperatures and water-flow-way mode. According to the experiment, cooling capacity is better under 18℃ and the water-flow-way mode is in parallel than 20℃ and water-flow-way mode is in series. Furthermore, cooling tons per unit area of pipe could be raised by roughly 33%. The next step is to discuss the efficiency of hydraulic fan in different water flow rate. Based on the experiment, for the sake of at least 400rpm of rotary speed, the water flow rate of hydraulic fan must be greater than 16LPM. Once it is accomplished, efficiency of hydraulic fan would be higher than 90%. Third, through the combination of the previous two parts, compare disparate results from outdoor measures of total cooling capacity and of cooling tons per unit area of pipe under various temperatures and enhancing efficiency. Depending on the experiments, cooling capacity reaches to the best level when water flow rate of tube is 10LPM along with 99rpm of rotary speed of hydraulic fan. Cooling tons per unit area of pipe could be elevated by around 44.4% compared to that without hydraulic fan. The patent of this study is applied. Fluid actuator with the tube of hot and cold external fluid pump discharge (Patent Taiwan: 12/953.521)
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Chen, Cheng-Yi, and 陳政逸. "A Study on Using Circulating Groundwater as Cooling Medium for Air Conditioning System." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74572941648807205927.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
93
This research develops a system which uses circulating groundwater to cool down a heat exchanger of air conditioner installed in a well to replace commonly used cooling towers. The main topics studied is the relationship between the temperature of cooling water and the temperature of groundwater at the process of heat exchanging. The test results indicate that if air conditioner is running and the groundwater in the well is not circulating, the temperature of groundwater will arise rapidly. However, once the groundwater starts circulating; the temperature of groundwater in the well will decrease steadily to a stable value and keep only 1 to 2 degrees Centigrade higher than the original temperature. The relationship and temperature difference among cooling water, groundwater, and heat exchanger can be obtained by changing the cooling water supply from laboratory experiments. The result shows that the starting time of water pumping depends on the cooling ability of heat exchanger. While the ability of heat exchanger is not good, the pumping water must be started earlier. If the temperature of groundwater pumped from well increases about 1 to 2 degrees Centigrade, the minimum quantity of pumping water can be estimated from this study and for the reference of the future application.
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Wu, Yi-Fan, and 吳逸凡. "Applying groundwater to circulating cooling system in the exterior walls of the buildings for energy-saving system." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65120798615509917807.
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碩士國立勤益科技大學
冷凍空調系
100
Taiwan is located within the temperate and subtropical climate zones. It’s especially hot during summer seasons. The top floors of buildings or rooms expose directly to sunlight, become uncomfortably hot and humid. In addition, the heat is retained by walls even after direct exposure to sunlight has ceased. In order to resolve this issue, air conditioning is generally employed to lower indoor temperatures. Not only this method is inefficient, it also leads to higher energy consumption and increase electricity costs. Recent research trends have included exploration of renewable and natural cooling sources as alternative methods of indoor temperature control. Such methods promise to provide solutions that are both economical and eco-friendly. The goal of this research is to exploit the freedom from want of groundwater resource to reduce indoor temperatures, while energy-saving and maintain a comfortable living environment. The research is conducted via a field test with the piping and general layout specifically designed to meet the following objectives: 1) The construction of a subterranean system fitting the above mentioned purposed. 2) Reducing the temperature of the exterior walls of a building using the subterranean cooling system in accordance with the datasheet, and the influence and effect of the volume of the water used in this cooling system. The 20℃ temperature of the water that is used as coolant with various flow rate of the water to measure the cooling effect of this proposed system. The test results reveal that the flow rate of the water at 110 and 140 LPM result in indoor temperature reduction of 2℃ to 5℃. Nevertheless, the flow rate of the water at 90 LPM, this system cannot reduce the indoor temperature.
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Qiu, Bo-Ying, and 邱柏穎. "Circulating system for cooling and power supply of light-emitting diodes by using microfluidic channels." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73174704771394964315.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士明志科技大學
機械工程系機械與機電工程碩士班
104
Nowadays, the trend of electronic product development includes thin and low-weight, multi-function and high density of component. The electron-ic chip features the tendency of high speed, high power and high density, and the amount of heat per unit area will rise sharply. When the volume of pack-age is reduced, poor heat dissipation will be the reason for the failure of the product. We propose that the solid conductive wire can be replaced by the mi-cro-channel of ejecting electrolyte, and the electrolyte can supply energy and exchange heat in this study. First, the electrolyte is experimental sample, and the micro-channel is fabricated by the photolithography process, and then we use the model architecture to make a microfluidic electrode. The positive and negative electrodes form a loop, the high-power light-emitting diode is signal subject, and we set up a micro-channel light-emitting diode circulating system. The power meter and temperature sensor were used to measure the effective brightness and temperature variation, and the light-emitting devices of dif-ferent micro-channels with various flow velocities are compared. In temper-ature test result, the temperature of the solid conductive module was 9.3 °C higher than that of the liquid conductive module. In brightness test result, the optical power of the solid conductive module was higher than that of the liq-uid conductive module in the initial 100 minutes, the optical power of the solid conductive module was 1.3 mW lower than that of the liquid conductive module at 120 minutes, they reached the steady states at 300 minutes, and the optical power of the liquid conductive module was still higher than that of the solid conductive module. So the optical power decay of the LED with solid conductive wire due to higher temperature is sharper than that with liquid conductive wire.
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Радченко, А. М., Є. І. Трушляков, Б. С. Портной, С. Г. Фордуй, С. А. Кантор, A. M. Radchenko, E. I. Trushliakov, B. S. Portnoi, S. G. Forduy та S. A. Kantor. "Проектне навантаження градирень систем охолодження відповідно до поточних кліматичних умов". Thesis, 2019. http://eir.nuos.edu.ua/xmlui/handle/123456789/4329.
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Проектне навантаження градирень систем охолодження відповідно до поточних кліматичних умов = Project load on cooling towers of chilling systems in response to current climatic conditions / А. М. Радченко, Є. І. Трушляков, Б. С. Портной, С. Г. Фордуй, С. А. Кантор // Матеріали X міжнар. наук.-техн. конф. "Інновації в суднобудуванні та океанотехніці". В 2 т. – Миколаїв : НУК, 2019. – Т. 1. – С. 480–483.Анотація. Розглянуто двоступеневе охолодження повітря із застосуванням двоступінчастої тепловикористовуючої абсорбційно-ежекторної холодильної машини комбінованого типу, до складу якої входять абсорбційна бромистолітієва та хладонова ежекторна холодильні машини як ступені трансформації скидної теплоти в холод. За результатами моделювання роботи охолоджувального комплексу визначено раціональний розподіл проектних теплових навантажень на абсорбційний та ежекторний ступені тепловикористовуючої холодильної машини комбінованого типу, що забезпечує скорочення теплового навантаження на градирні. Показано, що завдяки такому підходу до визначення раціонального теплового навантаження на градирні системи оборотного охолодження, який полягає в урахуванні перерозподілу теплового навантаження між абсорбційним бромистолітієвим і хладоновим ежекторним ступенями охолодження з різною ефективністю трансформації скидної теплоти (різними тепловими коефіцієнтами) відповідно до поточних кліматичних умов експлуатації, можна звести до мінімуму кількість градирень відведення теплоти від холодильних машин з відповідним скороченням капітальних витрат на комплекс охолодження повітря в цілому.
Abstract. Two-stage air cooling is considered using a two-stage combined type waste heat recovery chiller, which includes absorption lithium-bromide and refrigerant ejector chillers as steps to convert waste heat into cold. Based on the results of modeling the operation of the cooling complex a rational distribution of the project heat loads on the absorption and ejector stages of a combined type waste heat recovery chiller that provides reduce heat load on cooling towers. It is shown that due to this approach to determining the rational heat load on the cooling towers of the circulating cooling system whith taking into account the redistribution of heat load between the absorption lithiumbromide and refrigerant ejector cooling stages with different efficiency and transformation of waste heat (different heat coefficients) in accordance with current climate conditions, it is possible to minimize the number of cooling towers for the circulating cooling system for chillers with a corresponding reduction in capital expenditures on the cooling complex as a whole.
Аннотация. Рассмотрено двухступенчатое охлаждение воздуха с применением двухступенчатой теплоиспользующей абсорбционно-эжекторной холодильной машины комбинированного типа, в состав которой входят абсорбционная бромистолитиевая и хладоновая эжекторная холодильные машины как ступени трансформации сбросной теплоты в холод. По результатам моделирования работы охладительного комплекса определено рациональное распределение проектных тепловых нагрузок на абсорбционную и эжекторную ступени теплоиспользующей холодильной машины комбинированного типа, которое обеспечивает сокращения тепловой нагрузки на градирни. Показано, что благодаря такому подходу к определению рациональной тепловой нагрузки на градирни системы оборотного охлаждения, который состоит в учете перераспределения тепловой нагрузки между абсорбционной бромистолитиевой и хладоновой эжекторной ступенями охлаждения с разной эффективностью трансформации сбросной теплоты (разными тепловыми коэффициентами) в соответствии с текущими климатическими условиями эксплуатации, можно свести к минимуму количество градирен отведения теплоты от холодильных машин с соответствующим сокращением
Книги з теми "Circulating cooling system"
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Ingram, Michael. Clearwater guide to controlled environment re-circulation systems. Port Ervin, Isle of Man: Clearwater, 1985.
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Kuznecov, Vyacheslav, and Oleg Bryuhanov. Gasified boiler units. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1003548.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The textbook gives the basic concepts of gasified heat generating (boiler) installations and the terminology used in boiler technology, the principle of operation and device of gasified heat generating (boiler) installations. The types and device of heat generators (boilers) of their furnace devices are considered; types and device of gas-burning devices, the number and places of their installation in furnace devices; auxiliary equipment-devices for air supply and removal of combustion products, devices for water treatment, steam supply and circulation of the coolant of hot water boilers; device for thermal control and automatic regulation of the boiler installation. The issues of operation and efficiency of gasified heat generating (boiler) installations and their gas supply systems; requirements for conducting gas-hazardous and emergency recovery operations of gas supply systems are considered.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation.
For students of secondary vocational education in the specialty 08.02.08 "Installation and operation of equipment and gas supply systems".
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Ingram, Michael. Clearwaterguide to controlled environment re-circulation systems. Clearwater, 1985.
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Yang, Kun. Observed Regional Climate Change in Tibet over the Last Decades. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.587.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is subjected to strong interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere. The Plateau exerts huge thermal forcing on the mid-troposphere over the mid-latitude of the Northern Hemisphere during spring and summer. This region also contains the headwaters of major rivers in Asia and provides a large portion of the water resources used for economic activities in adjacent regions. Since the beginning of the 1980s, the TP has undergone evident climate changes, with overall surface air warming and moistening, solar dimming, and decrease in wind speed. Surface warming, which depends on elevation and its horizontal pattern (warming in most of the TP but cooling in the westernmost TP), was consistent with glacial changes. Accompanying the warming was air moistening, with a sudden increase in precipitable water in 1998. Both triggered more deep clouds, which resulted in solar dimming. Surface wind speed declined from the 1970s and started to recover in 2002, as a result of atmospheric circulation adjustment caused by the differential surface warming between Asian high latitudes and low latitudes.The climate changes over the TP have changed energy and water cycles and has thus reshaped the local environment. Thermal forcing over the TP has weakened. The warming and decrease in wind speed lowered the Bowen ratio and has led to less surface sensible heating. Atmospheric radiative cooling has been enhanced, mainly through outgoing longwave emission from the warming planetary system and slightly enhanced solar radiation reflection. The trend in both energy terms has contributed to the weakening of thermal forcing over the Plateau. The water cycle has been significantly altered by the climate changes. The monsoon-impacted region (i.e., the southern and eastern regions of the TP) has received less precipitation, more evaporation, less soil moisture and less runoff, which has resulted in the general shrinkage of lakes and pools in this region, although glacier melt has increased. The region dominated by westerlies (i.e., central, northern and western regions of the TP) received more precipitation, more evaporation, more soil moisture and more runoff, which together with more glacier melt resulted in the general expansion of lakes in this region. The overall wetting in the TP is due to both the warmer and moister conditions at the surface, which increased convective available potential energy and may eventually depend on decadal variability of atmospheric circulations such as Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation and an intensified Siberian High. The drying process in the southern region is perhaps related to the expansion of Hadley circulation. All these processes have not been well understood.
Частини книг з теми "Circulating cooling system"
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Bashirov, M. G., A. S. Khismatullin, and E. V. Sirotina. "Cooling System Oil-Immersed Transformers with the Use of a Circulating Sulfur Hexafluoride." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 613–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39225-3_67.
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Zabihian, Farshid. "Cooling Systems (Circulating Water Systems)." In Power Plant Engineering, 569–604. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429069451-8.
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Chen, Lin. "Principles, Experiments, and Numerical Studies of Supercritical Fluid Natural Circulation System." In Handbook of Research on Advancements in Supercritical Fluids Applications for Sustainable Energy Systems, 219–69. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5796-9.ch007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to the unique thermal and transport properties, supercritical natural circulation loop (NCL, or thermosyphon) has been proposed in many energy systems, such as solar heater, nuclear cooling, waste heat recovery, geothermal, etc. This chapter presents the principals of supercritical natural circulation loop and its application challenges. A specially designed experimental prototype system is introduced and compared with numerical findings. The system is operated in wide range of pressures from around 6.0 MPa to 15.0 MPa in the near-critical region. It is found that in a supercritical natural circulation system, very high Reynolds number natural convection flow can be achieved only by simple heating and cooling. Thermal performance analysis and parameter effects are carried out along with the experimental development. The heat transfer dependency on operation and its mechanisms are also explained and summarized in this chapter. The comparison of experimental and numerical results contributes to better understanding of NCL stability phenomena and applications in energy systems.
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Chen, Lin. "Principles, Experiments, and Numerical Studies of Supercritical Fluid Natural Circulation System." In Advanced Applications of Supercritical Fluids in Energy Systems, 136–87. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2047-4.ch005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to the unique thermal and transport properties, Supercritical natural circulation loop (NCL, or thermosyphon) has been proposed in many energy conversion systems. This chapter presents the principals of supercritical natural circulation loop system and its application challenges. A specially designed experimental prototype system is introduced and compared with numerical findings. The system is operated in wide range of high pressures in the critical region. It is found that in a supercritical NCL system, very high Reynolds number natural convection flow can be achieved only by simple heating and cooling. Thermal performance analysis and parameter effects are carried out along with the experimental development. The heat transfer dependency on operation and its mechanisms are also explained and summarized in this chapter. The comparison of experimental and numerical results contributes to better understanding of NCL stability phenomena and applications in energy systems.
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Basu, Dipankar Narayan, and Milan Krishna Singha Sarkar. "Supercritical Natural Circulation Loop." In Advanced Applications of Supercritical Fluids in Energy Systems, 188–214. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2047-4.ch006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Supercritical natural circulation loop is a compelling technology for cooling of modern nuclear reactors, which promises enhanced thermalhydraulic performance in a simple design. Being a new concept, related knowledge base is relatively thin and involves several conflicting theories and controversies. Present chapter summarizes the observation till date, starting from the very fundamentals. The phenomenon of natural circulation and suitability of supercritical medium as working fluid are discussed in details. Different methods of analyses, including analytical, simple 1-D numerical and multidimensional computational codes, as well as experimental, are elucidated. A comprehensive discussion is presented about the effect of various geometric and operating parameters on the system behavior, from both thermalhydraulic and stability point of view. Finally, a few recommendations are included about the operation of such loops and future direction of research.
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Srivastava, Tanuj, Pranab Sutradhar, Milan Krishna Singha Sarkar, and Dipankar Narayan Basu. "Supercritical Natural Circulation Loop." In Handbook of Research on Advancements in Supercritical Fluids Applications for Sustainable Energy Systems, 338–69. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5796-9.ch009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Supercritical natural circulation loop is a compelling technology for cooling of modern nuclear reactors, which promises enhanced thermal-hydraulic performance in a simple design. Being a new concept, related knowledge base is relatively thin and involves several conflicting theories and controversies. The chapter summarizes the observation till date, starting from the very fundamentals. The phenomenon of natural circulation under steady state condition and suitability of supercritical medium as working fluid are discussed in detail. Different methods of analyses, including analytical, simple 1-d numerical, and multidimensional computational codes, as well as experimental, are elucidated. A comprehensive discussion is presented about the effect of various geometric and operating parameters on the system behavior, from both thermal-hydraulic and stability point of view. Finally, a few recommendations are included about the operation of such loops and future direction of research.
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"Natural Circulation, Passive Safety Systems, and Debris-Bed Cooling." In Nuclear Electric Power, 173–91. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118828243.ch07.
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Maslin, Mark. "4. Modelling future climate." In Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction, 46–67. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198719045.003.0004.
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‘Modelling future climate’ is about understanding the fundamental physical processes of the climate system. Modelling future climate considers the carbon cycle, cooling effects, carbon emissions, and the complex three-dimensional general circulation models that examine and further our understanding of the global climate system and which are used to predict future global climate. Over 40 climate models were used in developing the IPCC projections for the 2013 report. The three main realistic carbon emissions pathways suggest the global mean surface temperature could rise by between 2.8°C and 5.4°C by 2100 and predict an increase in global mean sea level of between 52 cm and 98 cm in this timeframe.
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Ito, Sadasuke, and Naokatsu Miura. "PERFORMANCE OF SKY RADIATIVE COOLING SYSTEMS FOR STORING THERMAL ENERGY BY NATURAL CIRCULATION." In Advances In Solar Energy Technology, 2642–46. Elsevier, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-034315-0.50487-0.
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Khvorostyanov, Vitaly I., and Kenneth Sassen. "Microphysical Processes in Cirrus and Their Impact on Radiation: A Mesoscale Modeling Perspective." In Cirrus. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130720.003.0023.
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The impact of cloudiness on the global radiative budget and its climatic consequences have been widely discussed during the last three decades. It was gradually recognized that the climatic effect of cloudiness depends on its height: low- and middle-level cloudiness have a total cooling effect on the Earth climatic system, while the upper-level clouds, cirrus, may have mostly a warming effect (IPCC 1995). The net effect of cirrus (i.e., warming or cooling), is much less clear because neither their microphysical and optical properties, nor the processes that govern their formation, are well understood and parameterized in climate models. These uncertainties have stimulated several major field projects performed within the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP; Rossow and Schiffer 1991) with subsequent data analysis reports [e.g., FIRE IFO-I (1990), FIRE IFO-II (1995), and EUCREX (Raschke et al. 1996)]. The relevant theoretical works, and even the simplest climate models, indicate that the climatic impact of cirrus depends on their microstructure: clouds composed of small crystals with effective radii less than about 16 μm have a total cooling effect, but clouds of larger crystals have a warming effect (Stephens et al. 1990). It was shown that the total cloud forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) is positive from a few to a few tens of watts per square meter for the large crystals and decreases with decreasing crystal radius (Fu and Liou 1993). Most of the previous theoretical studies of cirrus radiative properties, after choosing some model of microphysics and some values for the mass extinction and absorption coefficients, then prescribed them to the whole cloud, neglecting any vertical variations. Simulations with general circulation models (GCMs) showed that cirrus clouds with their optical properties parameterized in such a way (i.e., constant with height) have a total warming effect and positive feedbacks with respect to greenhouse gas-induced global warming (e.g., Ramanathan et al. 1983; Wetherald and Manabe 1988). Today, the estimation of the warming/cooling effect of cirrus has become even more complicated due to two factors. First, for many years the usual in situ probes allowed the measurement of ice crystals with radii only larger than 25-50 μm, so the smallest and most optically and radiatively active crystals were unresolved.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Circulating cooling system"
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Xu, Ping, Yajun Zhang, Xiaodong Liu, and Ting Liu. "Fouling in Circulating Cooling Water System." In 2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology (iCBEB). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbeb.2012.228.
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Da-Peng, Niu, Tian Xiang-Yan, and Jia Ming-Xing. "Research on Modeling and Parameter Identification of Circulating Cooling Water System." In 2020 2nd International Conference on Industrial Artificial Intelligence (IAI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iai50351.2020.9262164.
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Luo, Bing, Yongsheng Xu, Fuzeng Zhang, Jing Yan, and Rui Cao. "Simulation Research of the Surface-Mounted Self-circulating Evaporative Cooling system." In 2020 23rd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icems50442.2020.9290945.
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Zhang, Li-Hui, Zhen-Fa Liu, and Ru-Hui Guo. "Experimental Research on Wastewater Reuse Technology of Industrial Circulating Cooling Water System." In 4th 2016 International Conference on Material Science and Engineering (ICMSE 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmse-16.2016.10.
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Cao, Rui, Lin Ruan, Peng Zhang, Shu-Qin Guo, and Hai-Hong Dong. "Design and development of self-circulating evaporative cooling system for 1600W transmitter." In 2015 International Workshop on Materials, Manufacturing Technology, Electronics and Information Science. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813109384_0025.
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Zhang, Hehui, and Yingjie Qu. "MOAR theory: a new system energy-saving method for Industrial Circulating Cooling Water System." In International Conference on Advances in Energy, Environment and Chemical Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aeece-15.2015.18.
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Li, Jingming, Fuchuan Song, and Guobiao Gu. "Optimization of air-cooling condenser in close-loop self-circulating evaporative cooling system of large electrical equipments." In 2009 12th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icems.2009.5382675.
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Li, Jingming, Fuchuan Song, Guobiao Gu, and Xindong Tian. "Experimental invetigation on air-cooling condenser in close-loop self-circulating evaporative cooling system of large electrical equipments." In 2009 12th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icems.2009.5382677.
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Xiong, Zhixiang, and Yin Luo. "Energy Saving Analysis and Improvement of Cooling Circulating Water System in M199 Technological Process." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69513.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
M199 is a kind of traditional drug fungicide, which is utilized widely in agriculture. The cooling circulating water system of such a production line consumes so much energy as to build cooling water supply model based on reaction vessel heat transfer mechanism and cooling requirement. The problems of the system is caused from improper pump selection, unreasonable condition adjustment methods, unscientific management, and difficulty in energy consumption evaluation and so on. In order to increase operation efficiency of the system and reduce the waste of energy, this paper surveyed the situation of equipment installation and M199 technological process, then compare the existing energy consumption with that under a variable frequency speed regulation to identify the space for energy saving, eventually complete the analysis of assessment of energy consumption in the whole system. Water supply system of variable pressure and flow is utilized under the premise of meeting the requirement of M199 technological process according to the pump affinity laws and by considering the energy-saving in the pump themselves and their systems so as to refurbish the system and realize the reduction of energy and production costs.
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Osipov, Sergey, Alexey Zonov, Bulat Makhmutov, and Arkadiy Zaryankin. "Circulating water cooling system using a turbo-expander at gas thermal power plants." In 18TH CONFERENCE OF POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING, THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID MECHANICS. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5138629.
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