Дисертації з теми "CIDR1a"

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier l’influence des procyanidines, du sucre, de l’acide, de l’éthanol, des arômes et du CO2 sur le goût sucré, l’acidité, l’amertume et l’astringence du cidre. Des plans d’expériences ont été réalisés en solutions modèles et avec des cidres commerciaux afin d’étudier les effets directs des composés chimiques mais également les interactions entre eux sur la perception de ces quatre attributs sensoriels.Les résultats confirment le rôle déterminant des procyanidines,du sucre, de l’acide, de l’éthanol sur les quatre caractéristiques organoleptiques étudiées. Il faut souligner l’influence de la concentration et du degré de polymérisation des procyanidines qui modifient les perceptions sucrées et acides. Ces travaux montrent également une sur expression de l’amertume pour les procyanidines tétramères et pentamères mais seulement pour des concentrations de 750 mg/L, et une interaction entre la concentration et le degré de polymérisation pour l’astringence.Excepté pour l’amertume, la présence de gaz carbonique modifie la perception sensorielle des échantillons testés :l’astringence augmente, le goût sucré diminue pour les solutions les plus sucrées et finalement, il semble que les dégustateurs aient plus de mal percevoir les différences d’acidité entre les échantillons. Enfin, les arômes peuvent modifier la perception du goût sucré de certains cidres par un effet de congruence. En effet, la présence de notes aromatiques « fruitées » est accompagnée d’une surévaluation du goût sucré et des notes « terreux-foin »conduisent à une diminution du goût sucré perçu. Cependant,ce phénomène de congruence semble être concentration dépendante
The aim of this thesis is to study the influence of procyanidins, sugar, acid, ethanol, CO2 and aroma on the perception of sweetness, sourness, bitterness and astringency of cider. Experimental designs were carried out with model solutions or commercial ciders to study the direct effects and interactions of the chemical compounds on these four organoleptic characteristics.The results confirm the key role of procyanidins, sugar,acid, ethanol on the four organoleptic characteristics. We notably underline the influence of procyanidins concentration and polymerization degree on sweetness and sourness when literature only focused on bitterness and astringency. Our works also indicate an overexpression of bitterness for tetrameric and pentameric procyanidins but only for concentration of 750 mg/L, and an interaction between concentration and polymerization degree for astringency.Except for bitterness, adding CO2 modify sensorycharacteristics of the samples: astringency increases,sweetness decreases for the sweetest solutions and it seems that tasters have more difficulty perceive acidity differences between samples. Finally, the aromatic characteristics can modify sweetness perception of some ciders due to acongruency effect. Indeed, “fruity” notes generate an over evaluation of sweetness when “hay-earthy”aromas lead to a decrease of this taste. Nevertheless,this phenomenon appears to be concentration dependent

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
Vegetative growth, and essential oil yield and its components are strongly influenced by photoperiod, temperature, rainfall, and other factors that change according to the seasonal period. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the vegetative and productive and qualitative performance of Aloysia triphylla When subjected to different periods of drought during the four seasons. The experiment was conducted in an agroclimatology laboratory greenhouse at UFSM, campus of Frederico Westphalen RS. The experiment was conducted with a complete randomized block design in a 5x4 factorial scheme, the treatments consisting of five periods of water stress (3, 6, 9, 12 days without irrigation or daily irrigation) and four seasons (winter , spring, summer and fall); the study had five replications. The evaluations were performed in the period that marked the half of each season samples were collected throughout the growing material. Periods of drought did not affect the growth and essential oil production. Growth characters showed the highest values in the summer and autumn seasons, with the worst results in the winter. The highest essential oil content was obtained in the summer in all treatments and the lowest in the winter season. Citral is the major component of this oil, and it decreases in winter and increases in autumn and summer. The winter favors the concentration of minor components, especially caryophyllene oxide and spathulenol.
O crescimento vegetativo, bem como a produção de óleo essencial e seus componentes é fortemente influenciado pelo fotoperíodo, temperatura, ocorrência de chuvas, dentre outros fatores que se modificam de acordo com o período sazonal. Com isso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho vegetativo e produtivo e qualitativo de Aloysia triphylla submetida a diferentes períodos de déficit hídrico, nas quatro estações do ano. O experimento foi conduzido em estufa plástica pertencente ao laboratório de agroclimatologia da UFSM campus de Frederico Westphalen - RS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos ao acaso em um esquema bifatorial 5x4, sendo os tratamentos compostos por cinco períodos de déficit hídrico (3, 6, 9, 12 dias sem irrigação ou com irrigação diária) e quatro estações do ano (inverno, primavera, verão e outono), com cinco repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas no período que marcou a metade de cada estação do ano sendo coletado todo o material vegetativo. Os períodos de déficit hídrico não influenciaram o crescimento e produção de óleo essencial. As variáveis de crescimento apresentaram os maiores valores na estação do verão e outono, decaindo na estação do inverno. O maior teor de óleo essencial foi obtido na estação do verão em todos os tratamentos avaliados e os menores teores na estação do inverno. O citral é o componente majoritário, sendo que seu teor diminui no inverno e aumenta no outono e no verão. A estação do inverno favoreceu a concentração de componentes minoritários, com destaque para o óxido de cariofileno e espatulenol.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
There are two types of adipose tissue in mammals, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). While WAT is used to store energy, BAT dissipates energy by uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation using uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) to generate heat. It is well known that adult humans have brown adipose tissue; however, the total volume of BAT is too small to have a significant influence on energy expenditure. Recently, researchers found that with certain induction protocols, adipogenic progenitor cells could be differentiated into brown-like adipocytes called "brite" adipocytes which have higher capacity of fatty acid oxidation. Therefore, it may be possible to increase energy expenditure in obese humans and help them lose weight by increasing the volume of their BAT. Furthermore, the increased energy expenditure may help in reducing excess metabolic substrates, e.g. free fatty acids, thus reducing obesity-associated insulin resistance which typically contributes to type 2 diabetes. UCP1 and CIDEA (cell-death inducing DNA fragmentation factor 45 like effector A) are markers of brown adipose tissue. While UCP1 is a well-studied protein associated with uncoupled respiration, the role of CIDEA in brown adipocytes is only partly understood. Like UCP1, CIDEA is highly expressed in BAT but not in mouse WAT and less expressed in human WAT. In the present study, our goals were to test whether differentiated cultured human primary white adipocytes could be converted to "brite" cells by treatment with a PPARy agonist, rosiglitazone, and to evaluate the role of CIDEA in this process. We found that 100 nM rosiglitazone treatment for 7 days was sufficient to induce expression of several brown-fat specific genes, especially UCP1 and CIDEA. Knock down of CIDEA expression by siRNA interference significantly suppressed the britening of white adipocytes. Furthermore, in mouse brown adipocytes, knock down of CIDEA led to decreased expression of UCP1 protein. These results suggest that CIDEA plays an important role in fatty acid oxidation in brown adipocytes, and it might in fact be a regulatory protein in "britening" of white adipocytes.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A ansiedade é uma das mais freqüentes desordens psiquiátricas cuja etiologia parece depender de uma interação entre predisposição e fatores ambientais. No Brasil, os transtornos ansiosos encontram-se entre os mais prevalentes diagnósticos psiquiátricos, sendo as mulheres afetadas cerca de duas vezes mais que os homens. A terapêutica disponível é baseada, principalmente, na manipulação dos sistemas de neurotransmissão gabaérgico, com a utilização de agonistas de receptores benzodiazepínicos. Estas drogas apresentam efeitos colaterais importantes e não são capazes de controlar os quadros ansiosos em cerca de 25% dos pacientes. Outras drogas mais recentemente introduzidas na terapêutica, como a buspirona, que atuam sobre o sistema serotonérgico, apresentam latência de cerca de duas semanas para o início dos efeitos ansiolíticos, e falham no controle dos sintomas de ansiedade em uma parcela importante dos pacientes. Deste modo, justificam-se os esforços no sentido de se encontrar novas substâncias com potencial atividade ansiolítica. Neste contexto surgem as plantas medicinais. A espécie Cymbopogon citratus apresenta grande potencial, pois é utilizada na medicina popular como calmante, sedativa e ansiolítica. No entanto, apesar do intenso uso desta planta para fins medicinais, são praticamente inexistentes as pesquisas farmacológicas a respeito. Uma ampla investigação acerca da presença da atividade ansiolítica em novas substâncias envolve a utilização de modelos experimentais, dentre eles o procedimento da Caixa Claro/Escuro e o Teste de Esconder Esferas. Resultados sugestivos da presença de atividade ansiolítica foram obtidos em camundongos tratados com o óleo essencial (OE) de C. citratus no Labirinto em Cruz Elevado e na Caixa Claro/Escuro. No presente trabalho o OE demonstrou ser ativo no Teste de Esconder Esferas em animais machos tratados com a...
Anxiety is one of the most frequent psychiatric disorders which etiology seems to depend on an interaction between predisposition and environmental factors. In Brazil, anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric diagnoses being the affected women about twice more than men. The available therapeutics are set mainly in the manipulation of the gabaergic systems neurotransmission with the benzodiazepine/GABAA agonists receptor complex usage. These drugs present important collateral effects and they are not capable to control the anxiety disorders in about 25% of the patients. Other drugs more recently introduced in the therapeutics as the buspirone that acts on the serotonergic system present latency in about two weeks for the beginning of the anxiolytic-like effects and they fail in the control of the anxiety symptoms in an important portion of the patients. This way the efforts to find out in new substances with potential anxiolytic activity are justified. It is in this context that the medicinal plants appear which the Cymbopogon citratus species presents great potential, because it is used in the popular medicine as sedative and anxiolytic. However, despite the intense use of this plant for medicinal ends, there are nonexistent the pharmacological researches about it. A wide investigation concerning the anxiolytic activity presence in new substances involves the appropriate experimental models usage among then the Light/Dark Box Test and the Marble-burying Test. The suggestive results of anxiolytic activity presence were obtained in treated mice with the essential oil (EO) of C. citratus in the Elevated Plus-Maze and in Light/Dark Box Test. In the present work OE demonstrated to be active in the Marble-burying Test in treated male animals with the dose of 500 mg/Kg and in the females in the estrous phase in the dose of 1000 mg/Kg. There was an increase in the duration... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Orientador: Mirtes Costa
Resumo: A ansiedade é uma das mais freqüentes desordens psiquiátricas cuja etiologia parece depender de uma interação entre predisposição e fatores ambientais. No Brasil, os transtornos ansiosos encontram-se entre os mais prevalentes diagnósticos psiquiátricos, sendo as mulheres afetadas cerca de duas vezes mais que os homens. A terapêutica disponível é baseada, principalmente, na manipulação dos sistemas de neurotransmissão gabaérgico, com a utilização de agonistas de receptores benzodiazepínicos. Estas drogas apresentam efeitos colaterais importantes e não são capazes de controlar os quadros ansiosos em cerca de 25% dos pacientes. Outras drogas mais recentemente introduzidas na terapêutica, como a buspirona, que atuam sobre o sistema serotonérgico, apresentam latência de cerca de duas semanas para o início dos efeitos ansiolíticos, e falham no controle dos sintomas de ansiedade em uma parcela importante dos pacientes. Deste modo, justificam-se os esforços no sentido de se encontrar novas substâncias com potencial atividade ansiolítica. Neste contexto surgem as plantas medicinais. A espécie Cymbopogon citratus apresenta grande potencial, pois é utilizada na medicina popular como calmante, sedativa e ansiolítica. No entanto, apesar do intenso uso desta planta para fins medicinais, são praticamente inexistentes as pesquisas farmacológicas a respeito. Uma ampla investigação acerca da presença da atividade ansiolítica em novas substâncias envolve a utilização de modelos experimentais, dentre eles o procedimento da Caixa Claro/Escuro e o Teste de Esconder Esferas. Resultados sugestivos da presença de atividade ansiolítica foram obtidos em camundongos tratados com o óleo essencial (OE) de C. citratus no Labirinto em Cruz Elevado e na Caixa Claro/Escuro. No presente trabalho o OE demonstrou ser ativo no Teste de Esconder Esferas em animais machos tratados com a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Anxiety is one of the most frequent psychiatric disorders which etiology seems to depend on an interaction between predisposition and environmental factors. In Brazil, anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric diagnoses being the affected women about twice more than men. The available therapeutics are set mainly in the manipulation of the gabaergic systems neurotransmission with the benzodiazepine/GABAA agonists receptor complex usage. These drugs present important collateral effects and they are not capable to control the anxiety disorders in about 25% of the patients. Other drugs more recently introduced in the therapeutics as the buspirone that acts on the serotonergic system present latency in about two weeks for the beginning of the anxiolytic-like effects and they fail in the control of the anxiety symptoms in an important portion of the patients. This way the efforts to find out in new substances with potential anxiolytic activity are justified. It is in this context that the medicinal plants appear which the Cymbopogon citratus species presents great potential, because it is used in the popular medicine as sedative and anxiolytic. However, despite the intense use of this plant for medicinal ends, there are nonexistent the pharmacological researches about it. A wide investigation concerning the anxiolytic activity presence in new substances involves the appropriate experimental models usage among then the Light/Dark Box Test and the Marble-burying Test. The suggestive results of anxiolytic activity presence were obtained in treated mice with the essential oil (EO) of C. citratus in the Elevated Plus-Maze and in Light/Dark Box Test. In the present work OE demonstrated to be active in the Marble-burying Test in treated male animals with the dose of 500 mg/Kg and in the females in the estrous phase in the dose of 1000 mg/Kg. There was an increase in the duration... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Mestre

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia.
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Glicolipídios (GLP) são ubiquamente distribuídos nos seres vivos, sendo comumente encontrados na parte externa das membranas celulares, como a membrana citoplasmática, mitocondrial, do retículo endoplasmático e dos cloroplastos. Consistem em moléculas com uma ou mais unidades monossacarídicas, unidas através de ligações do tipo glicosídica a uma porção lipídica. Em vegetais superiores, são componentes da membrana dos cloroplastos e organelas relacionadas, sendo que o monogalactosildiacilglicerol (MGDG) e digalactosildiacilglicerol (DGDG) são os glicolipídios mais abundantes em tecidos fotossintéticos. Nos últimos anos, estes compostos têm sido alvo de vários estudos por apresentarem atividade inibitória da DNA-polimerase (atividade antitumoral), das P-selectinas (antiinflamatório), além da atividade antiviral (anti-HIV entre outros). Apesar do intenso estudo destes compostos, pouco se conhece sobre sua ocorrência em plantas medicinais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma triagem de GLP em plantas medicinais e investigar os GLP presentes em Cymbopogon citratus. Foram analisados por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) os extratos obtidos por maceração em CHCl3/MeOH 2:1 de amostras de plantas in natura (8) e amostras comerciais (12). Para CCD, utilizou-se placas de gel de sílica 60 F254, CHCl3/MeOH/H2O 65:25:4 (v/v) como eluente, solução de orcinol-sulfúrico como revelador e monohexosilceramida (CMH) e DGDG como padrões. Para investigação fitoquímica de C. citratus, foram testados procedimentos de extração com e sem inativação enzimática. O extrato de C. citratus foi fracionado por sucessivas cromatografias em coluna monitorando-se as frações por CCD. O monitoramento mensal (MM) das amostras com e sem inativação enzimática foi realizado por CCD. Foram detectados GLP em todas as amostras, porém com diferenças quali- e quantitativas. Com plantas in natura, a maior concentração foi encontrada em Lippia alba e Cymbopogon citratus. Em amostras comerciais, o melhor perfil glicolipídico foi encontrado nos extratos de C. citratus e Baccharis genistelloides. C. citratus foi a espécie que apresentou maior rendimento do extrato bruto (EB), além de ter o maior conteúdo glicolipídico individual. A metodologia de extração com melhor rendimento do EB utilizou a planta seca em temperatura ambiente por 24 horas seguida de maceração em CHCl3/MeOH 2:1 (v/v) por 24 horas. O EB foi filtrado, concentrado (rendimento de 2,45%) e analisado por CCD. Com o fracionamento, foram purificados dois glicolipídios (G1' e G2), além de outros componentes do extrato. O G1' apresenta Rf em 0,80 e G2 em 0,58, sendo observado que G2 apresenta um valor de Rf muito próximo daquele observado para o padrão de CMH. O MM demonstrou que o rendimento dos extratos obtidos de plantas sem inativação foi superior aquele observado para plantas que passaram pela inativação enzimática. Porém através da avaliação do conteúdo glicolipídico, observou-se que em ambas plantas houve uma diminuição considerável ao longo do período, sugerindo que a inativação enzimática não evitou a degradação destes componentes. De acordo com os resultados, plantas medicinais, em especial Cymbopogon citratus, podem ser fortes candidatos ao isolamento de glicolipídios.

Alferes Aluno Engenheiro Electrotécnico 138104-A Rafael Parcelas. Supervisor(s): Prof. Doutor Ricardo Adriano Ribeiro; Capt. Gonçalo Charters Santos Cruz; Examination Committee: Chairperson: Brigadier General José Augusto Nunes Vicente Passos Morgado; Supervisor: Doctor Ricardo Adriano Ribeiro; Member of the Committee: Doctor José António da Cruz Pinto Gaspar
Veículos aéreos não tripulados (VANTs) originalmente foram desenvolvidos para aplicações militares que, pela sua natureza não transportam operadores humanos a bordo. Esta dissertação foi realizada no seguimento do projeto Seagull. Este originou da necessidade da geração de um conhecimento situacional marítimo rigoroso e representa um dos esforços da Força Aérea Portuguesa para o cumprimento da sua missão, de acordo com os objetivos definidos pelo Conceito Estratégico de Defesa Nacional. Esta tese tem por objectivo expandir as capacidades já desenvolvidas no projeto Seagull. O trabalho apresentado foi realizado sobre a premissa que o ambiento marítimo é o principal cenário de operação. Assim sendo, um objetivo importante é a capacidade de localizar embarcações a partir dos dados visuais provenientes da aeronave. Cameras equipadas com lentes de parâmetros variáveis revelam-se mais úteis do que as com lentes de parâmetros fixos. As lentes de parâmetros variáveis permitem a um operador obter imagens com melhor qualidade através de ajustes na configuração das lentes, contudo estas não são usualmente usadas em visão computacional devido a dificuldade inerente em modelar variaçães continuas das configurações da camera. Esta tese apresenta uma metodologia para calibração de cameras com zoom variável e a sua utilização numa metodologia de localização geográfica. A metodologia de calibração de cameras apresentada é baseada na técnica de Zhang. Os modelos obtidos dos parâmetros intrínsecos da camera foram testados num equipamento com lentes de zoom numa experiência à escala reduzida do problema da localização geográfica. Utilizando a hipótese da terra-plana, o objetivo desta experiência foi validar tanto os modelos obtidos da calibração como a performance da metodologia para localização de alvos. Identificando a localização em pixeis de um alvo junto com a posição e orientação da camera, as coordenadas de um alvo são determinadas no ”referencial do mundo”. Uma experiência a escala real do problema de localização geográfica foi conduzida na Academia da Força Aérea Portuguesa, onde um conjunto de locais foram selecionados para testar a metodologia desenvolvida. O objetivo desta experiência foi avaliar o trabalho desenvolvido através da determinação das coordenadas geográficas de um alvo nâo cooperativo no solo sob condições reais. Através da comparação de resultados entre as estimativas providenciadas pela metodologia de localização geográfica proposta e as coordenadas GPS dos alvos foi possível identificar fatores e causas de erro possíveis de serem mitigadas. Os resultados obtidos das experiências realizadas revelam uma interdependência entre os parâmetros intrínsecos da camera utilizada e o seu zoom. A metodologia de localização geográfica apresenta resultados promissores para ser utilizada em ambiente marítimo. Contudo, os erros experimentais observados foram categorizados em três fatores. O primeiro fator verificado foi as limitações dos modelos obtidos da calibração da camera. O segundo fator foi a diferença de alturas entre a altitude acima do solo da camera e a altitude acima do alvo. O terceiro e último fator é a influência dos fatores ambientais no ruído da imagem e a sua sensibilidade à prespectiva da imagem para a captura do alvo.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were originally designed for military applications, which by nature, did not necessarily required human operators on-board. This thesis was developed following the Seagull Project, which represents one of the Portuguese Air Force attempts to fulfill its mission requirements in compliance with the guidelines of the Strategic National Defense Concept. Developed by the Portuguese Air Force Academy, it originated from a need to generate a more accurate maritime situation awareness of the Portuguese maritime territory. This thesis aims to extend the capabilities previously developed in the Seagull project, which one of the main interests was the ability to geo-locate identified target vessels from the visual data of the aircraft, where the use of camera devices with variable-parameter lenses is more useful than those with fixed-parameter lenses. The variable-parameter lenses enable an operator to obtain better images by adjusting the camera’s lenses to the present conditions of a scene. However, variable parameter lenses are not commonly used in computer vision because they are difficult to model for continuous variations of the lenses configuration. This thesis presents a camera calibration methodology for devices with variable zoom and its employment in a vision-based target geo-location method. The camera calibration method presented in this work is based on Zhang’s technique for camera calibration, were a model of the camera intrinsic parameters is obtained by exploring the interdependence between the camera zoom and its parameters. A small-scale experiment of the geo-location problem was conducted in order to validate both the camera intrinsic parameters models and the proposed geo-location methodology. In this experiment by identifying the pixel location of a target in an image and the measurements of the camera position and pose, the world coordinates of the target are determined. Using the same methodology a full-scale experiment of the geo-location problem was devised. In this a set of location across the Portuguese Air Force Academy Campus were selected to employ the methodology devised. The objective of this experiment was to assess the accuracy of the work presented in this thesis under real-world conditions and the ability to localize an uncooperative ground target using the UAV vision sensor. By comparing the results of the target estimated position obtained from the geo-location methodology with the actual GPS coordinates of the selected locations to identify factors and/or error sources where identified, which can be mitigated. The geo-location methodology developed is a proof of concept that empirically as shown encouraging promises to be employed in a maritime environment. The errors verified in the experimental procedures were mainly caused by three factors. First the precision of the camera variable-parameters models obtained, these are estimates of the real behavior of the lenses and as such are considered empirical approximations. Second the height difference between the camera altitude above ground and altitude above target, which is linked to the flat-earth hypothesis, as such errors can occur from the relative height difference. Third the environmental factors which induce image noise, which with the increasing obliquity of the captured image this errors can be exacerbated as demonstrated in this work.
N/A

Les profils polyphénoliques de 16 variétés de pommes représentatives du verger cidricole français ont été établis de façon quantitative par thiolyse-CLHP. Les classes majoritaires étaient constituées d'abord par les procyanidols avec des degrés de polymérisations variables, puis par les catéchines, les acides hydroxycinnamiques et les dihydrochalcones. Ces résultats ont été validés quantitativement par des méthodes de dosage spectrophotométrique classique, et qualitativement par spectrométrie de masse. Deux variétés acides présentent des procyanidols très fortement polymérisés. A partir de ces résultats, des solutions modèles d'oxydation en condition pomme à cidre ont pu être expérimentée, soit avec une solution méthanolique d'ortho-quinone d'acide caféoylquinique, préparée par oxydation avec du periodate, soit avec un extrait enzymatique de polyphénoloxydase. Ces deux modèles ont permis de caractériser les ortho-quinones du procyanidol B2, de la phloridzine, et de la (-)-épicatéchine, sous la forme de leurs dérivés benzosulfinique. Les produits d'oxydations formés sont semblables dans les deux modèles, et après séparation leur analyse en thiolyse-CLHP, en spectrométrie UV-visible et de masse ont permis de formuler plusieurs hypothèses de structures. Le pouvoir inhibiteur des fractions formées a ensuite été testé par polarographie dans un modèle enzymatique impliquant une polyphénoloxydase, les variations de stoechiométrie moyenne de l'oxydation ont été étudiées.

The Canadian foreign aid program increasingly has been linked to trade and other commercial objectives- How and why has this happened? Has this been a successful linkage? What are the implications for Canada and its foreign aid program of this pursuit of the aid-trade linkage? This thesis attempts to answer these questions by exploring the origins and evolution of Canada's aid program, the political and bureaucratic status of Canada's aid agency, the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), and the various policies and policy instruments employed in this recent orientation of aid. It is here argued that in the pragmatic origins of Canada's aid efforts, beginning with the Colombo Plan of the 1950s, lay the seeds for today's aid-trade policy linkage. These origins enabled the interests and objectives of other federal government departments to intrude on and often supersede developmental considerations in Canadian development assistance. As a result, the creation of a strong central aid agency has consistently been impeded, and the needs of Third World nations consistently overshadowed by domestic concerns. Exacerbating this situation was the fiscal restraint and domestic recession of the late 1970s and early 1980s. The pressures stemming from these twin problems gave the final impetus for the increasing integration of aid and commerce. While it is questionable whether linking aid with commerce serves Canada's political and economic interests, in either the short term or the long term, the federal government seems intent on continuing this policy trend. Indeed, the aid-trade linkage superficially resolves a number of administrative problems for CIDA, and enthusiastically is promoted as a bright new opportunity for Canada and its development partners. Conversely, efforts to reverse this policy trend face many obstacles in the Canadian polity and society. In the absence of decisive political leadership on this issue, then, aid-trade linkage is likely to continue.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

Afin d'étudier l'influence des souches de levure sur les critères sensoriels des cidres nous avons,dans un premier temps, dû recourir à des réponses objectives et rapides se substituant au jury de dégustation. Par une analyse de régression linéaire multiple nous avons relié, pour 40 cidres, l'analyse biochimique à l'analyse sensorielle. Les équations établies permettant de simuler les profils sensoriels de cidres connaissant leur composition biochimique. Dans un deuxième temps nous avons étudié, à travers des fermentations en conditions de laboratoires, l'influence des souches de leurre sur le profil sensoriel des cidres obtenus. L’influence de la souche de s. Uvarum pour une durée de fermentation fixée, est significative pour la plupart des critères biochimiques des cidres. En ce qui concerne les critères sensoriels simulés, cette influence est significative sur les flaveurs fruitée et parfumée ainsi que sur la note hédonique globale. L’influence de la souche de s. Uvarum, étudiée en iso atténuation, n'est significative que sur quelques critères biochimiques et n'est significative sur aucun critère sensoriel simulé. L’influence des espèces de levures ajoutées à la souche de s. Uvarum dans les cultures mixtes (étudiées en iso atténuation) est significative sur tous les critères biochimiques (excepté le glucose) et sur tous les critères sensoriels simulés. Les variations engendrées par les souches de levures en cultures mixtes sont largement détectables par un jury de dégustation.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus STAPF) has been described as a potential chemopreventive agent. Thus, the present study objectives were evaluate the protective effects of oral treatment with lemongrass essential oil (LGEO) on carcinogenesis initiation phase with N-methyl-N-nitrosurea (MNU) and post-initiation carcinogenesis phase in multipleorgans model, through 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)antracene (DMBA), 1,2-dimethylhidrazine (DMH), and N-buthyl-N-(4-hidroxibuthyl)nitrosamine (BBN) administrations in Balb/C female mice. The animals were distributed into 2 experimental protocols. Experiment 1: the animals were allocated into 3 experimental groups: G1A group (negative control), G2A group (treated with LGEO 500 mg/kg b.wt., i.g., during 5 weeks and, at the end of the 3rd and 5th weeks, received one 30 mg/kg MNU i.p. application) and G3A group (treated with the LGEO vehicle, and MNU at the end of the 3rd and 5th weeks). After 4 hours of each MNU application, blood samples were collected to perform the comet assay, and, at the end of the 5th week, all animals were euthanatized and the urinary bladder, mammary glands and colon were collected for histological analysis, apoptosis and cellular proliferation counting. Experiment 2: the animals were allocated into 3 experimental groups: G1B group (positive control, DDB-treated animals), initiated with DMBA (5x1 mg i.g. applications), DMH (4x30 mg/kg s.c. applications) and BBN (8x7.5 mg/kg i.g. applications) and treated with the LGEO vehicle, and G2B and G3B groups, similarly DDB-treated, and treated with 125 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg LGEO respectively (5x/week during 6 weeks). At the end of the experimental period, all animals were euthanatized and urinary bladder, mammary glands and colon were collected for preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions analysis. The LGEO treatment reduced DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes as well as mammary gland cellular proliferation index.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Florianópolis, 2009
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O presente trabalho foi realizado entre outubro de 2007 e fevereiro de 2008 no Centro Paranaense de Referência em Agroecologia, Pinhais/PR. Foram realizados três ensaios. No primeiro, objetivou-se determinar a dinâmica de flutuação da população dos ixodídeos mais abundantes no habitat de pastagem de campo nativo melhorado sob pastejo rotativo com 12 novilhas da raça Jersey, através de amostragens em pastagem naturalmente infestada utilizando a técnica de arrasto com flanela branca. Esta foi realizada em 18 piquetes, escolhidos aleatoriamente, sendo que seis piquetes foram tratados com pulverização de preparados biodinâmicos, seis com acelerador de compostagem Embiotic® e os outros seis ficaram como testemunha, sem pulverizações. A variável resposta, quantidade de larvas de R. microplus registrada na pastagem, foi relacionada com os diferentes tratamentos e com as variáveis climáticas temperatura, pluviosidade e umidade relativa do ar. De acordo com a análise estatística o tratamento no pasto com preparados biodinâmicos e a temperatura exercem influência significativa (p<0,05) sobre a variável resposta. Outro ensaio buscou observar o grau de infestação nas diferentes regiões do corpo dos bovinos (cabeça, pescoço/barbela, peito/axila, membro anterior, tórax/abdome, membro posterior e úbere/períneo), assim como determinar a eficiência do tratamento parcial seletivo com extrato hidro-alcoólico de capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus) em 12 novilhas leiteiras da raça Jersey infestadas naturalmente com R. microplus. Foram realizadas contagens de carrapatos acima de 4,0 mm na metade direita do corpo de todos os animais e os que apresentaram contagem igual ou superior a 50 carrapatos foram pulverizados com 2,5 litros de extrato de capim-limão a 2,72%. Verificou-se maior presença do carrapato no úbere/períneo (42,6%) e peito/axila (23%). O tratamento testado não obteve redução significativa (p>0,05) no número de fêmeas ingurgitadas de carrapatos, portanto concluisse que o tratamento com o capim-limão na concentração testada não é efetivo no controle do carrapato-do-boi. O terceiro ensaio, realizado em laboratório, avaliou por meio de teste de imersão in vitro a susceptibilidade do R. microplus a diferentes concentrações (0; 1,36; 2,72; 5,44; 10,88; 21,76; 43,52; 87,04%) de extrato hidro-alcoólico de C. citratus. Estatisticamente os resultados não foram significativos (p>0,05).

Les associations procyanidols/paroi ont été quantifiées en mettant en contact une solution procyanidolique et une suspension pariétale. La quantité de procyanidols associés à la paroi augmente avec le degré de polymérisation, le pourcentage de galloylation et la proportion de (+)-catéchine indiquant un effet de la stéréochimie des flavan-3-ols. Les liaisons gouvernant les interactions sont de faible énergie, de type liaisons hydrogènes et interactions hydrophobes. La capacité des parois et des polyosides sous forme solide à fixer les procyanidols est fonction de leur porosité, leur structure et de leur caractère hydrophobe. Un polysaccharide poreux, formant un réseau et hydrophobe, a une affinité supérieure. Un modèle prédictif de transfert des polyphénols au jus est établi. Il permet d’expliquer 60 à 90% de la perte en procyanidols ainsi que les variations avec le degré de polymérisation. La paroi exerce donc une sélectivité lors du transfert des polyphénols des fruits aux jus.

This thesis aims to analyse trade of food products between France and Czech republic. The first chapter features french food industry. The second chapter analyses evolution and trends in import of french food products and possibilities for chzech food on french market. The third part prospects potential of importation of cider to Czech republic.

Orientador: Luis Fernando Barbisan
Banca: Thomas Prates Ong
Banca: Daniel Araki Ribeiro
Resumo: Não Disponível.
Abstract: Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus STAPF) has been described as a potential chemopreventive agent. Thus, the present study objectives were evaluate the protective effects of oral treatment with lemongrass essential oil (LGEO) on carcinogenesis initiation phase with N-methyl-N-nitrosurea (MNU) and post-initiation carcinogenesis phase in multipleorgans model, through 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)antracene (DMBA), 1,2-dimethylhidrazine (DMH), and N-buthyl-N-(4-hidroxibuthyl)nitrosamine (BBN) administrations in Balb/C female mice. The animals were distributed into 2 experimental protocols. Experiment 1: the animals were allocated into 3 experimental groups: G1A group (negative control), G2A group (treated with LGEO 500 mg/kg b.wt., i.g., during 5 weeks and, at the end of the 3rd and 5th weeks, received one 30 mg/kg MNU i.p. application) and G3A group (treated with the LGEO vehicle, and MNU at the end of the 3rd and 5th weeks). After 4 hours of each MNU application, blood samples were collected to perform the comet assay, and, at the end of the 5th week, all animals were euthanatized and the urinary bladder, mammary glands and colon were collected for histological analysis, apoptosis and cellular proliferation counting. Experiment 2: the animals were allocated into 3 experimental groups: G1B group (positive control, DDB-treated animals), initiated with DMBA (5x1 mg i.g. applications), DMH (4x30 mg/kg s.c. applications) and BBN (8x7.5 mg/kg i.g. applications) and treated with the LGEO vehicle, and G2B and G3B groups, similarly DDB-treated, and treated with 125 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg LGEO respectively (5x/week during 6 weeks). At the end of the experimental period, all animals were euthanatized and urinary bladder, mammary glands and colon were collected for preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions analysis. The LGEO treatment reduced DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes as well as mammary gland cellular proliferation index.
Mestre

Ce travail consistait à caractériser et suivre les changements de la composition chimique des cidres à distiller durant leur élaboration. Pour répondre à cet objectif, pendant deux campagnes de production (2007/2008 et 2008/2009), une centaine d'échantillons de cidre a été prélevée sur 4 cuves différentes se déclinant sous deux AOC et trois savoirs faire (industriel, artisanal et fermier). Les teneurs en sucres ont été déterminées par dosage enzymatique, les acides malique et lactique ont été dosés par CLHP/UV et les composés volatils ont été suivis par CPG/SM après SPE et concentration. De manière générale, les sucres sont consommés rapidement dans le cas de cuves industrielles contrairement aux cuves artisanale et fermière, au frais et de plus petit volume. Des fermentations malolactiques (FML) ont été repérées seulement pour les cuves industrielles et pour la cuve artisanale sur une année. Quand elle a lieu, la FML se déroule très rapidement (moins d'un mois) et de façon simultanée avec la fermentation alcoolique. L'apparition d'une FML se caractérise par l'apparition d'acétates (acétate de 2-phényléthyle et de 3-méthylbutyle) en début de procédé et une présence importante d'acide carboxyliques et de dérivés volatils des acides lactique et succinique plutôt en fin. In fine, des composés comme l'acétoïne, le butanol et l'hexanol sont présents de manière plus importante dans les cidres où une FML n'a pas lieu. En revanche, peu de différences ont été observées pour l'évolution régulière des alcools supérieurs. Un contrôle systématique des pommes et de la température des cuves permettrait d'obtenir une meilleure répétabilité du cidre à distiller.

Les composés phénoliques sont impliqués dans les propriétés organoleptiques majeures des aliments dérivant d’une matrice végétale. Ils sont notamment responsables de l’amertume, de l’astringence et de la couleur des produits cidricoles. Le brunissement observé lors de la transformation des fruits est lié à la formation de pigments jaunes-orangés. Il est initié par l’activité d’une enzyme plastidiale, la polyphénol oxydase, qui catalyse l’oxydation des polyphénols en présence d’oxygène. Cela aboutit à la formation de quinones, espèces chimiques très réactives qui sont rapidement impliquées dans des voies réactionnelles ultérieures. Certains produits néoformés sont colorés. Un profilage des molécules colorées présentes dans quatre jus de pomme monovariétaux aux couleurs contrastées a été réalisé en CLHP-DBD-SM. Il a mis en évidence l’existence de tannins oxydés colorés et de composés jaunes-orangés non tannants. Parmi ces derniers, des produits d’oxydation de la phloridzine, dérivant de la classe des dihydrochalcones, ont été clairement identifiés (POPj, XGPOPj). Des approches couplées en milieu réel et solution modèle ont en outre permis d’identifier une nouvelle structure colorée dérivant d’un couplage oxydatif entre une dihydrochalcone et un flavanol monomère. Enfin, des déhydrotrimères d’épicatéchine ont pu être caractérisés en solution synthétique mais n’ont pas été détectés directement dans les jus. Par ailleurs, la couleur exprimée par les pigments formés peut subir des modulations en fonction de l’environnement physico-chimique. A titre d’exemple, la fermentation cidricole génère classiquement une décoloration des moûts ; or la composition du milieu fermentaire évolue sous l’influence de différents paramètres tels que le pH ou le potentiel redox. L’impact d’un milieu réducteur sur la couleur du POPj et d’une déhydrotriépicatéchine de type A, sélectionnés comme pigments modèles des jus de pomme, a été exploré par voltammétrie cyclique et spectroélectrochimie UV-visible. En outre, les changements de propriétés spectrales du POPj liés à son état de protonation ont été rationalisés par des approches de TD-DFT
The phenolic compounds are involved in the main organoleptic properties of plant-derived foods. They are especially responsible for the bitterness, the astringency and the color of apple cider products. The browning observed during fruit processing is related to the formation of yellow-orange pigments. By its catalytic activities, the polyphenol oxidase, a plastidial enzyme, initiates the oxidation of polyphenols in the presence of oxygen. It leads to the formation of quinones, very reactive species which are quickly involved in further chemical reactions. Some of the neoformed products are colored. Four apple juices, showing contrasted colors, were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC-DAD-MS in order to obtain their profiles in colored compounds. The presence of yellow-orange oxidized tanning and non-tanning compounds was highlighted. Within the latter compounds, some phloridzin oxidation products, deriving from dihydrochalcones, were clearly identified (POPj, XGPOPj). In parallel, coupled approaches in real media and model solutions led to the identification of a new colored structure deriving from an oxidative coupling between a dihydrochalcone and a flavanol monomer. Finally, catechin trimers were also characterized in synthetic medium but they were not detected directly in apple juices. Moreover, the color expressed by the yellow-orange pigments can suffer some variations as a function of the physical-chemical environment. For instance, the cider fermentation results generally in a loss of color in apple juices; but the composition of the fermentative medium evolves under the influence of several parameters, such as pH and redox potential. The impact of reducing conditions on the color of POPj and A-type dehydrotriepicatechin, both selected as model pigments of apple juices, was explored by cyclic voltammetry and UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry. Besides, the changes in spectral properties of POPj, related to its protonation state, were rationalized by TD-DFT calculations

Ce travail consistait à caractériser et suivre les changements de la composition chimique des cidres à distiller durant leur élaboration. Pour répondre à cet objectif, pendant deux campagnes de production (2007/2008 et 2008/2009), une centaine d’échantillons de cidre a été prélevée sur 4 cuves différentes se déclinant sous deux AOC et trois savoirs faire (industriel, artisanal et fermier). Les teneurs en sucres ont été déterminées par dosage enzymatique, les acides malique et lactique ont été dosés par CLHP/UV et les composés volatils ont été suivis par CPG/SM après SPE et concentration. De manière générale, les sucres sont consommés rapidement dans le cas de cuves industrielles contrairement aux cuves artisanale et fermière, au frais et de plus petit volume. Des fermentations malolactiques (FML) ont été repérées seulement pour les cuves industrielles et pour la cuve artisanale sur une année. Quand elle a lieu, la FML se déroule très rapidement (moins d’un mois) et de façon simultanée avec la fermentation alcoolique. L’apparition d’une FML se caractérise par l’apparition d’acétates (acétate de 2-phényléthyle et de 3-méthylbutyle) en début de procédé et une présence importante d’acide carboxyliques et de dérivés volatils des acides lactique et succinique plutôt en fin. In fine, des composés comme l’acétoïne, le butanol et l’hexanol sont présents de manière plus importante dans les cidres où une FML n’a pas lieu. En revanche, peu de différences ont été observées pour l’évolution régulière des alcools supérieurs. Un contrôle systématique des pommes et de la température des cuves permettrait d’obtenir une meilleure répétabilité du cidre à distiller
This manuscript handles with the characterisation and changes of chemical composition of cider to be distilled, from the fruit juice to the distillation step. For two years (2007/2008 and 2008/2009), about 100 sample of ciders were taken and issued from 4 tanks representing two different French labels and three different cider-making technologies (industrial, small-scale and farm production). Content of sugars was determined by enzymatic method, malic and lactic acids were quantified by HPLC/UV and volatile composition was fallowed by GC/MS after Solid-Phase Extraction and concentration. Sugars consumption was faster for the industrial productions than in farmer’s and home-made’s ones. Malolactic fermentation (MLF) seems to be characteristic of industrial productions and takes place quickly, less than one month is necessary to degrade the initial malic acid content. This transformation was found to be simultaneous to the alcoholic fermentation. The occurrence of MLF is characterized by an important apparition of acetates (2-phenylethyl and 3-methulbutyl acetates) in a first period and a more important concentrations of carboxylic acids and volatile derivatives of lactic and succinic acid in the final. In fine, compounds as acetoin, butanol and hexanol are more concentrated in ciders where a MLF did not occurred. Differences were not significant for higher alcohols; they are changing during the alcoholic fermentation even if their progression seems to be slower when lactic acid bacteria are very active. A control of the quality of apples and the temperature of casks could be enabling a better repeatability of the cider devoted to the distillation of Calvados

O objetivo do experimento I foi avaliar a redução do tempo de permanência do dispositivo de P4 de 9 para 7 dias sob parâmetros reprodutivos de vacas Nelore. Foram utilizadas 674 vacas lactantes entre 40-60 dias pós parto que receberam no início do protocolo (d0) BE + CIDR. No momento da retirada do CIDR foi administrado PGF2 α, ECP e eCG. A IATF ocorreu 55 e 48 horas após a retirada do dispositivo nos tratamentos 7d-CIDR e 9d-CIDR, respectivamente. Dez dias após a IA foi realizada colheita de sangue para dosagem de P4 sérica e confirmação da ovulação. Vacas tratadas com 7d-CIDR apresentaram menor (p < 0,01) folículo ovulatório em relação ao 9d-CIDR. No entanto, a concentração de P4 pós-IA, taxas de ovulação, detecção de estro e prenhez não foram influenciadas pelo tempo de permanência do CIDR. Assim, o uso do CIDR por 7 dias promoveu desempenho reprodutivo semelhante em vacas Nelore comparado ao protocolo com 9 dias. O experimento II teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da reutilização do CIDR por até 35 dias de uso em vacas e 42 dias em novilhas Nelore. Utilizou-se 749 vacas lactantes 40-60 dias pós parto e 92 novilhas púberes. No d0 os animais receberam BE + CIDR novo (CIDR1) ou previamente usado por 7 (CIDR2), 14 (CIDR3), 21 (CIDR4), 28 (CIDR5) e 35 (CIDR6) dias. No momento da retirada do CIDR (d7) foi administrado PGF2 α, ECP, eCG e exame de US para mensuração do maior folículo (FD), além de colheita de sangue para dosagem de P4. A IATF ocorreu 55 horas após a retirada do dispositivo. O diâmetro do FD foi maior (p < 0,01) de acordo com o maior número de usos do CIDR nas vacas, a concentração de P4 reduziu nos CIDRs reutilizados porém se mantiveram acima de 1,5 ng/ml e a taxa de prenhez não foi afetada pela reutilização do dispositivo por até 5 vezes em vacas e o sexto uso em novilhas. O protocolo com 7 dias de permanência permite a reutilização do CIDR por até 6 vezes mantendo a mesma eficiência reprodutiva. No experimento III o objetivo foi avaliar se a aplicação do eCG dois dias antes da retirada do dispositivo aumenta o tamanho do FO, CL e taxa de prenhez. Foram utilizadas 681 vacas lactantes 40-60 dias pós parto e 182 novilhas púberes. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois tratamentos com aplicação de eCG no quinto (5d-eCG) ou sétimo dia (7d-eCG). No d0, os animais receberam BE + CIDR e no dia 7 o CIDR foi retirado e administrado PGF2 α e ECP. Dez dias após a IA foi realizada US para mensuração do CL e colheita de sangue para dosagem de P4. A IATF ocorreu 55 horas após a retirada do dispositivo. O tratamento 5d-eCG aumentou (p < 0,01) o FO nas vacas em relação ao grupo 7deCG e o mesmo ocorreu nas novilhas. Em vacas, a concentração de P4 pós IA foi mais alta (p = 0,04) no 5d-eCG. Em novilhas o diâmetro do CL pós-IA foi maior (p < 0,01) no 5d-eCG. No entanto, a antecipação da aplicação do eCG foi eficiente em aumentar o folículo ovulatório no momento da IATF, mas não aumentou a taxa de prenhez
The aim of the experiment I was to evaluate the reduction of the time of P4 device from 9 (9d-CIDR) to 7 (7d-CIDR) days and its impacts on reproductive parameters of Nellore cows. Six hundred and seventy-four suckling cows 40-60 days postpartum received EB + CIDR at d0 of the protocol. At CIDR removal, there were administered PGF2 α, ECP, eCG. The FTAI occurred 55 and 48 hours after device removal in the treatment 7d-CIDR and 9d-CIDR, respectively. Ten days after AI blood samples were collected for P4 analysis and ovulation rate. Cows of treatment 7d-CIDR showed lower (p <0.01) ovulatory follicle (OF) than 9d-CIDR. The CIDR length in cows and heifers did not influence concentration of P4, ovulation rate, estrus detection rate and pregnancy rate. Thus, the use of CIDR by 7 days did not impacted reproductive result in suckling cows and Nellore heifers. The aim of experiment II was to evaluate the effects of the CIDR reuse up to 35 days in cows and heifers on reproductive characteristics. We used 749 suckling cows 40-60 days postpartum and 92 pubertal heifers. In d0 animals received EB + new CIDR (CIDR1) or previously used by 7 (CIDR2), 14 (CIDR3), 21 (CIDR4), 28 (CIDR5) and 35 (CIDR6) days. At CIDR removal were administered PGF2 α, ECP, eCG and US to measure the largest follicle (LF), and blood collection for P4 analysis. The TAI occurred 55 hours after device removal. The LF diameter was greater (p <0.01) in CIDR reused in cows. P4 concentration was lower in CIDR reused, but was higher than 1.5 ng / mL, and the device reused up to 5 times in cows and 6 times heifers did not affect pregnancy rate. The 7d-CIDR protocol allowed the reuse of CIDR up to 6 times keeping the same efficiency of CIDR new. In the experiment III the objective was to evaluate whether the application of eCG two days before the device removal increases the size of OF, CL and pregnancy rates. Six hundred and eighty-one suckling cows 40-60 days postpartum and 182 pubertal heifers were used. The animals were divided into two treatments with eCG application in fifth (5d-eCG) or seventh day (7d-eCG) of protocol. In d0, the animals received EB + CIDR and day 7 CIDR was removed and administered PGF2 and ECP. Ten days after AI, US was performed to measure the size of CL and blood collection for P4 analysis. The TAI occurred 55 hours after CIDR removal. The treatment d5 eCG increased (p < 0.01) OF. In cows, the concentration of P4 after AI was higher (p = 0.04) in 5d-eCG. In heifers, the CL diameter was higher in 5d-eCG. However, the 5d-eCG did not increase (p > 0.1) pregnancy rate. The strategy of eCG application in d5 was efficient to increase ovulatory follicle, but did not increase pregnancy rate

The following study was implemented in order to evaluate the effects of different shading levels on the growth and development of Aloysia triphylla plant and the production of essential oil in the four seasons of the year. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria Campus of Frederico Westphalen, from August 2011 to December 2012. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a factorial scheme with three shading levels (0%, 30% and 50%) and four seasons of the year (summer, autumn, winter and spring). For growth analysis, plants were collected every fortnight. The essential oil was extracted from fresh plant material by steam distillation process, using the modified Clevenger apparatus at the end of each season. For all analyzed variables, it was observed higher growth, production, yield and essential oil content in the season of summer, followed by spring, showing that, in these seasons, the cultivation of Aloysia triphylla may be possible in environments with 30% and 50% shading. Autumn and winter showed low plant growth and essential oil production, and shading decreased further the increase and plant yield.
O presente trabalho foi implantado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de sombreamento sobre o crescimento de planta de Aloysia triphylla e a produção de óleo essencial nas quatro estações do ano. O experimento foi instalado na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - Campus de Frederico Westphalen, de agosto de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema bifatorial com três níveis de sombreamento (0%, 30% e 50%) e quatro estações do ano (verão, outono, inverno e primavera). Para análise de crescimento foi realizada coleta quinzenal de plantas e para extração do óleo essencial foi utilizado material fresco, utilizando-se aparelho Clevenger modificado. Para todas as variáveis analisadas observou-se maior crescimento, produção, rendimento e teor de óleo essencial na estação do verão, seguido pela primavera, podendo, nestas estações ser realizado o cultivo da Aloysia triphylla em ambientes com 30% e 50% de sombreamento. O outono e inverno apresentaram baixo crescimento de planta e produção de óleo essencial e o sombreamento diminuiu ainda mais o incremento e rendimento da planta.

Le calvados est une eau-de-vie obtenue par distillation du cidre. Le cidre de distillation résulte d’une fermentation naturelle spontanée non maîtrisée, qui permet toutes les interactions possibles entre les différentes communautés microbiennes. En fin de fermentation alcoolique, le glycérol produit peut être dégradé et converti en 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA) par Lactobacillus collinoides via l’enzyme glycérol déshydratase codée par l’opéron pdu. Lors de la distillation, la déshydratation du 3-HPA en acroléine entraîne des désordres organoleptiques connus sous le nom de piqûre acroléique en développant un goût d’amertume dans les calvados. Ces travaux de thèse ont eu pour premier objectif d’apporter une réelle nouveauté dans l’étude de la diversité de dix cidres de distillation normands lors de la fermentation par une approche de métagénomique et d’établir des liens entre la composition microbienne et la qualité aromatique. Cette approche a permis de mettre en évidence plus de 40 genres bactériens et fongiques et des différences significatives ont été constatées au sein de ces populations entre les cidres des différents producteurs au cours du processus de fermentation, suggérant que les pratiques d’élaboration mènent à une typicité du cidre et donc à celle du calvados. L’étude de la composition des communautés microbiennes en lien avec la composition aromatique des cidres de distillation et celle des micro- distillats a été effectuée. Trois groupes de dynamiques et compositions microbiennes, directement liées aux producteurs, émergent conduisant à des compositions aromatiques différentes. L’analyse comparative de huit génomes de souches de Lactobacillus collinoides isolées à partir de cidres de distillation portant sur les métabolismes associés à la fermentation et sur la capacité des souches à métaboliser le glycérol a été effectuée. Deux types d’opéron pdu se profilent et cette variabilité génétique observée entre les souches de L. collinoides suggère des capacités différentes de dégradation du glycérol. Un plan expérimental (D-optimal) faisant varier 6 facteurs (glucose, fructose, azote, éthanol, acide malique, pH) a été élaboré pour étudier le métabolisme du glycérol chez ces souches. Trois profils génétiques et métaboliques ont pu être mis en évidence. Les souches de L. collinoides possédant l’opéron de type I sont toujours capables de dégrader le glycérol, contrairement à celles porteuses de l’opéron de type II. Ces travaux ouvrent des perspectives intéressantes quant à la présence et la physiologie de L. collinoides lors de l’élaboration du cidre et son implication dans la piqûre acroléique
Calvados is a Normandy brandy made by the distillation of cider. Ciders destined for distillation resultfrom spontaneous fermentation without any human intervention, leading to various interactions between thedifferent microbial communities. At the end of alcoholic fermentation, glycerol produced can be degraded andconverted to 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA) by Lactobacillus collinoides via the glycerol dehydrataseenzyme encoded by the pdu operon. During distillation, dehydration of 3-HPA to acrolein leads to organolepticdisorders, developing a bitterness taste in calvados known as “piqûre acroléique”. The first objective of this thesiswas to unveil the diversity of ten ciders for distillation during fermentation using a high throughput sequencing(16S, ITS1) approach and to establish links between microbial composition and aromatic quality. This approachallowed us to identify more than 40 bacterial and fungal and significant differences were found among fungal andbacterial populations between producers during the fermentation process, suggesting that the practices lead to thetypicity of cider, and therefore to the typicity of calvados. The study of the microbial composition was correlatedwith the aromatic composition of ciders for distillation during the fermentation process and of the micro-distillates.Three groups of microbial dynamics and compositions, directly related to the producers, were observed leading todifferent aromatic compositions. A comparative analysis of eight genomes of Lactobacillus collinoides strainsisolated from the ciders according to the different metabolisms associated with fermentation as well as on theability of the strains to metabolize glycerol was performed. Two types of operon pdu were highlighted and thisgenetic variability between L. collinoides strains suggests different abilities for glycerol degradation. Anexperimental design (D-optimal) by varying 6 factors (glucose, fructose, nitrogen, ethanol, malic acid, pH) wasdeveloped to study the metabolism of glycerol in these strains. 3 genetic and metabolic profiles were identified. L.collinoides strains with operon type I are always able to degrade glycerol, contrarily to those harbouring the operonof type II. This work opens up interesting perspectives regarding the presence and physiology of L. collinoidesduring the development of cider and its involvement in the “piqûre acroléique”

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química.
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A microencapsulação é capaz de aumentar o tempo de vida útil de compostos voláteis, presentes em produtos alimentícios e cosméticos. No presente trabalho são apresentados os resultados da microencapsulação do óleo essencial de capim limão (Cymbopogom citratus) com poli(álcool vinílico) reticulado com glutaraldeído através da técnica de coacervação simples ou salting out. Foram avaliados quatro tipos de PVA com diferentes massas molares e graus de hidrólise. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que PVAs de elevado grau de hidrólise apresentam baixa ativação superficial, não estabilizando o óleo essencial e não formando microcápsulas. A distribuição de tamanho das microcápsulas apresentou estreitamento e deslocamento para faixas de diâmetro menores com o aumento da temperatura de reação, com a diminuição da fração volumétrica e com o aumento da taxa de agitação. A absorção de água, ou intumescimento, das microcápsulas foi diminuída com o aumento da razão de reticulação utilizada. A adição de nitrogênio ao meio de reação foi avaliada e os resultados indicaram que a taxa de reação foi maior. Foram testados um estabilizante, poli(pirrolidona vinílica) e um surfactante, dodecil sulfato de sódio, para evitar a reticulação entre as microcápsulas. Somente o dodecil sulfato de sódio mostrou-se eficiente. O óleo essencial de capim limão foi avaliado antes e após ser microencapsulado quanto a sua composição e atividade antimicrobiana, avaliada por concentração mínima inibitória. Não foram observadas alterações que pudessem comprometer a sua atividade antimicrobiana. A liberação do óleo essencial microencapsulado foi avaliada por hidrodestilação das microcápsulas e foi comparada à hidrodestilação do óleo essencial puro mostrando que o óleo encapsulado é liberado a uma taxa menor. Por fim o glutaraldeído foi quantificado através de HPLC em função do tempo de reação, mostrando que sua maior parte é consumida na primeira hora de reação.

Le " framboisé ", principale altération du cidre, est caractérisé en premier lieu par une accumulation d'acétaldéhyde (impact organoleptique négatif). Nous avons démontré que l'origine de la maladie correspond à la présence de l'espèce Zymomonas mobilis. Il s'agit de la première détection de cette bactérie dans des cidres français. Des tests phénotypiques et génétiques ont été réalisés sur différentes souches correspondant d'une part, aux isolats français et d'autre part, aux sous-espèces Z. Mobilis subsp. Mobilis et Z. Mobilis subsp. Pomaceae. D'un point de vue phénotypique et génétique, les tests réalisés ont montré la présence de trois groupes distincts démontrant clairement que les isolats français appartiennent à une nouvelle sous-espèce : Z. Mobilis subsp. Francensis. D'autre part, afin de mieux comprendre les facteurs ayant une incidence sur le développement de l'altération, une caractérisation de la souche type a été réalisée. Cette souche est capable de croître dans des conditions typiquement rencontrées lors de la fabrication du cidre. Dans un deuxième temps, la croissance et la production d'acétaldéhyde ont été évaluées à l'aide d'un plan d'expérience. Un modèle de risque de la production d'acétaldéhyde a été créé et des mesures préventives ont ainsi été proposées. Enfin, une méthode de détection et d'identification de Z. Mobilis par PCR en duplex a été mise au point permettant la détection précoce de la bactérie directement dans le cidre.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 31, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

A homogeneous group of thirty-one crossbred ewes was used to determine the effect of administering a progesterone Controlled Intravaginal Drug Releasing Device (CIDR) on circulating levels of progesterone in the subsequent cycle following CIDR removal. Circulating progesterone levels were determined for each ewe through daily blood collection via jugular venipuncture. Each ewe underwent a pretreatment 25 day sampling period (Period 1), a 12 day treatment period characterized by the presence of the CIDR (Period 2), and another 25 day sampling period following CIDR removal (Period 3). During the initial period of the study, progesterone levels in peripheral circulation changed (P < 0.0001, effect of day) in accordance with stage of the estrous cycle and were elevated during the luteal phase. In the second period of the study, progesterone levels were elevated (P < 0.0001) in ewes due to exogenous progesterone from the CIDR device (Period 1 versus Period 2: 1.3 ± 0.1 ng/ml versus 2.4 ± 0.1 ng/ml, respectively). After withdrawal of the CIDR in the third period of the study, circulating progesterone levels were not (P > 0.10) different from those observed in the initial period of the study (Period 1 versus Period 3: 1.3 ± 0.1 ng/ml versus 1.4 ± 0.1 ng/ml, respectively). Data collected in this study revealed that treatment with exogenous progesterone via CIDR for a 12- day treatment period does not influence circulating levels of progesterone in subsequent estrous cycles.

The objectives of this study were to determine if fixed-timed artificial insemination (FTAI) at two different times, 0 or 24 h after GnRH administration, in a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol influenced the pregnancy rate (PR) when average and high fertility sires were used. Additionally, a second experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of CIDR inserts to allow for resynchronization of estrus in cows that did not conceive or maintain the conceptus at FTAI. Lactating Holstein cows (n = 1,457) from two well-managed dairy herds located in the piedmont region of North Carolina were utilized for 12 mo. First artificial insemination (AI) PR differed for fertility group and was 24.1 and 29.2% for average and high fertility group, respectively. Timing of AI did not influence first AI PR and there was no interaction of fertility group and timing of AI. Cows that received a CIDR insert were detected more frequently in estrus during a 4 d period, d 21 to 24, than control cows, 92.5 and 62.0%, respectively. However, the CIDR insert did not increase the detection of estrus compared to control cows over a normal estrus return interval of 7 d, 18 to 24 d after GnRH administration of a FTAI protocol, 28.8 and 34.2% respectively. In conclusion, the use of high fertility sires is a practical recommendation for improving first AI PR and CIDR inserts allowed more cows to be detected in estrus during a shorter interval, but did not increase the estrus detection rate during a normal estrus return interval.
Master of Science

Detta examensarbete är utfört på uppdrag av Cidema AB i Skellefteå och omfattar framtagningen av en teknisk lösning som i dagsläget saknas i företagets sortiment. Uppdragsgivaren har efter kundförfrågningar uppfattat att det finns ett behov av en transportörlösning som tillbehör till den egna produkten, käftkrossen, Danex DX 8. En käftkross är en maskin som används för sönderdelning av hårt och grovt material till en mer lätthanterlig storlek. Modellen DX 8 är en portabel kross som är avsedd att användas vid mindre rivningsprojekt för sönderdelning av bland annat betong, tegel och kakel.  Målet med projektet är att i slutändan erhålla en teknisk lösning som anpassats efter käftkrossens utformning och given kravspecifikation. Resultatet av projektet blev en bandtransportör som i enlighet med kravspecifikationen anpassats till käftkrossen och dess behov av utveckling, för att bättre tillfredsställa kunders önskemål på förbättrad ergonomi och mångsidighet. Transportören har anpassats att fungera både för in-matning och bortforsling av rivningsmaterial, till och från krossen. Detta bidrar till att krossen, med projektets tekniska lösning, kräver mindre fysisk ansträngning vid in-matning av material samt är oberoende av ett vakuumaggregat för bortforsling av material.

L’apparition de défauts organoleptiques « animaux », due à la présence de phénols volatils, représente une des principales préoccupations des producteurs de cidres. Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé et validé une nouvelle méthode HPLC de dosage des phénols volatils incluant le 4-éthylcatéchol qui a ainsi pu être mis en évidence pour la première fois dans les cidres. La biosynthèse des phénols volatils par des préparations enzymatiques et par les principaux microorganismes rencontrés en cidrerie a été également étudiée. Les bactéries Lactobacillus collinoides et certaines préparations enzymatiques présentent des activités cinnamoyl esterase qui sont responsables de la première étape de cette biosynthèse. Parmi les 19 espèces de microorganismes étudiés, seules Brettanomyces/Dekkera anomala et L. Collinoides sont capables de produire des éthylphénols par les actions successives d’activités PAD et VPR. Ces travaux ont ainsi mis en évidence l’implication des préparations enzymatiques, des levures du genre Brettanomyces/Dekkera et des bactéries L. Collinoides dans l’apparition des défauts organoleptiques de type « phénols volatils » dans les cidres. Enfin, une approche technologique de la problématique a mis en évidence que l’apparition des éthylphénols pouvait avoir lieu aussi bien avant qu’après embouteillage des cidres. Un inventaire des phénols volatils a été réalisé dans des cidres représentatifs de la production française. Des analyses sensorielles ont permis de déterminer les seuils de perception des 4-éthylphénol (1,5 à 2,0 mg/l) et 4-éthylcatéchol (20 à 25 mg/l) dans les cidres
Phenolic off-flavour defect is the main problem encountered by cider producers due to the presence of volatile phenols. A new HPLC method was developed and validated to quantify volatile phenols, including 4-ethylcatechol which was investigated for the first time in French ciders in this study. Secondly, the main cider microorganisms (both yeast and bacterial species) and enzymatic preparations used during cider-making were studied in regards to their involvement in volatile phenols biosynthesis. Lactobacillus collinoides and some enzymatic preparations exhibited cinnamoyl esterase activities which are responsible for the first step in volatile phenol biosynthesis. Among 19 tested species, only Brettanomyces/Dekkera anomala and L. Collinoides strains were able to produce ethylphenols via PAD and VPR activities. Overall, the origin of the phenolic off-flavour defects in cider was shown to be due to enzymatic preparations, Brettanomyces/Dekkera yeasts as well as L. Collinoides bacterial strains. Furthermore, an applied approach to this problem showed that the production of ethylphenols could take place before as well as after cider bottling. The occurrence of volatile phenols was studied in different ciders representative of all French cider designations and geographical origins. Finally, 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylcatechol detection thresholds in ciders (around 1. 5-2. 0 mg/l and 20-25 mg/l, respectively) were determined by sensory analysis

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The hypothesis tested in this study was that the time of permanence of progesterone implant (short vs. long) in FTAI protocol change the characteristics of the LH surge. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the timing, duration and amplitude of the LH peak in sheep (Santa Inês x Texel) using short FTAI protocols (6 days) or long (12 days) in cyclic sheep out of the breeding season. We used 43 sheep (Texel-Te x Santa Inês-SI), sorted into two groups according to the time of progesterone release s vaginal device 1st use (Easy-Breed CIDR®, Pfizer, Brazil). In group 12 days (G-12, n = 19) in stage random of the estrous cycle received the insertion of CIDR (D0). On the day of implant removal (D12) was administered intramuscularly, 0.075 mg cloprostenol (Veteglan®, Hertape Calier, Brazil) and 300 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG, Novormon®, MSD Animal Health, Brazil). The group 6 (G-6, n= 24) received the same protocol of G-12, however the permanence of CIDR was 6 days. Approximately 50 hours after CIDR removal, both groups were inseminated at fixed time by artificial insemination by laparoscopy with frozen semen containing 200x106 sperm of a single player of Dorper. Approximately 40 days after the artificial insemination pregnancy diagnosis was performed using ultrasound device. Blood samples were taken every 4 hours from 10 animals per group, to measure LH and progesterone plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay (RIA). From the 20 animals used for progesterone plasma concentration, the percentage of animals showing LH surge in G-6 was 70% (7/10) and the G-12 was 90% (9/10). The maximum amplitude of the LH peak did not differ between the G-6 and G-12 groups (P> 0.05) and the lengh of LH peak was 16,60±2,76 h in the G-6 and 16,40±2,40 h in G-12 (P>0,05). The interval between the implant removal and the LH surge was (P >0.05) in the G-6 27,42±2,76 h and 28,88±5,20 h in G-12. The overall pregnancy rate per group was not different (G-6 58,33% e G-12 52,63%). It was concluded that the permanence of progesterone (6 vs 12 days) did not alter the characteristics of the LH peak in sheep (St. Agnes x Texel) in the tropics, out of the breeding season.
A hipótese testada pelo presente trabalho foi que o tempo de permanência do implante de progesterona (curto vs longo), em protocolo de IATF, altera as características do pico de LH. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o momento, duração e amplitude do pico de LH em ovelhas (Texel x Santa Inês) utilizando protocolos de IATF de curta (6 dias) ou longa duração (12 dias) em ovelhas ciclando na contra estação reprodutiva. Foram utilizadas 43 ovelhas (Texel-Te x Santa Inês-SI), divididas em dois grupos de acordo com o tempo de permanência do dispositivo vaginal de liberação de progesterona de 1° uso (Easy-Breed CIDR®, Pfizer, Brasil). No grupo 12 dias (G-12, n=19), em estádio aleatório do ciclo estral receberam a inserção do CIDR (D0). No dia da retirada do implante (D12) foram administrados, por via intramuscular, 0,075 mg de cloprostenol (Veteglan®, Hertape Calier, Brasil) e 300 UI de gonadotrofina coriônica equina (eCG, Novormon®, MSD Saúde Animal, Brasil). O grupo 6 (G-6, n=24) recebeu o mesmo protocolo do G-12, porém a permanência do CIDR foi de 6 dias. Aproximadamente 50 horas após a retirada do CIDR as ovelhas, de ambos os grupos, foram inseminadas em tempo fixo por laparoscopia com sêmen congelado contendo 200x106 espermatozóides, de um único reprodutor, da raça Dorper. Aproximadamente 40 dias após as inseminações artificiais foi realizado o diagnóstico de prenhez utilizando aparelho de ultra-som. Foram realizadas colheitas de sangue, de 4 em 4 horas em 10 animais por grupo, para mensuração das concentrações plasmáticas de LH e progesterona por radioimunoensaio (RIA). Dos 20 animais utilizados para mensuração das concentrações plasmáticas, a porcentagem de animais que apresentaram pico de LH no G-6 foi de 70% (7/10) e no G-12 foi 90% (9/10). A amplitude máxima do pico de LH não diferiu entre os grupos G-6 e G-12 (P>0,05) e a duração do pico de LH foi 16,60±2,76 h no grupo G-6 e 16,40±2,40 h no grupo G-12 (P>0,05). O intervalo entre a retirada do implante e o pico de LH foi (P>0,05) ocorreu 27,42±2,76 h no grupo G-6 e 28,88±5,20 h no G-12. A percentagem de prenhez total por grupo não diferiu (G-6 58,33% e G-12 52,63%). Conclui-se que o tempo de permanência da progesterona (6 vs 12 dias) não alterou as características do pico de LH em ovelhas (Texel x Santa Inês) nos trópicos, na contra estação reprodutiva.

The Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Group [CIDRI] has conducted high impact research over the last decade in Cape Town specifically in the townships of Khayelitsha and Mannenberg. None of this research would have been possible without robust strategies to recruit and retain study participants. Four different completed studies with different study designs have been selected, which will show the different approaches to participant recruitment into clinical research. This review will evaluate this process in relation to the approved protocol recruitment strategy, the amendments, which were required for modifications, the ability to retain participants to the end and the composition of staff used to achieve study outcomes. This entire process has been recognised as a necessary research skill and the term recruitmentology has become a practice pivotal to the research process. Recruitmentology has been unpacked to illustrate how minorities have been recruited, overlooked and over researched in the United States (US), and that experience has given a new perspective to the processes involved. Although in the South African context we do not have the identical issues to the US, these ideas can be translated in our circumstances, as both research populations can be considered as marginalised. We are challenged in the township of Khayelitsha with service disparities, which are generally impacted by the presence of clinical research groups. Although Khayelitsha has three large Day Hospital facilities, a newly built 150 bedded secondary level hospital and 11 local clinics, offering a consistently high standard of care; it remains a challenge. The CIDRI group partnered with the health services, supporting them with extra staff in the way of nurses, doctors and clinical research workers, while in return benefiting from the health system by being able to conduct effective studies. This has been and continues to be a mutually beneficial relationship, as CIDRI has been supportive to health services and the service has been a research partner of many research protocols including one of the studies being reviewed. Through the process of reviewing the databases of these four different CIRDI studies, we can examine the successes, challenges and a possible model of recruitment in the township of Khayelitsha. These studies have been chosen as they have been successfully completed by CIDRI and the databases have been locked. Each study has a different study design, from a pragmatic randomised control study, a cross sectional study, a seasonal follow-up and longitudinal study. Close attention will be paid to proposed recruitment strategy as per approved protocols, amendments (which impacted the recruitment process), staff structure, time frames of recruitment, retention and impact on study outcomes. This review will attempt to answer the following: 1. Was the proposed recruitment strategy followed as per study design and approved study protocol? 2. Was the overall recruitment impacted by staffing structure and allocated recruitment time frames? 3. How were study outcomes impacted by recruitment and retention? 4. Tuberculosis/Human Immuno-deficiency Virus TB/HIV were the diseases of study in all four studies, do these two diseases have specific challenges which impact recruitment and retention?

This thesis analyzes Canadian NGOs’ relationship with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) in the context of the competitive funding mechanism. It captures NGOs’ perspectives on the changing CIDA-NGO relationship, noting the range of NGO responses regarding advocacy efforts, public engagement, organizational priorities and overseas partnerships. The findings indicate that the relationship between CIDA and NGOs cannot be defined as partnership, but rather as one that spans the categories of “contracting” and “extension” in the Brinkerhoff (2002) partnership model. Additionally, employing Elbers and Arts’ (2011) typology, the thesis concludes that NGOs seek to “influence” CIDA through meetings with officers and politicians, “buffer” their partners from negative CIDA impacts, “shield” themselves by limiting their level of CIDA support and “compensate” by funding advocacy and public engagement from internal sources. Moreover, I include “innovation” as an additional strategy that NGOs can employ as a response to donor conditions.

Regulation of gene expression by terminal addition of uridyl residues to RNA substrates has recently emerged as a widespread phenomenon in eukaryotes. Studies in organisms ranging from fission yeast to human cells have shown that uridylation of RNA 3' ends stimulates rapid RNA degradation. However, many questions regarding the specificity of the uridyl transferases, the broad range of their substrates and the consequences of their loss are still unanswered. In light of this, the uridyl transferases Cid1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and ZCCHC11 in human cells and their roles in the regulation of gene expression were further characterised in this study. To begin with, the biochemistry of the Cid1 protein complex responsible for uridylation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe was analysed in more detail by mass spectrometry and in vitro assays. These experiments provided insights into the modulation of Cid1 activity by accessory factors. Next, the role of the human uridyl transferase ZCCHC11 in the regulation of replication- dependent histone mRNAs was examined. Results showed that ZCCHC11 is required for efficient destabilisation of histone mRNAs following inhibition or completion of DNA replication. In agreement with this finding, cDNA sequencing experiments showed that ZCCHC11-mediated uridylation is particularly prevalent at the end of S phase. Finally, this thesis also explored the phenotype resulting from ZCCHC11 knock-down with respect to the human cell cycle. Depletion of ZCCHC11 led to the occurrence of DNA damage and activation of the DNA integrity checkpoint, which in turn resulted in cell cycle delay. Taken together, the data presented in this thesis extend current knowledge of the uridyl transferases and their actions in fission yeast and human cells and provide a link between RNA regulation and cell cycle control.

Objectives were to evaluate time of insemination relative to estrus and synchronization with melengestrol acetate (MGA) plus prostaglandin (PG) or progesterone insert (CIDR) plus PG on AI pregnancy rate in beef heifers (n = 662) during Fall or Spring. Fall heifers (n = 349) received MGA-PG (MGA for 14 d followed by PG on d 18) or CIDR-PG (CIDR for 7 d, PG administered 1 d before CIDR removal). Estrus was monitored by HeatWatch® (n = 200) or visually (n = 149). Spring heifers (n = 313) underwent CIDR-PG with detection of estrus by HeatWatch®. Heifers not in estrus by 96-100 h after PG were bred AI as non-responsive AI (NRAI). Across seasons, 548 heifers were bred following estrus (EAI). Heifers synchronized during the Fall with MGA received more (P < 0.05) mounts than Fall CIDR heifers (76.8 ± 6.7 and 47.6 ± 7.4, respectively), but duration of estrus was similar. Fall CIDR heifers had greater (P < 0.05) mounting activity and duration of estrus (47.9 ± 5.2 mounts and 15.5 ± 1.1 h) compared to Spring CIDR heifers (34.5 ± 3.1 mounts and 12.7 ± 0.6 h). Heifers grouped in 4 h blocks from 0 to 24 h had no difference (P > 0.05) in pregnancy rates (mean 62.5 %). Treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on EAI pregnancy rates. Pregnancy rates across seasons for EAI, NRAI and overall was 61.0 %, 26.3 %, and 54.5%. In conclusion, a 24 h window may exist to successfully AI heifers.
Master of Science

An estrus synchronization trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of adding an injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) at initiation of the controlled intravaginal drug releasing device (CIDR®) progesterone synchronization protocol in heifers. Nulliparous (n=121) beef heifers were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. All heifers received a CIDR® implant at the initiation of the breeding season. Half of the heifers (Select Synch) received an injection of GnRH. Heifers in the Select Synch treatment group had a lower numerical response (76.7% versus 88.3%) to treatment (detected in heat) and an overall lower artificial conception rate (46.0% versus 53.3%), but no statistical difference was detected. Days to conception and artificial insemination conception rates for both groups were similar for all heifers inseminated. Three hundred multiparous Hereford, crossbred and composite beef cows were assigned to one of two breeding groups (Early and Late) based on calving date and randomly assigned to receive an injection of GnRH at the time of CIDR® insertion (Select Synch). The addition of GnRH did not impact the percentage of cows detected in estrus or days to conception. Conception rates were not affected by the addition of GnRH (Select Synch), however cows in the early breeding group were more likely to become pregnant (58% versus 45%) by artificial insemination (P<0.02). An experiment evaluated the efficacy of the CIDR® protocol to synchronize estrus in Arizona Holstein dairy cows (n=696). Cows assigned to the CIDR® protocol (n=337) received a CIDR® insert at the end of the voluntary waiting period (55 days). CIDR®s were removed and an injection of prostaglandin was administered seven days after insertion. There was no difference due to CIDR® treatment in number of services per conception or first service conception rate. CIDR® treatment reduced days to first service, days open at first service, and days open (P<0.02). Warm season had a deleterious effect on number of services, days to first service, first service conception rate and days open (P<0.0001). In summary, estrus synchronization improved postpartum reproductive performance; however, thermal stress continues to be a major barrier to reproductive efficiency.

Lactobacillus collinoides LMG 18850 est une bactérie lactique hétérofermentaire stricte dont la présence est régulièrement retrouvée dans le cidre. Cette bactérie semble être impliquée dans une altération organo-leptique du cidre dénommée piqûre acroléi͏̈que résultant de la dégradation du glycérol en 3-hydroxypropionaldéhyde (3-HPA) par l'enzyme diol déshydratase dépendante du coenzyme B12. Lors d'une première étude, nous avons mis en évidence les capacités de dégradation du glycérol par L. Collinoides en présence de glucose. Cette dégradation conduit à l'apparition d'un pic de 3-HPA durant les première heures de phase stationnaire. La production de cet aldéhyde correspond à l'épuisement des composés pouvant être oxydés. Un rapport molaire glycérol/glucose d'environ 3,3 a pu être déterminé pour une production optimale. La présence du 3-HPA en forte concentration se révèle être létale pour la cellule. Par une approche génétique, nous avons séquencé 9463 pb et identifié 10 cadres ouverts de lecture. Trois de ces gènes (pduCDE) correspondent à la grande, moyenne et petite sous-unités de la diol déshydratase et présentent de fortes homologies avec les gènes des autres diol déshydratases déjà caractérisées. Ces gènes font partie d'un opéron nommé pdu où les protéines PduABG et H correspondent respectivement à deux protéines impliquées dans la formation des carboxysomes (A et B), à la grande et petite sous-unités de la protéine de réactivation (G et H). . . [etc. ]

L’insémination artificielle (IA) avec semence congelée gagne en popularité depuis quelques années au Québec, surtout dans l’objectif d’améliorer la génétique des troupeaux et de réduire le taux de consanguinité devenu inquiétant dans certaines races présentes au Canada. Son utilisation nécessite l’élaboration d’un protocole de synchronisation des chaleurs efficace. Depuis 2010, un nouvel implant hormonal pour la synchronisation des chaleurs a fait son apparition sur le marché canadien : le CIDRMD (« Controlled Internal Drug Release »). Cependant, aucune étude n’est encore rapportée associant le CIDR et l’IA avec semence congelée dans le contexte de production canadien. L’objectif principal de ce projet était de développer un protocole de synchronisation des chaleurs avec CIDR efficace lorsqu’utilisé avec l’IA par laparoscopie avec semence congelée dans le but d’augmenter la fertilité des brebis Romanov. Trois protocoles ont été comparés : (T14) traitement au CIDR de 14 j avec injection d’eCG la veille du retrait et IA 24 h après le début de l’œstrus; (T5) traitement au CIDR de 5 j avec injection d’eCG et de PGF2α la veille du retrait et IA 24 h après le début de l’œstrus; (Témoin) traitement au CIDR de 14 j avec injection d’eCG au retrait et IA à 48 h du retrait. L’étude a eu lieu sur deux saisons sexuelles (automnes 2012 et 2013) dans quatre bergeries commerciales. Un total de six essais a été effectué sur 360 brebis Romanov. Le CIDR a été très efficace pour induire et synchroniser la venue en chaleur des brebis dans un délai de 27 h suivant le retrait (97,1 %). Toutefois le traitement de synchronisation de 5 j a induit les chaleurs plus tardivement que les traitements de 14 j (T14 et Témoin). Les trois protocoles ont permis l’atteinte de taux de fertilité similaires (73,9, 71,8 et 78,9 % pour T14, T5 et Témoin). L’efficacité (nombre d’agneaux nés/nombre de brebis inséminées) et la prolificité des trois traitements ont aussi été similaires. En conclusion, aucun traitement n’a permis l’atteinte d’un taux de fertilité ou d’efficacité plus élevé. Le traitement à heure fixe du retrait serait le plus approprié pour l’utilisation dans les bergeries commerciales puisqu’il est techniquement plus facile à réaliser dans des conditions commerciales tout en permettant l’atteinte d’un taux de fertilité élevé.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of flunixin meglumine (FM), an inhibitor of PGF2a synthesis, administered at the time of embryo transfer (ET) and insertion of an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (CIDR) at the time of ET on pregnancy rates (PR) and the resynchronization of estrus. Beef cows (n = 796) and heifers (n = 108) at three locations were assigned randomly within age to one of four groups in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with injection of FM (500 mg i.m.; Phoenix Scientific, St. Joseph, MO) 2 to 12 min prior to ET and insertion of a CIDR (1.38 g progesterone; Pfizer, New York, NY) for 13 d immediately following ET as main effects. Fresh or frozen embryos (Stage = 4 or 5; Grade = 1 or 2) were randomly assigned to be transferred to recipients on d 6 to 9 of the estrous cycle. At Location 2 a subset of fresh embryos were split and transferred as fresh half embryos (n = 192). Recipients at Location 2 only (n = 493) were observed for signs of return to estrus beginning 9 d after ET. Recipients that returned to estrus at Location 2 were either bred by AI 12 h after estrus or received an embryo 7 d after estrus. Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography. Pregnancy rates were analyzed using the LOGISTIC procedure of SAS. Pregnancy rates of split embryo recipients were analyzed separately using the same statistical procedure. Variation in the timing of the return to estrus was determined by an F-test for heterogeneity of variances. Following the initial ET, pregnancy rates of recipients receiving whole embryos were not affected by CIDR administration (P > 0.05; 65% with CIDR, 70% without CIDR), however, there was a significant FM x location interaction on PR (Location 1, 89 vs. 57%; Location 2, 69 vs. 64%; Location 3, 64 vs. 67% for FM vs. no FM, respectively). There was a significant CIDR x FM interaction on PR of recipients receiving split embryos. Pregnancy rates of split embryo recipients receiving CIDR treatment (54%) or FM treatment alone (41%) were less than controls (64%). However, recipients receiving both CIDR and FM had PR similar to controls (60%). The timing of the return to estrus was more synchronous (P < 0.01) for recipients fitted with a CIDR, but PR of recipients bred following a return to estrus did not differ in cows receiving or not receiving a CIDR (P > 0.13; 68 and 62%, respectively). Effects of FM on PR were location dependent and CIDR insertion at ET improved synchrony of the return to estrus.
Master of Science

Thesis (MPhil (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
Some aspects of South African higher education transformation have been bleak, indicating that the trajectory of innovative teaching and affordability requires attention for the foreseeable future. At CIDA we have seen a different picture of this, in other institutions there may be other milestones yet to reveal other gains of transformation. Briefly, this paper tells the CIDA transformation story; other institutions of higher learning in South Africa can learn from its approach and share in the remarkable sense of determination and commitment demonstrated by CIDA. The purpose of this work is to reflect on CIDA’s pattern breaking that can aid better student equity transformation in the South African higher education system. A limitation of the study is that we examine only one factor at a time and it may not adequately account for what happens when all the factors interact at the same time. It emerged from the discussion that CIDA innovative teaching involves awareness of students’ educational needs, views and emphasis on the physical experience of emotions and reasoning. Students are encouraged to be self-confident and feel good about themselves and others through participation and opportunities for spirituality and diversity.

Cette étude visait à évaluer différents protocoles d’utilisation d’un implant vaginal de progestérone (CIDRMD) pour l’induction des chaleurs dans l’objectif d’augmenter la fertilité des brebis en contre-saison sexuelle. Un traitement de 14 j avec injection d’eCG au retrait du CIDR, un protocole de 5 j avec administration d’eCG et de PGF2α au retrait et un traitement de 13 j avec injection d’eCG et de progestérone au retrait ont été comparés en mai, juin et juillet, dans trois sites expérimentaux, sur 331 brebis hybrides prolifiques Dorset × Romanov. Le CIDR a été très efficace pour induire et synchroniser les chaleurs (≥ 93,3 % dans un délai de 96 h suivant le retrait) et il a permis d’obtenir une fertilité totale > 70 %. Le traitement CIDR de 5 j a permis d’obtenir, globalement, une meilleure productivité dans les différents environnements et devrait être considéré pour une application commerciale.

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A constante busca da ind?stria de petr?leo pelo aumento de produ??o ? um baixo custo operacional faz necess?rio o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que una as duas necessidades. A Acidifica??o de matriz ? um m?todo de estimula??o frequentemente empregado para aumentar produ??o de um po?o de petr?leo com um custo menor se comparado a um fraturamento. O objetivo deste trabalho ? estudar a obten??o de nanoemuls?es ?cidas para aplica??o em acidifica??o de matriz. As nanoemuls?es s?o capazes de retardar rea??es, por diminuir a difus?o do ?cido no meio, possibilitando a acidifica??o em reservat?rios com baixa permeabilidade. Os reagentes utilizados para formar os sistemas nanoemulsionados foram UNT L90/OMS e RNX 110 como tensoativos, Sec-butanol como cotensoativo, Xileno e Querosene como fase ?leo e Solu??o de HCl como fase aquosa. As nanoemuls?es foram obtidas a partir da dilui??o de microemuls?es com ?gua ou solu??o de HCl. Foi realizado estudo das tens?es superficiais, estudo das cin?ticas de rea??o, avalia??o da inje??o em rocha carbon?tica e remo??o de borra asf?ltica. As nanoemuls?es apresentaram tens?o superficial menor que suas microemuls?es de origem. As nanoemuls?es tiveram ?xito em retardar a rea??o entre CaCO3 e HCl, onde o sistema mais eficiente ? composto por UNT L90/OMS, Secbutanol, Querosene e solu??o de HCl. As nanoemuls?es foram eficientes em formar wormholes em plugs de carbonato calcitico com baixa permeabilidade natural. As wormholes proporcionaram incremento de permeabilidade alcan?ando valores de at? 390 mD. O sistema ?cido apresentou bom resultado de remo??o de borra asf?ltica, mostrando o potencial das nanoemuls?es em remover esse tipo de dano. Conclui-se que os sistemas nanoemulsionados t?m grande potencial de aplica??o em acidifica??o de matriz.

La couleur, la fermeté, la saveur, ou l’aptitude à la conservation, sont les principaux critères de qualité qui déterminent le choix du consommateur, les procédés de transformation et la stabilité des fruits charnus. Ces critères dépendent des mécanismes déterminants la qualité des productions, faisant intervenir les ions métalliques, les composés phénoliques et les parois cellulaires. Pour appréhender ces mécanismes, les travaux ont été réalisés sur deux variétés de pommes à cidre et étendus aux variétés de raisins de cuve. Le développement de méthodes de cryo-microscopie associées à la fluorescence X et UV a permis l’identification et la distribution tissulaire des ions métalliques et des composés phénoliques. Les métaux de transition et les flavanols sont retrouvés majoritairement dans la cuticule alors que le calcium, le magnésium et les pigments phénoliques sont co-localisés dans les couches sous-cuticulaires. Une distribution homogène du potassium est observée de la couche sous-cuticulaire au cortex externe, zones riches en acides phénoliques. Parmi ces acides, les acides hydroxycinnamiques sont potentiellement estérifiés dans les parois cellulaires. L’impact de ces composés sur la qualité des fruits lors de leur consommation ou transformation a été abordé par l’étude des interactions entre les ions métalliques, la pectine des parois cellulaires et les composés phénoliques en présence de peroxyde d’hydrogène. L’ensemble des résultats : distribution des ions métalliques et composés phénoliques, ainsi que les interactions et les mécanismes réactionnels possibles est résumé dans un modèle conceptuel qui servira de base pour de futurs travaux visant à un meilleur contrôle des propriétés organoleptiques des fruits frais et transformés
Colour, firmness, taste and long storage ability, are the main quality parameters that define consumer choice, processing and shelf-life of fleshy fruits. These quality criteria rely on physiological and physicochemical mechanisms that involve metallic ions, phenolic compounds and cell wall. To better understand these mechanisms, the thesis study was realised on two cider apples varieties and extended to wine grapes. The development of cryo-microscopy methods associated to X-ray and deep UV fluorescence highlighted the identification and distribution at the tissue scale of metallic ions and phenolic compounds. Transition metals and flavanols were mostly found in the cuticle while calcium, magnesium and phenolic pigments were co-localised in the sub-cuticle tissue layers. A homogeneous distribution of potassium was observed from the sub-cuticle to the outer cortex cell layers, a region that is rich in phenolic acids. Among these acids, hydroxycinnamic acids were found to be potentially esterified within cell wall. The impact of these compounds on the quality of fruit during consumption or processing was considered by studying the interactions between metal ions, cell wall pectin and phenolic compounds in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. All results: distribution of metal ions and phenolic compounds, as well as possible interactions and mechanisms of reaction, are summarized in a conceptual model that will serve as a basis for future work aiming at better controlling the organoleptic properties of fresh and processed fruit

L'influence de trois situations pédoclimatiques rencontrées en Normandie est étudiée sur la composition de la pomme à cidre à travers deux variétés, deux types de verger et différents niveaux de charge en fruits des pommiers. Le type de sol modifie la profondeur d'enracinement des arbres, la réserve utile en eau et la biodisponibilité en éléments minéraux. Des mesures d'abondance relative du 13C ont mis en évidence l'existence de contraintes hydriques durant le cycle végétatif des pommiers sur les sols les plus minces. Ces contraintes, lorsqu'elles sont modérées, limite le développement végétatif des arbres et conduisent à la production de pommes riches en sucres et peu acides. Plus fortes, les contraintes hydriques limitent à la fois la vigueur et l'accumulation de sucres dans les fruits. L'absence de contraintes hydriques conduit à des arbres très vigoureux produisant des pommes acides et pauvres en sucres. Le type de sol modifie aussi la composition en polyphénols des pommes.

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Aiming to study the effect of different estrus synchronization protocols on the pregnancy rate in Bos taurus indicus x Bos taurus taurus recipient cattles, transferred with in vitro produced embryos, this study used 1,933 recipients (3,649 treatments) divided into 6 groups. In the first group, recipients received 2.0 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) and 500 mg of cloprostenol, in addiction to an intravaginal device (1.9 g of progesterone) that remained for 8 days. Upon withdrawal of the intravaginal device each recipient received a single dose of 0.5 mg of estradiol cypionate (EC), 500 mg of cloprostenol and 400 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). In the second group, recipients received the same treatment as the first group, but without the 500 mg dose of cloprostenol at the placement of the progesterone intravaginal device. In the third group, recipients received at the time of intravaginal progesterone device placement a single dose of 500 mg cloprostenol and 2.0 mg of EB, and the device remained for 9 days. Two days before the intravaginal device removal (day 7) females received a single dose of 500 mg cloprostenol, and at the time of device removal, received a single dose of 0.5 mg of EC and 400 IU of eCG. In the fourth group, the recipients received the same treatment as the third group, but without cloprostenol in the intravaginal progesterone device placement. In the fifth group, recipients received 2.0 mg of EB, and an intravaginal progesterone device that remained for 8 days. Upon withdrawal of the intravaginal device, each recipient received 0.5 mg of EC, 500 mg of cloprostenol and 300 IU of eCG. In the sixth group, recipie nts received 2.0 mg of EB and an intravaginal progesterone device for 9 days. Two days before the withdrawal, (day 7), received 500 mg of cloprostenol and at the time of device removal received 0.5 mg of EC and 300 IU of eCG. All recipients that had corpus luteum were transferred on average 10 days after implant removal, in other words, about 8 days after estrus, and evaluated by ultrasonography 58 days after embryo transfer to pregnancy diagnosis. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics analysis (means, standard deviations and frequency distribution) and qualitative data were arranged in contingency tables and analyzed by chi-square at 5% of probability. Fourth group showed the best recovery rates (84.9%). However, the number of treatments performed (n=86) in group 4 was reduced in comparison with other protocols. Recipients who received Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) 48 hours before device removal showed better recovery rates than others and protocol 4 females had better pregnancy rates. The recipients that were in estrus longer than 91 days before device placing had worse recovery rates than recipients in estrus earlier (p<0.05), although did not influence pregnancy rate (p>0.05) . Despite some recipients peculiarities who presented estrus less than 16 days, the interval form estrus day to device placement did not influence positively these assessments (p>0.05). The uterus classified as normal in protocol 4 showed the best percentages of recovering and pregnancy rates (p<0.05) compared to the values of other protocols. However, comparing all protocols, the uterus classified as flaccid showed better recovery responses and classification did not influence uterine pregnancy rate. As the ovarian activity, the presence of corpus luteum influenced recipients recovery rates (p<0.05), whereas the follicles presence only interfered with the pregnancy rate of protocol 4 animals (p<0.05). The number of uses of the device did not influence the recipients recovery pregnancy rates (p>0.05). The reproductive status and protocol number in the history did not affect the recipients recovery rate (p>0.05). However, recipients who did not received PGF2α before intravaginal device placing, had better results than those who received (p<0.05). The recipients which were transferred with expanded blastocyst had better pregnancy rates than they which were transferred with blastocyst (p<0.05). No differences were found in the cow and heifer categories in recipient donor estrus synchrony in relation to pregnancy rate (p>0.05). No influence of the time trial on the pregnancy rate (p>0.05). The protocols which employed PGF2α 48 hours before the withdrawal had better recipients recovery rates than the protocols that applications were made on intravaginal device removal (p<0.05). Protocol 4 recipients had higher pregnancy rates, although it was a group of low numbers of animals. The used protocols interfered with the recipients recovery rate, and the applications of PGF2α 48 hours before intravaginal device removal, resulted in improved estrus synchronization responses, so the answer was more pronounced when females were cyclical in occasion of the beginning of synchronization; intervals from the last estrus to intravaginal device placement over 90 days (anestrus) influence negatively the responses to estrus and ovulation synchronization protocols. However, the classes of interval from estrus to intravaginal device placement (CLAPROT), the covariates showed no marked effect on the recipients recovery response; The female categories (cows and heifers) did not influence the responses to estrus synchronization treatments, although heifers in the pre-puberty are less responsive to PGF2α application in the beginning of the protocol. Regardless of the females category, the presence of the corpus luteum and flaccid uterine tone at the time of intravaginal device placement proved to be positively related to the recipients recovery response; Reusing intravaginal device has no influence on the recovery and pregnancy rates in embryo recipients; Females with histories of prior use of synchronization protocols with the use of PGF2α become less responsive to new synchronization protocols, while not presenting the same behavior with respect to protocols with progesterone associated with PGF2α.
Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito de diferentes protocolos de sincronização de estro (Uso de cloprostenol no momento da colocação do implante intravaginal e sua permanência por período de oito e nove dias) sobre a taxa de prenhez em receptoras bovinas Bos taurus indicus x Bos taurus taurus, inovuladas com embriões de PIV, o presente estudo utilizou 1933 receptoras (3.649 tratamentos) divididas em 6 protocolos. No protocolo 1, as receptoras receberam 2,0 mg de Benzoato de estradiol (BE) e 500 μg de cloprostenol, e um dispositivo intravaginal (1,9 g de Progesterona) que permaneceu por 8 dias. No momento da retirada do dispositivo intravaginal cada receptora recebeu uma dose única de 0,5 mg de Cipionato de estradiol (CE), 500 μg de Cloprostenol e 400 UI de gonadotrofina coriônica eqüina (eCG). No protocolo 2, as receptoras receberam o mesmo tratamento que o primeiro grupo, porém sem a dose de 500 μg de Cloprostenol na colocação do dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona. No protocolo 3, as receptoras receberam no momento da colocação do dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona uma dose única de 500 μg de Cloprostenol e 2,0 mg de BE, sendo que o dispositivo permaneceu por 9 dias. Dois dias antes da retirada do dispositivo intravaginal (dia 7) as fêmeas receberam uma dose única de 500 μg de Cloprostenol, e no momento da retirada do implante, receberam uma dose única de 0,5 mg de CE e 400 UI de eCG. No protocolo 4, as receptoras receberam o mesmo tratamento que o protocolo 3, porém sem Cloprostenol na colocação do dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona. No protocolo 5, as receptoras receberam 2,0 mg de Benzoato de estradiol, e um dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona por 9 dias. Dois dias antes da retirada, no dia 7, receberam 500 μg de Cloprostenol e no momento da retirada do implante 0,5mg de CE e 300 UI de eCG. No protocolo 6, as receptoras receberam 2,0 mg de BE, e um dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona que permaneceu por 8 dias. No momento da retirada do dispositivo intravaginal, cada receptora recebeu 0,5 mg de CE, 500 μg de Cloprostenol e 300 UI de eCG. Todas as receptoras que apresentaram corpo lúteo foram inovuladas em média 10 dias após a retirada do dispositivo, ou seja, por volta de 8 dias após estro; e avaliadas por meio de ultrassonografia aos 58 dias após inovulação para o diagnóstico de gestação. Os dados foram submetidos a análises estatísticas descritivas (distribuição de freqüência) e os dados qualitativos foram arranjados em tabelas de contingência e analisados pelo teste de qui-quadrado a 5 % de probabilidade de erro. As receptoras do quarto protocolo apresentaram as melhores (p<0,05) taxas de aproveitamento (84,9%). No entanto, o número de tratamentos realizados (n=86) para o protocolo 4 foi reduzido em relação aos demais protocolos, mais estudos tornam-se necessários para confirmar a eficácia desse protocolo. Receptoras que receberam PGF2α 48 horas antes da retirada do dispositivo apresentaram melhores índices de aproveitamento de receptoras (p<0,05) e as fêmeas do protocolo 4 apresentaram melhores índices de prenhez (p<0,05). As receptoras que apresentaram estro em período superior a 91 dias antes da colocação do dispositivo apresentaram piores taxas de aproveitamento que receptoras que apresentaram estro mais recente (p<0,05). Apesar de algumas particularidades das receptoras que apresentaram estro em período inferior a 16 dias, o intervalo dia do estro a colocação do implante não influenciou positivamente nessas avaliações (p>0,05). O útero classificado como normal no protocolo 4 foi o que apresentou melhores valores percentuais de taxa de aproveitamento e de prenhez em relação aos valores dos demais protocolos (p<0,05). Entretanto, comparando todos os protocolos, o útero classificado como flácido apresentou melhores respostas de aproveitamento de receptoras (p>0,05) e a classificação uterina não influenciou a taxa de prenhez (p>0,05). Quanto a atividade ovariana, a presença do CL influenciou na taxa de aproveitamento de receptoras (p<0,05), já a presença de folículos só interferiu na taxa de prenhez dos animais do protocolo 4 (p<0,05). O número de utilização do dispositivo não influenciou na taxa de aproveitamento de receptoras e na taxa de prenhez (p>0,05). O status reprodutivo e o número de protocolo no histórico não interferiram na taxa de aproveitamento de receptoras (p>0,05). No entanto, receptoras que não receberam PGF2α antes da colocação do dispositivo intravaginal, apresentaram melhores resultados que as receptoras que receberam PGF2α (p<0,05). As receptoras que foram inovuladas com blastocisto expandido apresentaram melhores taxas de prenhez do que as receptoras que foram inovuladas com blastocisto (p<0,05). Não houve diferença nas categorias vacas e novilhas na sincronia do estro receptora doadora, em relação à taxa de prenhez (P>0,05). Não houve influência da época experimental sobre a taxa de prenhez (p>0,05). Os protocolos que empregaram PGF2α 48 horas antes da retirada apresentaram melhores taxas de aproveitamento de receptoras do que os protocolos em que as aplicações foram feitas no momento da retirada do dispositivo intravaginal (p<0,05). As receptoras do protocolo 4 apresentaram melhores taxas de prenhez, embora tenha sido um grupo de baixo número de animais. Os protocolos utilizados interferiram na taxa de aproveitamento de receptoras, sendo que, as aplicações de PGF2α 48 horas antes da retirada do dispositivo intravaginal, resultaram em melhores respostas de sincronização de estro, sendo a resposta mais acentuada quando as fêmeas estavam cíclicas na ocasião do início das sincronizações; Os intervalos do ultimo estro à colocação do dispositivo intravaginal superiores a 90 dias (anestro) influenciam negativamente as respostas aos protocolos de sincronização de estro de ovulaç ão. No entanto, as classes de intervalo do estro à colocação do dispositivo intravaginal (CLAPROT), as co-variáveis estudadas não apresentaram efeito marcante sobre a resposta de aproveitamento de receptoras; As categorias de fêmeas (vacas e novilhas) não influenciam a respostas aos tratamentos de sincronização de estro (p>0,05), embora novilhas na fase pré-puberal são menos responsivas a aplicação de PGF2α no início do protocolo. Independente da categoria de fêmeas, a presença do corpo lúteo e tonicidade uterina flácida no momento da colocação do dispositivo intravaginal mostraram-se positivamente relacionado à resposta de aproveitamento de receptoras; A reutilização de dispositivo intr avaginal não apresenta influencia sobre a taxa de aproveitamento e prenhez em receptoras de embriões; Fêmeas com históricos prévios de uso de protocolos de sincronização com uso de PGF2α a apresentam-se menos responsíveis a novos protocolos de sincronização, embora não apresentam o mesmo comportamento com relação aos protocolos com progestagenos associado a PGF2α.