Статті в журналах з теми "CHR 1793 or 1794"

Deux constats sont à l’origine de cet article : le sens attribué dans la vie courante en Haïti aux termes « nègre », « africain » et « citoyen », ensuite la distinction entre citoyens et Africains observée dans certains textes relatifs à l’abolition de l’esclavage en 1793 et 1794. L’auteur relève l’usage du vocable africain par les acteurs qui ont dominé la scène politique sous la révolution haïtienne. Il démontre que leur emploi de ce terme soulève un problème important, relatif au statut social, à l’identité et à la nationalité, pas seulement des anciens esclaves, mais de tous les indigènes. Les chefs mulâtres ne revendiquent aucune origine africaine et désignent les cultivateurs sous le vocable « africain », considéré comme infamant. Les leaders noirs se taisent sur leur origine africaine et sont aussi impitoyables que les chefs mulâtres envers les cultivateurs. Ces dirigeants perpétuent une image négative de l’Africain. Le courant indigéniste a essayé, au début du XXe siècle, de réhabiliter l’image de l’Africain aux yeux de l’Haïtien, mais sa reconstruction de l’histoire n’est pas scientifique, car il est impossible de faire des leaders noirs de la révolution des représentants des cultivateurs.

Between 1790 and 1794, Spanish and English expeditions to Nootka Bay reported two very different accounts of cannibalistic activities among the Nuu-cha-nulth. The British vividly described cannibalistic practices, whereas the Spanish observers claimed that the Nootka no longer practiced cannibalism. Many historians and anthropologists use these reports to debate the existence or absence of cannibalism among native peoples in the Pacific Northwest. This article argues that the differences reveal more about European concepts of race, culture, and society than whether cannibalism existed on the Northwest Coast. These differences capture the transition from past interpretations to Enlightenment ideals juxtaposed with national interests, highlighting how Spain and England saw their role in shaping the history of humanity.

«The depressing and harassing nature of thefrightful, restless life I hve hre has made amush of my mind ».Un sujet de Sa Majesté George III débarquant en 1774 à New York dans les colonies britanniques de l'Amérique du Nord, n'avait en fait pas quitté le royaume. S'il était arrivé en 1783, il aurait dû traverser une frontière, aurait été reçu et perçu comme un étranger. 100 000 étrangers au minimum passèrent par New York, le premier port d'accueil, entre 1783 et 1820, dont trois sur quatre étaient sujets britanniques. Fort peu y restèrent. En 1805, ou encore en 1820, la ville comptait environ 5 000 citadins étrangers. Quelques-uns devinrent citoyens —1806, dont trois femmes — entre 1792 et 1820 (tableau 1). Les problèmes posés à la ville étaient donc d'ordre institutionnel, financier et surtout politique, ce dernier point devenant bien plus difficile à résoudre que par le passé car, si le sujet britannique jurait allégeance à la personne du roi, le citoyen des États-Unis, lui, prêtait serment envers un corps politique corporatif et souverain dont il était membre. Pour la République, l'allégeance n'était plus un simple geste. Elle était un état d'esprit.

Cet article porte sur la guillotine et sur l’étude de la justice et de la répression pénale au cours de la décennie révolutionnaire à Toulouse. Nous avons abordé cette question chronologiquement, faisant ainsi apparaître trois périodes distinctes : juillet 1792-septembre 1793 tout d’abord, une «Terreur » toulousaine entre septembre 1793 et le printemps 1794 ensuite et, enfin, la réaction thermidorienne et le Directoire. Toulouse répond à un modèle particulier, différent du modèle parisien : les événements qui se déroulent dans la capitale influent moins sur le cours de la Révolution dans la «Ville rose » que les réalités strictement locales. Ainsi, l’accroissement du nombre des décapitations entre septembre 1793 et avril 1794 est à relier avec la guerre du Roussillon. Le basculement, lors de la réaction thermidorienne et du Directoire, vers une guillotine utilisée dans la punition des crimes de droit commun trouve quant à lui une explication dans la conjonction de plusieurs dynamiques : rejet de la guillotine politique et défense renforcée de la propriété privée à l’échelle nationale, et volonté d’apaisement des tensions politiques à l’échelle locale.

En 1789, la convocatoria de los Estados Generales despertó el entusiasmo del pueblo al convertir las “comunas” en el lugar de ejercicio de su soberanía, vinculándolo al sistema electoral de los agentes de confianza revocables. En 1793-1794, la guerra civil, liderada por la aristocracia de los ricos contra la cultura política popular, no pudo impedir ni la redistribución de tierras ni el programa de economía política popular. La República montagnarde (“montañesa”) de 1794, a pesar de su brevedad, aprobó una constitución comunal basada en las relaciones de confianza entre el pueblo y sus mandatarios, que ha sido imposible olvidar. 1789, the Convocation of the Etats-generaux created a popular enthusiasm who transformed the communes in the place of the exercise of his sovereignty, bound with the electoral system of removable trustee. The civil war, leaded by the wealthy aristocracy against the popular political culture, was not able to prevent neither the redistribution of land property, nor the popular political economy programme, in 1793-94. The Montagnarde Commonwealth of 1794, however brief was its term, experimented a communal constitution, founded on trusteeship between the people and his mandatories, which will be never forgotten.

‘Soon shall thy arm, Unconquer’d Steam! afarDrag the slow barge, or drive the rapid car;Or on wide-waving wings expanded bearThe flying-chariot through the fields of air.— Fair crews triumphant, leaning from above,Shall wave their fluttering kerchiefs as they move;Or warrior-bands alarm the gaping crowd,And armies shrink beneath the shadowy cloud.’ Erasmus Darwin’s ebullient modernisation of a familiar prophecy, included in Part I of The Botanic Garden, was published in 1791. A practically minded and highly inventive man, his imagination had been greatly stirred by the successful flights of the Montgolfier balloons in 1783.

This article analyses Britain’s struggle to conduct warfare as a member of a coalition during the first war against Revolutionary France. It focuses on Anglo-Austrian planning in the winter of 1793–4 and the effort to implement these plans in the spring of 1794. Scholars have attributed the coalition’s defeat in Flanders to Austro-Prussian distractions in Poland and the botched British attempt to supersede this through subsidies. In contrast, this article illustrates that delays in planning, preparations, and operations hamstrung the coalition’s 1794 campaign in Flanders in the spring, before the diplomatic and military reversals of the summer.

The Great Diet (1788–1795) introduced many reforms, one of them was reform of the administrative structure of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. One of the results of this change was separation of the Prienai district from the district of Kaunas. Origin of this district had administrative causes, but it contributed to the ending of frequent and fierce conflicts in the dietines of Kaunas. New assemblies were established in Prienai and elected two envoyes to the parliament and one deputy to the Tribunal. Dietine of Prienai gathered for the first time on 15 February 1792, when its main activity was supporting the Third May Constitution. Next assembly in Prienai gathered in entirely different political circumstances, after foundation of the confederation of Targowica. The purpose of these assemblies was election of envoyes to the diet, which was established to accept the second partition of the Commonwealth. The purpose of this article is analysis of the history of dietines of Prienai and edition of previously unpublished records of this assmebly. Among them there are laudum and instruction of the assembly of 1792 and note and letter presenting the course of this dietine. Edition of these records will supplement the erlier editions of acts of the Kaunas dietines and will be published following similar editorial instruction. Records of the next Prienai assembly, which gathered in 1793, are already published, but we analized them to find information about dietines of Prenai.

Artykuł dotyczy dyscyplinowania widowisk w rewolucyjnej Francji w latach 1789–1794. Przedstawiono w nim społeczno-polityczne konteksty dwóch aktów prawnych regulujących produkcję i wystawianie sztuk – względnie liberalnej ustawy Le Chapeliera z 13 stycznia 1791 oraz represyjnego Dekretu Konwentu Narodowego z 2 sierpnia 1793, który zmienił francuski teatr i operę w tubę propagandową jakobińskiego reżimu, narzucając twórcom ideologię i treści. Praktykę artystyczną tamtych lat zaprezentowano na przykładzie dwóch oper: Hadrian, cesarz Rzymu Étienne’a Nicolasa Méhula oraz Tryumf Republiki François-Josepha Gosseca. Pierwsze dzie- ło zawieszono w przeddzień premiery zaplanowanej na 13 marca 1792, ponieważ Komuna Paryża uznała je za jawnie monarchiczne i politycznie niepoprawne we Francji, w której chwiały się już podstawy burbońskiej monarchii, zaś skrajnie spolaryzowane nastroje społeczne zaczęły torować drogę ku republice. Drugie dzieło zostało skomponowane tuż po upadku monarchii i wystawione na początku 1793 roku. Tryumf Republiki wyznaczył nowe standardy estetyczne francuskiej republikańskiej i patriotycznej opery. Dzieło Gosseca jest ujęte w artykule jako przykład zasad nowej polityki kulturalnej jakobińskiej dyktatury, opartej na bezprecedensowych represjach i cenzurze.

In 1822, Robert Wilmot, the undersecretary of state for the colonies, introduced a bill to unite Upper and Lower Canada in the British House of Commons. In doing so, he was proposing not just an intercolonial union but a new constitution. He believed that because the Canadas’ constitution was granted by an Act of Parliament in 1791 it could be changed by Parliament without colonial consultation or consent. Whig parliamentarians and colonists contested this interpretation and raised questions about consent and the status of colonial constitutions. These debates in the 1820s reveal just how muddied thinking about colonial constitutions and consultation had become. Lower Canadian opposition to the bill has received significant attention from historians, yet this attempt at constitutional change also forced Upper Canadians to take unexpected positions, including interpreting the 1791 act as a written charter. Through these transatlantic debates, they were continuing to fashion a settler interpretation of British constitutionalism. This article traces these ideas by examining the movement of news and rumours through emerging, intertwined colonial and imperial public spheres, which illustrate the permeability of the line between public and private information. Inserting this failed constitution-writing effort into the longer history of Canadian constitutions sheds light on the limits to imperial intervention and encourages a broader rethinking of Canadian constitutional histories and the role of empire in a long nineteenth century.

Se incluyen 10 especies de pirálidos registrados por primera vez para la fauna de la república de Daguestán (Nordeste del Cáucaso, Rusia): Praeepischnia iranella Amsel, 1953; Eurhodope rosella (Scopoli, 1763); Ancylosis dumetella Ragonot, 1887; Euchromius bleszynskiellus Popescu-Gorj, 1964; Crambus monochromellus Herrich- Schaffer, 1855, Xanthocrambus lucellus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848); Evergestis manglisalis Erschoff, 1877; Hellula undalis (Fabricius, 1794), Udea olivalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) y Pyrausta aerealis (Hübner, 1793).

In the present account three brachyuran decapods,Macropodia linaresiForest & Zariquiey Álvarez, 1964 (Inachidae),Liocarcinus navigator(Herbst, 1794) (Polybiidae) andThia scutellata(Fabricius, 1793) (Thiidae), are recorded for the first time from the Canary Islands. This is the southernmost record ofM. linaresi. Crabs were caught in the frame of a dredging survey. Characteristics of the dredge stations are given, including the identification of 11 accompanying decapod species and 6 marine algae and plants characterizing their habitats.

The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)) is one of many salmonid species exhibiting a gradient of life histories including fluvial (stream-resident), anadromous (ocean-migrant), and adfluvial (lake-migrant) forms, the last of which is less extensively studied than the other two. Our goal was to determine the extent of diet segregation between fluvial and adfluvial rainbow trout. We collected stomach content and stable isotope data on rainbow trout sampled in stream and lake habitats in a southwestern Alaska watershed during summer and compared them with data on sympatric stream- and lake-specialist char species, Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792)) and Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus, 1758)), respectively. Rainbow trout in streams fed largely on aquatic insects, while those in the lake ate primarily benthic snails and amphipods. The trophic segregation of stream-resident and lake-migrant rainbow trout mirrored but was less extreme than the divergence of lotic Dolly Varden and lentic Arctic char in the same system. Spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792)) provided a nutrient subsidy in the form of eggs that supported rainbow trout in both stream and lake (littoral) habitats, causing their isotopic signatures to converge. This study augments knowledge of partial migration and trophic divergence within populations.

In May 1793, a major popular uprising took place in Haute-Savoie, in the Ton Valley, which had important consequences for the region. At the time of recruitment into the army of the republic, residents of 13 communes of the valley near the city of Annecy entered into an armed confrontation with units of the French army and volunteers of the National Guard. The main slogans of the rebels were the abolition of the civil constitution of the clergy and conscription. The bulk of the rebels were peasants and artisans. The representative of the National Convention M.-J. Herault de Sechelles played a significant role in suppressing the uprising. Herault de Sechelles and the procureur-syndic of the district Annecy J.-C. Burnod. Marguerite Frischelet-Avet stood out especially among the leaders of the uprising. During the suppression of the uprising, the Republicans acted with extreme brutality and without observing any legal procedures. The uprising ended in defeat, but general political and social instability persisted in the Mont-Blanc department during 1793-1794.

Fabricius hat 341 Taxa der Artgruppe in den Gattungen Ichneumon Linnaeus, Cryptus Fabricius, Bassus Fabricius, Pimpla Fabricius, Joppa Fabricius, Banchus Fabricius und Ophion Fabricius neu beschrieben oder benannt. Alle Taxa, die zur Familie Ichneumonidae (s. str.) gehören, werden überprüft, 159 Taxa der Ichneumonidae aus der Westpaläarktis werden revidiert, für 79 Arten werden Lectotypen festgelegt, and 49 neue Synonymien von Artnamen werden angegeben. Peltastes Illiger ist ein älteres Synonym von Tylopius Townes & Townes. Ein neuer Name, Lissosculpta albopicta nom. n., wird für das jüngere Homonym Ichneumon albatorius Fabricius gegeben. Für I. dictator Geoffroy, I. frontalis Geoffroy und I. oblongus Schrank werden Neotypen festgelegt. I. visitator Poda wird provisorisch zu Gasteruption Latreille (Gasteruptiidae) gestellt.Nomenklatorische Handlungensegmentarius (Fabricius, 1787) (Alexeter), Lectotype described as Ichneumon segmentariusextenuator (Fabricius, 1804) (Anomalon), Lectotype described as Ophion extenuatorcinctorius (Fabricius, 1775) (Apsilops), Lectotype described as Ichneumon cinctoriusaggressor (Fabricius, 1804) (Astiphromma), Lectotype described as Ophion aggressoranator (Fabricius, 1793) (Barichneumon), Lectotype; nom. protectum described as Ichneumon anator; I. biscutatus Gmelin, 1790 is a nom. oblitumconfiscator Fabricius, 1804 (Bassus), Lectotype; syn. n. of Meringopus attentorius (Panzer, 1804)electorius Fabricius, 1804 (Bassus), Lectotype; nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Nematopodius formosus Gravenhorst, 1829: nom. protectummarginator Fabricius, 1804 (Bassus), Lectotype; syn. n. of Lissonota histrio (Fabricius, 1798)heterocerus Förster, 1868 (Campoplex), syn. n. of Dusona flagellator (Fabricius, 1793)arrogator (Fabricius, 1781) (Catadelphus), Lectotype described as Ichneumon arrogatormotatorius (Fabricius, 1775) (Chasmias), Lectotype described as Ichneumon motatoriusincitator (Fabricius, 1793) (Clistopyga), Lectotype described as Ichneumon incitatorcollaris Tschek, 1872 (Cryptus), syn. n. of Ischnus migrator (Fabricius, 1775)constrictor Fabricius, 1804 (Cryptus), Lectotype now a synonym of Ischnus agitator (Olivier, 1792)examinator Fabricius, 1804 (Cryptus), Lectotype now a synonym of Pimpla turionella turionella (Linnaeus, 1758)hannibal Schmiedeknecht, 1900 (Cryptus), syn. n. of Meringopus melanator (Thunberg, 1824)minutorius Fabricius, 1804 (Cryptus), Lectotype now a synonym of Ischnus agitator (Olivier, 1792)castigator (Fabricius, 1793) (Ctenichneumon), Lectotype described as Ichneumon castigatornarratorius (Fabricius, 1804) (Digonocryptus), Lectotype described as Cryptus narratoriuscurvatorius (Fabricius, 1804) (Diradops), Lectotype described as Bassus curvagtoriusregenerator (Fabricius, 1804) (Dirophanes), Lectotype described as Cryptus regeneratorflagellator (Fabricius, 1793) (Dusona), Lectotype described as Ichneumon flagellatornidulator (Fabricius, 1804) (Dusonia), Lectotype described as Ophion nidulatornotulatoria (Fabricius, 1804) (Echthromorpha agrestoria), Lectotype described as Cryptus notulatoriusdimidiator (Fabricius, 1804) (Enicospilus), Lectotype described as Ophion dimidiatorglaucatoria (Fabricius, 1793) (Eutanyacra glaucatoria), nom. protectum described as Ichneumon glaucatorius; Ichneumon albiventris Gmelin, 1790 is a nom. oblitumfornicator (Fabricius, 1781) (Exetastes fornicator), Lectotype described as Ichneumon fornicatorflavifrons (Fabricius, 1798) (Hadrodactylus), Lectotype described as Ichneumon flavifronstruncator (Fabricius, 1798) (Heterischnus), Lectotype described as Ichneumon truncatorambulatorius Fabricius, 1775 (Ichneumon), Lectotypearticulatus Geoffroy, 1785 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Xorides praecatorius (Fabricius, 1793)atrator Fabricius, 1787 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Meringopus melanator (Thunberg, 1824); praeocc. by I. atrator Forster, 1771bidens Fabricius, 1798 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Mesoleptus cingulatus (Gravenhorst, 1829): nom. protectumbidentorius Fabricius, 1775 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Amblyteles armatorius (Forster, 1771)biscutatus Gmelin, 1790 (Ichneumon), nom. oblitum Barichneumon anator (Fabricius, 1793) is nom. protectum, not a synonymclavator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Exetastes atrator (Forster, 1771); praeocc. by I. clavator Müller, 1776coerulator Fabricius, 1804 (Ichneumon), Lectotype nom. praeocc. by coerulator Weber, 1795; now a synonym of Trogus lapidator panzeri Carlson, 1975compensator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype, syn. n. of Exatastes laevigator (Villers, 1789)cunctator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; syn. n. nom. praeocc. by cunctator Scopoli, 1763; now a synonym of Cryptus armator Fabricius, 1804custodiator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Ichneumon cessator Müller, 1776destructorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; syn. n. of Ischnus agitator (Olivier, 1792)dictator Geoffroy, 1762 (Ichneumon), Neotypeerectorius Fabricius, 1798 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Ctenichneumon edictorius (Linnaeus, 1758)exspectorius Fabricius, 1794 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Ctenichneumon repentinus (Gravenhorst, 1820): nom. protectumfabricator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Cratichneumon culex (Müller, 1776)fabricii Schrank, 1802 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Spilothyrateles nuptatorius (Fabricius, 1793)falsatorius Olivier, 1792 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Xorides praecatorius (Fabricius, 1793)fasciatus Geoffroy, 1785 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Metopius dentatus (Fabricius, 1779)ferruginosus Gmelin, 1790 (Ichneumon), nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Patrocloides sputator (Fabricius, 1793): nom. protectumflavatorius Fabricius, 1794 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Lymantrichneumon disparis (Poda, 1761)flavicans Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Theronia atalantae atalantae (Poda, 1761)frontalis Geoffroy, 1785 (Ichneumon), Neotypefrontatorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Cratichneumon rufifrons (Gravenhorst, 1829): nom. protectumgrossorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Ichneumon primatorius primatorius Forster, 1771helleri Holmgren, 1878 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Syspasis carinator (Fabricius, 1798)instigator Rossi, 1790 (Ichneumon), syn. n.; nom. oblitum of Exeristes roborator (Fabricius, 1793): nom. protectuminterruptorius Fabricius, 1804 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Diphyus monitorius (Panzer, 1801)intratorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Diphyus quadripunctorius (Müller, 1776)laboratorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Diphyus amatorius (Müller, 1776)lapidator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; nom. praeocc. now a synonym of Neotypus coreensis Uchida, 1930; praeocc. by I. lapidator Fabricius, 1787leucostoma Gmelin, 1790 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Cratichneumon culex (Müller, 1776)lunulatus Villers, 1789 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Metopius dentatus (Fabricius, 1779)mandator Fabricius, 1787 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Colpotrochia cincta (Scopoli, 1763)mediatorius Fabricius, 1804 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Obtusodonta equitatoria (Panzer, 1786)moratorius Fabricius, 1804 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; syn. n. of Melanichneumon designatorius (Linnaeus, 1758)narrator Fabricius, 1804 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Coelichneumon comitator (Linnaeus, 1758)natatorius Fabricius, 1798 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Diphyus quadripunctorius (Müller, 1776)negatorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Diphyus ochromelas (Gmelin, 1790)nigrator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Coelichneumon comitator (Linnaeus, 1758)nugatorius Fabricius, 1794 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; syn. n. of Diphyus mercatorius mercatorius (Fabricius, 1793)oblongus Schrank, 1802 (Ichneumon), Neotypeobsoletorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Ctenichneumon divisorius (Gravenhorst, 1820): nom. protectumolitorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Hoplocryptus fugitivus (Gravenhorst, 1829): nom. protectumosculatorius Fabricius, 1787 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Exatastes atrator (Forster, 1771)pedatorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; syn. n. of Diphyus quadripunctorius (Müller, 1776)pennator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Gregopimpla inquisitor (Scopoli, 1763)quadricolor Gmelin, 1790 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Cratichneumon culex (Müller, 1776)restaurator Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Coelichneumon serenus (Gravenhorst, 1820); praeocc. by restaurator Fabricius, 1775rusticator Thunberg, 1824 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Lissonota accusator (Fabricius, 1793)sectator Thunberg, 1824 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Alexeter segmentarius (Fabricius, 1787)seductorius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Acroricnus seductor (Scopoli, 1786)semiannulator Olivier, 1792 (Ichneumon), nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Patrocloides sputator (Fabricius, 1793): nom. protectumsemiannulatus Schrank, 1776 (Ichneumon), nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Patrocloides sputator (Fabricius, 1793): nom. protectumtricolor Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype; syn. n. of Mesoleptidea prosoleuca (Gravenhorst, 1820); praeocc. by I. tricolor Schrank, 1776varius Fabricius, 1793 (Ichneumon), Lectotype now a synonym of Theronia atalantae atalantae (Poda, 1761)versicolor Gmelin, 1790 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Cratichneumon culex (Müller, 1776)visitator Scopoli, 1763 (Ichneumon), syn. n. of Gregopimpla inquisitor (Scopoli, 1763)thoracicus Gravenhorst, 1829 (Ischnus), syn. n. of Heterischnus truncator (Fabricius, 1798)stercorator Fabricius, 1793 (Iseropus stercorator), Lectotype described as ichneumon stercoratoraccusator (Fabricius, 1793) (Lissonota), Lectotype described as Ichneumon accusatorelector Gravenhorst, 1829 (Lissonota), syn. n. of Lissonota oculatoria (Fabricius, 1798)oculatoria (Fabricius, 1798) (Lissonota), Lectotype described as Ichneumon oculatoriusalbopicta Horstmann, 2001 (Lissosculpta), nom. n. pro Ichneumon albatorius Fabricius, 1793, nec Müller, 1776firmator (Fabricius, 1798) (Listrognathus), Lectotype described as Ichneumon firmatormarginellus Holmgren, 1860 (Mesochorus), syn. n. of Astiphromma aggressor (Fabricius, 1804)ligator Gravenhorst, 1829 (Mesostenus), syn. n. of Listrognathus firmator (Fabricius, 1798)connexorius Wesmael, 1849 (Metopius), syn. n. of Metopius necatorius (Fabricius, 1793)necatorius (Fabricius, 1793) (Metopius), Lectotype described as Ichneumon necatoriusfoliator Fabricius, 1798 (Ophion), Lectotype now a synonym of Anomalon cruentatum (Geoffroy, 1785)spinator Fabricius, 1804 (Ophion), Lectotype name invalid; now a synonym of Pristomerus pacificus Cresson, 1879sputator (Fabricius, 1793) (Patrocloides), nom. protectum described as Ichneumon sputatorrusticator Wesmael, 1845 (Phaeogenes), syn. n. of Dirophanes regenerator (Fabricius, 1804)mediator Fabricius, 1804 (Pimpla), Lectotype now a synonym of Perithous scurra (Panzer, 1804)spinatorius (Fabricius, 1804) (Polycyrtus), Lectotype described as Cryptus spinatoriusapproximator (Fabricius, 1793) (Rhyssella), Lectotype described as Ichneumon approximatoranthracina Scopoli, 1763 (Sphex), nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Trogus lapidator lapidator (Fabricius, 1787): nom. protectumoccisorius (Fabricius, 1793) (Spilichneumon), Lectotype described as Ichneumon occisoriusnuptatorius (Fabricius, 1793) (Spilothyrateles), Lectotypecarinator (Fabricius, 1798) (Syspasis), Lectotype described as Ichneumon carinatorlineata (Fabricius, 1804) (Theronia), Lectotype described as Bassus lineatuslapidator (Fabricius, 1787) (Trogus lapidator), nom. protectumnotator (Fabricius, 1804) (Tromatobia), Lectotype described as Pimpla notatorauricularis Thomson, 1883 (Tryphon), syn. n. of Tryphon latrator (Fabricius, 1781)latrator (Fabricius, 1781) (Tryphon), Lectotype described as Ichneumon latratorpraecatorius (Fabricius, 1793) (Xorides), Lectotype described as Ichneumon praecatorius

Straipsnyje, remiantis 1794 m. priimtomis ordinacijomis (instrukcijomis), analizuojamas Bresto vaivadijos Lietuvos Aukštojo (Vysokaje) miesto valdymas ir šio miesto žydų kahalo savivaldos organizacija. Parodoma, kad 1794 m. mieste buvo įvestos originalios miestiečių krikščionių ir žydų savivaldos sistemos, atskleidžiama savivaldos institucijų rinkimo ir jų funkcionavimo tvarka, nustatoma, kad miesto ir kahalo valdymo instrukcijų parengimą ir jų priėmimą lėmė savininko siekiai atkurti ekonominį miesto pajėgumą bei sudaryti kuo palankesnes sąlygas dinamiškai miesto plėtrai. Didelės įtakos instrukcijoms parengti ir priimti turėjo XVIII a. 9–10-ojo dešimtmečių Abiejų Tautų Respublikos teisėkūra. 1794 m. ordinacijos buvo Miestų įstatymų, priimtų 1791 ir 1793 m. seimuose, adaptacija. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad Lietuvos Aukštojas buvo privatus miestas, jo savivaldos organizacinėje struktūroje svarbų vaidmenį išlaikė dvaro institutas. Tačiau miestiečiams buvo suteikta teisė rinkti pagrindinius miesto pareigūnus. Pagrindiniu administraciniu ir teismo organu tapo dvaro kontroliuojamas Aukštojo magistratas. Jis turėjo teisę rinkti antraeilius miesto tarnautojus. Tiek magistrato, tiek ir kahalo kasdieninėje veikloje ypač daug dėmesio buvo skiriama miestiečių gyvenimo sąlygoms gerinti ir saugumui mieste užtikrinti. Kaip ir ordinacijos, skirtos krikščioniškajai miesto bendruomenei, taip ir 1794 m. priimtos žydų kahalo ordinacijos pagrindinis tikslas buvo ne tik naujais principas perorganizuoti kahalo savivaldą, bet ir pajungti jį dvaro kontrolei. Straipsnio priede skelbiamos abiejų instrukcijų publikacijos originalo (lenkų) kalba. Reikšminiai žodžiai: miestas, Lietuvos Aukštojas (Vysokaje), Bresto vaivadija, Pranciškus Sapiega, miestiečiai, žydai, savivalda, magistratas, kahalas, šaltinio publikacija.

Pese a la tardía publicación de la versión en lengua portuguesa de Don Quijote de la Mancha (1794), el conocimiento de la novela cervantina en Portugal puede rastrearse a lo largo del siglo XVIII y se hace especialmente patente en el dominio teatral. Tal es el caso de la «piquena pessa» anónima titulada As tres Cidras do Amor, ou O Cavalleiro Andante (Lisboa, Off. de Francisco Borges de Sousa, 1793), que pone en escena una singular recreación del hidalgo castellano y del efecto alucinador de la lectura de los libros de caballerías. Se propone una presentación de la farsa As tres Cidras do Amor y un análisis de la parodia que realiza sobre el universo ficcional de la caballería andante.

El objetivo de este artículo es comprender las relaciones de poder dentro del obispado de Yucatán a partir de la trayectoria eclesiástica de Manuel José Rodríguez Hurtado como vicario general y provisor (1793-1794). Para ello me interesa conocer el contexto de la vicaría general y provisorato antes de su llegada a dicha diócesis, entender cómo se inserta este hombre en la dinámica eclesiástica regional, e indicar los grupos de poder decisivos en el obispado y analizar sus acciones dentro del obispado en pro de sus intereses.

This article explores Robert Southey's pessimistic re-appropriation of the popular revolutionary symbol of the hydra in the closet drama The Fall of Robespierre (1794). Challenging the prevailing view that Southey was an enthusiastic revolutionary throughout the 1790s, the study progresses from an exploration of the hydra's ubiquitous use in revolutionary and loyalist propaganda to an account of Southey's damning re-appropriation of the monster as a symbol for recurrences of tyranny in France's revolutionary governments. Analyses of The Fall of Robespierre, Southey's closet drama Wat Tyler (1794) and epic Joan of Arc (1796) demonstrate that Southey acquired an early conviction that tyranny was a recurrent obstacle to democracy, which rendered revolution futile. Arguing that Southey's revolutionary zeal had largely abated by 1793, I contend that his youthful incredulity about the plausibility of establishing a republic informed, and constitutes a principled explanation for, his notorious apostasy and conservatism in later life.

Na sejmie grodzieńskim pojawiła się wyjątkowo skąpa liczba senatorów, wśród których znalazło się tylko trzech biskupów: Józef Kossakowski, Ignacy Massalski i Wojciech Skarszewski. Ich udział w obradach był niezbędny dla zapewnienia względnej legalności sejmu rozbiorowego w Grodnie, ponieważ musieli reprezentować episkopat z Wielkopolski, Małopolski i Litwy. Musieli też uczestniczyć w pracach deputacji sejmowych, którym najczęściej przewodniczyli, co szczególnie często powierzano Skarszewskiemu. W tym wyjątkowym sejmie biskupi nie mieli możliwości uchylenia się od wyrażania swojego zdania w czasie głosowań, co przełożyło się na ich bardzo dużą aktywność oratorską. Wiązała się z tym konieczność prezentowania odpowiednich zdolności krasomówczych, którymi byli obdarzeni w nierównym stopniu. Szczególnie widoczne różnice występowały w sile ich głosu, której pozbawiony był już Massalski, najstarszy i najbardziej schorowany w ich gronie. Różnili się też umiejętnością doboru odpowiedniej argumentacji, szczególnie istotnej dla pozyskania poparcia w sprawie ratyfikacji cesji terytorialnych na rzecz Rosji i Prus, którą to umiejętność w najszerszym zakresie prezentował Kossakowski, zaś nieporadnością w tym względzie charakteryzował się Skarszewski. Wszyscy natomiast prezentowali jednakową uległość wobec żądań zaborców, kierując się interesem własnym (w tym pobierając pensje od ambasadorów) czy też bojaźliwością. Przez opinię publiczną uznani zostali za zdrajców i ostatecznie w 1794 r. dwaj z nich zostali skazani na karę śmierci; ułaskawienia doczekał się tylko Skarszewski, co nie zmienia jego oceny.