Статті в журналах: "Chinese Singaporean"

1

Cavallaro, Francesco, Mark Fifer Seilhamer, Ho Yen Yee, and Ng Bee Chin. "Attitudes to Mandarin Chinese varieties in Singapore." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 28, no. 2 (August 10, 2018): 195–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.00010.cav.

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Abstract This study aims to shed light on the attitudes of Chinese Singaporeans and Chinese nationals residing in Singapore to varieties of Mandarin Chinese. 64 Singaporean Chinese and Chinese national participants took matched and verbal-guise tests, evaluating recorded speakers of two varieties of Singapore Mandarin (standard and colloquial) and the variety spoken in the PRC on status and solidarity traits. These evaluations were followed by optional questionnaire items intended to probe for additional more insights into the participants’ attitudes and perceptions of one another. Both Singaporean Chinese and Chinese national participants assigned higher status to the PRC’s variety of Mandarin. Attitudes toward the two varieties of Singapore Mandarin, however, varied, with Singaporeans rating the standard variety higher than the colloquial variety on all traits and Chinese nationals favouring the colloquial variety. Interestingly, for all three varieties of Mandarin, solidarity traits were rated higher than status traits by all participants, suggesting that, in Singapore, Mandarin Chinese is now viewed more as a language of solidarity than status.

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2

Ng, Ashton. "The divisiveness of Chinese identities in Singapore." International Communication of Chinese Culture 8, no. 4 (November 24, 2021): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40636-021-00235-z.

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AbstractIn July 2019, the Jamestown Foundation, an American think tank, published a report accusing China of imposing a Chinese identity onto Singapore through propaganda and influence operations. In this article, I argue that the Jamestown report is factually inaccurate and is itself an influence operation aimed at engendering distrust towards China. The re-discovery of a Chinese cultural identity by some Chinese Singaporeans—from Lee Kuan Yew to Nathan Hartono—is fuelled not by China’s clandestine influence operations, but by an intrinsic desire to mend ruptures in one's cultural heritage. Historically, the Chinese in Singapore have discarded or re-adopted their Chinese cultural identities depending on the degree to which contact is kept with China. When contact with China diminishes, successive generations of Singapore Chinese inevitably cease to identify China as a cultural motherland. When contact with China resumes, the Chinese in Singapore have frequently become divided, split into those who culturally identify as Chinese and those who do not. Since the 1978 reform and opening-up of China, the restoration of contact between China and Singapore have led to a rekindling of interest amongst Chinese Singaporeans in their cultural identities. This rekindling yields three major consequences. Firstly, Chinese Singaporeans may become further divided in terms of their cultural identity, with de-Sinicised, monolingual English speakers on one extreme and re-Sinicised, cultural Chinese on the other. Secondly, successive generations of re-Sinicised Singaporeans may grow up imbibing China’s cultural exports, thereby becoming less distinct from their mainland Chinese counterparts. Thirdly, Singapore’s government will remain incentivised to continually emphasise the distinctness of the Chinese Singaporean identity from Chinese elsewhere.

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3

Chong, Rachael Hui-Hui, and Ying-Ying Tan. "Attitudes toward accents of Mandarin in Singapore." Chinese Language and Discourse 4, no. 1 (August 2, 2013): 120–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.4.1.04cho.

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Like many other countries, Singapore has seen some public tension fermenting over what is sometimes perceived as the government’s generous open-door immigration policy. Some Singaporeans appear to have taken to regarding themselves as rightful “natives” by distinguishing between local and foreign accents (see Jacobs 2012; Oon 2012). With a sizeable number of foreigners hailing from China, do Singaporeans have negative attitudes toward non-local Chinese accents because of these ‘anti-foreigner’ sentiments? This paper examines the language attitudes of Chinese Singaporeans towards speakers of Mandarin from three locales: Beijing, Taiwan and Singapore. It describes an attitudinal test using the verbal guise technique, comparing the attitudes of 100 Singaporean Chinese youths toward the Beijing, Taiwanese and Singaporean accents of Mandarin along the dimensions of prestige and solidarity. This study shows that there are distinct differences in the ways in which the three accents are perceived by Singaporeans. However, contrary to expectations, the foreign accents are not discriminated against, but are in fact ranked more favourably as compared to the local accent. Ultimately, functionality and economic goals of advancement seem to override other socio-cultural aims of the nation as Singaporeans focus on the prestige that the foreign Chinese accents can bring them.

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4

An, Wenzhao. "The Linguistic Features of Translanguaging Interactions in Singapore: A Discourse Analysis Perspective." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 8, no. 3 (September 2022): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2022.8.3.338.

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Translanguaging has been researched as a heated topic about multilingual discourse studies. However, there were few studies observing from the perspective of translanguaging among Chinese Singaporeans in routine conversations, which is a research gap. Accordingly, this paper aims to examine the nature and discuss the influencing factors of translanguaging among Chinese-English bilinguals in Singapore with the use of discourse analysis as a research method. Major findings were: 1) some Chinese-English bilinguals were more efficient in English than others; 2) Singapore's localized and multilingual use of English have resulted in Colloquial Singapore English or Singlish; 3) influencing factors of translanguaging shown in the clips include students’ inadequate training for learning English as a second language, teachers’ time constraints, and teachers’ limited resources to incorporate support strategies for students, which were restricted by schools. Nonetheless, the contribution of this study is to explore the nature of translanguaging of Chinese-English Bilinguals, especially in the Singapore context, which will provide further implications for Singaporean English discourse studies.

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5

Tien, Adrian. "Offensive language and sociocultural homogeneity in Singapore." International Journal of Language and Culture 2, no. 2 (December 7, 2015): 142–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.2.2.01tie.

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Offensive language use in Singapore’s languacultures appears to be underpinned by cultural norms and values embraced by most if not all Singaporeans. Interviews with local informants and perusal of Singapore’s linguistic and cultural resources led to the identification of eight offensive words and phrases deemed representative of Singaporean coarseness. This set was narrowed down to a smaller set of common words and phrases, all Chinese Hokkien, all culturally laden. The finding that, although originally Hokkien, all of them are accessible not only to the Chinese-speaking population but also to speakers of Singapore Malay, Singapore Tamil, and Singapore English is compelling. The words and phrases studied in this paper are full-fledged members of the lexicon of these local non-Chinese languages, without loss or distortion of meaning. They are accepted as part of the local linguistic scene and of local cultural knowledge. At least in certain situations, people of different ethnic backgrounds who live and work together can rely on them as a testament of common identity which, in a curious way, gives voice to the sociocultural homogeneity this society unrelentingly pursues.

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6

Zhao, Shouhui, and Yongbing Liu. "Chinese education in Singapore." Language Problems and Language Planning 34, no. 3 (November 17, 2010): 236–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.34.3.03zha.

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Bilingual policy in Singapore has been characterized by dynamic government interventions since the nation’s independence in 1965. The elevation of English to the medium of instruction in education has inevitably come into conflict with Chinese, the lingua franca of Singapore’s dominant ethnic group. Drawing upon a theoretical perspective of prestige language planning, we show that the Chinese language has gradually lost prestige in Singaporean society in general, and in particular it has lost ground to English in terms of linguistic capital. A succinct re-examination of Singapore’s language-in-education planning shows that education alone cannot arrest the declining status of the Chinese language, neither does any image-fostering. The study highlights the importance of prestige promotion for the future success of Chinese language maintenance. The rapid rise of China provides an enabling environment for prestige manipulation. However, the socio-political goals of the Singaporean bilingual policy restrain the government’s willingness to support the unrestricted growth of Mandarin in the official discourse. While it is not possible in this paper to provide solutions or to suggest specific directions for solving this problem, it is our hope that the analysis of the complex interplay of the official discourse on language issues and the surrounding socio-political variables can shed some fresh light on understanding the intricacies and difficulties of a bilingual policy in a multicultural society.

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7

St. André, James. "Revealing the invisible." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 18, no. 1 (December 5, 2006): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.18.1.08sta.

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Despite official disapproval, playwrights and their translators in Singapore use heterolingualism to establish a Singaporean identity. Kuo Pao Kun’s work shows us the “little man” and demonstrates that English is the language of power. Quah Sy Ren’s work explores the plight of the local Chinese-speaker, suggesting that Chinese-Singaporeans are more firmly anchored in their cultural identity. In Alfian Sa’at’s work the single heterolingual speaker is splintered into a variety of roles shaped by age, ethnicity, and gender, with heterolingualism being a mark of intergenerational and interracial tension. These three plays offer three solutions to the problem of forging a Singaporean identity: one based on Singlish, one based on Chinese, and one based on multilingualism and translation. They destabilize the notion of independent and self-sufficient languages, thereby challenging the notion of equivalence in translation.

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8

[李明晏], Lee Ming-yen. "Performing the South Seas: Singapore Chinese Orchestra and the Making of Nanyang-Style Music." ASIAN-EUROPEAN MUSIC RESEARCH JOURNAL 9 (June 27, 2022): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30819/aemr.9-2.

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Since the establishment of the Singapore Chinese Orchestra (Xinjiapo huayue tuan 新加坡華樂團) in 1997, it has attempted to develop its approach to Chinese music differently from other international counterparts. Gradually, the Singapore Chinese Orchestra developed and performed Chinese music, reflecting Singapore’s diverse cultures and identities by incorporating non-Chinese music elements from Singapore and Southeast Asia. This article examines the “Nanyang-style music” (Nanyang feng huayue 南洋風華樂) of the Singapore Chinese Orchestra. It draws on Tu Wei-Ming’s (1991) concept of ‘Cultural China’ and builds on Brian Bernards’ (2015) work on the ‘Nanyang’ in Chinese and Southeast Asian literature to consider the creation and performance of new forms of modern Chinese orchestral music. I argue that the Singapore Chinese Orchestra’s Nanyang-style music, which has its roots in modern Chinese orchestral music, is created and performed to present the cultural hybridity of the Chinese in Singapore society. This article shows that the Nanyang-style music is performed in two ways, namely, Chinese music combining Nanyang elements and Chinese music presenting a Singaporean identity.

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9

Toh (陶琳琳), Audrey Lin Lin, and Hong Liu (刘宏). "Language Ideologies, Chinese Identities and Imagined Futures." Journal of Chinese Overseas 17, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341432.

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Abstract Since independence in 1965, the Singapore government has established a strongly mandated education policy with an English-first and official mother tongue Mandarin-second bilingualism. A majority of local-born Chinese have inclined toward a Western rather than Chinese identity, with some scholars regarding English as Singapore’s “new mother tongue.” Other research has found a more local identity built on Singlish, a localized form of English which adopts expressions from the ethnic mother tongues. However, a re-emergent China and new waves of mainland migrants over the past two decades seem to have strengthened Chinese language ideologies in the nation’s linguistic space. This article revisits the intriguing relationships between language and identity through a case study of Chineseness among young ethnic Chinese Singaporeans. Guided by a theory of identity and investment and founded on survey data, it investigates the Chinese language ideologies of university students and their agency in choosing for themselves a Chinese imagined identity and community. Our survey found that ethnic Chinese Singaporean university students still possess a strong affinity for Mandarin and a desire to develop this aspect of their identity, in the context of Singapore’s multiracial national identity. There exists a high propensity for imagined futures in Chineseness, with a majority of survey respondents who claimed English-speaking and bilingual identities also expressing the desire to become more bilingual and more Mandarin-speaking. This paper also deciphers the external and internal factors contributing to this development and suggests some areas of future research.

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10

Seong, Teoh Boon, and Lim Beng Soon. "Challenges Confronting Translators in Multilingual and Multi-ethnic Singapore." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 47, no. 1 (December 31, 2001): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.47.1.04seo.

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Singapore is a cosmopolitan city in the centre of Southeast Asia. Its population is multiracial and multilingual. The majority of Singaporeans is functionally bilingual, i.e. they know English and a mother tongue of their own; an ethnic Chinese Singaporean thus can speak English and Mandarin Chinese. Translation in Singapore faces certain challenges and in this paper we highlight what some of these problems are, in the specific instance of translating into English from Malay. There is a tendency amongst Malays to write in a pseudo-spoken style and it has generally been acknowledged that spoken Malay is considerably different from written standard Malay. Often the impact of the translation may not be the same as that intended by the original and may be totally misconstrued. The paper describes some of these challenges in translating Malay.

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11

Chan, Cheow Thia. "Off-Center Articulations." Prism 19, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/25783491-9966687.

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Abstract Recent studies on Singapore Chinese literature have employed analytical lenses such as the Sinophone and postloyalism, which are exogenous to the historical and everyday experiences in the region that produced the texts. This article proposes using the lens of the Chinese-educated to bridge local self-understandings with extralocal modes of interpretation, in order to better illuminate place-specific writing practices. As a salient category of both lived experience and analysis by local researchers, the category of the Chinese-educated occasions a form of “off-center articulation” that maintains strategic distance from Sinophone studies while also enriching the field's conceptual repertoire. Specifically, this analytical perspective highlights how literary representations of social class play a significant role, alongside language and ethnicity, in registering the historical diversity of the Singapore Chinese community. Through examining Singaporean Chinese writer Chia Joo Ming's novel Exile or Pursuit (2015), this article reinterprets the novel's gallery of characters and depictions of interpersonal relations to elicit fading memories of socioeconomic divides and gaps in cultural attainment among ethnic Chinese Singaporeans and their migrant predecessors. It ends by charting future directions for Southeast Asian Chinese literary studies that collectively track a broader locus of “Chinese-educated” literary and cultural practices, and that promote critical inter-referencing within the region.

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12

Yeh, Yun-Tsui. "The Change of Social Spaces within Chinese Settlements in Singapore under National Policies." Journal of Chinese Overseas 8, no. 1 (2012): 11–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325412x634292.

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AbstractThis study looks at the process of change in social spaces in Chinese settlements in Singapore and seeks to understand the circumstances in which Singaporean national policies were carried out. The spatial construction of society is used as the basis for this research into the spatial politics of public housing in Singapore. The findings show that the government exercised the politics of spatial scale in resettlement schemes and housing programs to forge a new Singaporean community. The government saw a “mixed” social space of different social-economic groups and races as the local cradle of national consciousness. Unlike earlier research this study finds that the government intentionally broke up the enclaves as local units, along with the living mode of extended families and big families.

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13

Ertanto, Boy. "Contested Spaces: Entanglement of Chinese Migration, Gender Discrimination, and Colonial Resistance in Olivia Ho’s “Working Woman”." Journal of Language and Literature 22, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.v22i1.3742.

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Southeast Asian colonial experiences are of immense significance yet under-exposed. It entails an irony as Southeast Asia as a geographical entity is one of the most colonized regions in the history of humankind. This paper serves to provide an elaboration of the Chinese Singaporean colonial experiences during the British occupation in Singapore in a steampunk short story entitled “Working Woman” by Olivia Ho. This short story is compiled in an anthology of Southeast Asian steampunk short stories named The Sea is Ours: Tales from Steampunk Southeast Asia edited by Jaymee Goh and Joyce Chng. Postcolonial feminism approach is utilized as the critical framework in the analysis of the story. The analysis finds that there are three contesting themes in the narrative namely 1) the reception of forced migration of the Chinese that result in their permanent residence in Singapore, 2) double colonization undergone by the Chinese female characters, and 3) the resistance toward British colonial power and patriarchal subjugation in the Singaporean Chinese society. The three themes intermingle as a linear course of history rather than an independent sub-historical phenomenon within the fiction. Thus, the reception of Chinese migration in the fiction is made possible by the arrival of British colonialism in Singapore and as a result, discrimination and resistance of Chinese women become the implication of the contact of colonialism and migration.

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14

Yeoh, Brenda S. A., and Katie D. Willis. "‘Singapore Unlimited’?: Transnational Elites and Negotiations of Social Identity in the Regionalization Process." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 14, no. 1-2 (March 2005): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680501400105.

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Drawing on the burgeoning literature on globalization, international migration and the deterritorialization of social identity in transcultural contexts, we examine the diasporic designs of the Singapore state in its ‘goregional’ push and compare this with individual (re)negotiations of social identity as a result of relocation in China. While the state has exhorted the value of configuring a Singaporean diasporic identity which facilitates cultural penetration of the Chinese nation through network capitalism and ethnic entrepreneurship and by projecting Singapore's brand name on foreign shores, identity negotiations of individual citizens across transnational space appears to be both ‘strategic’ and ‘sticky’.

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15

Tanzer, Norbert K. "Cross-Cultural Bias in Likert-Type Inventories: Perfect Matching Factor Structures and Still Biased?" European Journal of Psychological Assessment 11, no. 3 (September 1995): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.11.3.194.

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The academic self-concept, measured by the Reading self-concept scale and the Math self-concept scale of the “Self-Description-Questionnaire I” (SDQ-I; Marsh, 1988 ), of Singaporean Chinese sixth-graders (600 boys and 600 girls) was compared to those of a sample of 1200 Australian students of the same age and gender composition drawn from the SDQ-I calibration sample. As the Singaporeans were fluent in English, the original English scale was used so as to avoid possible translation bias. Each scale consists of four interest items, two competence items, and two task-easiness items. Subjects answered all items on a five-point rating scale ranging from “false” to “true.” Although the factor structure of the Singaporean Chinese resembled closely those of their Australian counterparts, substantial cross-cultural bias emerged between interest items and competence/easiness items when treated as a single scale. This is because Singaporean students as compared to the Australians were more reluctant to agree to items with self-praise connotation. In addition, cross-cultural differences were found in the psychological meaning of the rating categories.

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16

李计伟 та 刘燕婧. "新马华语史的一个断面:以《蕉风》(1955–1970)为语料的考察". Global Chinese 7, № 2 (1 вересня 2021): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glochi-2021-2013.

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Abstract Based on Chao Foon (1955-1970), a Chinese literature Journal of Singapore and Malaysia, this paper describes the written features of Singaporean and Malaysian HUAYU in detail from the aspects of parts of speech and syntactic structures. In terms of research methods, based on the “chronological features” of this period, on the one hand, we explore the origin and follow the trail of the development and evolution, and find that some features have existed in Nanyang HUAYU since the late Qing Dynasty, and have their own development and changes. Some features correspond to the early modern Chinese, and the vast majority of "chronological features" still exist in today's Singaporean and Malaysian HUAYU; On the other hand, we make a horizontal comparison with modern Chinese in the same period through which we can not only confirm the origin of some features of HUAYU, but also provide an observation perspective for the study of the centennial changes of modern Chinese.

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17

Teo, Timothy, David J. Hargreaves, and June Lee. "Musical Preference, Identification, and Familiarity." Journal of Research in Music Education 56, no. 1 (April 2008): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022429408322953.

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The authors investigate whether there were significant differences in preferences for, familiarity with, and identification of Chinese, Malay, and Indian music between adolescent students from Singapore ( n = 78) and the United Kingdom ( n = 53). Also explored are the relationships among these three variables. Students were asked to rate their preference for and familiarity with Chinese, Malay, and Indian excerpts on 7-point Likert-type scales and to name each musical style. Singaporean girls showed greater preference for, familiarity with, and identification of the Chinese and Malay styles than did girls from the United Kingdom. Both groups rated the Indian music lowest on preference and familiarity, although the Singaporean students were better at identifying it. Positive interrelationships among familiarity, identification, and preference for these styles were found for the Chinese style but not for the Indian music. These results reflect the influence of culture and education on students' cognitive—affective responses to different ethnic musical styles.

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18

Sew, Jyh Wee. "Hokkien as a Heritage Language of Citizenry in Singapore." Issues in Language Studies 9, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ils.2393.2020.

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In examining Hokkien as a heritage language in Singapore, this discussion hopes to contribute to an enriching of the perception of citizenship in an ever-evolving national narrative towards one people (Mathew, 2017). The Singapore Census of Population statistics indicate that 11% of ethnic local Chinese households speak Hokkien. Singaporean television serials and movies that use Hokkien as the medium of narration achieve encouraging viewership and box office ratings, hinting that Hokkien is understood, or appreciated by a significant number of the local population as a language of prominence. Therefore, since Hokkien holds a key to common Chinese Singaporean cultural memories, this paper contemplates if learning Hokkien could cultivate a collective resilience when balancing professional, and personal challenges. To this end, 冰冰Show, a contemporary Taiwanese variety program available on YouTube, is used to evaluate the potential power of this language in nurturing citizenship.

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19

Chan, Hong Yin. "The Hungry Ghost Festival in Singapore: Getai (Songs on Stage) in the Lunar Seventh Month." Religions 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11070356.

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This paper examines the interaction between state power and the everyday life of ordinary Chinese Singaporeans by looking at the Hungry Ghost Festival as a contested category. The paper first develops a theoretical framework building on previous scholars’ examination of the contestation of space and the negotiation of power between state authorities and the public in Singapore. This is followed by a short review of how the Hungry Ghost Festival was celebrated in earlier times in Singapore. The next section of the paper looks at the differences between the celebrations in the past and in contemporary Singapore. The following section focuses on data found in local newspapers on Getai events of the 2017 Lunar Seventh Month. Finally, I identify characteristics of the Ghost Festival in contemporary Singapore by looking at how Getai is performed around Singapore and woven into the fabric of Singaporean daily life.

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20

Li-Wey Soh, Nerissa, Stephen Touyz, Timothy A. Dobbins, Lois J. Surgenor, Simon Clarke, Michael R. Kohn, Ee Lian Lee, et al. "Restraint and Eating Concern in North European and East Asian Women with and without Eating Disorders in Australia and Singapore." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 6 (June 2007): 536–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670701332318.

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Objective: To investigate eating disorder psychopathology, restraint and eating concern in young women with and without an eating disorder from two different ethnic groups in Australia and Singapore. Method: The relationship of Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire Global, Restraint and Eating Concern scores to cultural orientation and sociocultural factors was analysed in 154 women with and without an eating disorder. Participants were from the following backgrounds: North European Australian, East Asian Australian, Singaporean Chinese and North European expatriates in Singapore. Results: Women with eating disorders had similar psychopathology across the cultural groups. Among controls, Singaporean Chinese reported significantly greater overall eating disorder psychopathology than other cultural groups and greater restraint than North European Australians/expatriates. Eating concern was not associated with cultural group overall or acculturation to Western culture. Dissatisfaction with family functioning, socioeconomic status and education level were not significantly associated with any of the eating disorder measures. Conclusion: In eating disorder psychopathology, the specific symptom of eating concern may transcend cultural influences.

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21

Doran, Christine. "The Chinese Cultural Reform Movement in Singapore: Singaporean Chinese Identities and Reconstructions of Gender." Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 12, no. 1 (April 1997): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/sj12-1e.

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22

Chan, S. H., C. B. Tan, Y. N. Lin, G. B. Wee, M. A. Degli-Esposti, and R. L. Dawkins. "HLA and Singaporean Chinese Myasthenia gravis." International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 101, no. 2 (1993): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000236508.

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23

MAYSAMI, RAMIN COOPER, and VALERIE PRISCILLA GOBY. "THE IMPACT OF CULTURAL TRENDS ON BUSINESS PRACTICES." Journal of Enterprising Culture 06, no. 03 (September 1998): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495898000199.

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The Chinese, the largest ethnic population in the world, have traditionally been successful business owners. From various studies, personal characteristics and management styles, as well as social and cultural values, have been cited as reasons that contribute to the success of Chinese business owners in general, and to the prosperity of Singaporean Chinese entrepreneurs in particular. This article, aims to identify such success factors and to outline the evolution of Chinese-Singaporean culture, which at times impede entrepreneurship, and suggest ways to remedy the situation.

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24

Lim, Kean Fan, and Niv Horesh. "The “Singapore Fever” in China: Policy Mobility and Mutation." China Quarterly 228 (December 2016): 992–1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741016001120.

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AbstractThe “Singapore model” constitutes only the second explicit attempt by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to learn from a foreign country following Mao Zedong's pledge to contour “China's tomorrow” on the Soviet Union experience during the early 1950s. This paper critically evaluates policy transfers from Singapore to China in the post-Mao era. It re-examines how this Sino-Singaporean regulatory engagement came about historically following Deng Xiaoping's visit to Singapore in 1978, and offers a careful re-reading of the degree to which actual policy borrowing by China could transcend different state ideologies, abstract ideas and subjective attitudes. Particular focus is placed on the effects of CCP cadre training in Singaporean universities and policy mutation within two government-to-government projects, namely the Suzhou Industrial Park and the Tianjin Eco-City. The paper concludes that the “Singapore model,” as applied in post-Mao China, casts institutional reforms as an open-ended process of policy experimentation and adaptation that is fraught with tension and resistance.

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Bakar, Nur Salwani. "Pharmacogenetics of common SNP affecting drug metabolizing enzymes: comparison of allele frequencies between European and Malaysian/Singaporean." Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy 36, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2020-0153.

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Abstract Compared to Europe, data on genetic variation in genes transcribing drug metabolizing enzymes among Asian is limited due to ethnic diversity. Here we compare frequencies for clinically relevant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) commonly observed in drug metabolizing enzymes between European and Malaysian/Singaporean. Minor allele frequencies (MAF) for the indicated SNPs for European, South Asian and East Asian populations were obtained from the NCBI website (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp). The SNP prevalence among Malaysian/Singaporean was characterized from gene association studies. Generally, some SNPs in CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 do not show good agreement between the two populations as to the MAF value obtained. CYP2D6*4 tends to be more common among European, whereas CYP2D6*10 is more common in Malays and Chinese among Singaporean. Regardless of different phenotype, MAF of CYP2D6*4 for Indians is similar to that seen by the European. Singaporeans show smaller MAF for CYP2C19*17 but higher CYP2C19*2 frequencies as opposed to European ones. Following growing attention to the contribution of CYP3A4/5, N-acetyltransferases (NAT2), thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGT)2B7 in predicting drug response across Europe, there are limited pharmacogenetics (PGx) studies examining the gene-drug interaction among Malaysian/Singaporean. To better understand the heterogeneity of the drug response, PGx studies for the abovementioned enzymes between ethnics in Malaysian/Singaporean should be identified.

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Liew, Kai Khiun, and Crystal Abidin. "“Si Geena” (Brat): Un-Social Digital Juveniles’ Episodic Resistance in Singapore." Asiascape: Digital Asia 7, no. 1-2 (December 10, 2019): 122–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22142312-12340118.

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Abstract This paper explores episodes of provocative online articulations and the accompanying angry public reactions as part of the cultural politics of juvenile online resistance in contemporary Singapore. Rather than viewing such delinquency as ‘youth deficits’, this paper seeks a literary-culturalist standpoint in exploring the uninhibited audacity of these public online displays. We perceive such performances as reflecting the critical and socially unrestrained emotional subjectivities of ‘youth mirroring deficits’ of the ‘Emperor’s new clothes’. The authors propose to appropriate the colloquial Singaporean Chinese Hokkien term of Si Geena (brat), a label commonly used to describe these offending personalities, to frame the dynamics of youth resistance, and new media in Singapore. Si Geena are often un-social digital juvenile provocateurs baiting moral outrage and public indignation. In turn, societal responses to the Si Geena’s episodic resistance reveal the contradictions, insecurities, and volatility of Singapore’s reactive public.

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Ziegeler, Debra, and Sarah Lee. "Causativity reduction in Singaporean English." English World-Wide 27, no. 3 (October 12, 2006): 265–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.3.04zie.

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A common feature of Singaporean English, and found to a lesser extent in British and US English, is the “conventionalised scenario” (Goldberg 1995); i.e. a causative construction in which an intermediate causee is neither expressed nor necessarily recoverable from context and common ground, e.g. You cut your hair, in which the action is normally attributed to another, unexpressed participant. The present study provides written data on the use of conventionalised scenarios in Singapore English and explains their link with competing resultative constructions (e.g. You had/got your hair cut) in terms of an ACTION FOR RESULT grammatical metonymy. In this metonymy, the passival resultative construction is substituted with an active‑voice construction and the causer now stands for both the causer and causee together. Contact features in the Singaporean dialect, relating particularly to local Chinese languages and/or Malay, may influence the distributional extent of conventionalised scenarios, as may the overgeneralisation of the semantic constraints on its usage.

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Ho, Brian K. W., E. H. Kua, and Clarice Hong. "Temporal Variation in Parasuicide among Singaporean Chinese." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 4 (August 1998): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809068323.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether there is any temporal variation in the incidence of parasuicide within the Chinese community and, if possible, to correlate the findings with prevailing cultural and social influences. Method: All patients of Chinese origin referred to a teaching hospital in Singapore between 1990 and 1994 were included in the study. The cases were divided by sex and aggregated for the month and day of the week in which the parasuicides occurred. Results: Cases of parasuicide peaked on Mondays, while the lowest incidences occurred on Saturdays. The peak months were June, August and September with a trough in December and January. Conclusions: The findings may not be amenable to any single explanation but the peak months coincided with the month of the Hungry Ghosts, which is believed to be a particularly inauspicious period, while the trough occurred during a festive period. Similarly, looking at the student population, the peaks coincided with the examination period. It appears that social and cultural factors play a significant role in the temporal variation in parasuicide in Singapore.

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Sasaki, Hiroshi, Ying Bo Shui, Masami Kojima, Sek Jin Chew, Masaji Ono, Nobuyo Katoh, Hong-Ming Cheng, Nobuo Takahashi, and Kazuyuki Sasaki. "Characteristics of Cataracts in the Chinese Singaporean." Journal of Epidemiology 11, no. 1 (2001): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.11.16.

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30

Lin, Y. N., E. C. Ren, and S. H. Chan. "A new DR11 allele in Singaporean Chinese." Tissue Antigens 41, no. 4 (April 1993): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.1993.tb02004.x.

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Odegaard, A. O., W. P. Koh, G. Vazquez, K. Arakawa, H. P. Lee, M. C. Yu, and M. A. Pereira. "BMI and Diabetes Risk in Singaporean Chinese." Diabetes Care 32, no. 6 (March 26, 2009): 1104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc08-1674.

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32

Chan, Kenneth. "Gay Sexuality in Singaporean Chinese Popular Culture." China Information 22, no. 2 (July 2008): 305–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x08091548.

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Saw, Seang-Mei, Paul J. Foster, Gus Gazzard, David Friedman, Jocelyn Hee, and Steve Seah. "Undercorrected refractive error in Singaporean Chinese adults." Ophthalmology 111, no. 12 (December 2004): 2168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.05.032.

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34

Gurd, Bruce, and Francis Kum Hoong Or. "Attitudes of Singaporean Chinese towards Retirement Planning." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 14, no. 04 (December 2011): 671–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091511002354.

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While there is a strong research tradition in exploring attitudes to and behavior in relation to retirement planning in Western countries, (e.g., Grable and Lytton, 1997; Jacobs-Lawson and Hershey, 2005) there is less research in Asian societies. Not only are we unaware of whether demographic factors, such as marital status, income level, level of education and gender, have a different impact in Asian countries, we also do not know the impact of Asian cultural values on retirement planning. Using a sample of 613 working Singaporean Chinese between the ages of 20 and 59 we establish that Chinese cultural heritage such as the belief in luck, destiny and the belief that children will support their elderly parents are not important. However, feng shui is statistically significant in this study.

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Bancks, Michael P., Andrew O. Odegaard, Woon-Puay Koh, Jian-Min Yuan, Myron D. Gross, and Mark A. Pereira. "Glycated Hemoglobin and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Singaporean Chinese Adults: The Singapore Chinese Health Study." PLOS ONE 10, no. 3 (March 16, 2015): e0119884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119884.

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36

Mueller, Noel T., Andrew O. Odegaard, Myron D. Gross, Woon Puay Koh, Jian-Min Yuan, and Mark A. Pereira. "Age at menarche and cardiovascular disease mortality in Singaporean Chinese women: the Singapore Chinese Health Study." Annals of Epidemiology 22, no. 10 (October 2012): 717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.08.002.

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37

Soh, Nerissa, Lois J. Surgenor, Stephen Touyz, and Garry Walter. "Eating Disorders Across Two Cultures: Does the Expression of Psychological Control Vary?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 4 (April 2007): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670701213278.

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Objective: Because both the expression of eating disorder (ED) symptoms and preferred psychological control styles may be affected by culture, the purpose of the present study was to examine whether the expression of psychological control in women with EDs varies across two cultures. Method: North European Australian and Chinese Singaporean women (n = 117) with anorexia nervosa (n = 36), bulimia nervosa (n = 13) and eating disorders not otherwise specified (n = 3), and without an ED (n = 65) recruited in Australia and Singapore completed a multidimensional inventory assessing sense of control, domains of control, preferred means by which to gain control, and motivation for control. Results: Although the normative control profile for each culture differed slightly, control profiles among those with an ED were very similar across both cultures. However, the directionality and extent of specific aspects of control pathology associated with the presence of an ED differed across cultures. North European Australians with an ED were much more deviant from the cultural norm than their Chinese Singaporean ED counterparts in relation to overall sense of control, methods of gaining control, and control in the domain of body. Chinese Singaporean woman with an ED were much more deviant from the cultural norm than their North European Australian ED counterparts in the domain of control over impulses. Conclusions: Having an ED powerfully distorts psychological control irrespective of culture. However the degree, directionality, and form of the displacement from normal control styles is also culture dependent. This has implications for treatments that attempt to redress or correct control issues in people with an ED in other cultures.

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38

Adhitya, Galant Nanta, and Nandy Intan Kurnia. "BERAGAM GAMBARAN MENGENAI ETNIS KETURUNAN CINA PADA KARYA TERJEMAHAN KEVIN KWAN’S KEKASIH KAYA RAYA." Lakon : Jurnal Kajian Sastra dan Budaya 6, no. 1 (December 7, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/lakon.v6i1.6790.

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Abstrak: Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan topik multikulturalisme pada karya sastra dengan menunjukkan beragam penggambaran yang berbeda antara keturunan Cina Amerika, Cina Singapura dan Cina Daratan, pada karya Kevin Kwan yang telah diterjemahkan, yakni berjudul Kekasih Kaya Raya. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data dari penelitian ini adalah dalam bentuk fitur-fitur kebahasaan yang terdapat pada karya, Kekasih Kaya Raya, seperti kata, frase, klausa, kalimat dan paragraf yang berkaitan dengan topik multikulturalisme. Hasil penelitian adalah sebagai berikut: (1) keturunan Cina Amerika digambarkan sebagai sosok yang hemat dan egaliter; (2) keturunan Cina Singapura digambarkan tertutup dan komunis-individualis; dan (3) keturunan Cina daratan digambarkan boros dan menganut paham Konfusius-Komunis.Kata kunci: karya sastra, multikulturalisme, keturunan Cina daratan, keturunan Cina Singapura, keturunan Cina Amerika Abstract: This research aims to discuss the topic of multiculturalism in literary texts by showing the different portrayals of the Chinese, especially the American Chinese, Singaporean Chinese and Mainland Chinese as seen in Kevin Kwan’s translated novel, Kekasih Kaya Raya. This is a descriptive qualitative research. The data are in the form of language features, such as words, phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraph related to multiculturalism expressed in China Rich Girlfriend. The findings are as follows: (1) the American Chinese are portrayed as frugal and egalitarian; (2) the Singaporean Chinese are secretive and mixed communitarian-individualist; and (3) the Mainland Chinese are spend-thrifty and believe in Confucius-Communist.Keywords: Literary text, Multiculturalism, Mainland Chinese, Singaporean Chinese, American Chinese

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39

Hornbeak, Dana M., Mohamed Dirani, Wai Kit Sham, Jialiang Li, Terri L. Young, Tien Yin Wong, Yap Seng Chong, and Seang Mei Saw. "Emerging Trends in Breastfeeding Practices in Singaporean Chinese Women: Findings from a Population-based Study." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 39, no. 2 (February 15, 2010): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n2p88.

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Introduction: This study records the prevalence and patterns of breastfeeding in Singaporean Chinese mothers who gave birth between 2000 and 2008. Materials and Methods: The Strabismus, Amblyopia and Refractive Error in Singaporean Children (STARS) study is a population-based survey conducted in South-Western Singapore. Disproportionate random sampling by 6-month age groups of Chinese children born from 2000 to 2008 was performed. The mothers (n = 3009) completed a standard questionnaire which recorded the initiation, content, method and duration of breastfeeding. World Health Organization (WHO) definitions for feeding content were used: Replacement (exclusive commercial formula or any liquid or solid/semi-solid food, excluding breast milk), Complementary (breast milk, solid/semi-solid foods, and any non-human liquid), and Exclusive (breast milk only, without additional food, drink or water). STARS-specific definitions for feeding method were used: Expressed (breast milk only fed via bottle, with no additional food or non-human liquid), Combination (breast milk and non-breast milk, fed via bottle and breast), and Direct (breast milk only fed via breast). Results: Breastfeeding initiation (overall prevalence 77.0%) and duration increased over time, and were independently associated with higher maternal education: in 2000 and 2001, 68.6% of mothers initiated breastfeeding and 12.9% breast fed for ≤6 months, versus 82.0% and 26.7%, respectively, from 2006 to 2008; 47.4% of primary-school-educated women initiated breastfeeding, and 11.1% fed for ≥6 months, vs 90.9% and 35.3%, respectively, of university-educated women (P <0.001). Expressed, Com bination and Complementary feeding also increased, while Replacement feeding decreased (P<0.001). There was no difference in breastfeeding patterns by the child’s gender. Conclusions: In a population-based sample of Singaporean Chinese mothers giving birth from 2000 to 2008, breastfeeding initiation and duration increased over time and were independently associated with higher maternal education. This increase was associated with increased milk expression and complementary feeding. Thus awareness of breastfeeding benefits is rising in Singapore, but future health policies may need to target less-educated mothers. Key words: Complementary content, Education, Expression, Maternal-child health

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40

Alsagoff, Lubna, Zhiming Bao, and Lionel Wee. "Why You Talk Like That?" English World-Wide 19, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.19.2.05als.

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In this paper, we examine one wh-construction in Singapore English, which signals a demand for justification, and show that there is a systematic correlation between its structural and pragmatic properties. We suggest that this wh-construction is based on the imperative, and inherits the structural properties associated with the relatively more polite version of the imperative. In Singapore English, this is the version that makes explicit mention of the second person subject, whereas in Standard English the use of you in the imperative decreases politeness. After a careful comparison of the pragmatics of the imperative in Standard English, Singapore English and Chinese, we conclude that the asymmetry between the why-construction in Standard English and in Singapore English can be accounted for by substrate influence from Chinese, from which the Singaporean construction has inherited its politeness constraints.

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Kua, Ee Heok, and Chay Hoon Tan. "Traditional Chinese medicine in psychiatric practice in Singapore." International Psychiatry 2, no. 8 (April 2005): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600007190.

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42

Seow, Dennis C. C., Qi Gao, Philip Yap, Jia Min Gan, Hui Ling Chionh, Su Chi Lim, Lei Feng, and Tze Pin Ng. "Profile of the Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Gene 192Q/R Polymorphism and Clinical Associations among Older Singaporean Chinese with Alzheimer's and Mixed Dementia." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra 6, no. 1 (February 17, 2016): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000442382.

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Background: To examine the prevalence of the Paraoxonase1 (PON1) gene 192Q/R polymorphism amongst Singaporean Chinese with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mixed dementia and possible clinical associations. Methods: We examined the presence of the PON1 192Q/R polymorphism together with cognitive status, functional status and neuropsychiatric symptoms among 186 older Singaporean Chinese with AD (n = 109) and mixed dementia (n = 77). Results: The R allele predominated in 67% of the AD patients and 63.1% of the patients with mixed dementia. Within the mixed dementia subgroup, the R allele was significantly associated with a higher BADLS score, NPI-Q scores and CDR scores. Conclusion: Among older Singaporean Chinese with AD and mixed dementia, the R allele was predominant. In particular, within the mixed dementia subgroup, the R allele carrier status was associated with poorer functional status, greater presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and a more severe stage of dementia. Further studies should be conducted.

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Li, Xiangyi, and Zhiting Wen. "The construction of Singapore's mainstream Chinese media on OBOR: based on a discourse analysis of Zaobao." Asian Education and Development Studies 10, no. 1 (September 7, 2020): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-10-2018-0162.

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PurposeSince One Belt One Road (OBOR) was proposed, Singaporean sides have reacted differently. Based on the case of Zaobao, the authors develop the theoretical frame including international relations, agenda setting and media framing, analyzing the construction of textual materials on OBOR and its influencing factors.Design/methodology/approachIn this sense, this paper attempts to use Zaobao's texts on OBOR from 2015 to 2017 as textual materials, by using the discourse analysis method and combining the theories of international relations, agenda setting and media framing, to explore the following two relevant questions: How does the mainstream Chinese media of Singapore construct OBOR issue? What factors influence this kind of construction?FindingsThe study finds that agendas setting on OBOR are diversified in the purpose of supporting official position and meeting audiences' expectations, which are constrained by the factors such as international situations, regional strategies, national interests and domestic politics. The authors learn more details about hidden and vague thoughts on OBOR from all sides in Singapore through this discourse analysis.Originality/valueIn summary, the academic community has a certain foundation for the study of the cognition of the “Belt and Road” initiative. However, compared with the other countries' research on the Belt and Road cognition, the research on Singapore is insufficient. Singapore is an important hub for the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. At the same time, as a leader of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), it has a strong appeal and influence in other ASEAN countries. It has also played a pivotal role in building the “Belt and Road”. However, the “Belt and Road” initiative has been proposed and implemented for five years. The research on Singapore's cognition and reaction of the “Belt and Road” initiative is still insufficient. Therefore, an in-depth study of Singapore's cognition of the ‘Belt and Road” initiative has significant academic and applied value. This paper attempts to explore the construction of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative by Singapore's official media to make up for the shortcomings of existing research.

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44

Tan, See Mieng. "A Caregiving Experience in a Singaporean-Chinese Family." Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15524256.2017.1282915.

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45

Lim, Hui-Koon, and Sandra Mackey. "The Menopause Transition Experiences of Chinese Singaporean Women." Journal of Nursing Research 20, no. 2 (June 2012): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0b013e318254eb25.

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46

Lee, Jimmy, Jundong Jiang, Kang Sim, Jenny Tay, Mythily Subramaniam, and Siow-Ann Chong. "Gender differences in Singaporean Chinese patients with schizophrenia." Asian Journal of Psychiatry 4, no. 1 (March 2011): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2010.11.005.

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47

Pua, Chee Jian, Nevin Tham, Calvin W. L. Chin, Roddy Walsh, Chiea Chuen Khor, Christopher N. Toepfer, Giuliana G. Repetti, et al. "Genetic Studies of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Singaporeans Identify Variants in TNNI3 and TNNT2 That Are Common in Chinese Patients." Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine 13, no. 5 (October 2020): 424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circgen.119.002823.

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Background: To assess the genetic architecture of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in patients of predominantly Chinese ancestry. Methods: We sequenced HCM disease genes in Singaporean patients (n=224) and Singaporean controls (n=3634), compared findings with additional populations and White HCM cohorts (n=6179), and performed in vitro functional studies. Results: Singaporean HCM patients had significantly fewer confidently interpreted HCM disease variants (pathogenic/likely pathogenic: 18%, P <0.0001) but an excess of variants of uncertain significance (24%, P <0.0001), as compared to Whites (pathogenic/likely pathogenic: 31%, excess of variants of uncertain significance: 7%). Two missense variants in thin filament encoding genes were commonly seen in Singaporean HCM (TNNI3:p.R79C, disease allele frequency [AF]=0.018; TNNT2:p.R286H, disease AF=0.022) and are enriched in Singaporean HCM when compared with Asian controls (TNNI3:p.R79C, Singaporean controls AF=0.0055, P =0.0057, genome aggregation database-East Asian AF=0.0062, P =0.0086; TNNT2:p.R286H, Singaporean controls AF=0.0017, P <0.0001, genome aggregation database-East Asian AF=0.0009, P <0.0001). Both these variants have conflicting annotations in ClinVar and are of low penetrance (TNNI3:p.R79C, 0.7%; TNNT2:p.R286H, 2.7%) but are predicted to be deleterious by computational tools. In population controls, TNNI3:p.R79C carriers had significantly thicker left ventricular walls compared with noncarriers while its etiological fraction is limited (0.70 [95% CI, 0.35–0.86]) and thus TNNI3:p.R79C is considered variant of uncertain significance. Mutant TNNT2:p.R286H iPSC-CMs (induced pluripotent stem cells derived cardiomyocytes) show hypercontractility, increased metabolic requirements, and cellular hypertrophy and the etiological fraction (0.93 [95% CI, 0.83–0.97]) support the likely pathogenicity of TNNT2:p.R286H. Conclusions: As compared with Whites, Chinese HCM patients commonly have low penetrance risk alleles in TNNT2 or TNNI3 but exhibit few clinically actionable HCM variants overall. This highlights the need for greater study of HCM genetics in non-White populations.

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Chang, Leanne, and Iccha Basnyat. "Negotiating Biomedical and Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatments Among Elderly Chinese Singaporean Women." Qualitative Health Research 25, no. 2 (September 18, 2014): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732314551991.

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49

Thun, Eric. "State Collaboration and Development Strategies in China: The Case of the China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park (1992–2002). By Alexius A. Pereira. [London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. 189 pp. ISBN 0-415-30277-3.]." China Quarterly 180 (December 2004): 1101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004260763.

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Take a drive through the Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) and you will see what appears to be a model industrial estate: cleanly laid out roads interspersed with green parks and endless rows of factories humming with activity. There is none of the chaotic, thrown-together feel of so many Chinese industrial parks; the atmosphere is almost serene. Talk to the managers of these factories and you will hear nothing but praise for the managers of the park. Even the biggest problems – the rapidly rising cost of land, the shortage of workers – are indications of success. Surprisingly, and despite these outward appearances, the SIP was, until recently, viewed by many as a grave disappointment.The SIP was not supposed to be just another industrial park in China: it was a grand experiment. The idea was to transplant the strengths of the Singaporean model – effective bureaucratic management, world-class infrastructure and a stable business environment – to China through government co-operation. The park was a joint venture between a foreign consortium directed by the Singaporean government and a Chinese consortium consisting of local governments and centrally-controlled, state-owned enterprises. From the perspective of the Chinese government, the hope was that the SIP would provide a model of effective governance for the rest of the country at the same time as it served as an engine of growth in the Jiangsu region. From the perspective of the Singaporean government, the SIP was partly an attempt to capitalize upon its strength in management in a location with far lower costs, and partly an attempt to demonstrate the relevance of the Singaporean “model” in a Chinese context. The stakes were high for both parties.

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Odegaard, Andrew O., Mark A. Pereira, Woon-Puay Koh, Myron D. Gross, Sue Duval, Mimi C. Yu, and Jian-Min Yuan. "BMI, All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Chinese Singaporean Men and Women: The Singapore Chinese Health Study." PLoS ONE 5, no. 11 (November 15, 2010): e14000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014000.

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