Дисертації з теми "Chênes – Effets des changements climatiques"
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Eichenlaub, Lisa. "Anticiper, comprendre et analyser les pathologies complexes et émergentes des chênes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0148.
Повний текст джерелаEuropean oaks (Quercus robur, pedunculate oak and Q. petraea, sessile oak) are two emblematic forest species with important ecological, economical and cultural roles. These species are essential in many ecosystems and represent respectively 11 and 12% of the volume of standing wood of deciduous trees in France. However, they are subject to biotic and abiotic disturbances, which have increased in frequency and intensity due to global changes. Declines, which are multifactorial syndromes, and diseases caused by exotic or native pathogens, have strongly affected oaks since the beginning of the 20th century. The nature of these declines, as well as the interactions between biotic and abiotic factors causing them, are not fully understood. This thesis proposes to define part of their etiology through a study of the cortical and root pathobiomes. Finally, it stresses the importance of territorial surveillance as a way to prevent the introduction of exotic pathogens, especially the threat represented by quarantine organisms. Acute Oak Decline (AOD) is currently affecting oak populations in the United-Kingdom. Mediated by abiotic factors (temperature and precipitation), AOD would be triggered by insects (mainly Agrilus biguttatus) and a complex of bacterial species. This disease perfectly illustrates the pathobiome paradigm, as the complex host-pathobiome-insect interactions are essential to its development. In order to clarify the prevalence of symptoms associated with AOD in France and the role played by bacteria in the observed declines, a study of the etiology of cortical necroses associated or not with attacks of A. biguttatus on declining oaks has been observed. The first report on the presence of bacteria Brenneria goodwinii, Gibbsiella quercinecans and Rahnella victoriana in necroses has been made on Q. robur and Q. petraea in France. However, these bacteria have been isolated less frequently in the lesions than the fungi Fusarium quercinum, F. falsibabinda, Neonectria sp., N. punicea. Moreover, their pathogenicity was confirmed by the inoculations of young oak plants. This confirms the importance of the pathobiome in the symptoms associated with AOD and suggests a significant role of fungal pathogens, which was previously underestimated. The relationships between soil microbiota and chronic oak decline were analyzed in the Chantilly Forest (Oise, France) and with a comparison approach by pair of declining and non-declining oaks, an analysis of the fungal and oomycetes diversities by metabarcoding was performed. The study revealed that the compositions mainly depend on the types of soil and the health status of the trees according to the compartment sampled (bulk soil, rhizosphere or roots). 4 Finally, to help the diagnosis and the identification of phytosanitary problems on Quercus spp. in France, an interactive tool called NESTOR (phytosaNitary survEillance and diagnoSTics of Oaks in FRance), has been developed. Inventorying the main bioaggressors and abiotic problems on oaks with this tool is intended to encourage passive surveillance of the territory by the general public and professionals and also to support the active surveillance of the territory led by the Forest Health Department of the French Ministry of Agriculture and Food in France. In 2022-2023, intensified surveillance of oak wilt disease, caused by the vascular fungus Bretziella fagacearum, was carried out by collecting samples from symptomatic trees. The isolations and diagnoses conducted during this thesis confirmed that the fungus is still absent from the territory, but that it remains important to stay vigilant about its possible introduction in France
O'Heix, Bruno-Charles. "Etude écologique du changement climatique et des effets de l'ozone sur les chênes ainsi que sur l'écosystème d'une forêt dépérissante en Europe Centrale : vers une intégration dans les prises de décisions politiques pour un aménagement forestier durable." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN10290.
Повний текст джерелаThe condition of Hungarian forest ecosystems was analysed and compared to the European and world ecosystems, taking into account the global climatic changes. The Hungarian site of Síkfökút, continuously studied during the last twenty-five years has been considered in the light of new concepts. Two oak species Quercus petraea and Quercus cerris are growing in this stand, showing contrasting declining symptoms, Q. Cerris being considered as more resistant. Different analyses were made on the site, including dendrochronology and litter decomposition. In parallel, a fumigation experiment with ozone was carried out in a phytotronic chamber including two more oak species Q. Robur and Q. Rubra. The four oak species showed differential responses to ozone and they can be ranged from the more ozone tolerant to the more sensitive as follows: Q. Cerris > Q. Rubra > Q. Petraea > Q. Robur. These results led to suggestions for recommendations of species selection in reforestation and afforestation
Dietz, Lucie. "Dynamique spontanée post-tempête de la végétation forestière en contexte de changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AGPT0004.
Повний текст джерелаIn a context where the disturbances could be more severe and/or more frequent, the choice of silvicultural management to be implemented following disturbances comes up against the lack of knowledge of the spontaneous dynamics of regeneration obtained in the context of climate change. From permanent plots installed in France following the storms of 1999, the objective of this study is to analyse the medium-term vegetation dynamics observed within forest gaps, to identify its main determinants and assess the interaction between disturbances and adaptation of plant communities to climate change. The natural tree regeneration, obtained in the post-storm gaps, seems to be sufficient in terms of density and species diversity. Most sites have in average more than 2000 stems/ha and 4.4 species present in the stratum greater than 2 m. The few concerning situations have been identified from the young stages of regeneration and have common characteristics: they are old coniferous stands on acidic soil where competing vegetation has been able to develop, inducing regeneration blocking. In these contexts, a silvicultural intervention would have been desirable to promote regeneration. A specific study of the natural regeneration of three major European hardwood species was carried out: oak, hornbeam and beech. We have highlighted a decline in the abundance of oak over time, in favour of the two most competitive species of beech and hornbeam. Oak is still present on 22% of the sites 19 years after the canopy was opened despite its low density. It also shows growth equivalent or even superior to that of hornbeam and beech, suggesting different development strategies between the three species. Nevertheless, in view of the observed dynamics of the oak, without intervention to promote its regeneration, its future seems uncertain in the coming decades. Finally, our study revealed a greater thermophilisation of the plant communities present in forests that have had an open canopy compared to those in undisturbed forests. By stimulating thermophilization, disturbance thus plays a major ecological role in the adaptation of plant communities to climate change. The importance of large-scale disturbances should therefore not be underestimated, especially in a future climate context where they are likely to intensify
Bellard, Céline. "Effets des changements climatiques sur la biodiversité." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112269/document.
Повний текст джерелаGlobal biodiversity is changing at an unprecedented rate due to loss of habitat, biological invasions, pollution, overexploitation. Furthermore, climate changes and their synergies with other threats will probably become the main drivers of biodiversity loss in the next century. Nowadays, the multiplicity of approaches and the resulting variability in projections make it difficult to get a clear picture of the future of biodiversity due to climate change. Yet, the majority of models indicate alarming consequences for biodiversity, with the worst- case scenarios leading to an increase of extinction rates. The aim of this thesis was to improve the knowledge about of the different consequences of climate change on biodiversity worldwide. To do that I mainly used modelisation and meta-analyses approaches. The first part of my work was to investigate the consequences of sea level rise for the ten insular biodiversity hotspot and their endemic species, during which I highlighted that between 6 and 19% of the islands would be entirely submerged. Then I studied the effects of climate and land use changes on biological invasions worldwide. The results showed that invasives species response to climate and land use changes depend on region, taxa and species considered. We also emphasized that some regions could lose a significant number of invasive alien species. Besides, we also found that hotspot that are mainly islands or group of islands are highly suitable for invasive species. Finally, in the last part, I quantified the exposure of biodiversity hotspots to the combined effects of climate change, land use change and biological invasions. This work highlighted the pressing need to consider different drivers of global change in conservation planning. In addition, we established some prioritization framework among the hotspot. Finally, conservation strategies to protect habitat and species under global changes, can only be achieved through closed collaboration with park managers. Overall, implementation of effective adaptation strategies to climate change can only succeed with public support
Biscéré, Tom. "Effets des métaux et des changements climatiques sur les coraux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS382.
Повний текст джерелаCoral reefs have largely degraded in recent decades under the influence of human activities. Among those disturbances, the increase in metal concentrations affects many reefs worldwide (e.g. Australian Great Barrier Reef, Costa Rica, Red Sea, New Caledonia). Furthermore, reefs have now to face climate change, and more particularly temperature increase and ocean acidification. In this context, the aims of my thesis were to (1) determine the effects of the main metals present in lateritic sediments (iron, manganese, nickel and cobalt) on coral physiology using concentrations representative of those measured along the New Caledonian coastline, and to (2) define their potential roles in this context of climate change. My results showed that metals affect coral metabolism in different ways. While at ambient temperature, a nickel or manganese enrichment stimulates host metabolism and symbiont photosynthesis, conversely a cobalt enrichment inhibits calcification and becomes even toxic for the host and symbionts, from 1 μg L-1. Despite its importance in photosynthetic processes, an iron enrichment induces a decrease in Symbiodinium densities and an inhibition of calcification rates. Under thermal stress, manganese enhances coral tolerance to temperature increase, likely by stimulating their antioxidant defenses, while nickel worsens its effects by decreasing even more their growth. These works represent an important step towards a better understanding of coral responses to metal enrichment and would explain, to some extent, species susceptibility to climate change
Cheikh, Mohamed Fadel Mohamed Fadel Aghdhafna. "Gouvernance littorale et changements climatiques en Mauritanie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILA020.
Повний текст джерелаCoastal ecosystems and coastlines are subject to intense pressure, caused by growing human activity and climatic trends that are sometimes irreversible. In Mauritania, the coastal zone is home to 47% of the country's population (mainly in Nouakchott and Nouadhibou) and concentrates almost 80% of the industrial infrastructure on which 98.4% of the country's exports depend.Therefore, more than other countries in the sub-region, rising sea levels are putting a large part of Mauritania's population, infrastructure, ecosystems and maritime resources at risk. Indeed, the vulnerability of Mauritania's coastline no longer needs to be demonstrated. The IPCC has cited this area of the West African coast as one of the very first to suffer from marine submersions in the near future.In view of the importance of this potential for Mauritania's economic structure and the risks affecting it, particularly those linked to climate change, we rise the subsequent problematic: what governance should be put in place for the Mauritanian coastline, specially by the State, local authorities and Mauritania's partners?It is in this context that this thesis aims to the following questions: (i) What are the vulnerable areas on the coast and what are the various threats? (ii) What are the existing methods of managing the coast and how can they respond to the ever-increasing constraints caused by climate change and its interactions with human activity?Given its complexity, the size of Mauritania's coastline and the diversity of stakeholders with conflicting interests, improving coastal governance must be based on consultation, transparency and equity. This requires a legal framework and appropriate consultation, coordination and cooperation mechanisms. Management, research, observation, information, communication and monitoring & evaluation capacities must also be consolidated and strengthened.The results obtained will contribute to (i) improving knowledge about the Mauritanian coastline; (ii) establishing sustainable and appropriate management of the coastline; (iii) contributing to the fight against climate change.Key words: Governance, Coastline, Climate change, Mauritania
Lempereur, Morine. "Variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle de la croissance du chêne vert méditerranéen et vulnérabilité au changement climatique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS075/document.
Повний текст джерелаTree secondary growth is responsible for woody biomass accumulation and is a major component of carbon storage in forest ecosystems. Environmental constraints on secondary growth in Mediterranean ecosystems must, however, be described in more to details to better understand how they will be modified by climate change. This dissertation aims at studying the functional responses of Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex) to seasonal and inter-annual climate variations through the study of carbon allocation to secondary growth. Different experimental approaches, at spatial scales ranging from tree rings to the ecosystem and at temporal scales from the day to several decades, were used to identify the main environmental constraints (water availability, temperature warming, competition) to secondary growth and carbon isotopic composition of tree rings. The phenology of stem growth shows evidence for a direct environmental control on annual growth by winter temperature and summer drought that is more limiting than the carbon supply from photosynthesis. Climate change from 1968 to 2013 resulted in earlier water limitation on secondary growth, which was compensated by earlier growth onset, due to warmer winter temperature, and higher water use efficiency, due to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. Thinning reduced tree mortality and increased stem growth, so thinning management in old holm oak coppices could prepare the ecosystem to better withstand the increasing drought forecasted for the Mediterranean region
Pey, Alexis. "Réponses biochimiques et physiologiques des symbioses marines tempérées face aux changements climatiques." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4009.
Повний текст джерелаGlobal climate change leads significant reactions on marine ecosystems which, when dealing with sessile species, can drive to episodes of mass mortalities. In the north-western Mediterranean Sea, recent events of mortalities severely impacted gorgonian communities, threatening their survival, but also all the associated biodiversity. The implementation of strategies of preservations requires preliminary acquisitions of the knowledge at ecological, evolutionary, physiological, biochemical, genomic and genetics levels. In this ambitious framework, these doctoral studies aimed to better define the answers induced by thermal stress of two Mediterranean symbiotic Cnidarians : the white gorgonian Eunicella singularis and the sea anemone Anemonia viridis. A first part of the works was carried out of two populations of the white gorgonian, associated with their photosynthetic symbionts (zooxanthelles), collected at two geographical zones with contrasted thermal profiles. This study allowed us to identify the superior limits of thermal resistance of the populations and to estimate the possible links between the genetic varieties of the hosts and the symbionts, and their thermal resistance. Complementary studies then allowed identifying, on this symbiotic gorgonian early molecular indicators induced by a hyperthermia, implying the global antioxidant defences capacities and the degree of protein ubiquitination. Finally, our studies led on the sea anemone allowed to deepen our knowledge developed on this model concerning the antioxidant enzymes and in particular the glutathione peroxidases (GPx). The measures of the GPx activities in the different holobiont compartments did not reveal major modifications during the stress, but the appearance of one activity band induced by the hyperthermia could represent a new potential marker of stress
Thiam, Papa Masseck. "Effets des futurs changements climatiques sur la performance à long terme des chaussées souples au Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30293/30293.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe long-term performance of the road network of the province of Quebec (Canada) is strongly influenced by the climate and the weather conditions. Amongst other factors, high levels of saturation in soils and pavement materials are believed to be an important cause of pavement deterioration. According to the climate change scenarios established by Ouranos (2010), the North and South of Quebec will undergo an average precipitation increase from -0.1% to 8.45% in a future horizon of 2010-2039. The purpose of this project is to quantify the effect of these expected precipitation increases on the mechanical behavior of road structures, materials and soils. Based on literature and on data collected on instrumented road sections, a relationship between precipitation increase and saturation level of pavement layers is proposed. The resilient modulus and permanent deformation behavior for various water contents and four different subgrade soils was determined using triaxial tests, which were validated using small-scale heavy vehicle simulator, in order to determine the existing relationship between mechanical properties and moisture contents. Using the precipitation increase scenarios and the preset models, a damage analysis is performed to quantify the decrease of pavements service life caused by climate change. It is found that climate change, and more precisely the increase of precipitation expected in the Province of Quebec, will have a significant impact on pavement performance and that adapted pavement structures and materials, such as improved drainage, increased structural capacity or materials with reduced sensitivity to water, are possible options to reduce the loss of pavement life associated with climate change.
Joannin, Sébastien. "Changements climatiques en Méditerranée à la transition Pléisctocène inférieur-moyen : pollens, isotopes stables et cyclostratigraphie." Lyon 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00347549.
Повний текст джерелаPollen analysis has been performed on six sections (Santa Lucia, Montalbano Jonico, Site ODP 976; Tsampika and Shamb) placed along a 4,000 km long transect from the Western Mediterranean region to Little Caucasus. These sections recorded same vegetation changes related to climatic cycles occurred throughout the Mediterranean region during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (1. 600-0. 700 Ma), despite an observed longitudinal gradient. Mesothermic taxa were affected by the increasing aridity and the extremes related to climatic cycles during this considered time-window. “Long-term” vegetation successions were controlled by climatic cycles related to the obliquity forcing. A similar vegetation dynamics with short and longer-term durations were forced by precession and its modulator (the eccentricity), respectively. Influences of both parameters were superimposed. The expected shift from obliquity to 100 ka long-cycles related to eccentricity is not observed in the Mediterranean region during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition
Gerome, Camille. "Les initiatives de transition comme facteur de développement des capacités territoriales d'adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV026/document.
Повний текст джерелаTo respond to social issues of adaptation to the effects of climate change, this thesis contributes to the understanding of adaptation capacity development processes. The main subject is the spontaneous transitional citizens dynamics. It is about a group of citizens wishing act locally for the development of their territory in a coherent way around shared values.This thesis helps to demonstrate the emergence and the development of innovative social practices. This is comparable to social innovations in transition arenas who reproduce characteristics of niches: protected and restricted space encouraging incubation. These social innovations, fostered by networking, cohesion and the sharing of values, contribute to the development of adaptability through a desire for transmission and a global dynamic of inclusion.Concretely, this study focuses on two transition initiatives similar in their intentions and different in their history. They participate in considering a new dynamic of society that is both spontaneous, autonomous and inclusive.By positioning itself neither "against" the territory and its institutions, nor "without" them, these transition initiatives represent remarkable alternatives to lead to more cooperative societies and more able to adapt to the effects of climate change
Nevoux, Marie. "Réponse démographique des populations longévives aux changements climatiques : importance de la variabilité spatio-temporelle et de l'hétérogénéité individuelle." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00245570.
Повний текст джерелаGadenne, Hélène. "Les effets des changements climatiques et des changements d'usages sur les oiseaux d'eau migrateurs : une approche mécaniste chez un oiseau emblématique, la Cigogne blanche." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00748802.
Повний текст джерелаGadenne, Hélène. "Les effets des changements climatiques et des changements d’usages sur les oiseaux d’eau migrateurs : une approche mécaniste chez un oiseau emblématique, la Cigogne blanche." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2278/document.
Повний текст джерелаUnderstanding adaptations that allow species to live in temporally and spatially variable environments is crucial to predict how species may respond to current and future global changes. Long-term studies have shown that climatic variations affect the dynamic of populations. However, the relative influence of habitat selection and density-dependence processes is still poorly understood and explained. The aim of this thesis is, firstly by a correlative approach, to investigate the density-dependent habitat selection at varying spatial scales in an increasing white stork (Ciconia ciconia) population. Secondly, by a mechanistic approach, we studied the relative effects of climate, habitat and breeder experience in terms of reproductive fitness (fledging success, body condition and sex ratio) in this population monitored for 30 years in a sensitive wetland in Charente-Maritime, western France. This work helped identifying the mechanisms that lead to nesting habitat selection. This work supports research showing that habitat degradation by human activities may affect habitat selection decisions. In addition, these results provide crucial information to understand the adaptations of this population in a changing environment, which allows predicting more efficiently the response of the population to future environmental changes
Caignard, Thomas. "Variabilité phénotypique et génétique des traits de reproduction de deux espèces de chêne blanc européen (Quercus petraea et Q. robur)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0060/document.
Повний текст джерелаForest ecosystem dynamics closely depend on tree reproduction. Many studies have investigated the synchronous and non-predictable year-to-year variability of seed production, characteristic of masting species. However, little is known about the sensitivity of tree reproduction to climate variables and to which extent this phenotypic variability is genetically and/or environmentally driven. We intensively studied the reproduction of two European temperate oaks and our aims were (i) to characterize the change in reproductive traits over the last two decades, (ii) to assess the determinism of their variations along environmental gradients and (iii) to estimate the heritability of reproductive traits and identify the regions of their genome related to reproduction. We were able to show a dramatic increase in seed production over the last 14 years. This increase in seed production and size was significantly correlated with increasing spring temperatures. We then confirmed this sensitivity to temperature by studying the reproduction of oak populations growing along the elevation gradient of the Pyrenees. Based on a common garden approach, we then showed significant genetic differentiation between oak provenances and demonstrated that the genetic and phenotypic clines for the reproductive traits observed along the environmental gradient have opposite signs (counter-gradient). Contrary to growth traits, for which genetic variation parallels phenotypic variation, the counter-gradient observed for reproduction-related traits suggested that genetic variation partly counteracts the phenotypic effect of temperature, moderating the change in reproductive effort according to temperature. Finally, using a full-sib family where reproduction was monitored during four consecutive years, we found a high heritability of reproductive traits and showed high genetic differentiation between trees of a same population, which confirms the significant genetic determinism observed earlier. Furthermore, we were able to identify for the first time in forest trees quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with seed production and size. Our findings show that reproduction-related traits may undergo evolutionary changes under selective pressure and may be determinant for tree adaptation in response to environmental changes
Coulis, Mathieu. "Effets des changements climatiques sur l’activité des organismes du sol et la décomposition des litières en milieu méditerranéen." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20252.
Повний текст джерелаWater availability is a major limiting factor for the functioning of Mediterranean ecosystems. More pronounced drought could severely impact soil fauna activity and diversity that could in turn affect litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In my PhD thesis I investigated experimentally the interactions between changing water availability and detritivorous macrofauna on decomposition and associated processes in a “garrigue”, a typical Mediterranean woody shrub dominated ecosystem.In the first part of my thesis, I studied the impact of Ommatoiulus sabulosus, an abundant diplopod species in garrigue ecosystems, on shrub litter decomposition. During a one month experiment, I studied the direct (litter consumption) and indirect (microbial activity in feces) effects of this detritivore on litter mass loss and microbial communities under two contrasted moisture levels. In a different experiment, I placed litterbags filled with litter or feces in the field at the soil surface or at 5cm soil depth during one year in order to study the long term impact of Ommatoiulus on decomposition. A key result was that detritivores maintain litter consumption in dry conditions when microbial driven decomposition drastically dropped. However, this detritivore effect do not lead to an overall increased organic matter mineralization irrespective of moisture conditions, at least in the short term. In contrast, under field conditions and over a longer time period, Ommatoiulus increases decomposition of certain species such as Quercus coccifera, since feces from this species decomposes faster than un-ingested litter after one year at the soil surface. This stimulation is likely due to a higher leaching of soluble compound in feces. Moreover, in depth feces decomposition increases relative to that of intact leaf litter, possibly indicating that more favorable soil humidity is more favorable to decomposition. Collectively, my results suggest that detritivores can strongly increase decomposition by transforming leaf litter into feces of different organic matter quality, and by facilitating the transfer of organic matter into the soil.In the second part, I evaluated the importance of functional dissimilarity of leaf litter and detritivores on decomposition processes. Using a trait based approach, species assemblages were constructed in order to obtain a gradient of functional dissimilarity of both, leaf litter and detritivore communities, while keeping species numbers constant. The different communities were kept under controlled conditions at the European Ecotron in Montpellier to study the effect of changing functional dissimilarity on process rates at two different moisture conditions. I found that detritivore and litter functional dissimilarity explain up to 20 % of the observed variation for several key soil processes including litter mass loss and the leaching of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen from top soil. However, effects of species identity at both trophic levels have a larger impact on process rates than functional dissimilarity. In general, drought strongly affects soil processes but does not alter the diversity-function relationship. Species assemblages resulting in highest process rates at favorable moisture level are also the most negatively affected by drought, suggesting a tradeoff between the efficiency of soil organisms and their ability to resist perturbation
Defossez, Emmanuel. "Effets des interactions biotiques sur la régénération des forêts le long de gradients climatiques." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00947800.
Повний текст джерелаFlores-Mejia, Sandra. "Les effets de la température et des changements climatiques sur la performance relative d'un réseau trophique : plante-herbivore-parasitoïde." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27306.
Повний текст джерелаEach trophic level of a food-web reacts differently to changes in temperature, because some species are more sensitive than others. Because of the interdependence between the different trophic levels, even the smallest change in temperature could trigger cascading effects throughout the food-web. This may cause a partial or total collapse of the system. As part of my project, I was interested in the effects of temperature and climate change over the relative performance of a tri-trophic food web system (plant-herbivore-parasitoid). The general objectives were to determine: a) which trophic level is more sensitive to an increase in temperature? and b) What are the effects of climate change on a food-web as a whole? In order to determine the effects of temperature on the whole food-web, I developed three parameters to measure the relative performance, by using biomass as common currency between the three trophic levels. The developed parameters are: net generational productivity (NGP), the bi-trophic food-web ratio (φh/p), and the tri-trophic food web ratio (φ3t). In general, my results suggest that the thermal window of the relative performance of each trophic level has a wider span at the base of the food-web (e.g. the plant) and it is reduced by about 4 °C for each subsequent trophic level. Also, the (φh/p) values obtained, suggest that the aphids have the highest performance at low temperatures, but they are incapable of reproducing beyond 28°C, which gives the plant a competitive advantage. Nonetheless, this advantage cannot be maintained for long, due to the negative effects of temperature on the biology of the plant. The φ3t values suggest that the performance of the food-web is influenced by trophic cascades in a « top-down » fashion; but both the inter- and intra-specific variation of the host plant plays a major role in the productivity of the system. The results of the experiments about climate change suggest that: in all three tested climate change scenarios, the parasitoid has the largest relative performance of the system in spite of having the smallest thermal window. This suggests a greater thermal plasticity than previously thought. Nonetheless, in the absence of parasitoids, the herbivore dominates the system. Although there was a 4 °C difference between the three climate change scenarios that were tested, the the performance of the tri-trophic food-web was not significantly affected. In comparison, under two 2050 climate change scenarios, the long-term exposure to high temperatures has a negative effect on the accumulation of biomass for the three components of the food web, both individually and collectively. This is the first study to evaluate empirically and exhaustively the effects of temperature over a great range of plant-herbivore-parasitoid interactions, in order to determine the relative performance of the system in a holistic way.
Puissant, Jérémy. "Effets des changements climatiques sur la dynamique de décomposition microbienne du carbone organique du sol en prairie subalpine calcaire." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAS008/document.
Повний текст джерелаMountain soils stocks huge quantities of carbon as soil organic matter (SOM) which may be highly vulnerable to climate change and thus alter the atmospheric greenhouse gases concentration at a decadal timescale. To understand the effect of climate conditions on the dynamics of mountain soil organic carbon (SOC), a climate change experiment was set up in October 2009 in Swiss Jura subalpine grassland soils. The climate change experiment (soil transplantation) simulated two realistic climate change scenarios, with increased air temperatures ranging between 2 °C and 4 °C and decreased precipitation ranging between 20% and 40%. These changes reflect current predictions of climate change for the 21th century in temperate mountain regions.We studied the effect of climate conditions (climate manipulation and seasonal changes) after four years of climate experiment on (i) the dynamic of microbial decomposition, microbial abundance and community structure, (ii) the dynamic soil organic matter pools with contrasted turnover rate and representing the energetic resource of microbial communities, (iii) the interactions between microbial communities and soil organic matter pools and (iv) the soil organic carbon stocks.This work shows a strong seasonal dynamics of microbial decomposition with higher enzymatic activities, higher microbial abundance and shift of microbial community structure in winter than in summer. These results were linked to the seasonal organic matter labile pools dynamics. Moreover structural equation modeling shows that climate manipulation differently influences the drivers of SOC enzymatic decomposition in summer and winter.Finally, this work shows a strong decrease of soil organic carbon concentration under the climate change manipulation which cannot be explained by an increase of microbial activities. In contrast, our results suggest that the observed climate-induced decrease in bulk soil organic C content was due a SOC decrease in the most biogeochemically stable SOM fraction associated with a decrease in clay content and a decrease of soil calcareous concentration. Thus, our results hint more so towards an effect of SOM leaching (Gavazov, 2013) to explain the climate effect on SOC content than an effect of microbial and/or plant activities
Guo, Chuanbo. "Modélisation des effets des changements climatiques et des activités anthropiques sur les assemblages des poissons des lacs en Chine." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2333/.
Повний текст джерелаKnowledge of the spatial distribution of species and communities in ecosystems is an essential prerequisite for the understanding of ecosystem functioning and processes as well as conservation and spatial planning issues. During the last several decades, in the context of global change, climate change and anthropogenic activities have long been acknowledged as the two main determinants which drive the fish diversity and distributions patterns, and ultimately affect the aquatic ecosystem properties and structure. However, up until now, very few efforts aimed at the fish diversity and ecosystem in the lakes across China. Consequently in the present study, we contribute to highlight the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities on fish diversity and distribution patterns as well as the ecosystem properties with the approach of several ecological modelling. Specifically, we first build the global perspective on the fish distribution and assemblage patterns for a total of 425 fish species (subspecies) in 135 lakes across China using a novel multi-species approach fitted by the Multivariate Regression Tree (MRT). Five fish assemblages were defined by the constrained clustering, 107 indicator species were thus identified. Species diversity showed significantly differences among each assemblage: fish species richness in plateau lakes was significantly lower than plain lakes; however the diversity of the whole assemblage in plateaus was higher than other regions. Altitude, minimum temperature of the coldest month, annual temperature range and precipitation during the driest month were found to be the most important determinants affecting fish assemblages and distribution patterns in Chinese lakes. Then, MRT model was used to predict both species richness and species distribution in order to improve the management and conservation of fish species in China. Our results showed that MRT is a reliable and ideal community-based predictive technique for multi-species prediction. At the species composition level, altitude was the main determinant for the prediction, followed by precipitation of the driest month, temperature annual range and annual mean temperature. While at the richness level, precipitation of driest month, maximum temperature of warmest month and lake area were the main drivers for the prediction of the fish species richness pattern. Thirdly, we examine the capacity and uncertainty of ensemble modelling in predicting fish species distribution and diversity. Potential impacts from two main kinds of uncertainty sources were thus considered: species characteristics (contained species prevalence, altitude range, temperature range and precipitation range) and model techniques (calibration technique and evaluation technique). Finally, our results highlight that predictions from single SDM were so variety and unreliable for all species while ensemble approaches could yield more accurate predictions; we also found that there was no significant influence on the model outcomes from the evaluation measures; we emphasized that species characteristics as species prevalence, altitude range size and precipitation range size would strongly affect the outcomes of SDMs, but temperature range size didn't show a significantly influence; our findings finally verified the hypothesis that species distributed with a smaller range size could be more accurately predicted than species with large range size to be plausible in aquatic ecosystems. Lastly, a case study focused on evaluating the lake ecosystem properties and foodweb structure as well as the effects in a typical shallow macrophytic lake (Bao'an Lake, distributed in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River basin), using the Ecopath model. Finally, the results showed that all the commercial fish suffered from high fishing pressure while forage resources such as attached algae, submerged plants and molluscs were not fully utilized. Moreover, we highlight that the Bao'an Lake ecosystem was a mature system according to Odum's theory. However when compared with some other lake ecosystems, the Bao'an Lake ecosystem, as well as some China lake ecosystems, showed extremely low values of CI (Connectance Index), FCI (Finn's Cycling Index) and SOI (System Omnivory Index), indicating that the ecosystem functions and food web structure of these Chinese lake tended to be simpler and linear than lake ecosystems in other countries. Consequently, this study indicated an urgent need for the adjustment and management of artificial fishery stocking in such type of lakes. Our present study have pictured the global perspective of lake fish diversity and distribution patterns in China, defined the main determinants, and examined the potential effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities on fish diversity and ecosystem properties. Our results will benefit the conservation and management of fish resources, biodiversity, as well as the lake ecosystems all over the world
CASELLA, ERIC. "Effets a long-terme de changements climatiques (co2, temperature) sur une graminee prairiale (lolium perenne l. ). Interactions avec l'azote." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CLF20155.
Повний текст джерелаServonnat, Jérôme. "Variabilité climatique en Atlantique Nord au cours du dernier millénaire : evaluation de l'influence du forçage solaire avec le modèle IPSLCM4." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010VERS0055.
Повний текст джерелаMy work during my PhD has been the evaluation of the influence of solar forcing on climate variability during the last millennium with the IPSLCM4_v2 coupled model. I achieved two numerical simulations of the climate of the last millennium for this purpose. The first one consists in a millennium-long control integration, and the second one (SGI) was forced by reconstructions of the Total Solar Irradiance, CO2 concentrations and orbital parameters during the last millennium. The main results of my thesis are : the forcings significantly affect the temperature variance for geographical extent wider than 5. 106km² (extent of Europe). This result brought the spatial framework for model-data comparisons. The simulated amplitude of the Northern Hemisphere temperature variability is in agreement with the temperature reconstructions. A mismatch has been evidenced between SGI and the reconstructions between 1000 and 1200 AD, during the so-called Medieval Warm Period. The study of the forcings signature in Europe has shown that solar forcing appears clearly in numerical simulations from the ANR ESCARSEL project, but it much weaker in the studied temperature reconstruction. The conclusion of my work is that the solar forcing used in the simulation does not allow explaining totally the secular temperature evolution between 1000 and 1850 AD, either on the Northern Hemisphere or in Europe
Sana, Ullah Muhammad. "Effets des changements climatiques et en particulièrement de la sécheresse sur la décomposition et la stabilisation de la matière organique du sol dans un écosystème prairial." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066240.
Повний текст джерелаBarbraud, Christophe. "Forçage environnemental et prédateurs marins endothermes de l'Océan Austral: effets des changements climatiques récents et des pêcheries industrielles sur les populations." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770926.
Повний текст джерелаCourtial, Lucile. "Effets combinés du rayonnement ultraviolet et du réchauffement climatique sur les coraux Scléractiniaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066214.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаScleractinian corals mainly grow in the shallow euphotic zone, exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), the most harmful part of the solar radiation. UVR increases with climate change and adds to the different environmental pressures that corals are facing. The aims of this thesis were to 1) better understand the effects of UVR on coral physiology, organic matter fluxes and associated bacteria; 2) assess the combined effects of UVR and thermal stress and/or nutrient level. Results show that UVR worsens the negative effect of temperature on coral physiology, similarly to nutrient depletion. Our results also indicate that the sensitivity to UVR stress (i.e. an increase in UVR) is species dependent and function of the symbiont density. The negative effects of UVR increase with the number of symbionts, likely due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which cause cellular damages. In the thesis, we showed that the JNK signalling pathway (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), highly conserved in living organisms, is involved in the early response of corals to UVR and its activation is required to repress stress-induced ROS accumulation. Finally, organic matter release and mucus and coral-associated bacteria are also significantly impacted by UVR, which could contribute to important biochemical changes in reef waters. The work conducted in this thesis brings new insights into the effects of UVR on corals and highlights the importance of taking this environmental factor into account when predicting the future of coral reefs under climate change
Gicquel, Aurélien. "Impact des changements globaux sur le fonctionnement des tourbières : couplage C-N-S et interactions biotiques." Rennes 1, 2012. https://ecm.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/fc809707-f62e-4b7b-aaa0-3ce961750dde.
Повний текст джерелаIn a context of global change, peatlands "sink" function of carbon (C) is likely to switch to a "source" function, releasing into the atmosphere large quantities of C initially stored in the peat. This thesis aims to characterize and quantify at different levels of organization: i) the impact of global warming on Sphagnum-peatland biogeochemical functioning (CNS) and ii) the impact of restoration of peatland abandoned after harvesting of peat on the interactions between recolonizing plants (Eriophorum angustifolium), macrofauna (Lumbricus rubellus) and the microorganisms potentially involved in the regeneration process of peat forming. The peatland functioning and biotic interactions have been studied by coupling C-N-S and isotope tracing 13C-15N-34S. A moderate increase of + 1°C simulated by "Open Top Chambers" (OTCs) significantly reduces C fluxes at the ecosystem level, the primary production of Sphagnum and the microbes are most affected. At the community level, the activity of anaerobic bacteria, fungi and protozoa (estimated by SIP 13C-PLFAs) was significantly slowed. We showed that a soil engineer as the earthworm L. Rubellus played a positive role in recycling organic matter indirectly by providing elements (C > N > S) to the plant. Transfers depend on the functional traits of the organism. At the individual level, we have characterized using NanoSIMS, "anticorrelated" NS transfers from earthworms to peat
Ezzat, Leïla. "Effets de la disponibilité en sels nutritifs sur la réponse physiologique des coraux tropicaux dans le contexte du changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066306.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаReef building corals are usually thriving in oligotrophic areas, characterized by low concentrations in inorganic nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. More, nutrient starvation is known to increase with global warming. However, along the urban coasts, water eutrophication induces nutrient excess, which could lead to the breakdown of the coraldinoflagellate symbiosis. The major aims of this thesis were to assess: 1) the use and uptake capacities of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus by tropical corals according to environmental parameters; 2) the effects of nutrient limitation or enrichments in nitrogen and/or phosphorus on reef coral physiology. Results showed that corals response differed according to the chemical form, source of nitrogen and to the availability of phosphorus in the reef environment. In the presence of low phosphorus concentrations, ammonium supplementation enhanced coral metabolism and allowed coral colonies to overcome thermal stress. Conversely, nitrate enrichments negatively impacted photosynthesis and calcification processes, increasing coral bleaching susceptibility. These deleterious effects were enhanced when combined with organic matter supplementation, but repressed with addition of phosphorus. Indeed, results highlighted the tight relationship existing between phosphorus availability and coral health. During thermal stress, corals were able to increase their phosphorus uptake, this latter nutrient being essential for the holobiont metabolism. These outcomes shed a light into how marine symbioses cope with eutrophication, which is urgently required to refine risk management strategies
Morrissette-Boileau, Clara. "Dynamique de deux espèces arbustives de la toundra arctique en réponse aux changements climatiques et au broutement du caribou migrateur." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27785.
Повний текст джерелаGeneralized shrub expansion has been observed over the circumpolar Arctic in response to climate change. This phenomenon is causing major alterations to the biotic and abiotic environments, a consequence of the increased shrub growth in height. We characterised tundra shrub species dynamics in response to climate change and migratory caribou browsing. To do so, we evaluated dominant erect shrub species dynamics and tested experimentally how shrub responds to these disturbances, using Betula glandulosa as model species. Our results show that shrub cover in Deception Bay is mainly driven by B. glandulosa, a species with increasing recruitment since early 2000s. However, it seems that this species’ vertical structure remains low which might not modify the biotic and abiotic environment normally associated with shrub expansion. We also showed experimentally that increase in shrub growth is a result of enhanced soil nitrogen fertility, a proxy of increase microbiological activity in response to global warming. Moreover, we demonstrated that caribou browsing has a negative cumulative effect on B. glandulosa growth. Thus, we showed in this study that shrub expansion is rather limited in Deception Bay and might be slowed down by the combined effects of harsh climatic conditions and herbivores. Moreover, our study stressed that herbivores must be taken into account when predicting vegetation change in the tundra.
Bourgeaud, Luana. "Histoire évolutive et potentiel adaptatif : une approche éco-évolutive de la vulnérabilité des espèces aux changements climatiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30263.
Повний текст джерелаUnderstanding the processes influencing the geographical distribution of species is one of the main aims in ecology and is of particular interest since climate change caused by human activities is currently leading to the geographical redistribution of species. In this context, we explored the temporal dynamics of the climatic niche (the set of climatic requirements of a species) in an attempt to determine species' ability to cope with climate change. To do this, we investigated historical rates of climatic niche change which describe past climatic niche changes that occurred over the course of species evolutionary history assuming that past climatic changes reflect current climate change. Following the reconstruction of a dated phylogeny for 12,616 fish species, we compiled climate and distribution data to estimate historical rates of climatic niche change. In a first project, we studied the factors influencing historical rates of climatic niche change in aquatic environments. In particular, we confirmed that historical rates of climatic niche change are greater at higher latitudes. We also discussed the differences between marine and freshwater ecosystems. In a second project, we correlated historical rates of climatic niche change with measures of contemporary range shifts. We showed that historical rates of climatic niche change are positively associated with contemporary range shifts in marine fish. Our results suggest that the influence of historical rates of climatic niche change and more generally of species evolutionary history on their response to current climate change needs to be further explored to determine how it can inform biodiversity conservation
Gossiaux, Alice. "Effets des changements environnementaux sur le fonctionnement des ruisseaux de tête de bassin versant." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0260.
Повний текст джерелаIn the current context of environmental changes, many pressures threaten the functioning and integrity of natural environments. Among these pressures, concerns about increasing temperatures and changes in nutrients availability are rising, particularly for freshwater aquatic ecosystems. The consequences of these changes on headwater streams, which contribute to downstream water bodies and provide many ecosystem services, are essential to anticipate in order to plan management and conservation measures. Headwater streams functioning is mainly based on the decomposition of allochthonous organic matter, which is the major carbon input for benthic food webs. To a lesser extent, primary production is represented by the autotrophic organisms of biofilm. Using different approaches (microcosms, mesocosms, in natura), this thesis aims at understanding how microbial and macro-invertebrate compartments, involved in the functioning of headwater streams, react to temperature increases, and at disentangling the combined effects of nutrients availability changes, seasonality, species identity and underlying biotic interactions. The results of this thesis demonstrate that temperature and nutrients have complex effects on stream litter decomposition processes (potentially weak, non-linear and sometimes opposed to the results of the literature). In addition, these studies highlight the importance of taking seasonal effects and temporal dynamics into account in order to improve the understanding of the measured processes in natural or semi-natural environments. Finally, species identity (litter, micro and macro-organisms), species roles in the community (functional groups) and interactions among them (antagonists, facilitators) play a key role in the variability of observed responses, by modulating, for example, the importance of the brown and green pathways in the functioning of these systems. Finally, the variability of the effects of temperature increase and nutrient availability on the functioning of headwater streams, which is strongly linked to the context and level of biological organization, leads to many research opportunities, and in particular for citizen science
Ruiz, diaz britez Manuela. "Adaptation du douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii (MIRB.) FRANCO) aux changements climatiques : étude rétrospective basée sur l’analyse des cernes." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IAVF0011/document.
Повний текст джерелаForest response to the drought increase associated to the climatic warming relies on tree adaptive potential, i.e. the genetic variation and the heritability of adaptive traits involved in resistance to drought. In the first chapter, we identify easy-to-measure proxies of adaptive traits for resistance to drought. We compare the wood microdensity of dead and surviving trees after the 2003 heat wave in France. The most discriminating variables are the mean density of high and lowdensity segments, high-density proportion and coefficient of variation of the lowdensity segment. The wood of the surviving trees is always denser and more heterogeneous. If these adaptive traits are variable and heritable, then it is possible to select for improved resistance to drought in the breeding population as well as in natural regeneration. Our results also suggest that directional selection is going on in more or less water-stressed environments. The direction is variable according to the nature of the selection pressure in the different regions. In the Chapter II, we estimate the evolutionary potential to drought of the introduced Douglas-fir in France. This evolutionary potential relies on the magnitude of the genetic variation and of the heritability of the adaptive traits found in the first chapter. The heritability and the genetic variation are highly variable between provenances, sites and, to a much lower extent, between annual rings. Most variables have moderate to high heritability estimates for at least some provenances in some sites. Some traits tend to have generally higher heritability and genetic variation estimates. These are mostly variables of the density part of the annual ring. The variables having at the same time relatively high estimates of heritability and genetic variation are good candidates for becoming efficient selection traits for resistance to drought in tree breeding as well as in natural regeneration. The significant between-site variation suggests that the heritability estimates increase with site quality. The estimates are also significantly different between provenances with a strong provenance × site interaction. Conversely there is little significant between annual-ring variation. The chapter III takes advantage of the annual-ring variation to study the relationships between the genetic parameter estimates and climatic and soil variables. The heritability and genetic variation estimates of most variables significantly relates with most tested environmental variables. Very few variables never correlates with any environmental variable. The significant relationships are very variable between traits, provenances and sites. The most important predictors are temperature, evapotranspiration, and soil water reserve and water deficit. Rainfall marginally influences the genetic parameter estimates. Generally, the better the growing conditions, the higher the estimates. All components of the experimental trials affect the genetic parameters estimates. Thus, the choice of the plant material and of the experimental site strongly determines the genetic parameter estimates. The uncontrolled climatic variation may randomly affect the estimates
Waisman, Henri. "Les politiques climatiques entre prix du carbone, rente pétrolière et dynamiques urbaines." Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00799199.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis investigates the effects of constraints imposed on economic interactions by limitations due to natural resources, among which oil and urban land play a curcial role in the context of climate change. These dimensions, often neglected in existing analyses, have an ambiguous effect since they suggest both the risk of enhanced costs if carbon limitations reinforce the sub-optimalities caused by pre-existing constraints, but also, conversely, the possibility of co-benefits if the climate policy helps to correct some pre-existing imperfections of socio-economic trajectories. To investigate this issue, an innovative modeling framework of the energy-economy interactions is elaborated that embarks the specificities of the deployment of oil production capacities and the issues related to the spatial organization in urban areas. We demonstrate that, beyond the carbon price, the costs of climate policy essentially depend on the sequencing of complementary measures, with a crucial role of spatial policy designed to control transport-related emissions through mobility
Floremont, Fanny. "Les récits contrastés de la « migration environnementale » : élaboration, usages et effets sur l'action publique." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40046/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis research work aims at questioning the variety of narratives used to describe “environmental migration” and the shifting importance given to the matter. Building on a political sociology of ‘public action’ perspective, it undertakes a transnational comparison between international arenas and Malian politics and policies. This study shows that, in a context of multiple political and scientific uncertainties, “environmental migration” narratives are used to add dramatic tension to issues that go beyond the subject of environmentally linked migration, and to construct them as public problems.Three conflicting narratives have been elaborated in the international arenas: the “refugee” narrative, the “natural disaster induced displacement” narrative and the “migration as adaption” narrative. Their multiplication can be explained by their instrumental purpose and by the constant reformulation efforts undertaken by political entrepreneurs in order to include them in the prevailing cognitive and normative frames. As a result, these narratives appear to be out of step with academic findings that insist on the complex causal relationship linking environment to displacement. In Mali, the “refugee” narrative is the one predominantly used by ‘public action’ actors but it is part of a larger discourse focused on climate change, which is used to legitimise development aid flows. The narratives elaborated at the international level are thus selected and adapted to local cognitive and normative frames and agenda setting dynamics
Montuire, Sophie. "Communautés de mammifères et environnements : l'apport des faunes aux reconstitutions des milieux en Europe depuis le Pliocène et l'impact des changements climatiques sur la diversité." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20214.
Повний текст джерелаGerardin, Théo. "Plasticité et diversité de l’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau chez deux espèces de chêne blanc d’Europe : les chênes pédonculé (Quercus robur L.) et sessile (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) : approche descriptive de la dynamique de réponse stomatique aux changements environnementaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0120.
Повний текст джерелаQuercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. are two sympatric oak species occupying distinctive ecological niches as well as presenting disparate drought tolerances. Available litterature reports the existence of stable inter-specific differences of water use efficiency (WUE) between the two species, Q. petraea displaying higher values than Q. robur. Water use efficiency can be studied at several integration scales both spatially and temporally. Based on instantaneous foliar gaz exchange, the intrinsic water use efficiency can be determined (Wi). On the other hand, water use can be characterised by measurements of the carbon isotopic composition of plant tissues (13C) or by estimation of the whole plant transpiration efficiency (TE), thus allowing a time-integrated estimate of water use. The characterisation of WUE through these different estimators allowed us to put in evidence in oak seedlings grown under controlled conditions a higher transpiration efficiency in Q. robur even though no differences were observed between the two species regarding instantaneous measurements (Wi). TE variations were mainly linked to the variations of the biomass production by the plants while Wi variations were essentially associated to the stomatal conductance. Both intra and inter specific variations of the dynamics of stomatal response to step changes of environmental factors (light, CO2, VPD) could not be clearly linked to the variations of the different WUE estimates nor their respective components. Nevertheless, drought conditions impacted the stomatal dynamics in both species towards faster stomatal responses, especially for stomatal closing. Furthermore, the main observed differences between species were linked to biomass production. Both species displayed different carbon allocation strategies, especially regarding the root compartment. Thus, Q. petraea produced a significantly more ramified and thinner root system than Q. robur. Such behaviour was accentuated under drought stress, under which Q. robur was more sensitive than Q. petraea in term of biomass production. The complexity of the relationships between water use efficiency and all of these morphological and physiological traits as well as the possible drought tolerance implications in both oak species are discussed in this PhD thesis
Mortier, Augustin. "Tendances et variabilités de l’aérosol atmosphérique à l’aide du couplage Lidar/Photomètre sur les sites de Lille et Dakar." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10164.
Повний текст джерелаBeyond their impact on air quality affecting health, atmospheric aerosols are a key parameter of the climate. Large uncertainties remain (IPCC, 2013) due to their type versatility, radiative and clouds interactions and their strong variability in space and time. In light of this, a long-term observation is highly required. In 2006, the LOA reinforced sunphotometer observations with two micro-lidars in two contrasted sites : Lille and Dakar. In this work, we analyse these complementary observations at multiple time scale in order to highlight trends and provide a variability estimation. These observations include detection of extreme events (volcanic ash from Eyjafjöll, 2010). The analysis of the unique and large database is based on the development of an automatic algorithm (BASIC) combining vertical profiles and sunphotometer measurements. This work is particularly relevant and of interest in the current and future context of observation systems (ORAURE, Météo France). Our results are used to provide a better determination of aerosols radiative effect. Our whole database has been used faced to vertical profiles from the CALIOP spaceborne lidar and for a first evaluation of the NMMB/BSC-Dust model in Africa during one year. Finally, we present first results of a mobile ground-based remote sensing system, providing high space resolution capability to monitor aerosol properties, deployed during DRAGON campaign (USA, 2011)
Gandar, Allison. "Réponse aux stress multiples chez les poissons : effets croisés de la température et des cocktails de pesticides." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30310/document.
Повний текст джерелаCrossed-effects between climate change and chemical pollutions were identified on community structure and ecosystem functioning. Temperature rising affect the toxic properties of pollutants and the sensitiveness of organisms to chemicals stress. Inversely, chemical exposure may decrease the thermal tolerance of ectothermic species, as fish. In this context, we studied the response of a biological model in aquatic toxicology, the goldfish (Carassius auratus), to individual and combined chemical and thermal stresses. In this aim, we exposed the goldfish to environmental relevant concentrations of herbicide and fungicide mixtures at two temperatures for 96 hours or 16 days. The fish responses were assessed from the molecular level to individual endpoints, including omic approaches (proteomic and metabolomic), biochemical analyses (cortisol, antioxidant defenses, cellular energy allocation), indexes (somatic and condition factors) and behavioral assays (sediment reworking, activity, exploration and feeding). Our results showed that individual chemical or thermal stresses induced a general stress response including biochemical, metabolic, physiological and behavioral compensations. The absence of deleterious effect on the global condition of fish suggested the implementation of an efficient and adaptive stress response, while the hypoactivity of fish exposed to pesticide mixtures could entrain a decreased performance and fitness into the wild. At the opposite, the combined chemical and thermal stresses induced reciprocal inactivation of the stress response, with antagonism effect on cortisol secretion, antioxidant defense induction and metabolic compensation. However, increased effect on behavioral traits and decreased global condition of fish were observed. Our study showed that temperature rising sensitized fish to pesticide exposure. Finally, inhibited stress response in fish exposed to pesticide cocktails raises concerns about species conservation an ecosystem under multiple pressures
Perron-Drolet, François. "Effets des changements climatiques sur la performance à long terme des chaussées souples au Québec - Volet 2 : effet de l'augmentation de la température en hiver et d'une hausse du nombre d'épisode de redoux hivernaux." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25988.
Повний текст джерелаIn the coming decades climate change will have significant impacts on the long-term performance of the road network of Quebec, particularly during winter period. This study quantifies the effect of climate change expected in winter, precisely the effect of a decrease in the freezing index and an increase in the number of episodes of winter thaws. Firstly milder winter temperatures will have a positive impact by reducing pavement damage caused by frost heaves. Increased duration of life of about 6-17% is expected for climate horizon [2011-2040]. In addition, an adjustment of the freezing index has also been established to adapt construction of future pavement structure to less severe winters. Thereafter, the effect of an increase in the number of winter thaws events will have a negative impact on pavements increasing damages by permanent deformation in the granular base and by fatigue in the asphalt concrete layer. Triaxial tests were conducted to evaluate the performance on permanent deformation of different types of MG-20 subjected to repeated winter thaws. These tests were then validated using a small-scale heavy vehicle simulator. It was possible to conclude that, for the climate horizon [2011-2040], flexible pavements in Quebec will suffer a loss of lifetime ranging from 7 to 13% in permanent deformation. Regarding the fatigue damage, we expect a reduction of lifetime from 5 to 8%. Finally, some mitigation methods are proposed to adapt road networks to climate change.
Rathgeber, Cyrille. "Impact des changements climatiques et de l'augmentation du taux de CO2 atmosphérique sur la productivité des écosystèmes forestiers : exemple du pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill.) en Provence calcaire (France)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30033.
Повний текст джерелаData from 21 Aleppo pine stands have allowed to calculate a synthetic growth index which expresses inter-annual productivity variations. For each stand, three types of models (climatic, bioclimatic and biogeochemistry) have been confronted to the observations and validated. The biogeochemistry model is not sensitive to climatic changes but simulates a strong productivity increase linked to the increase of CO2 rate. The climatic model of growth simulates, in response of climatic change, a strong increase of productivity linked to the increase of spring temperatures. The bioclimatic model simulates a significant decrease of productivity linked to the increase of summer drought period. The response of a stand depends on the site conditions. The exposure, in fact, determines the thermal balance when the slope, the soil water capacity and the permeability of the substratum constraint the water balance
Bourgeois, Timothée. "Effets des perturbations anthropiques sur la biogéochimie dans l'océan côtier à l'échelle globale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV015.
Повний текст джерелаThe coastal ocean suffers from the convergence of multiple anthropogenic stressors with climate change at the forefront. Combined stresses from global warming, ocean acidification, eutrophication and deoxygenation threaten coastal ecosystems and thus their services that humans rely on. Unfortunately, the coastal ocean's large spatiotemporal heterogeneity limits our understanding of the biogeochemical processes involved and their responses to anthropogenic perturbations. The current database of coastal observations remains insufficient, and global biogeochemical ocean models have long been inadequate to the study of the global coastal ocean. Indeed, the spatial resolution of these models has been too coarse to resolve key small-scale coastal processes. However, continual improvements in computational resources now allow global simulations to be made with sufficiently high model resolution that begins to be suitable for coastal ocean studies. In this thesis, we propose to study the evolution of the coastal ocean biogeochemistry at the global scale over recent decades using higher resolution versions of the global physical-biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES. After evaluating of the global representation of the coastal biogeochemistry in this ocean model, we estimate the current role of the coastal ocean in the ocean uptake of anthropogenic carbon and we study the impact of the anthropogenically driven changes in riverine inputs on the coastal biogeochemistry. From simulations made at 3 different spatial resolutions (200 km, 50 km, 25 km), we esteem that the 50-km model grid offers the best compromise between quality of results and computational cost. The upgrade to 25 km does not appear to provide significant improvement in model skill of simulating coastal biogeochemical fields. After evaluating the model, we provide an estimate of the coastal-ocean sink of anthropogenic carbon, the first study to do so with a global 3-D model. In our simulation, the coastal zone absorbs only 4.5% of the anthropogenic carbon taken up by the global ocean during 1993-2012, less than the 7.5% proportion of coastal-to-global-ocean surface areas. Coastal uptake is weakened due to a bottleneck in offshore transport, which is inadequate to reduce the mean anthropogenic carbon concentration of coastal waters to the average level found in the open-ocean mixed layer. Finally, the anthropogenic perturbation in riverine delivery of nutrients to the ocean has limited impact on the coastal carbon cycle when integrated across all coastal regions, but locally it can induce sharp biogeochemical contrasts. For example, the North Sea shows minor biogeochemical changes following the moderate local trend in nutrient riverine inputs, which is in dramatic contrast to the East China Sea where extensive deoxygenation and acidification are driven by sharp increases in riverine nutrient inputs
Tougeron, Kévin. "Variabilité de la diapause chez les parasitoïdes de pucerons dans le cadre des changements climatiques : implications en lutte biologique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B030/document.
Повний текст джерелаClimate changes alter the phenology of organisms, i.e. the succession over time of the elements of their life-cycle. Diapause expression in insects – that is, the developmental arrest allowing survival to seasonal degradations in the biotic and abiotic environment – is particularly affected. This thesis addresses the existence of different environmental factors acting on the seasonal strategies of Aphidius aphid parasitoids. In cereal agro-systems of western France, host and parasitoid communities have changed rapidly over the past decade. Hence, some parasitoid species enter diapause at low levels due to temperature increase, decrease in frost events and the presence of their hosts during winter, which impose selection on diapause induction thresholds. Parasitoids show plastic adjustments of their response to environmental stimuli inducing diapause. They enter diapause at higher proportion if they develop in sexual morphs of aphids (which inform for upcoming limited resources) than in asexual hosts, which underlines the co-evolution of their life-cycles. Transgenerational plasticity is also involved in these responses since maternal competition induces summer diapause in their offspring. Moreover, winter diapause incidence increases after some parasitoid generations experience the same environmental conditions. Local adaptations of parasitoids to new environmental conditions lead to a loss of diapause expression – which involves ecological and physiological costs – to the benefit of adult overwintering strategies. Modifications in species activity-density within aphids-(hyper)parasitoids communities, due to changes in overwintering strategies, could affect food-webs’ stability and alter positively or negatively the efficiency of biological pest control
Racine, Calypso. "Écologie des foraminifères benthiques en domaine arctique dans un contexte de changements climatiques : cas des mers de Chukchi, Barents et Baffin." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0008/document.
Повний текст джерелаBenthic foraminifera are widely used in oceanography as paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental bio-indicators due to their presence in all marine environments, their sensitivity to environmental changes and their great capacity to fossilize. However, the use of benthic foraminifera as paleoenvironmental proxies requires a good knowledge of the ecological conditions and the parameters controlling species distribution. Although knowledges about the ecology of benthic foraminifera are improving, they remain sporadic in Arctic area, a complex ecosystem characterized by multiple interactions between the atmosphere, the ocean and the cryosphere and particularly sensitive to change and vulnerable to global warming. Temperatures in the Arctic have risen twice as fast as the global average over the past decades, a phenomenon that has been dubbed the “polar amplification of global warming”. In this context, this thesis aims at better understanding the ecology of living benthic foraminifera in Arctic regions and at defining the importance of environmental controls on fauna such as water mass properties, primary productivity, organic matter flux as well as sea-ice dynamics. Living benthic foraminifera were identified in the first centimetres of 21 surface sediment cores collected in three Arctic areas during summer in 2014 and 2015: Baffin Bay and the Barents and Chukchi Seas. These three regions present specific characteristics in terms of sea-ice cover, water mass circulation or primary productivity. Our results suggest that these factors influence the distribution of benthic foraminifera. The flux of organic matter resulting from primary productivity intensified during spring and summer periods near hydrographic polar fronts, sea-ice edges (marginal ice zones) and in the north water polynya (Baffin Bay) increases the fauna’s densities and diversity and favours the development of specific species. Nonionellina labradorica in cold Arctic waters and Cassidulina neoteretis associated with Atlantic waters respond to fresh supply of organic matter while Melonis barleeanus is found in environment rich in degraded organic matter. In deeper oligotrophic environments, Oridorsalis tenerus is a ubiquitous species associated with Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi on the west continental margin of Barents Sea and Ioanella tumidula in the deeper basin in the north of the Chukchi Sea. Physical and chemical water mass properties also affect the distribution of living benthic foraminifera. In the Baffin Bay and the continental shelf of the Chukchi Sea, corrosive waters lead to carbonate dissolution, favouring the dominance of agglutinated species. This thesis hence contributes to calibrate the benthic foraminifera to their environment and to improve their application as paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental proxies in the Arctic. Finally, a preliminary study about fossil benthic foraminifera in three cores of Barents Sea allowed to show variations of environmental conditions during the last two centuries
Royer-Gaspard, Paul. "De la robustesse des modèles hydrologiques face à des conditions climatiques variables." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS466.
Повний текст джерелаAmong the many challenges that climate change poses, the ability of hydrological models to adequately perform over a large range of climatic conditions is key its impacts on the regime of rivers. However, modern hydrological models still lack of robustness. The causes are yet uncertain and may be manifold: (calibration, measurement errors, model structure). This thesis aims at identifying solutions for model improvement by a series of diagnoses conducted on a large catchment set. After a study of the types of climatic changes challenging model robustness the most, we set up a comparison of different calibration methods. It revealed that the choice of the optimized objective function had a significant impact on model robustness. The way potential evaporation is computed also influences model robustness, although our comparison of a few potential evaporation models show rather heterogeneous results across the catchment set. A method specifically designed to diagnose structural weaknesses impacting model robustness, based on an analysis of performance trade-offs in a multi-objective framework, was then proposed and applied to the GR4J model. A couple of major structural deficiencies was identified. These deficiencies likely prevent the model from providing robust simulations in different streamflow ranges simultaneously. An attempt to modify the structure of GR4J yielded to an encouraging yet modest improvement of its performance. Despite the light enhancement of hydrological model robustness achieved in this work, it may pave the way to further advances toward model structural development
Chavaillaz, Yann. "La vitesse du changement climatique et ses implications sur la perception des générations futures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV021.
Повний текст джерелаIn most climate studies, climate change is approached by focusing on the evolution between a fixed current baseline and a future period, emphasizing stronger warming as we move further over the 21st century. Under climate conditions that are continuously evolving, human and natural systems might have to constantly adapt to a changing climate. This thesis proposes an alternative approach to climate projections. Here, I consider and analyze indicators of the pace of changes relative to temperature, precipitation and vegetation in order to be relevant for both urban and rural populations. An ensemble of CMIP5 simulations from 18 climate models is selected. The pace is represented by differences between two subsequent 20-year periods. Considering the pace of change would be beneficial for climate impacts and adaptation analyses.The models predict that the warming rate strongly increases without any mitigation policies (RCP8.5 scenario). It is twice as high by the end of the century compared to the current period, and even three times higher in some regions. Significant shifts in temperature distributions between two subsequent 20-year periods are projected to involve almost half of all land surfaces and most tropical areas by 2060 onwards (i.e. at least four times as many regions than currently). In these regions, an extremely warm year with a return period of about 50 years would become quite common only 20 years later. The fraction of the world population exposed to such shifts might reach about 60% (6 billion people, i.e. seven times more than currently). Low mitigation measures (RCP6.0) allow the warming rate to be kept at current values, and reduce the fraction of the world population exposed to significant shifts of temperature distributions by one third.Under RCP8.5, rainfall moistening and drying rates both increase by 30-40% above current levels. As we move further over the century, their patterns become geographically stationary and the trends become persistent. The stabilization of the geographical rate patterns that occurs despite the acceleration of global warming can be physically explained: it results from the increasing contribution of thermodynamic processes compared to dynamic processes in the control of precipitation change. The combination of intensification and increasing persistence of precipitation rate patterns may affect the way human societies and ecosystems adapt to climate change, especially in the Mediterranean basin, Central America, South Asia and the Arctic. Such an evolution in precipitation has already become noticeable over the last few decades, but it could be reversed if strong mitigation policies were quickly implemented (RCP2.6).Changes in vegetation could be visual landmarks of climate change. In mid- and high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the phenology of grass and trees follows the warming rate. Without any mitigation policies, the start of spring occurs earlier, and its duration is extended faster as we move over the century. The vegetation cover becomes denser, regardless of the selected pathway, in proportion to the temperature rise. The seasonal cycle of mid-latitude crops also depends on the temperature, and the seasonal cycle of tropical crops directly follows the features of the wet season. In all other latitudes, no robust evolution of the seasonal cycle is projected. The pace of change of vegetation cover since 1880 already doubled before 1950, mainly due to a strong change in land use. This pace is then projected to be stable over the entire 21st century if the vegetation dynamically interacts with the climate system in the models. This corresponds to a reduction of land-use change and to the acceleration of changes of vegetation cover under climate change
Dantec, Cécile. "Caractérisation des contraintes biotiques et abiotiques sur la phénologie printanière du chêne : expliquer les patrons de diversité et prédire les changements futurs." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0042/document.
Повний текст джерелаBudburst phenology is a major adaptive trait of trees to the environment in temperateclimate. Our aim was to characterize the biotic (powdery mildew) and abiotic (winter and springtemperatures / spring frost) constraints acting on budburst in view to explain the patterns of intra and interpopulations’ phenological variation observed in sessile oak (Quercus petraea) along an elevation gradient.We based our approach on in situ monitoring, experimentation and modeling. Our results highlight that theavoidance of late spring frosts is a major adaptive trait along the elevation gradient. The lateness inbudburst might be due to higher requirements in forcing temperatures. Otherwise, the fungus is not locallyadapted to its host phenology so oak individuals and populations are unequally exposed to the disease.With increasing elevation, oaks are more and more exposed to the fungus, but the environmental factorsare unfavorable to higher infection. At low elevation, powdery mildew and late spring frosts favor oppositephonological phenotypes (early-flushing vs. late-flushing trees, respectively); the combination of the twopressures may thus contribute to the maintenance of the observed high phenological diversity. We alsoshowed that powdery mildew infection induced an increased polycyclism during the growing season in oakseedlings, which made them less resistant to winter frosts. Predictive phenological models will have toinclude the chilling phase which conditions dormancy breaking. Although the lack of chilling is not yet alimiting factor, the current trend in increasingly advanced budburst will certainly be slowed or even reversedin the middle of the century at low elevation, in the southern margin of the distribution area of Q. petraea
Deroche, Madeleine-Sophie. "Détection à court-terme et long-terme des tempêtes hivernales à fort potentiel d'impact." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066578.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe research carried out during the PhD deals with winter windstorms with high economic damage potential in Europe and can be divided in two parts. The first part aims at quantifying the impact of climate change on European winter windstorms and relies on datasets covering long periods of time (>30 years) either in the past or in the future. The objective of the second part is to forecast potential losses and claims associated with an upcoming extreme windstorm by using forecast data updated every six hours. The overall objective of the first part is to provide a medium-term view of what could be the winter windstorms in Europe during the 21st century. It thus completes the short-term vision of the risk given by the Catastrophe Models used by the (re)insurers to assess the cost of the risk on their portfolio. A new methodology has been developed to define the damage potential associated with European winter windstorms. The novelty of the methodology relies in the use of several variables capturing different spatiotemporal scales and the coupling that exists between variables during the cyclogenesis. Seeking for events sharing a similar intense signature simultaneously in the relative vorticity at 850 hPa, the mean sea level pressure and the surface wind speed lead to the detection of a small group of events. Comparing the number of events that belong to this group and their intensity in reanalysis datasets and different simulations of the future climate can provide enough information to insurance companies on the potential evolution of this hazard in a future climate. A first paper on the methodology has been accepted in the journal of Natural Hazard and Earth Science System.The methodology has been applied to the datasets provided by Global Climate Models (GCM) participating to the CMIP5 project. The goal is to assess the ability of GCMs to reproduce winter windstorms in Europe and the potential impact of climate change on the frequency and intensity of such events. A second paper presenting the results obtained from this second study will be submitted.The second part of the PhD focuses on the project Severe WIndstorms Forecasting Tool (SWIFT). The objective is to develop an early warning tool that detects an upcoming winter windstorms in meteorological forecasts updated every six hours and provides interested AXA entities with an alert on the upcoming windstorm as well as an estimate of the potential losses and claims.The tool has been developed in parallel of the research project and consists in two modules. In the first module, particularly intense systems are detected in meteorological forecasts and the associated gust footprint is extracted. In the second module, wind speeds are translated into a loss and a number of claims thanks to vulnerability curves. When a system is detected, an alert is sent with the appropriate information on the event propagation and the associated loss. The tool has been running automatically for the 2013 – 2014 winter season and detected most of the events that passed over Europe
Magassa, Modibo. "Gestion adaptative des zones humides : une approche de réduction de la vulnérabilité des populations riveraines face aux effets des changements climatiques : exemple du lac Wégnia dans la région de Koulikoro, au Mali." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68749.
Повний текст джерелаIn a context of ecological uncertainty linked to climate variability and change, how can the sustainability of the resources of the wetland of Lake Wégnia in the Koulikoro region in Mali be ensured, while allowing neighboring communities to benefit from them? This is the central question around which this thesis revolves. To approach it, the "adaptive management" approach, relying on the effective participation of local actors and the taking into account of their traditional ecological knowledge in the management process of this lake, was favored. The approach is also based on a methodology using various complementary tools to collect, process, and analyze data. Field surveys and analysis of satellite images have shown the vulnerability of natural resources in the study area (particularly Lake Wégnia) to the combined effects of climate change and human activities. However, local communities derive their livelihood directly from these natural resources. As a result, the vulnerability of natural resources consequently leads to the vulnerability of the livelihoods of these communities. In order to reduce the vulnerability of the communities concerned, certain actions were undertaken: the analysis of the situation of the Lake Wégnia basin; identification of the main threats and local adaptation strategies; the development of an improved action plan and a monitoring plan and their implementation. The action plan included activities such as reforestation around lakes Wégnia and Kononi, the construction of stone bunds perpendicular to the ravines that lead to these lakes, fish farming in ponds, and the establishment of a monitoring committee for the monitoring of achievements. Finally, the activities implemented were evaluated after an observation period (the duration of which varied depending on the activity) to draw lessons on the basis of the results obtained. From these lessons, recommendations were made with a view to designing a potential future action plan.
Vezy, Rémi. "Simulation de pratiques de gestion alternatives pour l'adaptation des plantations pérennes aux changements globaux." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0939/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we used two complementary mathematical models to simulate the future behavior of coffee plantations under climate change (1979 - 2100). We studied their carbon, water, and energy balances to better understand and predict the effects of these changes on coffee production. The addition of shade trees above the coffee layer leadto higher yield compared to full sun management under increased temperature.However, coffee yield was predicted to decrease compared to current levels by 2100,whatever the shade tree species or management
Gerardin, Théo. "Plasticité et diversité de l’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau chez deux espèces de chêne blanc d’Europe : les chênes pédonculé (Quercus robur L.) et sessile (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) : approche descriptive de la dynamique de réponse stomatique aux changements environnementaux." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0120/document.
Повний текст джерелаQuercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. are two sympatric oak species occupying distinctive ecological niches as well as presenting disparate drought tolerances. Available litterature reports the existence of stable inter-specific differences of water use efficiency (WUE) between the two species, Q. petraea displaying higher values than Q. robur. Water use efficiency can be studied at several integration scales both spatially and temporally. Based on instantaneous foliar gaz exchange, the intrinsic water use efficiency can be determined (Wi). On the other hand, water use can be characterised by measurements of the carbon isotopic composition of plant tissues (13C) or by estimation of the whole plant transpiration efficiency (TE), thus allowing a time-integrated estimate of water use. The characterisation of WUE through these different estimators allowed us to put in evidence in oak seedlings grown under controlled conditions a higher transpiration efficiency in Q. robur even though no differences were observed between the two species regarding instantaneous measurements (Wi). TE variations were mainly linked to the variations of the biomass production by the plants while Wi variations were essentially associated to the stomatal conductance. Both intra and inter specific variations of the dynamics of stomatal response to step changes of environmental factors (light, CO2, VPD) could not be clearly linked to the variations of the different WUE estimates nor their respective components. Nevertheless, drought conditions impacted the stomatal dynamics in both species towards faster stomatal responses, especially for stomatal closing. Furthermore, the main observed differences between species were linked to biomass production. Both species displayed different carbon allocation strategies, especially regarding the root compartment. Thus, Q. petraea produced a significantly more ramified and thinner root system than Q. robur. Such behaviour was accentuated under drought stress, under which Q. robur was more sensitive than Q. petraea in term of biomass production. The complexity of the relationships between water use efficiency and all of these morphological and physiological traits as well as the possible drought tolerance implications in both oak species are discussed in this PhD thesis
Chemel, Mathilde. "Effect of the temperature on cold-water coral holobiont in the North-East Atlantic Ocean." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS592.
Повний текст джерелаCold-water corals such as Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata, two key reef-forming species distributed worldwide, form extensive reefs providing highly valuable habitats for diverse biological communities. They are particularly threatened by increasing temperature, as models predict that temperature would further increase by up to 3 °C in the Atlantic Ocean before the end of the century. Recent work has characterised the cold-water coral ecology and has shown degraded health status both in response to lower and increased temperatures in different scleractinian species. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of their thermal response, including the response at the holobiont level (i.e. the coral host and its associated microbiome), is still poorly known. Understanding the response of cold-water corals to ocean warming using integrative approach is of paramount importance to evaluate their resilience to future water temperatures. The goal of this thesis was firstly to describe the in situ dynamics of the holobiont from L. pertusa and M. oculata in a canyon of the Bay of Biscay (NE Atlantic Ocean) to determine potential differences between Atlantic and Mediterranean populations at the growth and microbiome levels. The average polyp linear growth measured for L. pertusa was 2.4 ± 1.6 mm yr−1, which fall in the lower range compared to previous estimations. Mortality and breakage were total in M. oculata could not allow characterization of growth. Concurrently, the microbial community determination showed that L. pertusa microbiome was versatile between the two regions with high variability within canyons, while M. oculata exhibited stable microbiome across the different regions, with strong association with some bacteria. Secondly, the reproductive biology of those two species in the Mediterranean Sea was also investigated to determine potential seasonal differences with the Atlantic population. The gametogenic cycle suggests a seasonal spawning of L. pertusa in autumn to early winter, corresponding to the formation of storm-induced deep-sea water plumes, while M. oculata shows continuous reproduction, with reproductive features of a species less opportunistic than L. pertusa. The second general objective was to forecast the response of the most sensitive species, L. pertusa, to temperature changes by determining the underlying molecular mechanisms of its thermal response at the holobiont level, using measurement of physiological parameters (survival, growth, nutrition and gene expression) and microbiome response. During a two-months aquaria experiment, we showed that at a +3 and +5 °C temperature increase, L. pertusa from the NE Atlantic Ocean exhibited a modification of its microbiome concomitantly to a large mortality. A metagenomic approach reveals the presence of genes markers for virulence factors suggesting that the death of the corals was due to infections by pathogenic bacteria. In a second experiment, conducted on longer term, we showed that while a 4 °C lower temperature did not affect L. pertusa physiology and microbiome, a 4 °C increase in temperature led to massive mortality. This mortality seems to be associated to a high level of stress in the coral, as attested by the upregulation of number of genes related to immune, inflammatory and antioxidant responses, cell death and apoptosis, DNA repair and maintenance, but also the shift in coral bacterial community towards pathogens and opportunistic bacteria. Our work showed that although living in close association, L. pertusa and M. oculata exhibit distinct living strategies, including growth pattern, microbiome and reproductive biology, but also strong differences among populations. Our results from aquaria experiment suggest however that NE Atlantic L. pertusa are as sensitive to warming as other populations and it appears that all L. pertusa, independently of the region they come from will be strongly impacted by an increase of +3 °C