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1
Lim, Hong Lyuer, Eun-Hae Huh, Da-An Huh, Jong-Ryeul Sohn, and Kyong Whan Moon. "Priority Setting for the Management of Chemicals Using the Globally Harmonized System and Multivariate Analysis: Use of the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (August 27, 2019): 3119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173119.
Анотація:
This study aims to provide a new methodology using the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) and the Mahalanobis–Taguchi System (MTS) that can be used to assess the overall hazard of a chemical using GHS information. Previously, hazardous chemicals were designated and managed by the Chemical Management Act, but many more chemicals are now in use. Damage prediction modeling programs predict the extent of damage and proactively manage high-risk chemicals, but the lack of physical and chemical characterization information relating to chemicals has limitations that cannot be modeled. To overcome such limitations, a new method of chemical management prioritization was developed using the GHS and Mahalanobis–Taguchi System (MTS). For effective management, the risk of a chemical can be ranked according to a comprehensive risk assessment and calculated through multivariate analysis using the GHS. Relative hazards are then identified using MTS multivariate analysis with GHS information, even when there is insufficient information about the chemical’s characteristics, and the method can be applied to a large number of different chemicals.
2
Addissouky, Tamer A. "Translational Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Chemical Hepatocarcinogenesis for Improved Human Risk Assessment." Advances in Clinical Toxicology 9, no. 1 (2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/act-16000294.
Анотація:
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent liver cancer with major risk factors being hepatitis viral infections, alcohol, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and aflatoxin exposure. Both genotoxic and non-genotoxic agents can induce HCC through mechanisms involving DNA damage, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and disrupted signaling pathways like MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, WNT/β-catenin and PPARα. While rodent assays are utilized to detect potential chemical hepatocarcinogens, species differences in pathways like PPARα and CAR/PXR activation impact human risk assessment. Purpose: This analysis provides an updated, critical examination of species concordance in mechanisms of hepatic carcinogenesis to inform human safety assessment of rodent liver tumor findings. Main Body: Rodent assays including 2-year bioassays, transgenic models, and short-term studies detect liver tumors through lifetime exposure or early biomarkers. However, rodent-specific PPARα and CAR/PXR activation, along with human risk factors like hepatitis, highlight key interspecies differences. Determining mode of action relevance requires evaluating mechanistic validity and pivotal key events leading to tumors across species. Non-genotoxic compounds eliciting rodent liver tumors can activate PPARα, CAR/PXR, and other pathways triggering increased cell replication; but downstream signaling may differ in human liver. Understanding applicability of these mechanisms in humans as well as incorporating human risk factors into experimental models is critical for accurate risk assessment. Conclusion: In summary, elucidating conserved versus divergent molecular mechanisms of hepatic carcinogenesis between rodents and humans is essential for appropriately interpreting rodent findings and safeguarding human health through science-based risk assessment frameworks and regulatory decision-making processes around potential chemical hazards.
3
Wheeler, David C., Salem Rustom, Matthew Carli, Todd P. Whitehead, Mary H. Ward, and Catherine Metayer. "Assessment of Grouped Weighted Quantile Sum Regression for Modeling Chemical Mixtures and Cancer Risk." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020504.
Анотація:
Individuals are exposed to a large number of diverse environmental chemicals simultaneously and the evaluation of multiple chemical exposures is important for identifying cancer risk factors. The measurement of a large number of chemicals (the exposome) in epidemiologic studies is allowing for a more comprehensive assessment of cancer risk factors than was done in earlier studies that focused on only a few chemicals. Empirical evidence from epidemiologic studies shows that chemicals from different chemical classes have different magnitudes and directions of association with cancers. Given increasing data availability, there is a need for the development and assessment of statistical methods to model environmental cancer risk that considers a large number of diverse chemicals with different effects for different chemical classes. The method of grouped weighted quantile sum (GWQS) regression allows for multiple groups of chemicals to be considered in the model such that different magnitudes and directions of associations are possible for each group of chemicals. In this paper, we assessed the ability of GWQS regression to estimate exposure effects for multiple chemical groups and correctly identify important chemicals in each group using a simulation study. We compared the performance of GWQS regression with WQS regression, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso), and the group lasso in estimating exposure effects and identifying important chemicals. The simulation study results demonstrate that GWQS is an effective method for modeling exposure to multiple groups of chemicals and compares favorably with other methods used in mixture analysis. As an application, we used GWQS regression in the California Childhood Leukemia Study (CCLS), a population-based case-control study of childhood leukemia in California to estimate exposure effects for many chemical classes while also adjusting for demographic factors. The CCLS analysis found evidence of a positive association between exposure to the herbicide dacthal and an increased risk of childhood leukemia.
4
Wheeler, David C., Salem Rustom, Matthew Carli, Todd P. Whitehead, Mary H. Ward, and Catherine Metayer. "Assessment of Grouped Weighted Quantile Sum Regression for Modeling Chemical Mixtures and Cancer Risk." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020504.
Анотація:
Individuals are exposed to a large number of diverse environmental chemicals simultaneously and the evaluation of multiple chemical exposures is important for identifying cancer risk factors. The measurement of a large number of chemicals (the exposome) in epidemiologic studies is allowing for a more comprehensive assessment of cancer risk factors than was done in earlier studies that focused on only a few chemicals. Empirical evidence from epidemiologic studies shows that chemicals from different chemical classes have different magnitudes and directions of association with cancers. Given increasing data availability, there is a need for the development and assessment of statistical methods to model environmental cancer risk that considers a large number of diverse chemicals with different effects for different chemical classes. The method of grouped weighted quantile sum (GWQS) regression allows for multiple groups of chemicals to be considered in the model such that different magnitudes and directions of associations are possible for each group of chemicals. In this paper, we assessed the ability of GWQS regression to estimate exposure effects for multiple chemical groups and correctly identify important chemicals in each group using a simulation study. We compared the performance of GWQS regression with WQS regression, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso), and the group lasso in estimating exposure effects and identifying important chemicals. The simulation study results demonstrate that GWQS is an effective method for modeling exposure to multiple groups of chemicals and compares favorably with other methods used in mixture analysis. As an application, we used GWQS regression in the California Childhood Leukemia Study (CCLS), a population-based case-control study of childhood leukemia in California to estimate exposure effects for many chemical classes while also adjusting for demographic factors. The CCLS analysis found evidence of a positive association between exposure to the herbicide dacthal and an increased risk of childhood leukemia.
5
Hamernik, Karen. "General process for the risk assessment of pesticides that interact with or affect the endocrine system." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 11-12 (January 1, 2003): 2531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112531.
Анотація:
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Pesticide Programs evaluates human health risk associated with exposure to pesticide chemicals. Chemical hazard and exposure assessment are components of the risk assessment process. For the risk assessment of single chemical conventional-type pesticides, there may be multiple exposure scenarios depending on the use pattern. Examples include acute and chronic dietary, and short-, intermediate-, and long-term occupational/residential exposures. For hazard assessment, available toxicity data and a weight-of the-evidence approach are used in the process of selecting appropriate toxicity endpoints for relevant exposure scenarios. The pesticide registration process requires that certain types of supporting toxicity data be submitted by the registrant depending in part on the chemical use pattern (e.g., food use). Types of toxicity data that might be submitted and used in hazard assessment include acute, subchronic, chronic, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, metabolism, reproduction, developmental, neurotoxicity, and mechanistic studies. There may be data from multiple exposure routes (e.g., oral, dermal, inhalation) and from the scientific literature to consider. Dose-response information is also taken into account. In endpoint selection for a chemical, endocrine system-related effect(s) and dose-response relationship(s) are assessed in context of other types of effects, toxicities, and dose-response relationships noted. Endocrine system-related endpoints may include frank effects (e.g., endocrine organ hyperplasia or cancer) or precursor events (blood hormone level elevations). Endocrine system-related endpoints are generally treated like other cancer or non-cancer toxicity endpoints (e.g., hepatic cancer, neurotoxicity) in the risk assessment process. For chemicals with evidence of endocrine system interaction(s), an endocrine system-related effect may or may not be the most sensitive or relevant endpoint for a particular risk assessment exposure scenario. Some chemical examples will be presented. In the final risk assessment, hazard assessment information is integrated with exposure information. The assessment may be adjusted, at some point, for uncertainties in hazard or exposure data. An aggregate risk assessment, in which multiple sources or routes of exposure are considered, is typically performed for occupational and residential exposure scenarios. A cumulative risk assessment may be considered for groups of chemicals with a common mechanism of toxicity.
6
Gottinger, H. W. "HAZARD: An Expert System for Risk Assessment of Environmental Chemicals." Methods of Information in Medicine 26, no. 01 (January 1987): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635482.
Анотація:
AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to report on an expert system in design that screens for potential hazards from environmental chemicals on the basis of structure-activity relationships in the study of chemical carcinogenesis, particularly with respect to analyzing the current state of known structural information about chemical carcinogens and predicting the possible carcinogenicity of untested chemicals. The structure-activity tree serves as an index of known chemical structure features associated with carcinogenic activity. The basic units of the tree are the principal recognized classes of chemical carcinogens that are subdivided into subclasses known as nodes according to specific structural features that may reflect differences in carcinogenic potential among chemicals in the class. An analysis of a computerized data base of known carcinogens (knowledge base) is proposed using the structure-activity tree in order to test the validity of the tree as a classification scheme (inference engine).
7
Haleem, Azhar M. "Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment in the Chemical Stores of the University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 3B (December 25, 2020): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i3b.894.
Анотація:
Chemicals are used daily at the university, by its students or staff so it’s necessary to develop a chemical management system to protect their workers and students from accidents caused by exposure to chemicals of various forms, the present study explains the methodology for assessing the health effects and risks of exposure to chemicals in the chemical stores of University of Technology (UOT) by using semi- quantitative risk assessment technique depends on a descriptive analytical approach, by collecting the requested information for seven main stores within the university by questionnaire form included inquiries about personal information about employees, level of education and years of experience, it also included inquiries about chemical stores and storage volumes, at first identified the exposed people, detected high demand chemicals, subsequently identified the chemical hazardous factors, exposure rate and risk level of each substance, ultimately the risk was identified for 41 chemicals among them four strong acids, hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric and chromic with high exposure rate benzene and xylene that have high risk level, from results of chemical survey can be conclude 71% of the total chemicals classified as high to moderate risk level, so the study recommends the continuity of the periodic assessment of chemical hazards within the stores of university, include laboratories in assessment procedures, providing of personal safety equipment.
8
Haleem, Azhar M. "Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment in the Chemical Stores of the University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 3B (December 25, 2020): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i3b.894.
Анотація:
Chemicals are used daily at the university, by its students or staff so it’s necessary to develop a chemical management system to protect their workers and students from accidents caused by exposure to chemicals of various forms, the present study explains the methodology for assessing the health effects and risks of exposure to chemicals in the chemical stores of University of Technology (UOT) by using semi- quantitative risk assessment technique depends on a descriptive analytical approach, by collecting the requested information for seven main stores within the university by questionnaire form included inquiries about personal information about employees, level of education and years of experience, it also included inquiries about chemical stores and storage volumes, at first identified the exposed people, detected high demand chemicals, subsequently identified the chemical hazardous factors, exposure rate and risk level of each substance, ultimately the risk was identified for 41 chemicals among them four strong acids, hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric and chromic with high exposure rate benzene and xylene that have high risk level, from results of chemical survey can be conclude 71% of the total chemicals classified as high to moderate risk level, so the study recommends the continuity of the periodic assessment of chemical hazards within the stores of university, include laboratories in assessment procedures, providing of personal safety equipment.
9
Geiser, Kenneth, Joel Tickner, Sally Edwards, and Mark Rossi. "The Architecture of Chemical Alternatives Assessment." Risk Analysis 35, no. 12 (December 2015): 2152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12507.
10
Zhao, Chen, Yongsheng Zhang, Tong Niu, and Melkamu Teshome Ayana. "Environmental Health Risk Evaluation Model for Coastal Chemical Industry." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (November 10, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6896929.
Анотація:
There are numerous uncertainties associated with environmental health risk assessment (EHRA), and it is unavoidable to apply the best models and information available to save human lives. The EHRA is a method for determining the type and likelihood of adverse health effects on people who are exposed to chemicals in the workplace. To address the environmental health problems caused by harmful gas leakage and water pollution generated by the coastal regional chemical industry, a novel EHRA model for the coastal chemical industry has been developed. The premise of the Gauss plume diffusion model is used to define the model’s parameters and the evaluation criterion for harmful gas concentration health risk. The EHRA model is evaluated against the leakage of harmful gases and consists of three steps. The first step is to identify the threat posed by the chemical industry in the coastal region; the second step is to quantify the risk; the third step is to develop a model for assessing water-related environmental health risk. The water-related environmental health assessor analyzes the pollutant variables and parameters of the assessment model to estimate the health risk caused by dangerous compounds in the water, using the assessment model of chemical carcinogen health risk and noncarcinogen health risk Type B. The experiments’ findings suggest that the model can effectively assess the dangers to human health from hazardous gases and heavy metals in the water bodies of chemical factories in coastal communities.
11
Lyaschuk, Yuliya, Aleksey Ovchinnikov, K. Ivanischev, and Aleksandr Schur. "Assessment of the resistance of alimentary-related risk factors to the effects of chemical disinfectants." Agrarian Bulletin of the 227, no. 12 (January 10, 2023): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2022-227-12-54-61.
Анотація:
Abstract. Currently, much attention is paid to the monitoring of new biopathogens, which are formed as a result of targeted genetic manipulations resulting from human activity, and natural variability. The sensitivity of mutated organisms to various disinfectants can differ significantly from the sensitivity of the original varieties. Thus, the assessment of alimentary-caused biological risk factors in terms of resistance to the effects of chemical disinfectants is an important area of scientific research. The aim of the work is to assess the nutritionally determined biological risk factors in terms of resistance to the effects of chemical disinfectants. The research methods were general scientific methods of cognition, as well as the analysis of alimentary-caused biological risk factors in terms of resistance to chemical disinfectants, which was carried out by us, based on the standardized methodology for the epidemiological assessment of Dubyansky-Maletskaya. The analysis covered a three-year period from 2019 to 2021, and was carried out by us on the materials of the Ryazan region provided by the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of the Ryazan Region and the Main Directorate of Veterinary Medicine of the Ryazan Region. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the features of the manifestation of the sensitivity of alimentary-conditioned biological risk factors to various groups of chemical disinfectants. Results. Our study allowed us to draw the following conclusions: the resistance of alimentary-caused biological risk factors to chemical disinfectants is largely due to their etiological characteristics; among the group of pathogens with very low resistance to chemical disinfectants, the main share is occupied by risk factors of bacterial etiology; among the group of pathogens with medium resistance to chemical disinfectants, the main share is occupied by risk factors of viral etiology; among the group of pathogens with high resistance to chemical disinfectants, the main share is occupied by risk factors of helminthic etiology; a group of pathogens with a very high resistance to chemical disinfectants mainly consists of risk factors of helminthic etiology and spore-forming anaerobic bacteria.
12
Escher, Beate I., Marja Lamoree, Jean-Philippe Antignac, Martin Scholze, Matthias Herzler, Timo Hamers, Tina Kold Jensen, et al. "Mixture Risk Assessment of Complex Real-Life Mixtures—The PANORAMIX Project." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 12990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192012990.
Анотація:
Humans are involuntarily exposed to hundreds of chemicals that either contaminate our environment and food or are added intentionally to our daily products. These complex mixtures of chemicals may pose a risk to human health. One of the goals of the European Union’s Green Deal and zero-pollution ambition for a toxic-free environment is to tackle the existent gaps in chemical mixture risk assessment by providing scientific grounds that support the implementation of adequate regulatory measures within the EU. We suggest dealing with this challenge by: (1) characterising ‘real-life’ chemical mixtures and determining to what extent they are transferred from the environment to humans via food and water, and from the mother to the foetus; (2) establishing a high-throughput whole-mixture-based in vitro strategy for screening of real-life complex mixtures of organic chemicals extracted from humans using integrated chemical profiling (suspect screening) together with effect-directed analysis; (3) evaluating which human blood levels of chemical mixtures might be of concern for children’s development; and (4) developing a web-based, ready-to-use interface that integrates hazard and exposure data to enable component-based mixture risk estimation. These concepts form the basis of the Green Deal project PANORAMIX, whose ultimate goal is to progress mixture risk assessment of chemicals.
13
Barrick, Andrew, Olivier Champeau, Amélie Chatel, Nicolas Manier, Grant Northcott, and Louis A. Tremblay. "Plastic additives: challenges in ecotox hazard assessment." PeerJ 9 (April 16, 2021): e11300. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11300.
Анотація:
The risk of plastic debris, and specifically micro(nano)plastic particles, to ecosystems remains to be fully characterized. One particular issue that warrants further characterization is the hazards associated with chemical additives within micro(nano)plastic as they are not chemically bound within the polymers and can be persistent and biologically active. Most plastics contain additives and are therefore potential vectors for the introduction of these chemicals into the environment as they leach from plastic, a process that can be accelerated through degradation and weathering processes. There are knowledge gaps on the ecotoxicological effects of plastic additives and how they are released from parent plastic materials as they progressively fragment from the meso to micro and nano scale. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the ecotoxicity of plastic additives and identifies research needs to characterize the hazard they present to exposed biota. The potential ecological risk of chemical additives is of international concern so key differences in governance between the European Union and New Zealand to appropriately characterize their risk are highlighted.
14
Lee, Hyo, Jong-Ryeul Sohn, Sang-Hoon Byeon, Seok Yoon, and Kyong Moon. "Alternative Risk Assessment for Dangerous Chemicals in South Korea Regulation: Comparing Three Modeling Programs." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (July 28, 2018): 1600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081600.
Анотація:
Unlike other countries, the Korean chemical industry does not clearly distinguish between industrial sites and residential areas. The 2012 Gumi Hydrogen Fluoride Accident revealed that chemical accidents could cause damage to nearby residents. Accordingly, the Chemicals Control Act was enacted in 2015, which requested industrial sites using chemicals to perform a risk assessment for all chemical facilities and to distribute the results to the local residents and governments. Industrial businesses had the responsibility of warning the local residents. In this study, two programs (Areal Location of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA), Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool (PHAST)) were compared with Korea Off-site Risk Assessment Supporting Tool (KORA), which is the current representative risk assessment program used in Korea Chemicals Control Act. The five chemical substances (nitric acid, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, sulfuric acid, and formaldehyde) most commonly involved in chemical accidents were selected. The range of influence of ERPG-2 (Emergency Response Planning Guideline) on chemical accidents was modeled and the results compared. ALOHA was found to be the most suitable program for the determination of toxicity for nitrate acid and ammonia, KORA for hydrogen chloride and sulfuric acid, and PHAST for formaldehyde. To maximize the safety of many local residents and to prepare for chemical accidents, risk assessments should be conducted using a variety of risk assessment programs, and the worst-case damage radius should be determined.
15
Brown, Halina Szejnwald, Carol Rowan West, Donna R. Bishop, and Labelle R. Hicks. "A Methodology for Assessing Developmental and Reproductive Hazards of Chemicals." Toxicology and Industrial Health 2, no. 3 (July 1986): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378600200302.
Анотація:
A method to evaluate developmental and reproductive toxicity for a wide variety of chemicals has been developed. The assessment includes all effects on male and female reproductive function as well as effects in the developing embryo or fetus. Effects are evalu ated using primary literature. Studies are classified as adequate, supportive or inadequate. Only adequate studies are used in further assessment. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of each chemical is assessed using both qualitative and quantitative infor mation. Three elements are used to describe developmental toxicity of chemicals: Lowest Observed Effect Level (LOEL), weight-of- evidence classification and a Risk Ratio (RR). For reproductive toxicity only two elements are used, LOEL and weight-of-evidence. LOEL is defined as the lowest dose at which statistically significant effects are found. A risk ratio is calculated using the levels of the chemical producing acute maternal lethalilty (LD50 or LC5o) to the levels producing developmental toxicity in the same animal species and route of administration. The risk ratio is used to indicate the extent to which the developing embryo or fetus is more susceptible than the dam to the toxic effects of a chemical. A toxicity score (A
16
Malysheva, A. G., N. V. Kalinina, and S. M. Yudin. "Chemical air pollution in dwelling as a health risk factor." Health Risk Analysis, no. 3 (September 2022): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.3.06.
Анотація:
Up-to-date techniques applied in physical-chemical studies made it possible to identify and quantify chemical pollutants in the air inside contemporary dwelling in a large megacity and then create a database on them. This database has a list of more than 600 chemicals from 18 groups of volatile hydrocarbons and covers hygienic standards for their contents, their hazard category, and ranges of detected concentrations. Major sources of air pollution with these chemicals in dwelling were also identified. From the hygienic point of view, a significant fact is that there are no hygienic standards for more than 60 % of chemicals detected in air in dwelling. Formaldehyde, phenol, and styrene are priority chemicals for quality monitoring and risk-based control of hazards posed by chemical air pollution both in newly built houses that are at the approval stage and already exploited ones. Formaldehyde, benzene, phenol, styrene, acetophenone, ethylbenzene, hexanal, nonanal, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropanol, and trimethylbenzene are the most hygienically significant volatile organic compounds for quality control and health risk assessment considering frequency of their occurrence, concentration levels, concentrations exceeding MPC, group affiliation, hazard category, and ability to transform. When controlling natural chemicals that occur in air in dwelling due to some internal pollution sources, we should bear in mind that transformation may result in a new structure of pollution and new occurring chemicals can be more toxic and hazardous than original ones. To minimize risks associated with exposure to chemical pollution and to assess chemical safety of air in dwelling, we recommend wider use of up-to-date physical and chemical methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis thereby securing identification of a wide range of pollutants including potentially hazardous ones. Since certain chemicals have been detected for which no safety criteria have been developed so far, it is especially vital to perform research in the sphere of hygienic standardization and to develop methodical documents aimed at providing adequate hygienic assessment of quality and chemical safety of internal environment in dwelling.
17
Gobas, Frank A. P. C., Philipp Mayer, Thomas F. Parkerton, Robert M. Burgess, Dik van de Meent, and Todd Gouin. "A chemical activity approach to exposure and risk assessment of chemicals." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 37, no. 5 (April 26, 2018): 1235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.4091.
18
Tokai, Akihiro, and Naoya Kojima. "Risk Communication in Chemical Sector in Connection to the Role of Risk Assessment." Journal of Disaster Research 9, sp (September 1, 2014): 603–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0603.
Анотація:
Chemical related risk analysis and communication were discussed in connection with the role of risk assessment. Some of the chemicals are thought to be one of the hazards that tend to consider as dread and unknown risk. Owing to the institutionalization of Pollutant Release Transfer Register (PRTR) and development of risk assessment have gradually revealed new aspect of risk analysis and communication. In this review, we briefly discuss about the representative cases and discuss the role of risk assessment to risk communication.
19
Stojadinović, Danijela, Amelija Đorđević, and Jasmina Radosavljević. "Chemical risk assessment methodology." Safety Engineering 10, no. 1 (2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/se2001045s.
20
Purchase, Iain F. H. "In Vitro Toxicology Methods in Risk Assessment." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 24, no. 3 (June 1996): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299602400305.
Анотація:
The title of this paper is challenging, because the question of how in vitro methods and results contribute to human health risk assessment is rarely considered. The process of risk assessment usually begins with hazard assessment, which provides a description of the inherent toxicological properties of the chemical. The next step is to assess the relevance of this to humans, i.e. the human hazard assessment. Finally, information on exposure is examined, and risk can then be assessed. In vitro methods have a limited, but important, role to play in risk assessment. The results can be used for classification and labelling; these are methods of controlling exposure, analogous to risk assessment, but without considering exposure. The Ames Salmonella test is the only in vitro method which is incorporated into regulations and used widely. Data from this test can, at best, lead to classification of a chemical with regard to genotoxicity, but cannot be used for classification and labelling on their own. Several in vitro test systems which assess the topical irritancy and corrosivity of chemicals have been reasonably well validated, and the results from these tests can be used for classification. The future development of in vitro methods is likely to be slow, as it depends on the development of new concepts and ideas. The in vivo methods which currently have reasonably developed in vitro alternatives will be the easiest to replace. The remaining in vivo methods, which provide toxicological information from repeated chronic dosing, with varied endpoints and by mechanisms which are not understood, will be more difficult to replace.
21
Moraru, Roland Iosif, and Mihai Popescu-Stelea. "Chemical Risk Assessment in a Selected Romanian Stainless Steel Processing Company." System Safety: Human - Technical Facility - Environment 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2022-0027.
Анотація:
Abstract The production and use of chemicals are continuously increasing worldwide. For example, the global output of chemicals increased approximately 12 times between 1970 and 2020. The burden of disease attributable to exposure to chemicals is significant. World Health Organization estimates that globally, about 5 million deaths and 90 million disability - adjusted life years are attributable to occupational, environmental exposure and management. Public authorities and employers need access to reliable information on chemicals and practical, widely-accepted risk assessment methods in order to effectively control and minimize this threat. To support the management of chemical substances in small and mediumsized enterprises, the UK Health and Safety Executive developed the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Essentials (COSHH Essentials), a control banding technique that determines the management method by assigning the qualitative work environment characteristics of the enterprises to a hazard and exposure prediction band. Qualitative tools were used for assessing the risk of these chemicals, creating solutions, and implementing control measures in various industrial fields. The present paper synthesizes the results of an extensive research study, dedicated to the evaluation of chemical risks within a Romanian company which has as object of activity the mechanical processing of steel laminates and their treatment by methods of electrochemical deposition of hard chromium / electrochemical nickel plating. The application of the simplified health, safety and environmental risk assessment methodology developed by the French National Security Research Institute (INRS) was considered to be the most appropriate in the preliminary phase of identifying and prioritizing the risks associated with chemicals used in technological processes in selected company. Based on the obtained results, the prevention and protection plan regarding the chemical risks was elaborated, the implementation of which led to the reduction of the workers’ exposure and to the minimization of the probability and severity of the potential consequences.
22
Yemelin, Pavel V., Sergey S. Kudryavtsev, and Natalya K. Yemelina. "The methodological approach to environmental risk assessment from man-made emergencies at chemically hazardous sites." Environmental Engineering Research 26, no. 4 (September 1, 2020): 200386–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.386.
Анотація:
The purpose of the article is to present a methodological approach to assessing the state of the risk to the environment from man-made emergencies at chemically hazardous sites. The methodological approach is based on an expert method, the use of which allowed the authors to create the structure of the risk management system and, determine the plurality of criteria parameters while taking into account their weight in the formation of the environmental consequences of chemical accidents. Criteria parameters were grouped into clusters of physicochemical and toxicological properties of hazardous chemicals used at a chemical plant, equipment operating at an enterprise, personnel, and environmental vulnerability. The research became the basis of the Guidelines for Assessing the Environmental Risk from Emergencies at Chemically Hazardous Sites. As an example, the article presents the calculation of the level of environmental risk for a terrestrial site from the metallurgical enterprise LLP Kazakhmys Smelting, in Zhezkazgan town, Republic of Kazakhstan. The developed methodology is the basis of the Information and Analytical System for Assessing the Environmental Consequences of Man-made Emergencies, which allows users to facilitate the implementation of a set of measures aimed to forecast and reduce the impact of emergency’s damaging factors on the environment.
23
Meshchakova, N. M., S. F. Shayakhmetov, and M. Р. Dyakovich. "THE IMPROVEMENT OF METHODICAL APPROACHES TO THE HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO THE CHEMICAL FACTOR." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 3 (March 27, 2019): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-3-270-274.
Анотація:
There is represented the improved approach to the assessment of the non-cancer occupational risk for health disorders in workers of chemical industries with taking into consideration experienced exposure to hazardous chemicals and occupational risk assessment according to the results of medical examinations and method for the automated risk assessment of main general pathological syndromes. There are reported scientific approaches to the identification of the occupational hazard from the impact of chemical factors, there is presented the algorithm of the proposed method. There are shown results of the approbation of the method and its effectiveness on the example of the workers of chemical production of the Irkutsk region. The use of this method enables to relate changes in health status of workers with the accumulated exposure to harmful chemicals.
24
Suvorov, Dmitrii V., Nina V. Zaitseva, Pavel Z. Shur, and Sergey E. Zelenkin. "Assessment of potential hazards of the inadvertently present chemicals in food." Heavy metals and arsenic concentrations in water, agricultural soil, and rice in Ngan Son district, Bac Kan province, Vietnam 5, no. 4 (October 4, 2022): 622–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47866/2615-9252/vjfc.4009.
Анотація:
During the 71st session of the Executive Committee of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, New Zealand proposed draft Guidelines for risk analysis of chemicals inadvertently present in food at low levels, noting that regulatory documents do not currently cover this group of substances. Methodological approaches to detecting and identifying chemical substances inadvertently present in foodstuffs were proposed In the Russian Federation. The developed methodological approaches include four stages: analytical identification of chemical substances; integrated assessment of chemical hazards employing additional selection criteria followed by the application of a score and summation of points; categorizing chemical substances with the assignment of potential hazard categories and final stage - health risk assessment for selected chemicals based on the integrated index. The presented methodological approaches were tested on the example of canned meat for infant nutrition consumed in the Russian Federation and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Nnitrosamines were assessed as a priority potentially hazardous inadvertently present chemical substance in samples of canned meat for infant nutrition for health risk assessment using methodological approaches developed in the Russian Federation. Assessment of the health risk to infants when consuming canned meat for infant nutrition containing Nnitrosamines on the example of products sold in the Russian Federation and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam revealed no excess hazard quotients (HQ < 1.0) in both territories. However, the calculation of carcinogenic risks has shown that when canned meat for infants sold in the Russian Federation from 6 months to 3 years of age is consumed, a carcinogenic risk may be formed in infants of the corresponding group. This difference between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Russian Federation is due not only to the difference in the content of N-nitrosamines in the examined product but also to the greater volume of canned meat consumption in Russia.
25
Moraru, Roland Iosif, Mihai Popescu-Stelea, and Gabriel Bujor Bǎbuţ. "Chemical risk ranking and evaluation: case study in a paint manufacturing company." MATEC Web of Conferences 373 (2022): 00001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202237300001.
Анотація:
As economies grow and the use of chemicals becomes more and more widespread, the adoption of effective control measures allows for safer use of chemicals on an industrial scale. Chemical hazards can have severe negative consequences for both the health of employees, the safety of personnel and facilities (fire and explosion risk) and the environment. To characterize them, it is necessary to combine the inherent hazards associated to chemicals with their conditions of use that may generate emissions and exposures. Various methods, both qualitative and quantitative are available worldwide for chemical risk assessment, but unfortunately in Romania this important aspect is treated in a minimalist manner, which can often be considered as insufficiently rigorous. In this perspective, the present paper aims to validate through a practical case study conducted in a Romanian paint manufacturing company, the application of a simplified method of chemical risks prioritization and assessment. The obtained results allowed the substantiation of the control measures of these risks, being also able to constitute an instrument of raising awareness for all the interested parties (occupational safety and health inspectors, managers, safety officers, supervisors, workers), in the effective management of the chemical risks.
26
Doull, J. "Comments on the Environmental Protection Agency's definition of risk assessment." Human & Experimental Toxicology 25, no. 1 (January 2006): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327106ht583oa.
Анотація:
Common sense requires that regulation to prevent the adverse effects of exposure to chemicals should when possible preserve the desirable or beneficial effects of exposure to the chemical. Excluding such effects by definition is contrary to good science and common sense.
27
RIBEIRO, M., and W. FILHO. "Risk assessment of chemicals in foundries: The International Chemical Toolkit pilot-project." Journal of Hazardous Materials 136, no. 3 (August 25, 2006): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.01.019.
28
Selck, Henriette, and Valery E. Forbes. "Current Risk Assessment Frameworks Misjudge Risks of Hydrophobic Chemicals." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 4 (February 9, 2018): 1690–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00265.
29
Wu, Jiangyue, Guodong Xu, Haoshuang Guo, Yao Zhang, Fang Xia, and Gang Fang. "Study on Risk Assessment Methods and Zoning of Hazardous Chemicals Leaking into Seas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 14713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214713.
Анотація:
In China, studies on the regional risk assessment of hazardous chemicals have been carried out for only a few years, and there are few studies on hazardous chemicals leaking into seas. Previous regional-risk-assessment methods considered a single risk factor for most assessment targets, and comprehensive considerations of risk sources and sensitive resources for a study area are not sufficiently included. Based on previous work, this study established a regional-risk-assessment method for hazardous chemicals leaking into seas. This method considered the hazards of hazardous chemicals and the tolerance of the regional environment by means of a case study in Tianjin. The results showed that the risk level of the enterprise was Grade I, classified as a high-risk source of hazardous chemicals; the main reasons were the strong toxicity and large quantity of hazardous chemicals. This method provides technical support for scientifically assessing marine-environmental-risk levels for hazardous-chemical-leakage areas and for carrying out risk-prevention and restoration assessments of hazardous chemicals leaking into seas.
30
Han, Seung-Hoon, Byung-Tae Yoo, Chan-Ho Tae, Chung Keun Chae, and Jae Wook Ko. "A Study on Fire Protection of Chemical Plants Using FRA (Fire Risk Assessment) Method." Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas 20, no. 5 (October 31, 2016): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2016.20.5.17.
31
Savira, Yenni Miranda, Arif Susanto, Aprilia Listiarini, Wiliam Engelbert Yochu, Edi Karyono Putro, Danny Rosalinawati Santoso, John Charles Willmot, and Anita Johan. "CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE METALLURGY DEPARTMENT OF A MINING COMPANY, INDONESIA : A CASE STUDY." Journal of Public Health Research and Community Health Development 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jphrecode.v6i2.23367.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Background: Miners are routinely exposed to various hazardous chemicals entering the body through inhalation, dermal, and ingestion. Although, likely, the long-term health impacts of certain chemicals will only become evident in years to come, the utilization of hazardous chemicals will continue to increase in the coming years, leading to a higher disease burden. Therefore, effective controls for the sound management of chemicals at the workplace shall be implemented. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the chemicals used and analyze the health risks related to the use of the chemicals in the flotation process. Methods: This study was a descriptive case study conducted in Indonesia's gold and copper mining company. We ran the assessment using the Chemical Health Risk Assessment method published by the Department of Safety and Health, Malaysia, Year 2018. The chemicals analyzed were limited to the reagents used in the flotation process in the metallurgy department, which have two possible exposure, inhalation, and dermal routes. Results: The results show three out of seven chemicals have the potential to expose workers through inhalation, which is categorized under medium risk, where xanthate has the highest risk rating (RR=12), which potentially causes health effects related to acute toxicity, specific target organs, and reproductive toxicity. Meanwhile, five out of seven chemicals have the potential to expose workers through dermal, where three chemicals fell into the high-risk category: promoter, frother, and lime (H2), and two chemicals fell into the moderate-risk category: xanthate and solutrix (M2). Adverse health effects from chemical exposures to dermal include irritation, corrosion, and sensitization. Conclusion: The reagents used in the flotation plant exhibited a significant health risk of inhalation and dermal contact with hazardous chemical exposure. The company shall evaluate the hazard and risk from the hazardous chemicals used in the flotation plant and implement adequate controls, considering elimination, substitution, engineering, administrative, and personal protective equipment (PPE) controls to minimize the workers' inhalation and dermal exposure.
32
LaKind, Judy S., Joshua Naiman, and Carol J. Burns. "Translation of Exposure and Epidemiology for Risk Assessment: A Shifting Paradigm." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 4220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124220.
Анотація:
Risk assessment is a well-established process used for various types of public health decision-making, such as setting chemical site clean-up levels, developing limits on exposures to chemicals in soil, water, air and food, and determining occupational exposure limits [...]
33
Abbas, Mohsin, Adel Zakaria, and Mansour Balkhyour. "Implementation of Chemical Health Risk Assessment (CHRA) program at Chemical Laboratories of a University." Journal of Safety Studies 3, no. 1 (May 25, 2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jss.v3i1.11109.
Анотація:
The use of chemicals in academic/research laboratories is obvious which need proper university’s safety management. It is the prime responsibility of university top management to protect laboratory staff from chemical health risks during their work. This study elaborate a methodology for the implementation of a Chemical Health Risk Assessment (CHRA) programme in a University’s chemical laboratories. The objective of this CHRA programme is to identify and evaluate the risk of chemical exposure among laboratory staff. The qualitative observation of CHRA programme identified two categories of risk, one is a significant risk but already adequately controlled could increase in future, second is risk significant now, and not adequately controlled. Based on the conclusion of CHRA programme proactive suggestion were made to reduce the risks of chemical exposure among laboratory staff in the selected Saudi university. This study can be useful to implement CHRA programme in chemical laboratories of a university to assess risk of chemical exposure and required control measures for the protection of laboratory staff.
34
Salazar Flores, Cristian A., Anna I. Kurbatova, Kseniya Yu Mikhaylichenko, and Anastasiya C. Milutka. "Health risk assessment of drinking water: Case study of city of Latacunga and the canton of Pedro Vicente Maldonado (Ecuador)." Hygiene and sanitation 101, no. 3 (April 8, 2022): 344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-3-344-356.
Анотація:
Introduction. The quality of drinking water in the city of Latacunga and the canton of Pedro Vicente Maldonado was investigated. The health risk assessment related to the use of the studied water after its treatment was carried out. Materials and methods. Drinking water quality was assessed according to the Ecuadorian and Russian hygiene standards. Methodological recommendations in the study were used to calculate risks for indicators and chemicals characterized by the olfactory-reflex effect of exposure to drinking water, as well as guidelines to assess the risk to public health when exposed to chemicals of a non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic nature. Carcinogenic risk study was conducted by taking into consideration the potentially carcinogenic substances such as trihalomethanes and volatile organic compounds. The chemical safety of drinking water and the effectiveness of water treatment measures were carried out based on an comprehensive assessment of the quality of drinking water. Results. When analyzing drinking water in the city of Latacunga, exceedance of the Ecuadorian and Russian hygienic standards was revealed in terms of such indicators as phosphates (up to 1.3 TLV), bromoform (up to 1.6 TLV) and dibromochloromethane (up to 4 TLV). According to the criteria for assessing the risk of reflex factors when using drinking water in the city of Latacunga and in the canton of Pedro Vicente Maldonado, the risk of immediate action is at the acceptable level of risk. In accordance with the criteria for assessing the magnitude of the non-carcinogenic risk of chronic exposure to water in the city of Latacunga, assessed by the effect of non-specific action, it can be considered as a matter of concern, and the water of the canton of Pedro Vicente Maldonado can be considered as acceptable. The individual carcinogenic risk in both cities is at an unacceptable carcinogenic risk level. Assessment of the integral indicator of the hazard of drinking water revealed the lack of chemicals safety of drinking water treatment both in the city of Latacunga and in the canton of Pedro Vicente Maldonado and poor efficiency of water treatment. Limitations. This study does not show the effect of seasonal changes in the course of the integral assessment of drinking water as per chemical safety parameters. Conclusion. The results obtained underline the need for special attention to the substances formed during disinfection, since high hazard indices are due to the content of trihalomethanes, especially bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane.
35
Gabriela, Arlene, Sarah Leong, Philip S. W. Ong, Derek Weinert, Joe Hlubucek, and Peter W. Tait. "Strengthening Australia’s Chemical Regulation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 6673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116673.
Анотація:
Humans are exposed to a myriad of chemicals every day, some of which have been established to have deleterious effects on human health. Regulatory frameworks play a vital role in safeguarding human health through the management of chemicals and their risks. For this review, we focused on agricultural and veterinary (Agvet) chemicals and industrial chemicals, which are regulated, respectively, by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA), and the Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS). The current frameworks have been considered fragmented, inefficient, and most importantly, unsafe in prioritizing human health. We evaluated these frameworks, identified gaps, and suggested improvements that would help bring chemical regulation in Australia in line with comparative regulations in the EU, US, and Canada. Several weaknesses in the Australian frameworks include the lack of a national program to monitor chemical residues, slow pace in conducting chemical reviews, inconsistent risk management across states and territories, a paucity of research efforts on human health impacts, and inadequate framework assessment systems. Recommendations for Australia include establishing a national surveillance and chemical residue monitoring system, harmonizing risk assessment and management across jurisdictions, improving chemical review efficiency, and developing regular performance review mechanisms to ensure that human health is protected.
36
Wu, Fei, Ling Cheng, Yinglei Yu, and Jiajia Sun. "Research on the index system of chemical enterprise safety risk state based on analytic hierarchy." E3S Web of Conferences 245 (2021): 03082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124503082.
Анотація:
Based on the 19 selected representative chemical enterprises in jiangsu province, we investigate the safety risk situation of chemical enterprises from the aspects of personnel technical level, equipment failure, major hazard sources, production process, environment, accident, certification, safety assessment and emergency response capacity. We found the following problems: the most part of staffs education is below undergraduate course; have major hidden dangers at district/county level and above; the vast majority of enterprises of dangerous chemicals maximum action/reaction temperature over dangerous chemicals flash point, etc. The index system of chemical enterprise safety risk state is constructed from six aspects: personnel, equipment, material, method, environment and safety management. The key index system of security risk state warning is put forward from the aspects of personnel, equipment, method, environment and safety management. We use the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to determine the chemical enterprise safety risk status indicators weight, and finally determine the state of the chemical enterprise safety risk classification standard.
37
Zaitseva Nina, Vladimirovna, Zalmanovich Shur Pavel, Vladimirovich Suvorov Dmitry, Evgenjevich Zelenkin Sergey, Vladimirovna Nedoshitova Anna, and Vjacheslavovna Stenno Elena. "Selection of priority unintentionally present chemical contaminants based on the example of rice retailed in the Russian Federation." Heavy metals and arsenic concentrations in water, agricultural soil, and rice in Ngan Son district, Bac Kan province, Vietnam 5, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47866/2615-9252/vjfc.3907.
Анотація:
Chemicals that are not subject to hygienic standards and yet are found in rice can be classified as unintentionally present chemicals in food products. However, these chemicals can pose a potential health hazard, which requires an assessment of the risk they represent. For this purpose, it is necessary to select priority potentially dangerous unintentionally present chemicals in rice. The study included five samples of rice from Cambodia, India, and Russia. Chemical element content studies were conducted on Agilent 7900 mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Japan/Singapore) with an octopole collision/reaction cell (ORS) using the semi-quantitative analysis program for the mass spectrometer. The selection of priority unintentionally present chemical contaminants in rice was conducted in three stages. The researchers applied specific criteria to include chemicals in the further assessment at each stage. As a result of the evaluation of the selection of priority unintentionally present chemicals contained in rice sold through retail chains, a potential hazard category (PHC) was established, i.e., an integral characteristic of the potential hazard of an unintentionally present chemical contained in a food product, covering the possibility of ingestion of a specific chemical and its toxicity. Thus, in accordance with the PHC, aluminum was identified as priority potentially hazardous chemical contained in rice for further risk assessment since it corresponded to category I of the potential hazard.
38
Salgot, M., C. Vergés, and A. N. Angelakis. "Risk assessment in wastewater recycling and reuse." Water Supply 3, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0076.
Анотація:
Wastewater recycling and reuse guidelines and/or regulations have been traditionally and exclusively based on the determination of bacterial indicators and nematode eggs presence. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that: (a) virus presence is not well established by bacterial indicators, (b) the viability of nematode eggs is not determined, (c) parasites' presence is not analysed, (d) behaviour of all pathogens once in the recycled water distribution systems and points of use is not known, (e) behaviour of pathogens in the environment is also not known, and (f) chemical risk is not assessed. Additionally, it is to consider that risk associated with reuse is directly related to the final contact host-pathogen, or to chemicals ingestion and contact with the human body. Consequently, future developments of laws, rules and regulations for wastewater recycling and reuse need to include: (a) more detailed biological and chemical analysis of recycled water and environment, (b) the development of tools for determining environmental impact of recycled water and by-products of recycling, (c) the establishment of tools guaranteeing a reduction of the host-pathogen contact, and (d) risk assessment and management mechanisms. Suggestions and recommendations are made on how to include all this items in the future legislative developments for wastewater recycling and reuse.
39
Lubrano, Carla, Giuseppe Genovesi, Palma Specchia, Daniela Costantini, Stefania Mariani, Elisa Petrangeli, Andrea Lenzi, and Lucio Gnessi. "Obesity and Metabolic Comorbidities: Environmental Diseases?" Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/640673.
Анотація:
Obesity and metabolic comorbidities represent increasing health problems. Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are exogenous agents that change endocrine function and cause adverse health effects. Most EDCs are synthetic chemicals; some are natural food components as phytoestrogens. People are exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals throughout their lives. EDCs impact hormone-dependent metabolic systems and brain function. Laboratory and human studies provide compelling evidence that human chemical contamination can play a role in obesity epidemic. Chemical exposures may increase the risk of obesity by altering the differentiation of adipocytes. EDCs can alter methylation patterns and normal epigenetic programming in cells. Oxidative stress may be induced by many of these chemicals, and accumulating evidence indicates that it plays important roles in the etiology of chronic diseases. The individual sensitivity to chemicals is variable, depending on environment and ability to metabolize hazardous chemicals. A number of genes, especially those representing antioxidant and detoxification pathways, have potential application as biomarkers of risk assessment. The potential health effects of combined exposures make the risk assessment process more complex compared to the assessment of single chemicals. Techniques and methods need to be further developed to fill data gaps and increase the knowledge on harmful exposure combinations.
40
Nor Aimi Abdul Wahab, Nur Athyratul Aqila, Norain Isa, Nurul Izza Husin, Azrinawati Mohd Zin, Marina Mokhtar, and Nur Maizatul Azra Mukhtar. "A Systematic Review on Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control in Academic Laboratory." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 24, no. 1 (October 7, 2021): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.24.1.4762.
Анотація:
Laboratory work, practical work, and practical work-related experiments are usually carried out in academic laboratories. Laboratory users are continuously exposed to hazardous substances and equipment in the laboratory. Limited research has been conducted on risk assessment in academic laboratories. However, there is no comprehensive review on hazard identification and risk assessment in the academic laboratory. Thus, this paper presents an overview of the academic laboratory’s risk assessment, focusing on the risk assessment method, type of hazard, and control measures applied to eliminate the hazard. A total of 61 publications were identified from Scopus, IEEE Explore, and manual searching. The study was guided by PRISMA, and after the screening and eligibility process, 13 publications were selected and reviewed. Fifteen risk assessment methods were identified in the publication, with 53.3 % applied semi-quantitative method, 26.7% qualitative method and 20% quantitative method. For hazard identification, 54% discussed specific hazards, while 46% discussed non-specific hazards. Most of the hazard discussed was chemical hazard due to the hazardous nature of the chemical, the usage of chemical to conduct experiments in the laboratory, and the type of laboratory assessed which is mainly chemical laboratory. Most of the publications used at least more than one control measure to overcome the risk. The most common control measure applied is the combination of engineering control, administrative control, and personal protective equipment (PPE). In future work, simple, fast, low cost and efficient risk assessment is needed to aid academic laboratories in further improving laboratory risk management. A combination of qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods may be required to enhance the risk assessment process by utilizing the positive aspect of both approaches. An online risk assessment may be needed to effectively communicate the risk to laboratory users to eliminate or reduce accident cases in the academic laboratory.
41
Paumgartten, Francisco J. R. "Risk assessment for chemical substances: the link between toxicology and public health." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 9, no. 4 (December 1993): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1993000400004.
Анотація:
Virtually all chemical substances may cause adverse health effects, depending on the dose and conditions under which individuals are exposed to them. Toxicology - the study of harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms - provides the scientific data base on which risk assessment of adverse health effects stands. Risk assessment (RA) is the process of estimating the probability that a chemical compound will produce adverse effects on a given population, under particular conditions of exposure. Risk assessment process consists of four stages: Hazard Identification (HI), Exposure Assessment (EA), Dose-Response Assessment (DRA), and Risk Characterization (RC). The risk assessment process as a whole makes it possible to carry out cost(risk)/benefit analysis, and thus risk management, on a rational basis. A capacity to undertake risk assessment is thus sine qua non for making decisions that are concerned with achieving a balance between economic development and adequate protection of public health and the environment.
42
Hernandez, Antonio F., Aleksandra Buha, Carolina Constantin, David R. Wallace, Dimosthenis Sarigiannis, Monica Neagu, Biljana Antonijevic, A. Wallace Hayes, Martin F. Wilks, and Aristidis Tsatsakis. "Critical assessment and integration of separate lines of evidence for risk assessment of chemical mixtures." Archives of Toxicology 93, no. 10 (September 13, 2019): 2741–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02547-x.
Анотація:
Abstract Humans are exposed to multiple chemicals on a daily basis instead of to just a single chemical, yet the majority of existing toxicity data comes from single-chemical exposure. Multiple factors must be considered such as the route, concentration, duration, and the timing of exposure when determining toxicity to the organism. The need for adequate model systems (in vivo, in vitro, in silico and mathematical) is paramount for better understanding of chemical mixture toxicity. Currently, shortcomings plague each model system as investigators struggle to find the appropriate balance of rigor, reproducibility and appropriateness in mixture toxicity studies. Significant questions exist when comparing single-to mixture-chemical toxicity concerning additivity, synergism, potentiation, or antagonism. Dose/concentration relevance is a major consideration and should be subthreshold for better accuracy in toxicity assessment. Previous work was limited by the technology and methodology of the time, but recent advances have resulted in significant progress in the study of mixture toxicology. Novel technologies have added insight to data obtained from in vivo studies for predictive toxicity testing. These include new in vitro models: omics-related tools, organs-on-a-chip and 3D cell culture, and in silico methods. Taken together, all these modern methodologies improve the understanding of the multiple toxicity pathways associated with adverse outcomes (e.g., adverse outcome pathways), thus allowing investigators to better predict risks linked to exposure to chemical mixtures. As technology and knowledge advance, our ability to harness and integrate separate streams of evidence regarding outcomes associated with chemical mixture exposure improves. As many national and international organizations are currently stressing, studies on chemical mixture toxicity are of primary importance.
43
Webb, S., R. Taalman, R. Becker, K. Onuma, and Koichi Igarashi. "Risk perception: A chemical industry view of endocrine disruption in wildlife." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 11-12 (January 1, 2003): 2575–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112575.
Анотація:
Manufactured chemicals are essential to the vast array of goods and services that contribute to modern life. Their benefits are innumerable, and society is entirely dependent upon them. At the same time, there is an increasing awareness of the concept of environmental impacts. The challenge is to achieve the appropriate balance between the benefits and risks from chemicals, so that we all may enjoy the benefits of chemicals without significant detriment to current and future human and wildlife health. Ecological risk assessment is the mechanism that allows potential environmental chemical exposure to be benchmarked against hazardous properties so that risk is acceptable and environmental health is not impaired. Chemical management decisions based on such assessments are said to be risk-based. Within the context of environmental risk assessment practice for endocrine disruption, industry would support a position that: endorsed the risk assessment process; recognized that endocrine disruption is not an adverse effect per se, but rather a potential mechanism of action; gave precedent to population-level effects instead of individual-level effects; employed a tiered approach to hazard assessment; emphasized standardized and validated effects testing methodologies; recognized that exposure per se does not necessarily constitute a risk; considered relative potency (i.e., evaluation of the dose levels and mechanisms producing toxic adverse effects and determining whether the critical effect arises via an endocrine mechanism or another mechanism); benchmarked risk against loss of benefits; and evaluated risk within the context of overall risk from both natural and anthropogenic substances with common modes of action. To help address uncertainty surrounding the risk from Endocrine Active Substances (EAS) to wildlife, the chemical industry -- via the Long-Range Research Initiative (LRI) -- has implemented a research program aimed at identifying and addressing knowledge gaps and establishing internationally harmonized testing methodologies in cooperation with other stakeholders. Details of individual projects within the current LRI research program are presented.
44
van Vliet, PW, and J. de Jongh. "Biokinetics and biokinetic models in risk assessment." Human & Experimental Toxicology 15, no. 10 (October 1996): 799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719601501002.
Анотація:
Risk assessment ofxenobiotics using animal data involves extrapolation from high doses to low ones, and from animal species to humans. In some cases it also involves extrapolation from one route of exposure to another. To assess the risk of exposure to xenobiotics, information on both biokinetics and biodynamics are needed. The contribution of biokinetics to risk assessment is the subject of this review. The review includes the general aspects of biokinetics of chemicals, the models available to describe the biokinetic behaviour of a chemical and a discussion of the class of biokinetic models that is considered most suited for application to risk assessment: the physiologi cally-based biokinetic (PBBK) models. The power of PBBK models is illustrated with a few examples.
45
Varma V, Pavan Kumar. "Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment for Dismantling of Phosphoric Acid Tank Using 100-Ton Crane & Scaffolding in a Chemical Industry." Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2024): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/gijhsr.20240104.
Анотація:
The dismantling of industrial equipment or machinery, especially within the chemical sector, poses unique challenges that require an in-depth assessment of potential hazards and risks. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) conducted for the dismantling procedure of a phosphoric acid tank in a chemical industry setting, using a 100-ton crane and scaffolding. The (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) HIRA approach involves an extensive evaluation of various aspects involving the systematic identification of potential hazards, followed by a detailed evaluation of the risk involved. The risk assessment will be performed using quantitative methodology to estimate the likelihood and severity of identified hazards. Subsequently, potential mitigation methods are put forth to deal with the risks that have been identified with regard to each specific hazard. Key hazards in this activity include mechanical failures, environmental issues, human errors, and exposure to chemicals. The findings of this study contribute valuable insights to the field of industrial safety, by providing a framework for conducting Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA), particularly adapted to the dismantling of chemical storage tanks using heavy machinery and scaffolding. This study aims to enhance the overall safety culture in the chemical industry by promoting proactive risk management during complex dismantling activities. Keywords: Hazard, Risk, Hazard identification, Risk assessment, Phosphoric Acid Tank dismantling.
46
Ahlberg, R. W. "Risk assessment and risk communication in chemical exposure." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 72, S3 (December 31, 1999): M011—M013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00014208.
47
Chae, Yooeun, Rongxue Cui, Jieun Lee, Lia Kim, and Youn-Joo An. "Development of Methodology for Vulnerability Assessment of Chemical Accident in Terrestrial Ecosystem:(1) Focusing on the Trees." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 42, no. 5 (May 31, 2020): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2020.42.5.229.
Анотація:
Objective:With rapid industrial development, human and the environment are frequently exposed to various chemicals. In particular, there is a possibility that terrestrial ecosystems as well as humans are exposed to a large amount of highly toxic chemicals due to accidents occurring frequently in Korea and abroad. If a large amount of chemicals enter the terrestrial ecosystem due to an accident such as a chemical leakage, the terrestrial ecosystem around the accident site may be affected and these chemicals may impair not only a living organisms, but also the function of terrestrial environment, the habitat of the organisms. The aim of this study is to develop methodology for vulnerability assessment of chemical accident in terrestrial ecosystem.Method:First, we selected 41 forest tree species and 41 shrubs among woody plants according to the domestic distribution and establish various vulnerability indicators that can be evaluated according to the exposure and recovery categories.Results and Discussion:As a result of vulnerability scoring for 41 forest tree species and 41 shrubs, most vulnerable species were <i>Daphniphyllum macropodum, Lindera obtusiloba, Juniperus rigida, Diospyros lotus,</i> and <i>Eucommia ulmoides</i> in forest trees and <i>Zanthoxylum piperitum, Cephalotaxus koreana, Forsythia koreana, Cycas revoluta,</i> and <i>Lespedeza maximowiczii</i> in shrubs.Conclusions:This study quantified the vulnerability of trees to chemical accidents by adding them and assigning them according to their characteristics. We expect that the risk of chemicals caused by chemical accidents occurring in these days and the exposure of chemicals to the environment can be assessed in terms of ecological perspective using the assessment of vulnerability of terrestrial ecosystems proposed in this study.
48
Moldovan, Ana, Anamaria Iulia Török, Ionuț Cornel Mirea, Valer Micle, Oana Teodora Moldovan, and Erika Andrea Levei. "Health Risk Assessment in Southern Carpathians Small Rural Communities Using Karst Springs as a Drinking Water Source." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 26, 2021): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010234.
Анотація:
The chemical quality of waters from eight karst springs from the Southern Carpathians and the health risk of small rural communities using these springs as a drinking water source were assessed. The results indicated that the spring waters in the studied area are chemically suitable to be used as drinking water and pose no health risks for adults and children. The spring water can be generally described as having circumneutral pH, Ca-Mg-HCO3− facies, excellent to good palatability, and low trace metal and nitrate content. The variation of chemical parameters between spring and autumn was low. These springs could become appropriate drinking water sources for the neighboring rural communities after the assessment of their microbiological status and, if it is the case, proper water treatment. Moreover, periodic monitoring of the water’s chemical parameters, mostly nitrates, as well as the establishment of a protected area near the springs to prevent the negative impact of anthropogenic sources on water quality is recommended.
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Bogdanova, V. D., М. V. Alenitсkaya, and О. B. Sakharova. "ANALYSIS OF REFERENCE DOSES OF CHEMICALS INTRODUCED WITH DRINKING WATER." Health risk analysis, no. 3 (September 2023): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.05.
Анотація:
At present, many researchers highlight that the risk assessment methodology is rather static in Russian regulatory documents. This goes for both the essence of chemical exposures and reference doses stipulated for chemicals introduced into the body with drinking water. In this study, we aimed to analyze reference doses of chemicals introduced into the body with drinking water. Our research object was represented by the basic list of indicators that describe drinking water safety as per its chemical structure. Comparative analysis of reference doses of chemicals and their evidence base relied on the valid regulatory documents, Information System for Risk Assessment open-access electronic database on effects of environmental chemicals on health, and background research articles. The results obtained by assessing combined effects of chemicals on human health were generalized and visualized in MS Excel and a tool for working with graphs. The overall time period when reference doses of the analyzed chemicals were last revised was between 1987 and 2012. Not all health effects suggested in the Russian Guide on risk assessment are used as a basis for calculating reference doses of chemicals; hence, not all of them can be agreed upon on the international level at present since they do not rely on background research. Changes in reference doses occurred for chlorinated organic compounds (bromdichloromethane, tetrachloroethylene, tetrachloromethane, and trichloroethylene), lithium, cadmium, cobalt, iron, and copper. We identified certain limitations in establishing an oral reference dose of iron and ammonia, which are conventionally considered from organoleptic perception. Due to various reasons, we did not find any adequate data obtained by toxicological studies that would substantiate reference doses for copper, magnesium, ammonia, lead, silicon, bromine, and chromium under oral introduction with drinking water. We recommend considering our research data on reference doses when planning a study with its focus on impacts exerted by drinking water quality on public health and employing the risk assessment methodology to analyze oral chemical exposure.
50
Bogdanova, V. D., М. V. Alenitсkaya, and О. B. Sakharova. "Analysis of reference doses of chemicals introduced with drinking water." Health risk analysis, no. 3 (September 2023): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.05.eng.
Анотація:
At present, many researchers highlight that the risk assessment methodology is rather static in Russian regulatory documents. This goes for both the essence of chemical exposures and reference doses stipulated for chemicals introduced into the body with drinking water. In this study, we aimed to analyze reference doses of chemicals introduced into the body with drinking water. Our research object was represented by the basic list of indicators that describe drinking water safety as per its chemical structure. Comparative analysis of reference doses of chemicals and their evidence base relied on the valid regulatory documents, Information System for Risk Assessment open-access electronic database on effects of environmental chemicals on health, and background research articles. The results obtained by assessing combined effects of chemicals on human health were generalized and visualized in MS Excel and a tool for working with graphs. The overall time period when reference doses of the analyzed chemicals were last revised was between 1987 and 2012. Not all health effects suggested in the Russian Guide on risk assessment are used as a basis for calculating reference doses of chemicals; hence, not all of them can be agreed upon on the international level at present since they do not rely on background research. Changes in reference doses occurred for chlorinated organic compounds (bromdichloromethane, tetrachloroethylene, tetrachloromethane, and trichloroethylene), lithium, cadmium, cobalt, iron, and copper. We identified certain limitations in establishing an oral reference dose of iron and ammonia, which are conventionally considered from organoleptic perception. Due to various reasons, we did not find any adequate data obtained by toxicological studies that would substantiate reference doses for copper, magnesium, ammonia, lead, silicon, bromine, and chromium under oral introduction with drinking water. We recommend considering our research data on reference doses when planning a study with its focus on impacts exerted by drinking water quality on public health and employing the risk assessment methodology to analyze oral chemical exposure.