Статті в журналах: "Chemical inputs"

1

Kalala, Daniel M., Victor Shitumbanuma, Noah Adamtey, and Benson H. Chishala. "Organic Inputs and Chemical Fertilizer on Carbon Mineralization From Two Ultisols." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 11 (October 15, 2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n11p223.

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There are challenges that limit the use of organic inputs for soil fertility management. Amongst them is the limited knowledge of factors that affect rates of decomposition and nutrient release from different organic inputs. A study was conducted on surface soil samples of two Ultisols to determine factors affecting carbon (C) mineralization from selected organic inputs. A loamy sand (LS) from a Kandiustult and a sandy clay loam (SCL) from a Paleustult were used. Fine earth fractions of the soils mixed with organic inputs with and without chemical fertilizer were incubated for 13 weeks and the CO2 evolved was measured. Organic inputs used were biomasses of Cajanus cajan, Tephrosia vogelii, Crotalaria juncea, Mucuna pruriens, a mixture of native grasses and shrubs and composted cattle manure. The latter two inputs are traditionally used by farmers, while the leguminous plants were recommended by scientists. Treatments with chemical fertilizer only, representing the conventional farming practice, and a control with soil alone were included. Addition of organic inputs with or without fertilizer increased total CO2 emissions by 81 to 129% on the LS and by 18 to 34% on the SCL. Adding chemical fertilizer significantly (p < 0.05) increased C mineralization rate constant (k) by 116% on the LS and 48% on the SCL. The mean residence time of organic carbon from treatments grouped by input type followed the order: Control > Traditional > Legumes > Conventional on both soils. In general, the k on the LS was double that on the SCL. The type of organic input, soil texture and application of chemical fertilizer significantly affected C mineralization rates from the soils.

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2

Zhang, Sheng, Ming Bao, and Masahiko Yamaguchi. "Thermal Input/Concentration Output Systems Processed by Chemical Reactions of Helicene Oligomers." Reactions 3, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 89–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reactions3010008.

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This article describes thermal input/concentration output systems processed by chemical reactions. Various sophisticated thermal inputs can be converted into concentration outputs through the double-helix formation of helicene oligomers exhibiting thermal hysteresis. The inputs include high or low temperature, cooling or heating state, slow or fast cooling state, heating state, and cooling history. The chemical basis for the properties of the chemical reactions includes the reversibility out of chemical equilibrium, sigmoidal relationship and kinetics, bistability involving metastable states, positive feedback by self-catalytic chemical reactions, competitive chemical reactions, and fine tunability for parallel processing. The interfacing of concentration outputs in other systems is considered, and biological cells are considered to have been utilizing such input/output systems processed by chemical reactions.

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3

Boxall, Alistair, Anthony Hardy, Sabine Beulke, Tatiana Boucard, Laura Burgin, Peter Falloon, Philip Haygarth, et al. "Impacts of climate change on indirect human exposure to pathogens and chemicals from agriculture." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 15, no. 3 (May 2010): 743–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232010000300017.

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Climate change is likely to affect the nature of pathogens/ chemicals in the environment and their fate and transport. We assess the implications of climate change for changes in human exposures to pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems in the UK and discuss the effects on health impacts, using expert input and literature on climate change; health effects from exposure to pathogens/chemicals arising from agriculture; inputs of chemicals/pathogens to agricultural systems; and human exposure pathways for pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems. We established the evidence base for health effects of chemicals/pathogens in the agricultural environment; determined the potential implications of climate change on chemical/pathogen inputs in agricultural systems; and explored the effects of climate change on environmental transport and fate of various contaminants. We merged data to assess the implications of climate change in terms of indirect human exposure to pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems, and defined recommendations on future research and policy changes to manage adverse increases in risks.

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4

Zhang, Lu, Wesley A. Whitfield, and Lei Zhu. "Unimolecular binary half-adders with orthogonal chemical inputs." Chemical Communications, no. 16 (2008): 1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b719644j.

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5

Magri, David C., Gregory D. Coen, Robert L. Boyd, and A. Prasanna de Silva. "Consolidating molecular AND logic with two chemical inputs." Analytica Chimica Acta 568, no. 1-2 (May 2006): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.073.

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6

Chandler, Margaret J., Jianhua Zhang, Chao Qin, Yu Yuan, and Robert D. Foreman. "Intrapericardiac injections of algogenic chemicals excite primate C1-C2 spinothalamic tract neurons." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 279, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): R560—R568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.2.r560.

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Extracellular potentials of 38 C1-C2 spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons in anesthetized monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis) were examined for responses to intrapericardiac injections of an algogenic chemical mixture (adenosine, 10−3 M; bradykinin, prostaglandin E2, serotonin, histamine, each 10−5 M). Chemical stimulation of cardiac/pericardiac receptors increased activity of 21 cells, decreased activity of 5 cells, and did not change activity of 12 cells. Cells excited by chemical stimuli received input from noxious mechanical stimulation of somatic fields; most receptive fields included the neck, inferior jaw, or head areas. Nerve ablations in 11 cells excited by intrapericardiac chemicals showed that cardiac input activated by algogenic chemicals traveled primarily in vagal afferent fibers to C1-C2 segments; phrenic or cardiopulmonary sympathetic inputs were predominant in 2 of 11 cells. These results supported the concept that activation of cardiac vagal afferents might lead to the production of referred pain sensation in somatic fields innervated from high cervical segments.

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7

Shenshin, Vasily A., Camille Lescanne, Guillaume Gines, and Yannick Rondelez. "A small-molecule chemical interface for molecular programs." Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 7765–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab470.

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Abstract In vitro molecular circuits, based on DNA-programmable chemistries, can perform an increasing range of high-level functions, such as molecular level computation, image or chemical pattern recognition and pattern generation. Most reported demonstrations, however, can only accept nucleic acids as input signals. Real-world applications of these programmable chemistries critically depend on strategies to interface them with a variety of non-DNA inputs, in particular small biologically relevant chemicals. We introduce here a general strategy to interface DNA-based circuits with non-DNA signals, based on input-translating modules. These translating modules contain a DNA response part and an allosteric protein sensing part, and use a simple design that renders them fully tunable and modular. They can be repurposed to either transmit or invert the response associated with the presence of a given input. By combining these translating-modules with robust and leak-free amplification motifs, we build sensing circuits that provide a fluorescent quantitative time-response to the concentration of their small-molecule input, with good specificity and sensitivity. The programmability of the DNA layer can be leveraged to perform DNA based signal processing operations, which we demonstrate here with logical inversion, signal modulation and a classification task on two inputs. The DNA circuits are also compatible with standard biochemical conditions, and we show the one-pot detection of an enzyme through its native metabolic activity. We anticipate that this sensitive small-molecule-to-DNA conversion strategy will play a critical role in the future applications of molecular-level circuitry.

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8

Smith, Stephen, John Delaney, Michael Robinson, and Martin Rice. "Targeting Chemical Inputs and Optimising HTS for Agrochemical Discovery." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 8, no. 7 (November 1, 2005): 577–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138620705774575346.

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9

Held, David W., and Daniel A. Potter. "Prospects for Managing Turfgrass Pests with Reduced Chemical Inputs." Annual Review of Entomology 57, no. 1 (January 7, 2012): 329–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100542.

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10

Liu, Moucheng, Cheng Chen, Lun Yang, Qingwen Min, and Ying Xiong. "Agricultural eco-compensation may not necessarily reduce chemical inputs." Science of The Total Environment 741 (November 2020): 139847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139847.

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11

Yang, Ling, V. Sarath Babu, Juan Zou, Xu Can Cai, Ting Wu, and Li Lin. "The Development of an Intelligent Monitoring System for Agricultural Inputs Basing on DBN-SOFTMAX." Journal of Sensors 2018 (October 28, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6025381.

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To solve the problem of unreliability of traceability information in the traceability system, we developed an intelligent monitoring system to realize the real-time online acquisition of physicochemical parameters of the agricultural inputs and to predict the varieties of input products accurately. Firstly, self-developed monitoring equipment was used to realize real-time acquisition, format conversion and pretreatment of the physicochemical parameters of inputs, and real-time communication with the cloud platform server. In this process, LoRa technology was adopted to solve the wireless communication problems between long-distance, low-power, and multinode environments. Secondly, a deep belief network (DBN) model was used to learn unsupervised physicochemical parameters of input products and extract the input features. Finally, these input features were utilized on the softmax classifier to establish the classification model, which could accurately predict the varieties of agricultural inputs. The results showed that when six kinds of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and other agricultural inputs were predicted through the system, the prediction accuracy could reach 98.5%. Therefore, the system can be used to monitor the varieties of agrarian inputs effectively and use in real-time to ensure the authenticity and accuracy of the traceability information.

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12

Tan, H., M. Barret, O. Rice, D. N. Dowling, J. Burke, J. P. Morrissey, and O. Gara F. " Long-term agrichemical use leads to alterations in bacterial community diversity." Plant, Soil and Environment 58, No. 10 (October 12, 2012): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/414/2012-pse.

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  Bacterial communities are key drivers of soil fertility and agriculture productivity. Understanding how soil bacterial communities change in response to different conditions is an important aspect in the development of sustainable agriculture. There is a desire to reduce the current reliance on high inputs of chemicals and fertilisers in agriculture, but limited data are available on how this might impact soil bacterial communities. This study investigated the bacterial communities in a spring barley monoculture site subjected to two different input regimes for over 12 years: a conventional chemical/fertiliser regime, and a reduced input regime. A culture independent approach was performed to compare the bacterial communities through 16S rRNA gene PCR-DGGE. PCO analysis revealed that the rhizosphere has a strong structuring effect on the bacterial community. Moreover, high inputs of agrichemicals lead to an increase of phosphorus level in the soil and a concomitant reduction of the bacterial diversity. These results may help to evaluate the environmental risks associated with agrichemical usage.  

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13

Newland, Philip L. "Processing of Gustatory Information by Spiking Local Interneurons in the Locust." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 3149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.6.3149.

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Despite the importance of gustation, little is known of the central pathways responsible for the processing and coding of different chemical stimuli. Here I have analyzed the responses of a population of spiking local interneurons, with somata at the ventral midline of the metathoracic ganglion, during stimulation of chemo- and mechanoreceptors on the legs of locusts. Volatile acidic stimuli were used to selectively activate the chemosensory neurons. Different members of the population of local interneurons received depolarizing or hyperpolarizing inputs during chemosensory stimulation. Many of the same interneurons that received chemosensory input also received mechanosensory inputs from tactile hairs on the leg, but others received exclusively mechanosensory inputs. Chemosensory inputs occurred with a short and constant latency, typical of monosynaptic connections. The chemosensory receptive fields of the spiking local interneurons mapped the surface of a hind leg so that spatial information relating to the location of a taste receptor was preserved. The amplitude of potentials in interneurons during chemosensory stimulation varied in a graded manner along the long axis of the leg, thus creating gradients in the chemosensory receptive fields of interneurons. Some interneurons were depolarized to a greater extent by chemical stimuli applied to basiconic sensilla on distal parts of the leg, whereas others were depolarized more by chemical stimulation of more proximal sensilla.

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14

Rosen, Steven C., Mark W. Miller, Elizabeth C. Cropper, and Irving Kupfermann. "Outputs of Radula Mechanoafferent Neurons inAplysia are Modulated by Motor Neurons, Interneurons, and Sensory Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 1621–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.3.1621.

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The gain of sensory inputs into the nervous system can be modulated so that the nature and intensity of afferent input is variable. Sometimes the variability is a function of other sensory inputs or of the state of motor systems that generate behavior. A form of sensory modulation was investigated in the Aplysiafeeding system at the level of a radula mechanoafferent neuron (B21) that provides chemical synaptic input to a group of motor neurons (B8a/b, B15) that control closure and retraction movements of the radula, a food grasping structure. B21 has been shown to receive both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs from a variety of neuron types. The current study investigated the morphological basis of these heterosynaptic inputs, whether the inputs could serve to modulate the chemical synaptic outputs of B21, and whether the neurons producing the heterosynaptic inputs were periodically active during feeding motor programs that might modulate B21 outputs in a phase-specific manner. Four cell types making monosynaptic connections to B21 were found capable of heterosynaptically modulating the chemical synaptic output of B21 to motor neurons B8a and B15. These included the following: 1) other sensory neurons, e.g., B22; 2) interneurons, e.g., B19; 3) motor neurons, e.g., B82; and 4) multifunction neurons that have sensory, motor, and interneuronal functions, e.g., B4/5. Each cell type was phasically active in one or more feeding motor programs driven by command-like interneurons, including an egestive motor program driven by CBI-1 and an ingestive motor program driven by CBI-2. Moreover, the phase of activity differed for each of the modulator cells. During the motor programs, shifts in B21 membrane potential were related to the activity patterns of some of the modulator cells. Inhibitory chemical synapses mediated the modulation produced by B4/5, whereas excitatory and/or electrical synapses were involved in the other instances. The data indicate that modulation is due to block of action potential invasion into synaptic release regions or to alterations of transmitter release as a function of the presynaptic membrane potential. The results indicate that just as the motor system of Aplysia can be modulated by intrinsic mechanisms that can enhance its efficiency, the properties of primary sensory cells can be modified by diverse inputs from mediating circuitry. Such modulation could serve to optimize sensory cells for the different roles they might play.

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15

Zou, Juan, Hanjing Jiang, Qingxiu Wang, Ningxia Chen, Ting Wu, and Ling Yang. "Accurate Identification of Agricultural Inputs Based on Sensor Monitoring Platform and SSDA-HELM-SOFTMAX Model." Journal of Sensors 2021 (November 24, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1015391.

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The unreliability of traceability information on agricultural inputs has become one of the main factors hindering the development of traceability systems. At present, the major detection techniques of agricultural inputs were residue chemical detection at the postproduction stage. In this paper, a new detection method based on sensors and artificial intelligence algorithm was proposed in the detection of the commonly agricultural inputs in Agastache rugosa cultivation. An agricultural input monitoring platform including software system and hardware circuit was designed and built. A model called stacked sparse denoising autoencoder-hierarchical extreme learning machine-softmax (SSDA-HELM-SOFTMAX) was put forward to achieve accurate and real-time prediction of agricultural input varieties. The experiments showed that the combination of sensors and discriminant model could accurately classify different agricultural inputs. The accuracy of SSDA-HELM-SOFTMAX reached 97.08%, which was 4.08%, 1.78%, and 1.58% higher than a traditional BP neural network, DBN-SOFTMAX, and SAE-SOFTMAX models, respectively. Therefore, the method proposed in this paper was proved to be effective, accurate, and feasible and will provide a new online detection way of agricultural inputs.

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16

Aubert, Magali, and Geoffroy Enjolras. "The Determinants of Chemical Input Use in Agriculture: A Dynamic Analysis of the Wine Grape–Growing Sector in France." Journal of Wine Economics 9, no. 1 (January 22, 2014): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2013.34.

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AbstractThis article examines the determinants of chemical consumption by French winegrowers on an individual basis. We introduce criteria relating to the structure of vineyards and the financial situation of the winegrowers. Using data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN-RICA) for the period 2002–2007 from an annual sample of 607 winegrowers, we study the different factors that encourage winegrowers to use chemical inputs to protect or increase the yield of their vines. Drawing on transversal and longitudinal analyses, we illustrate the benefits derived from differentiating the demand for inputs according to their classification: pesticides or fertilizers. Climatic variables, physical size, and turnover all act as driving forces in the decision to use chemical inputs. We show that taking out crop insurance functions as a substitute for inputs and observe a double moral hazard effect: Winegrowers who increase their insurance coverage reduce their consumption of inputs the most and receive greater compensation; among insured winegrowers, those who use the most inputs make the most claims. As wine grape growing is a consistent activity conducted over a long period, we observe permanence in patterns of use of chemical inputs. (JEL Classifications: Q12, Q13, Q14)

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17

Giang, P. H., H. Harada, S. Fujii, N. P. H. Lien, H. T. Hai, P. N. Anh, and S. Tanaka. "Transition of fertilizer application and agricultural pollution loads: a case study in the Nhue-Day River basin." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 7 (June 16, 2015): 1072–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.312.

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Rapid socio-economic development in suburban areas of developing countries has induced changes in agricultural waste and nutrient management, resulting in water pollution. The study aimed at estimating agricultural nutrient cycles and their contribution to the water environment. A material flow model of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) was developed focusing on agricultural activities from 1980 to 2010 in Trai hamlet, an agricultural watershed in Nhue-Day River basin, Vietnam. The model focused on the change in household management of human excreta and livestock excreta, and chemical fertilizer consumption. The results showed that the proportion of nutrients from compost/manure applied to paddy fields decreased from 85 to 41% for both N and P between 1980 and 2010. The nutrient inputs derived from chemical fertilizer decreased 6% between 1980 and 2000 for both N and P. Then, these nutrients increased 1.4 times for N and 1.2 times for P from 2000 to 2010. As of 2010, the total inputs to paddy fields have amounted to 435 kg-N/ha/year and 90 kg-P/ha/year. Of these nutrient inputs, 40% of N and 65% of P were derived from chemical fertilizer. Thirty per cent (30%) of total N input was discharged to the water bodies through agricultural runoff and 47% of total P input accumulated in soil.

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18

Hendrix, Paul F. "Strategies for research and management in reduced-input agroecosystems." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 2, no. 4 (1987): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300009280.

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AbstractDeveloping reduced-input agroecosystems is a challenge to researchers and practitioners in a number of disciplines. In particular, because of the complexity of managerial inputs, understanding the effects of decreases in levels of one or several inputs presents a difficult experimental problem. Moderate reductionism is proposed as an appropriate hierarchical analysis, which first characterizes system level behavior and then explains it in terms of system components and their interactions. An example is given using reduced nitrogen fertilizer inputs; higher nitrogen use efficiency at lower levels of input is explained by increased nutrient recycling between soil and plant subsystems. Transition from conventional to reduced-input management involves changes in both economic and ecological properties of agroecosystems. Biological, chemical and physical changes, including increased species diversity, tighter nutrient recycling, and longer-term perennial effects, may parallel ecological succession. Hypothetical trends for several such changes are discussed.

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19

Colin Castillo, Sergio, Naím Manríquez García, and Adan L. Martinez-Cruz. "Small-scale farmers’ willingness to adopt chemical-free inputs and engage in collaborative arrangements –A discrete choice experiment in Central Mexico." EconoQuantum 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18381/eq.v19i2.7254.

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Objetive: Explore small-scale Mexican farmers’ willingness to adopt chemical-free fertilizers and pesticides, and to engage in two collaborative arrangements. Methodology: A discrete choice experiment has been designed based on two non-monetary attributes (use/no use of chemical inputs and two collaborative arrangements) and a monetary attribute (percentage change in price of crop that generates most of net revenues). Data has been analyzed with a two-class latent class logit specification. Findings: 60% of respondents is not willing to transition to a chemical-free input regime, is willing to receive management support from municipality, and is not interested in a shared insurance. On the opposite side of the preferences, 40% of respondents is willing to adopt chemical-free inputs, is not interested in management support, and is willing to participate in a shared insurance. Limitations: Our sample is not nationally representative, and further studies are needed to corroborate and generalize our findings. Contribution: This is the first study exploring whether preferences of small-scale farmers in Mexico align with Federal government’s goal of phasing out glyphosate. Conclusions: With 40% of small-scale farmers willing to adopt chemical-free inputs, if the Federal government wants to convice the other 60% of phasing out glyphosate, a possibility is to implement a slower strategy that starts with providing management support. Once management support is in place, and trust is gained, doors may open for a transition to chemical-free production regimes.

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20

Broton, J. G., J. W. Hu, and B. J. Sessle. "Effects of temporomandibular joint stimulation on nociceptive and nonnociceptive neurons of the cat's trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn)." Journal of Neurophysiology 59, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 1575–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.59.5.1575.

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1. The extracellular activity of 196 single neurons in subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn) of the trigeminal (V) spinal tract nucleus was examined in chloralose-anesthesized, paralyzed cats. Electrical, mechanical, and algesic chemical stimuli were applied to the exposed temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in order to activate TMJ afferents. Seventy-eight neurons were studied that responded to electrical stimulation of the TMJ at a mean latency of 9.9 +/- 4.8 (SD) ms. 2. All neurons with TMJ input received additional afferent input, predominantly from facial skin or intraoral sites. Caudalis neurons were classified on the basis of their cutaneous mechanoreceptive field properties as low-threshold mechanoreceptive (LTM), wide dynamic range (WDR), or nociceptive specific (NS); a few neurons unresponsive to cutaneous stimuli were responsive to manipulation of deep subcutaneous structures. A sample of caudalis neurons was tested for responsiveness to electrical TMJ stimulation after the mechanoreceptive field properties of the neurons were determined. In this sample, 24% of the LTM neurons, 29% of the WDR neurons, 36% of the NS neurons, and 57% of the neurons with input from deep structures were responsive to TMJ stimulation. The WDR and NS neurons with TMJ inputs had mechanoreceptive field properties and laminar locations in caudalis that were comparable to those previously described for cutaneous nociceptive neurons in caudalis; also in accordance with recent studies, 74% of the neurons tested showed convergence of tooth pulp and/or hypoglossal (XII) nerve afferent inputs. 3. In contrast to the LTM neurons, the WDR and NS neurons were especially responsive to intense mechanical and algesic chemical stimulation of the TMJ as well as to electrical stimulation of TMJ afferents. For example, 71% of the WDR and NS neurons excited by electrical stimulation of the TMJ afferents and tested for their responsiveness to injections of algesic chemicals (7% NaCl, KCl, bradykinin, histamine) into the TMJ responded to at least one of these chemicals. The temporal characteristics of these responses were quantified. 4. The TMJ afferent inputs to the WDR and NS neurons were considered to be predominantly of a nociceptive character because of (1) the long latency and high threshold of most TMJ-evoked responses, which are consistent with previous demonstrations that small-diameter afferents predominantly supply the TMJ and, (2) the preferential responsiveness to noxious mechanical and chemical stimulation of TMJ afferents of neurons which were functionally identified as cutaneous nociceptive neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Rivera, D. E., M. W. Braun, and H. D. Mittelmann. "CONSTRAINED MULTISINE INPUTS FOR PLANT-FRIENDLY IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 35, no. 1 (2002): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20020721-6-es-1901.00482.

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22

HAGGIN, JOSEPH. "Chemical reaction engineering brings diversity of inputs to process design." Chemical & Engineering News 74, no. 23 (June 3, 1996): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n023.p038.

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23

Jickells, T. "Atmospheric inputs of some chemical species to the north sea." Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift 49, no. 2-3 (September 1997): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02764027.

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24

Hazlett, Brian A. "Organisation of Hermit Crab Behaviour: Responses To Multiple Chemical Inputs." Behaviour 133, no. 7-8 (1996): 619–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853996x00242.

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25

RODRIGUES, RUMMENIGGE DE MACÊDO, LOURIVAL FERREIRA CAVALCANTE, ANTÔNIO GUSTAVO DE LUNA SOUTO, HANS RAJ GHEYI, and FRANSCISCO DE OLIVEIRA MESQUITA. "GROWTH AND REGROWTH OF NEEM AFTER CUTTING IN SALINE - SODIC SOIL TREATED WITH ORGANIC INPUTS." Revista Caatinga 30, no. 1 (March 2017): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n113rc.

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ABSTRACT Soil salinity and sodicity are global problems since both promote the physical, chemical and biological degradation of soil, jeopardising the productive capacity of agricultural fields. Inorganic correctives or organic inputs are applied as an attempt to reduce the problem, alongside the use of salt -tolerant plants. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of organic inputs on the growth of neem (Azadirachta indica) strains in saline-sodic soil after cutting. Treatments were arranged in a randomised block design, with four replicates in a 3 × 5 factorial. Organic inputs - bovine manure, common bovine biofertilizer (equal parts of water and fresh bovine manure) and chemically enriched biofertilizer (common biofertilizer components combined with plaster, sugarcane molasses and cow’s milk) - were applied only once, after soil washing, two days prior to seeding, at the levels of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% of the substrate volume. Except effects on the stem diameter, the most efficient input was bovine manure, with strong effects on the height increase and biomass yield of neem plants after cutting, especially in treatments at a level greater than 6%. The organic inputs, despite increasing the soil salinity and sodicity in the interval between washing and cutting, stimulated biometric growth and biomass formation in saline-sodic soil.

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26

Jadidi, M. R., M. S. Sabuni, M. Homayounifar, and A. Mohammadi. " Assessment of energy use pattern for tomato production in Iran: A case study from the Marand region." Research in Agricultural Engineering 58, No. 2 (June 13, 2012): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/32/2010-rae.

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The aim of the contribution was to determine energy consumption of input and output used in tomato production and to optimize the energy inputs in the Marand region, Iran. The study also sought to analyse the effect of farm size on energy use and input costs based on tomatoes production and to reveal the relationship between energy inputs and yield by developing mathematical models. Questions about energy management present very interesting and actual topic in this time. The results revealed that tomato production consumed a total of 65,238.9 MJ/ha of which fertilizers were 50.98% followed by water for irrigation (20.67%). Output-input energy and energy productivity were found to be 0.59 and 0.74 kg/MJ, respectively. The results of energy optimization showed that using existing energy inputs, the yield of tomato can be increased by 45.2% in small farms, 43.5% in medium farms and 30% in large farms. The rate of direct, indirect, renewable and non-renewable energy forms were found to be 37.2, 62.8, 30.9 and 69.1% of total energy input, respectively. The main non-renewable inputs were chemical fertilizers and diesel fuel, management of plant nutrients and proper machinery selection to reduce diesel fuel use would increase rate of renewable energy.  

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Saidin Nainggolan, Yanuar Fitri, Riri Oktari Ulma, and Cynthia Cleantha br. Sinuraya. "Estimation of the profit function of Trans log and the elasticity of input demand in rice farming in Jambi province." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 13, no. 1 (October 30, 2022): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2022.13.1.0266.

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This study aims to analyze the development of input and output prices, the translog profit function, and the elasticity of demand for lowland rice farming inputs in Jambi Province. The function model used is the Transcendental Logarithmic (Translog) profit function. The study results show that · The development of input prices has increased significantly every year. · The production input factors that affect the profitability of lowland rice farming are the price of seeds, TSP fertilizer, and other chemical fertilizers (KML). Other production factors such as urea fertilizer prices, pesticide prices, labor wages, and land rental costs are determinant factors. · The value of the elasticity of demand for inputs to their prices is elastic. All cross-price elasticity of demand is complementary and elastic. The value of the elasticity of input demand which is influenced by the price of rice shows a positive and elastic value. From the results of the study, it is expected that there will be capital assistance for farmers so that farmers can allocate optimal use of inputs.

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Whiting, James G. H., Ben P. J. de Lacy Costello, and Andrew Adamatzky. "Towards slime mould chemical sensor: Mapping chemical inputs onto electrical potential dynamics of Physarum Polycephalum." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 191 (February 2014): 844–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.10.064.

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Qin, Chao, Margaret J. Chandler, Kenneth E. Miller, and Robert D. Foreman. "Responses and Afferent Pathways of Superficial and Deeper C1–C2 Spinal Cells to Intrapericardial Algogenic Chemicals in Rats." Journal of Neurophysiology 85, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 1522–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.4.1522.

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Electrical stimulation of vagal afferents or cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferent fibers excites C1–C2spinal neurons. The purposes of this study were to compare the responses of superficial (depth <0.35 mm) and deeper C1–C2 spinal neurons to noxious chemical stimulation of cardiac afferents and determine the relative contribution of vagal and sympathetic afferent pathways for transmission of noxious cardiac afferent input to C1–C2 neurons. Extracellular potentials of single C1–C2 neurons were recorded in pentobarbital anesthetized and paralyzed male rats. A catheter was placed in the pericardial sac to administer a mixture of algogenic chemicals (0.2 ml) that contained adenosine (10− 3 M), bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandin E2(10− 5 M each). Intrapericardial chemicals changed the activity of 20/106 (19%) C1–C2 spinal neurons in the superficial laminae, whereas 76/147 (52%) deeper neurons responded to cardiac noxious input ( P < 0.01). Of 96 neurons responsive to cardiac inputs, 48 (50%) were excited (E), 41 (43%) were inhibited (I), and 7 were excited/inhibited (E-I) by intrapericardial chemicals. E or I neurons responsive to intrapericardial chemicals were subdivided into two groups: short-lasting (SL) and long-lasting (LL) response patterns. In superficial gray matter, excitatory responses to cardiac inputs were more likely to be LL-E than SL-E neurons. Mechanical stimulation of the somatic field from the head, neck, and shoulder areas excited 85 of 95 (89%) C1–C2 spinal neurons that responded to intrapericardial chemicals; 31 neurons were classified as wide dynamic range, 49 were high threshold, 5 responded only to joint movement, and no neuron was classified as low threshold. For superficial neurons, 53% had small somatic fields and 21% had bilateral fields. In contrast, 31% of the deeper neurons had small somatic fields and 46% had bilateral fields. Ipsilateral cervical vagotomy interrupted cardiac noxious input to 8/30 (6 E, 2 I) neurons; sequential transection of the contralateral cervical vagus nerve (bilateral vagotomy) eliminated the responses to intrapericardial chemicals in 4/22 (3 E, 1 I) neurons. Spinal transection at C6–C7 segments to interrupt effects of sympathetic afferent input abolished responses to cardiac input in 10/10 (7 E, 3 I) neurons that still responded after bilateral vagotomy. Results of this study support the concept that C1–C2 superficial and deeper spinal neurons play a role in integrating cardiac noxious inputs that travel in both the cervical vagal and/or thoracic sympathetic afferent nerves.

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Yan, Tiezhu, Jianwen Bai, Han Bao, Qiuliang Lei, Xinzhong Du, Limei Zhai, and Hongbin Liu. "Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen Input and Its Relationship with Riverine Nitrogen Flux in a Typical Irrigated Area of China Based on an Improved NANI Budgeting Model." Water 15, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15020276.

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Excessive nitrogen (N) inputs from human activities in the watershed have resulted in water quality deterioration and other biological hazards. It is therefore critical to fully understand the anthropogenic N inputs and their potential impacts on regional water quality. In this study, a modified net anthropogenic nitrogen input (NANI) budgeting model considering the irrigation N input was developed and applied to investigate spatial–temporal variations of anthropogenic N inputs and their relationship with riverine N flux from 2005 to 2019 in a semi-arid irrigated watershed, Ulansuhai Nur watershed (UNW), China. The results showed that the annual average anthropogenic N inputs reached 14,048.0 kg N km−2 yr−1 without a significant temporal change trend. Chemical N fertilizer was the major contributor for watershed NANI and accounted for 75.3% of total NANI. Hotspots for N inputs were located in the central part of the watershed. In this study, watershed NANI does not have a significant regression relationship with riverine N export during the study period. Riverine N export showed an obvious decreased trend, which mainly was attributed to human activities. In addition, approximately 1.92% of NANI was delivered into the water body. Additionally, the N inputs into the watershed by the irrigation water accounted for 9.9% of total NANI. This study not only expands the application range of the NANI model in irrigated watersheds, but also provides useful information for watershed N management strategies.

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Radchenko, A. N. "Transmembrane receptive dimers as molecular triggers having chemical and electrical inputs." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 502, no. 2-3 (April 2003): 745–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(03)00564-3.

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Steward, Robert L., Chao-Min Cheng, and Philip LeDuc. "Control of Extracellular Matrix Organization through Coupled Mechanical and Chemical Inputs." Biophysical Journal 98, no. 3 (January 2010): 732a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.4015.

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Chen, Xiaoxia, and Charles T. Driscoll. "Watershed Land Use Controls on Chemical Inputs to Lake Ontario Embayments." Journal of Environmental Quality 38, no. 5 (September 2009): 2084–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0435.

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Nanbara, Koji, and Eiji Nakanishi. "A Control Design of Chemical Processes with Promoting and Repressing Inputs." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 20, no. 4 (1994): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.20.549.

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McSkimming, Gordon, James H R. Tucker, Henri Bouas-Laurent, and Jean-Pierre Desvergne. "An Anthracene-Based Photochromic System That Responds to Two Chemical Inputs." Angewandte Chemie 112, no. 12 (June 16, 2000): 2251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3757(20000616)112:12<2251::aid-ange2251>3.0.co;2-2.

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Dingwall, John G. "Key chemical inputs to new herbicides: Intermediates, processes and mechanistic investigations." Pesticide Science 41, no. 3 (July 1994): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780410310.

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37

McSkimming, Gordon, James H. R. Tucker, Henri Bouas-Laurent, and Jean-Pierre Desvergne. "An Anthracene-Based Photochromic System That Responds to Two Chemical Inputs." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 39, no. 12 (June 16, 2000): 2167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20000616)39:12<2167::aid-anie2167>3.0.co;2-9.

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38

Kalala, Daniel M., Victor Shitumbanuma, Benson H. Chishala, Alice M. Mweetwa, and Andreas Fliessbach. "Influence of Soil Fertility Management on Nitrogen Mineralization, Urease Activity and Maize Yield." Journal of Agricultural Science 14, no. 2 (January 15, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v14n2p9.

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For studying the effect of soil fertility management practices on N mineralization, urease activity and maize yield, replicated field trials were established in 2015 at Misamfu and Msekera agricultural research stations (ARS) representing two geo-climatic regions of Zambia. The soil at Msekera ARS is a sandy clay loam (SCL) from a Paleustult, while that at Misamfu is a loamy sand (LS) from a Kandiustult. The field trials had three categories of treatments namely legumes, traditional and conventional. The legumes group consisted of researcher-recommended legume-cereal intercrop systems of maize with Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria juncea and Tephrosia vogelii in combination with compound D (10% N, 20% P2O5, 10% K2O) and urea (46% N) at the recommended rate (200 kg ha-1) and half of the recommended rate (100 kg ha-1). Composted cattle manure and Fundikila, a special plant biomass management technique, were the inputs under the traditional category. The conventional category consisted of a treatment to which only chemical fertilizer was applied. Urease activity was determined in surface soil samples (0-20 cm) collected from the field trials after 3 years. For N mineralization, a laboratory incubation study was conducted over 13 weeks. For the laboratory incubation, an additional treatment to which no input was applied was included as control. Application of organic inputs significantly increased the potentially mineralizable N (No) by 127% to 256% on the LS and by 51% to 131% on the SCL in comparison to the control. Similarly, the cumulative N mineralized (Ncum) was twice or thrice higher where organic inputs had been applied in comparison to the control. The No followed the order traditional > legumes > conventional > control, while the mineralization rate constant (k) followed the order legumes > conventional > traditional > control on both soils. The rate of N mineralization was significantly higher on the LS than the SCL. Higher rates of chemical fertilizer resulted in high Ncum and higher maize yield. Maize yield was significantly and positively correlated to Ncum, but inversely correlated to the amount of applied N that was mineralized (%Nmin). Urease activity was stimulated by application of organic inputs and suppressed by higher rates of chemical fertilizers. The type of organic inputs; the rate of chemical fertilizers; and soil texture are factors influencing N mineralization and maize yield. Urease activity was largely influenced by the rate of chemical fertilizer, but not the type of organic inputs or soil texture.

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Wicki, Ludwik, and Hanna Dudek. "Factors influencing cereals yield in Polish agriculture." ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 3 (January 2020): 793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2019-003012.

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The aim of the paper is to evaluate the relative importance of the selected inputs for cereals yields in Poland, especially the importance of certified seed. The following data have been used in research: inputs of artificial fertilizers per hectare, consumption of pesticides per hectare, certified seeds per hectare and average soil quality. All data were calculate for provinces level for each year in the period 2000-2017. The patterns of source of productivity were investigated using two methods: interpretation of estimated parameters in Cobb-Douglas production function and analysis of squared semipartial correlations. The results from both methods applied in the research are similar. The paper argues that the least "pure impact" is connected with certified seeds, medium impact to chemical originated inputs (fertilizers and pesticides) and the largest impact - to soil quality. The findings of the study indicates that: - pure impact of "certified seeds" is 7%; - impact of chemical origin inputs is circa 30% - (influence of pesticides and artificial fertilizers are not to be separated because its strongly depend each other); - pure impact of "soil quality" - about 60%. Domination of chemical inputs in yield formation is visible. It was also stated, that interaction of four inputs constitute from 35 to 62% of total influence on cereals yield. From this perspective it can be concluded that level of all other inputs have to be adequate to soil conditions and one of most important factor is interaction between variety, soil and fertilizing.

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Sarkar, Deblina, Ajoy Kumar Pramanik, and Tapan Kumar Mondal. "A novel coumarin based molecular switch for dual sensing of Zn(ii) and Cu(ii)." RSC Advances 5, no. 10 (2015): 7647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra12920b.

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New coumarin based molecular switch for Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ presents a tunable system comprising of two INHIBIT logic gates with Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ or Zn²⁺ and EDTA as chemical inputs. IMPLICATION logic gate is obtained with Cu²⁺ and EDTA as chemical inputs.

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Ikerd, John E. "Applying Lisa Concepts on Southern Farms." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 23, no. 1 (July 1991): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200017805.

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The term LISA was coined in 1988 as an acronym to identify a federally funded research and education program designed to address the public issue of agriculture and the environment (USDA-CSRS, p. 2). LISA is made up of two related, but different, concepts: low input and sustainable agriculture. This combination reflects a compromise between two different perspectives of the environmental issues confronting agriculture.The low input perspective is that farmers must reduce their use of commercial chemical inputs as a means of reducing environmental and ecological risks. The sustainable agriculture perspective is that long-run productivity and utility of agriculture depend ultimately on our ability to keep farms both ecologically sound and economically viable. Reduced reliance on commercial inputs is seen as one means of addressing the ecological risks that could threaten long-run sustainability.

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Goulet, Frédéric. "Biological inputs and agricultural policies in South America: between disruptive innovation and continuity." Perspective, no. 55 (2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/perspective/36383.

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In South America, public policies take a strong interest in alternative technologies to agricultural chemical inputs (pesticides and fertilisers). Some South American countries support biological inputs, also known as bioinputs, through national incentive programmes and regulatory changes. Argentina, Brazil and Colombia are playing a leading role. However, the intention behind this promotion of bioinputs is not to break with industrial agricultural production models, from which States derive a large part of their tax income through exports. Rather, the goal is to foster coexistence between chemical and biological inputs in the context of a transition towards the bioeconomy. In this sense, the promotion of bioinputs meets the expectations of many South American farmers, as well as those of the agricultural inputs industry, which over the last few decades has diversified into these technologies. But these industrial dynamics are counter to certain farmers’ movements that defend on-farm production of biological inputs.

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Bai, Xiuguang, Ruhul Salim, and Harry Bloch. "Environmental Efficiency of Apple Production in China: A Translog Stochastic Frontier Analysis." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 48, no. 02 (April 24, 2019): 199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2018.25.

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This article estimates technical and environmental efficiencies using the stochastic frontier analysis with panel data of twenty-two main apple production provinces in China during 1992–2014. Results show that the environmental efficiency for pesticide input alone has lower mean value of 0.337 than environmental efficiency for the two environmentally detrimental inputs, pesticide and chemical fertilizer, which is 0.782. Furthermore, all efficiency scores have decreasing trends over time. Loess Plateau is more environmentally efficient than the Bohai bay region. Results of output elasticities show that chemical fertilizer has a mean value of 0.225, which is higher than for material, labor, and pesticide input. Also, apple production in China experiences decreasing returns to scale. Finally, it is also discovered that labor and chemical fertilizer have a substitute relationship, while material and labor have a complementary relationship, as do chemical fertilizer and pesticide. The results from the study should prove useful for reallocating input resources and improving environmental efficiency.

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Creamer, Nancy G., Mark A. Bennett, Benjamin R. Stinner, and John Cardina. "A Comparison of Four Processing Tomato Production Systems Differing in Cover Crop and Chemical Inputs." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 3 (May 1996): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.3.559.

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Four tomato production systems were compared at Columbus and Fremont, Ohio: 1) a conventional system; 2) an integrated system [a fall-planted cover-crop mixture of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), rye (Secale cereale L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) killed before tomato planting and left as mulch, and reduced chemical inputs]; 3) an organic system (with cover-crop mixture and no synthetic chemical inputs); and (4) a no-input system (with cover-crop mixture and no additional management or inputs). Nitrogen in the cover-crop mixture above-ground biomass was 220 kg·ha-1 in Columbus and 360 kg·ha-1 in Fremont. Mulch systems (with cover-crop mixture on the bed surface) had higher soil moisture levels and reduced soil maximum temperatures relative to the conventional system. Overall, the cover-crop mulch suppressed weeds as well as herbicide plots, and no additional weed control was needed during the season. There were no differences in the frequency of scouted insect pests or diseases among the treatments. The number of tomato fruit and flower clusters for the conventional system was higher early in the season. In Fremont, the plants in the conventional system had accumulated more dry matter 5 weeks after transplanting. Yield of red fruit was similar for all systems at Columbus, but the conventional system yielded higher than the other three systems in Fremont. In Columbus, there were no differences in economic return above variable costs among systems. In Fremont, the conventional systems had the highest return above variable costs.

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Veres, Zsuzsa, Zsolt Kotroczó, Kornél Magyaros, János Attila Tóth, and Béla Tóthmérész. "Dehydrogenase Activity in a Litter Manipulation Experiment in Temperate Forest Soil." Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 9, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aslh-2013-0002.

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Abstract Soil enzyme activities are “sensors” of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition since they integrate information about microbial status and physico-chemical condition of soils. We measured dehydrogenase enzyme activity in a deciduous temperate oak forest in Hungary under litter manipulation treatments. The Síkfőkút Detritus Input and Removal Treatments (DIRT) Project includes treatments with doubling of leaf litter and woody debris inputs as well as removal of leaf litter and trenching to prevent root inputs. We hypothesized that increased detrital inputs increase labile carbon substrates to soils and would increase enzyme activities particularly that of dehydrogenase, which has been used as an indicator of soil microbial activity. We also hypothesized that enzyme activities would decrease with detritus removal plots and decrease labile carbon inputs to soil. After ten years of treatments, litter removal had a stronger effect on soil dehydrogenase activity than did litter additions. These results showed that in this forest ecosystem the changed litter production affected soil microbial activity: reduced litter production decreased the soil dehydrogenase activity; increased litter production had no significant effect on the enzyme activity.

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46

Kaur, Kamalpreet, Diksha Thakur, and V. Reeta. "Sustainable Agriculture: Impact of LEISA and HEIA." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 9, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2022.v09i06.001.

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This paper observed the effect of low external input agricultural farming system on the efficiency of resource poor farmer. In India majority of farmers are small scale entrepreneurs whose farm actions are performed with low input agricultural technologies. Majority of the technologies contained the refined indigenous information system. Farm size, labour inputs, capital inputs, planting materials and organic manure are the most determinants of the gross income of LEISA farmers. High external input Agriculture (HEIA) are technologies that apply high external inputs such as inorganic or chemical fertilizers to extend nutrient reduction from the soil, pesticides to manage pests and diseases, herbicides to regulate weeds and irrigation facilities for water management within the farms. Farmers inclinations for low input system vary significantly provisional upon the phase of crop production which include technologies for land groundwork use of draught animals, natural/organic substitute for inorganic pesticides and fertilizers, seed growth technologies, simple irrigation and drainage method, low input processing. There is also a substantial interest among farmers for low input methods for most phases of production. There is therefore the need for farmers to adopt these cost active agricultural technologies since they are not only readily available, but also they do not require too much skills and also poses the capacity of making the process of rural development more sustainable.

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King, Larry D., and Dana L. Hoag. "Reduced chemical input cropping systems in the Southeastern United States: III. Economic analysis." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 13, no. 1 (March 1998): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088918930000758x.

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AbstractThis study evaluated the profitability of several cropping systems during a 10-year period of an experiment comparing rotations and levels of purchased inputs. Continuous corn or sorghum, corn/wheat-soybean (2-year), and corn/wheat-soybean/corn/clover hay (4-year) were managed with recommended fertilizer and pesticide rates and no-till planting (C) or with N from legumes, conventional tillage, and cultivation for weed control (L). Medium input management (M: medium rate of N and banded herbicides) was included during years 5 through 10. Generally, corn was the least profitable crop, regardless of input level or type of rotation. Rotating crops improved profit more than did adding inputs to continuous corn. With L, average annual profit was: continuous corn, -$64/ha; 2-year rotation, $135/ha; and 4-year rotation, $158/ha. With C, the 2-year rotation increased profit to $165/ha from -$119/ha with continuous corn. The increased profit with rotations was due to greater profits from wheat, soybean, and hay offsetting low or negative profit from corn. Sorghum (grown only in monoculture) was more profitable with L ($34/ha) than with C (-$20/ha). During the 6 years when all input levels were compared, the order of average profit was M>L>C with continuous corn. Generally, profit was not increased by M compared with L in the 2-and 4-year rotations. With L, the cost of weed control was 20% of that for C with corn and 44% with soybean. Cost of N from fertilizer was $0.66/kg, but cost of N from crimson clover (seed and planting costs) averaged $0.92/kg when clover was drilled, $1.27/kg when aerially seeded, and $0.16/kg when naturally reseeded.

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Ordukaya, Emre, and Bekir Karlik. "Quality Control of Olive Oils Using Machine Learning and Electronic Nose." Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9272404.

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The adulteration of olive oils can be detected with chemical test. This is very expensive and takes very long time. Thus, this study is focused on reducing both time and cost. For this purpose, the raw data has been collected from olive oils by using an e-nose from different regions in Balikesir in Turkey. This study presents two methods to analyze quality control of olive oils. In the first method, 32 inputs are applied to the classifiers directly. In the second, 32-input collected data are reduced to 8 inputs by Principal Component Analysis. These reduced data as 8 inputs are applied to the classifiers. Different machine learning classifiers such as Naïve Bayesian, K-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN), Linear Discriminate Analysis (LDA), Decision Tree, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were used. Then performances of these classifiers were compared according to their accuracies.

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49

Jeffries, D. S., R. G. Semkin, R. Neureuther, and M. Seymour. "Ion Mass Budgets for Lakes in the Turkey Lakes Watershed, June 1981 – May 1983." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, S1 (December 19, 1988): s47—s58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-266.

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Ion mass budgets were determined for two water years (June – May 1981–83) for Batchawana L. South, Wishart L., Little Turkey L., and Turkey L. Water budgets balance within measurement error except for Little Turkey L. (output surplus for both water years) and Batchawana L. South (output surplus for 1982–83). Groundwater seepage is hypothesized to explain these water budget imbalances. The chemical budgets show that H+, NH4+, and NO3− are retained by the lakes to varying degrees. The major input pathway for H+ and NH4+ is via direct atmospheric deposition, while relatively weaker terrestrial retention of NO3− causes basin runoff to be the major input pathway for this parameter. All three species are playing an acidifying role on the Turkey Lakes Watershed. Chemical budgets for Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO42−, and Cl− are generally balanced for all lakes relative to the water budgets. In contrast, Ca2+ and acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) exhibit excess output over measured plus estimated inputs. Probable unmeasured inputs of these two parameters include groundwater seepage and Ca2+ exchange with the sediments. In-lake generation of ANC by SO42− reduction is of minor importance.

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Oliver, J. Douglas. "A system for examining the response of aquatic ecosystems to gradual chemical inputs, and field application in Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 102, no. 4 (February 20, 1985): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/102/1985/415.

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